PART E SURFACE COURSES ITEM 300 AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE 300.

0.1 Description This item shall consist of a wearing or top course composed of gravel or crushed aggregate and binder material, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities, constructed on a prepared base in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and typical cross-sections shown on the Plans. 300.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents The aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of stone or gravel and sand or other fine mineral particles free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay and of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a firm, stable layer. It shall conform to the grading re uirements shown in table !"".# when tested by $$S%T& T ## and T '(. Ta$ e 300.1 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents Sieve )esignation Standard $lternate *m ,. S. Standard '. #/ 0.. !23 1.(. 4o.1 '."" 4o. #" ".1'. 4o.1" "."(. 4o. '"" +rading $ #"" ."-3. !.-5. '.-." #.-!" .-'" *ass Percent Passing +rading +rading B #"" 5"-#"" ."-3. 1"-(" '.-1. .-'" #"" ..-#"" 1"-#"" '"-." 5-'" +rading ) #"" ("-#"" ..-#"" !"-(" 3-'.

The coarse aggregate material retained on the '."" mm 64o.#"7 sieve shall have a mass percent of wear by the 8os $ngeles Test 6$$S%T& T 057 of not more than 1.. 9hen crushed aggregate is called for in the Bill of Quantities, not less than fifty 6."7 mass percent of the particles retained on the 1.(. mm 64o. 17 sieve shall have at least one 6#7 fractured face. The fraction passing the "."(. mm 64o.'""7 sieve shall not be greater than two-thirds of the fraction passing the ".1'. mm 64o.1"7 sieve. The fraction passing the ".1'. mm 64o. 1"7 sieve shall have a li uid limit not greater than !. and a plasticity inde: range of 1 to 0, when tested by $$S%T& T 30 and T 0", respectively.

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*aterials for gravel surface course and crushed aggregate surface course shall have a soa;ed -B< =alue of not less than '.> and 3"> respectively as determined by $$S%T& T #0!. The -B< =alue shall be obtained at the ma:imum dry density and determined by $$S%T& T #3", *ethod ). 300.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 300.3.1 P acin& $ggregate surface course shall be placed in accordance with the re uirements of Item '"#, $ggregate Base -ourse. 300.3.2 Co#pactin& Re!"ire#ents $ggregate surface course shall be compacted in accordance with the re uirements of Item '"#, $ggregate Base -ourse. 300.3.3 Tria Sections Trial sections shall be carried out for aggregate surface course in accordance with the re uirements of Item '"#, $ggregate Base -ourse. 300.3.' S"r(ace Co"rse T)ic*ness an% To erances The aggregate surface course shall be laid to the designed level and transverse slopes shown on the Plans. The allowable tolerances shall be as specified hereunder? Permitted variation from design T%I-@4ASS &B 8$CA< Permitted variation from design 8A=A8 &B S,<B$-A Permitted S,<B$-A I<<A+,8$<ITC *easured by !-m straight-edge Permitted variation from design -<&SSB$88 &< -$*BA< Permitted variation from design 8&4+IT,)I4$8 +<$)A over '. m in length 300.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent $ggregate surface course shall be measured by the cubic metre 6m !7. The uantity to be paid for shall be the number of cubic metres of aggregate including all filler, placed, compacted and accepted in the completed course. 4o allowance D#. mm - . mm D#. mm - . mm . mm D".'>

D".#>

60

will be given for material placed outside the design limits shown on the crosssections. Trial sections shall not be measured separately but shall be included in the uantities as measured above. 300.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"".1 shall be paid for at the contract unit price for $ggregate Surface -ourse which price and payment shall constitute full compensation for furnishing, handling, placing, watering, and rolling all materials, including all labor and e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !"" !"" 6#7 !"" 6'7 )escription $ggregate Surface -ourse +ravel Surface -ourse -rushed $ggregate Surface -ourse ,nit of *easurement -ubic *eter compacted in place

ITEM 301 ,ITUMI.OUS PRIME COAT 301.1 Description This Item shall consist of preparing and treating an aggregate base course with material in accordance with the Plans and Specifications, preparatory to the construction of a bituminous surface course. 301.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents Bituminous material shall be either <apid -uring 6<-7 or *edium -uring 6*-7 -ut-bac; $sphalt, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. The type and grade shall be specified in the Special Provisions. 301.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 301.3.1 S"r(ace Con%ition

Prime coat shall be applied only to surfaces which are dry or slightly moist. 4o prime coat shall be applied when the weather is foggy or rainy.

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301.3.2

E!"ip#ent

The li uid bituminous material shall be sprayed by means of a pressure distributor of not less than #""" liters capacity, mounted on pneumatic tires of such width and number that the load produced on the road surface will not e:ceed # ;46#"" ;gf7 per cm width of tire. The tan; shall have a heating device able to heat a complete charge of bituminous li uid to #3""-. The heating device shall be such that overheating will not occur. -onse uently, the flames must not directly touch the casing of the tan; containing the bituminous li uid. The li uid shall be insulated in such a way that the drop in temperature when the tan; is filled with bituminous li uid at #3" "and not heated will be less than ' "- per hour. $ thermometer shall be fi:ed to the tan; in order to be able to measure continuously the temperature of the li uid. The thermometer shall be placed in such a way that the highest temperature in tan; is measured. The tan; shall be furnished with a calibrated dipstic; to indicate the contents. The pipes for filling the tan; shall be furnished with an easily changeable filter. The distributor shall be able to vary the spray width of the bituminous li uid in ma:imum steps of #"" mm to a total width of 1 m. The spraying bar shall have noEEles from which the li uid is sprayed fan-shaped on the road surface e ually distributed over the total spraying width. Bor adding the li uid bituminous material, the distributor shall have a pump either driven by a separate motor, or with a device to synchroniEe its speed with the speed of the distributor. The pump shall be furnished with an indicator showing the rate of flow. The suction side of the pump shall have an easily changeable filter. $ thermometer shall be fi:ed, such that it indicates the temperature of the li uid immediately before it leaves the spraying bar. The distributor shall be furnished with a tachometer, indicating its forward speed, which shall be visible from the driverFs seat. The distributor shall be designed so that the deviation from the prescribed rate of application does not e:ceed #"> and shall be e uipped with a device for hand spraying of the bituminous li uid. 301.3.3 App ication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

Immediately before applying the prime coat, the full width of surface to be treated shall be swept with a power broom and if necessary, scraped to remove all dirt and other obGectionable materials. 9hen re uired by the Angineer, immediately prior to the application of the prime coat, the surface shall be slightly sprayed with water but not saturated. Bituminous material shall be applied by means of a pressure distributor at the temperature given in Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. The rate of application of the bituminous material shall be within the range of # to ' litres2m', the e:act rate to be ordered by the Angineer. The prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of at least '1 hours and shall not be opened to traffic until it has penetrated and cured sufficiently so

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that it will not be pic;ed up by the wheels of passing vehicles. The -ontractor shall maintain the prime coat until the ne:t course is applied. -are shall be ta;en that the application of bituminous material is not in e:cess of the specified amount, any e:cess shall be blotted with sand or removed as directed by the Angineer. $ll areas inaccessible to the distributor shall be sprayed manually using the device for hand spraying. The surface of structures and trees adGacent to the areas being treated shall be protected in such a manner as to prevent their being spattered or marred. 301.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent Bituminous Prime -oat shall be measured by the tonne 6t7. The uantity to be paid for shall be the number of tonnes of bituminous material applied and accepted in the completed wor;. 301.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"#.1, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Prime -oat which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials, including all labor, e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !"# !"#6#7 !"# 6'7 )escription Bituminous Prime -oat *- H -ut-bac; $sphalt <- H -ut-bac; $sphalt ,nit of *easurement tonne tonne

ITEM 302 ,ITUMI.OUS TAC/ COAT 302.1 Description This Item shall consist of preparing and treating an e:isting bituminous or cement concrete surface with bituminous material in accordance with the Plans and Specifications, preparatory to the construction of a bituminous surface course. 302.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents Bituminous material shall be either <apid -uring 6<-7 -ut-bac; or Amulsified $sphalt, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. The type and grade will be specified in the Special Provisions.

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302.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 302.3.1 S"r(ace Con%ition

Tac; coat shall be applied only to surfaces which are dry or slightly moist. 4o tac; coat shall be applied when the weather is foggy or rainy. 302.3.2 E!"ip#ent

A uipment shall conform in all respects to Subsection !"#.!.'. . 302.3.3 App ication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

Immediately before applying the tac; coat, the full width of the surface to be treated shall be cleaned of loose and foreign materials by means of a power broom or power blower, supplemented as necessary by hand sweeping. 9here re uired by the Angineer, immediately prior to the application of the tac; coat, the surface shall be lightly sprayed with water but not saturated. Bituminous material shall be applied by means of a pressure distributor at the temperature given in Item ("', Bituminous *aterials, of the particular material being used. The rate of application of either the <apid -uring -ut-bac; or the Amulsified $sphalt shall be within the range of ".' to ".( litre2m', the e:act rate as determined by the Angineer. -are shall be ta;en that the application of bituminous material is not in e:cess of the specified amountI any e:cess shall be blotted by sand or removed as directed by the Angineer. $ll areas inaccessible to the distributor shall be treated manually using the device for hand spraying. The surfaces of structures and trees adGacent to the areas being treated shall be protected in such a manner so as to prevent their being spattered or marred. Traffic shall be ;ept off the tac; coat at all times. The tac; coat shall be sprayed only so far in advance on the surface course as will permit it to dry to a Jtac;y/ condition. The -ontractor shall maintain the tac; coat until the ne:t course has been applied. $ny area that has become fouled by traffic or otherwise, shall be cleaned and resprayed at the -ontractorFs e:pense before the ne:t course is applied. 302.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent The bituminous tac; coat shall be measured by the tonne 6t7, completed and accepted in-place. 302.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"'.1 shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Tac; -oat which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials

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including all labor, e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !"' !"'6#7 !"' 6'7 )escription Bituminous Tac; -oat <- H -ut-bac; $sphalt Amulsified $sphalt ,nit of *easurement Tonne Tonne

ITEM 303 ,ITUMI.OUS SEA0 COAT 303.1 Description This Item shall consist of an application of bituminous material with or without an application of aggregate on an e:isting bituminous surface course in accordance with the Plans and Specifications. 303.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents 303.2.1 1"antities o( Materia s

The appro:imate amounts of materials per s uare metre for seal coats of the several types shall be as provided in Table !"!.#. The e:act amounts to be used shall be set by the Angineer. Ta$ e 303.1 1"antities o( Materia s (or Sea Coats Type # Bituminous material 82m' -over $ggregate, ;g2m' 303.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia s ".'" H ".." 4one Type ' ".." H #."" .."" H #"."" Type ! ".3. H #.." 3."" H #1.""

Bituminous material shall be $sphalt -ement, Penetration +rade #'"-#.", <apid -uring 6<-7 or *edium -uring 6*-7 -ut-bac; $sphalt. It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. The type and grade of asphalt cement or cut-bac; asphalt will be specified in the Special Provisions. 303.2.3 Co2er A&&re&ate

-over $ggregate for Type ' seal coat shall consist of sand and fine screenings, reasonably free from dirt or other organic matter. 65

$ggregate for Type ! seal coat shall be crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed gravel. &nly one type of aggregate shall be used in a proGect unless alternative types are approved. $ggregate gradation shall conform with Table !"!.' when tested by $$S%T& T '(. Ta$ e 303.2 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents Sieve )esignation Standard $lternate mm ,.S. Standard #'.." K in. 0.." !23 in. 1.(. 4o. 1 '.!5 4o. 3 #.#3 4o. #5 ".!"" 4o. ." ".#." 4o. #"" *ass Percent Passing Type ! +rading $ +rading B #"" #"" 3. H #"" 3. H #"" #" H !" #" H 1" " H #" " H #" "H. "H. -

Type ' #"" 3. H #"" 5" H #"" " H #"

The aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" when tested by $$S%T& T 05. 9hen crushed slag is used, it shall be of uniform density and uality and shall have a density of not less than 05" ;g2m ! 65" lb2cu. ft.7 as determined by $$S%T& T #0. 303.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 303.3.1 3eat)er an% Moist"re Con%itions

Seal coating shall not be underta;en during foggy or rainy weather or when the surface to be treated is wet. 9et cover coat material shall not be used on the wor;. 4o seal coating wor; shall be continued at night unless provided with sufficient lighting. The Angineer shall always be consulted before the commencement of the wor; and all wor; shall be terminated at once in the event of rain. 303.3.2 Preparation o( S"r(ace

Seal coating operations shall not be started until the bituminous surface is thoroughly compacted by traffic and rolling. In no event shall seal coat be placed on newly constructed or reconditioned surfaces in less than ten 6#"7 days after such surface is laid and opened to traffic, unless ordered in writing by the Angineer. Immediately prior to applying the bituminous material, the surface shall be cleaned of all dirt, sand, dust and obGectionable material. This cleaning shall be 66

effected by means of a rotary power broom or a power blower, unless other methods are authoriEed by the Angineer. )ried mud or other foreign material which cannot be removed otherwise shall be removed by hand methods. 303.3.3 App ication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

Bituminous material shall be applied by means of a pressure distributor at the rate of appro:imately ".0 to #.3 litres for asphalt cement and #.. to !." litres for cut-bac; asphalt, per s uare metre of surface, in a uniform, unbro;en spread over the section to be treated. The pressure distributor used for applying asphaltic materials shall be e uipped with pneumatic tires and shall be designed and operated so as to distribute the asphaltic material at the specified rate. It shall be e uipped with a fifth wheel tachometer registering the speed and so located as to be visible to the truc; driver. The distributor pump shall be e uipped with a gauge registering litres per minute passing through the noEEles and readily visible to the operator. &ther suitable measuring devices approved by the Angineer may be used. The e:act uantity to be applied shall be determined by the Angineer. The temperature at the time of application shall be within the range of temperature specified under Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. -are shall be ta;en that the application of bituminous material at the Gunction of spreads is not in e:cess of the specified uantities. $ny e:cess shall be removed from the surface by a s ueegee. If necessary, to obtain proper Gunction of spreads, a strip of manila paper appro:imately # metre wide and at least as long as the spray bar shall be used at the beginning and end of each spread. The paper shall be removed after use. $ny s;ipped areas or recogniEed deficiencies shall be corrected immediately by hand application and hand operated pressure devices or by other e ually suitable means. In the event that any structure becomes discolored with bituminous material, the -ontractor, at his own e:pense, shall remove the discoloration to the satisfaction of the Angineer. 303.3.' App ication o( t)e Co2er A&&re&ate

Immediately after the application of asphalt, the cover aggregate shall be evenly spread over the surface at the rate of appro:imately ".""1 to ".""( cubic metre per s uare metre. The e:act uantity shall be as directed by the Angineer. Spreading shall be accomplished by aggregate spreader only so that an even and accurate distribution is obtained. The use of spreader boards attached to tail gates of truc;s shall not be permitted. The tires of the aggregate truc;s shall at no time come in contact with the uncovered and newly applied asphalt. $s soon as the cover aggregate has been spread, the surface shall be broomed lightly with approved push or drag broom to insure an even distribution, and shall then be rolled with an approved power roller weighing not less than ., nor more than 5 tonnes to a uniform surface.

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303.3.+

Maintenance

The -ontractor shall be responsible for the maintenance of the surface until the wor; is accepted by the Angineer. The maintenance wor; shall consist of ;eeping any e:cess aggregate evenly spread over the asphalt surface by approved sweeping devices. It shall also consist of ;eeping all potholes or failures which may occur, repaired by use of additional asphalt and necessary aggregate. $ll fat or bleeding surfaces shall be covered with approved cover aggregate so that the asphalt will not adhere to, or be pic;ed up by the wheels of vehicles. 303.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent The uantities of bituminous material and cover aggregate shall be measured by the tonne 6t7, calculated by the actual rate of application approved by the Angineer. 303.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantities, measured as prescribed in Section !"!.1, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Seal -oat, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials, including all labor, e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !"! !"! 6#7 !"! 6'7 !"! 6!7 !"! 617 )escription Bituminous Seal -oat -over $ggregate, Type LLL *- LLL -ut-bac; $sphalt <- LLL -ut-bac; $sphalt $sphalt -ement Pen. +r. ,nit of *easurement Tonne Tonne Tonne Tonne

ITEM 30' ,ITUMI.OUS SURFACE TREATME.T 30'.1 Description This Item shall consist of either a single application of bituminous material followed by a single spreading of aggregate 6single surface treatment7 or two applications of bituminous material each followed by a spreading of aggregate 6double surface treatment7 in accordance with the Plans and Specifications.

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30'.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents 30'.2.1 1"antities o( Materia s

The appro:imate amounts of materials per s uare metre and se uence of operations for single and double surface treatment shall be as provided in Table !"1.# and Table !"1.', whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. The uantities given in the Tables are those of aggregates having a bul; specific gravity of '.5. as determined by $$S%T& T 31 and T 3.. Proportionate corrections will be made when the aggregate furnished on the Gob has a bul; specific gravity above '.(. or below '.... In such case, the corrected amount will be the product of the uantity shown in the tables and the ratio of the bul; specific gravity of aggregate to '.5.. The amounts given in the Tables are appro:imate and the e:act amounts will be set by the Angineer. Total amount of bituminous material per s uare metre may be varied by the Angineer as necessary to fit conditions, but the total amount of aggregate per s uare metre, after adGusting for specific gravity will not be changed. Ta$e 30'.1 1"antities o( Materia s an% Se!"ence o( Operations Usin& C"t4 ,ac* Asp)a t or Asp)a t Ce#ent $ggregate +rading and Se uence of &perations Birst -ourse? $pply bituminous material, 82m' Spread $ggregate? +rading $, ;g2m' +rading B, ;g2m' Second -ourse? $pply bituminous material, 82m' Spread $ggregate? +rading -, ;g2m' Single S.T. ".( H #.# $".0 H #.. *##." H #1." '.! H '.( $'.3 H !.. *##." H #1." )ouble S.T. #.5 H '." $#.3 H '.! *''." H '(."

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Ta$e 30'.2 1"antities o( Materia s an% Se!"ence o( Operations Usin& E#" si(ie% Asp)a t $ggregate +rading and Se uence of &perations Birst -ourse? $pply bituminous material, 82m' Spread $ggregate? +rading $, ;g2m' +rading B, ;g2m' Second -ourse? $pply bituminous material, 82m' Spread $ggregate? +rading -, ;g2m' Single S.T. ".0 H #.5 )ouble S.T. #.1 H '." #1." H #0." ##." H #1." '.# H !." .." H 3."

30'.2.2

,it"#ino"s Materia s

Bituminous materials shall be either -<S-# 6-ationic <apid Setting7, -<S' 6-ationic <apid Setting7, <S-# 6<apid Setting7, <S-' 6<apid Setting7, $- #'"#." 6$sphalt cement7, *- '."-3"" 6*edium -uring7, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials, Penetration +rade 4o. of asphalt cement, the type and grade of cut-bac; and emulsified asphalt will be specified in the Special Provisions. 30'.2.3 A&&re&ates

The aggregates shall be crushed stone, crushed slag, or crushed gravel. &nly one type of aggregate shall be used in a proGect unless alternative types are approved. The gradation shall conform to Table !"1.!. Ta$ e 30'.3 A&&re&ate Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents Sieve )esignation Standard $lternative mm ,.S. Standard '.." #/ #0." M/ #'.. K/ 0.. !23/ 1.(. 4o. 1 '.!5 4o. 3 *ass Percent Passing +rading $ +rading B +rading #"" 0" H #"" '" H .. " H #. "H. #"" 3. H #"" #" H !" " H #" #"" 3. H #"" #" H 1"

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#.#3 4o. #5 "H. " H #" ".!"" 4o. ." "H. The aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" when tested by $$S%T& T 05. 9hen crushed gravel is used, not less than ." mass percent of the particles retained on the 1.(. mm 64o. 17 sieve shall have at least one fractured face. 9hen crushed slag is used, it must be of uniform density and uality and shall have a density not less than 05" ;g2m ! 65" lb2cu.ft.7 as determined by $$S%T& T #0. 30'.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 30'.3.1 Rates o( App ication5Sprea%in& o( Asp)a t an% A&&re&ate The rates of application2spreading of asphalt and aggregate shall be within the range in Table !"1.# and !"1.' respectively. These uantities are given as guide only and will vary considerably according to the type and condition of the surface, the grading, type, shape and absorbency of the aggregate, the weather condition and the traffic. The actual uantities to be used for surface treatment shall be determined by the -ontractor in accordance with the design methods for one-siEe aggregate given in the $sphalt Institute *anual 6*S-#!7, $sphalt Surface Treatment. The proposed design shall be subGect to the approval of the Angineer. The -ontractor shall furnish the Angineer a certified vendorFs certificate in duplicate immediately upon delivery of asphaltic material to the Site. The -ontractor shall provide weighing e uipment on the Site to control the application of aggregates. The weighing e uipment shall have an approved multiple beam type scale with indicator and other necessary dials for accurately weighing the aggregate. The scale shall be protected by a weather-proof house with a floor area not less than #" m '. The -ontractor shall at his own e:pense have the scale tested and approved by the )epartment of Public 9or;s and %ighways. 30'.3.2 E!"ip#ent

A uipment for applying the bituminous material shall conform to the re uirements of Subsection !"#.!.', A uipment of Item !"#, Bituminous Prime -oat. $ mechanical spreader shall be used for spreading the aggregates. It shall be capable of spreading the aggregate uniformly over the full width of the area being treated and shall have controls to regulate the feed gates, the feed roll, the auger and the truc; hatch. The e uipment shall be subGect to the approval of the Angineer. 30'.3.3 App ication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

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The application of bituminous material shall be done when the weather is warm and dry. The re uired asphaltic material shall be applied to the surface at least twenty four 6'17 hours after it has been prime coated. Prior to applying the asphaltic material, dirt and other obGectionable material shall be removed from the surface. If so directed by the Angineer, the surface shall be cleaned by power broom until all dust and loose materials are removed. $sphaltic material shall be applied on a dry surface whenever cut-bac; or asphalt cement is usedI moist surface when emulsified asphalt is used. Spraying shall not be done unless the road temperature has been above '""- for at least one hour prior to the commencement of spraying operations, and the temperature shall not be less than '""- during the spraying. The application temperature for asphalt cement shall be within the range that produces a viscosity of #" to 5" second Saybolt Burol and for cut-bac; asphalt shall be within the range given in Item ("', Bituminous *aterial. The temperature shall be such that no fogging occurs. 30'.3.' Sprea%in& o( A&&re&ate

Immediately after applying the asphaltic material, dry aggregate shall be uniformly and evenly distributed over the treated surface from an approved mechanical aggregate spreader. The truc; carrying the aggregate shall move bac;ward as it spreads the aggregate so as to prevent the tires of the truc; and the mechanical aggregate spreader from driving directly on the newly sprayed asphalt. 4o portion of the sprayed surface shall remain uncovered for a period in e:cess of ' minutes. Immediately after spreading the aggregate, the treated surface shall be rolled with an approved pneumatic-tire roller. 9here asphaltic material is e:posed during rolling, the area shall be covered with additional aggregate and further rolled until an even surface results. 30'.3.+ Contro o( Tra((ic

The -ontractor shall ta;e all steps necessary to control traffic over newlylaid bituminous surface treatment so that the surface is not damaged in any way. Traffic shall be prohibited from traveling at speeds in e:cess of 1" ;m2h until the asphaltic material has set. The -ontractor shall ensure that no vehicles, including those delivering aggregates, shall be permitted to turn around on newlylaid material. 30'.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent Bituminous material and aggregate for Bituminous Surface Treatment will be measured by the tonne 6t7. The uantity to be paid for shall be the number of

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tonnes of bituminous material and aggregate used and accepted in the completed wor;. 30'.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantities, measured as prescribed in Section !"1.1, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Surface Treatment, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials and for all labor, e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !"1 !"1 6#7 !"1 6'7 !"1 6!7 !"1 617 !"1 6.7 )escription Bituminous Surface Treatment $ggregate +rading $sphalt -ement Pen. +rade <- LLL -ut-bac; $sphalt *- LLL -ut-bac; $sphalt Amulsified $sphalt ,nit of *easurement Tonne Tonne Tonne Tonne Tonne Tonne

ITEM 30+ ,ITUMI.OUS PE.ETRATIO. MACADAM PA6EME.T 30+.1 Description This Item shall consist of furnishing and placing one or more courses of graded aggregate and one or more application of bituminous material, followed by a seal coat with cover aggregate constructed on a prepared base in accordance with this Specifications and in conformity with the lines, grades and typical crosssections shown on the Plans. 30+.2 30+.2.1 Materia Re!"ire#ents 1"antities o( Materia s

The appro:imate amounts of materials per s uare metre and se uence of operations shall be provided in Table !"..#, whichever is called for in the Bill of uantities. The weights given in the Table are those of aggregates having a bul; specific gravity of '.5. as determined by $$S%T& T 31 and T 3.. Proportionate corrections will be made when the aggregates furnished on the Gob have a bul; specific gravity above '.(. or below '.... In such case, the corrected amount will be the product of the weight given in the Table and the ratio of the bul; specific gravity of the aggregate to '.5..

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The amounts in the Table are appro:imate and the e:act uantity will be set by the Angineer. Total amount of bituminous material per s uare metre may be varied by the Angineer as necessary to fit conditions, but the total amount of aggregate per s uare metre, after adGusting for specific gravity will not be changed. Ta$ e 30+.1 1"antities o( Materia s an% Se!"ence o( Operations Type of $ggregate and Se uence of &perations Birst 8ayer? Spread $ggregates? -oarse $ggregate, ;g2m' -ho;er $ggregate, ;g2m' $pply bituminous material, 82m' Second 8ayer? Spread $ggregate? @ey $ggregate, ;g2m' $pply bituminous material, 82m' Third 8ayer? Spread $ggregate? @ey $ggregate, ;g2m' $pply bituminous material, 82m' Bourth 8ayer? Spread $ggregate? -over $ggregate, ;g2m' Total Quantities? Bituminous *aterial, 82m' $ggregate, ;g2m' 30+.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia Type of Bituminous *aterial $sphalt -ement Amulsified or <apid -uring $sphalt 6<-7 0" 1." 0" #" ...

#! #.3

#" !..

## #.1

3 '

3 (.' #''

3 ## #'5

The bituminous material shall be either $sphalt -ement, <apid -uring 6<-7, -ut-bac; $sphalt or Amulsified $sphalt, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. The Penetration +rade 4umber of asphalt cement and type and2or grade of cut-bac; or emulsified asphalt will be specified in the Special Provisions. 30+.2.3 A&&re&ate The coarse aggregate shall be crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed gravel. The cho;er material, ;ey roc;, and cover aggregate shall be crushed or bro;en stone, crushed gravel, or crushed boulders or screened gravel or coarse sand. $ll aggregate shall consist of clean, tough, durable fragments, free from e:cess of flat, soft or disintegrated pieces and free from stone coated with dirt or

74

other obGectionable matter which will prevent adherence of the asphalt to the aggregate. 4atural gravel may be used for cover material. +radation shall conform to Table !"..'. Ta$ e 30+.2 A&&re&ate Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents Sieve )esignation Standard $lternate *m ,.S. Standard 5! ' H #2'/ ." '/ !(.. # H #2'/ '. #/ #0 M/ #'.. K/ 0.. !23/ 1.(. 4o. 1 '.!5 4o. 3 #.#3 4o. #5 -oarse $ggregate #"" 0" H #"" !. H (" " H #. "H. *ass Percent Passing -ho;er @ey $ggregate $ggregate #"" #"" 0" H #"" 0" H #"" '" H .. 1" H (" " H #. " H #. "H. "H. -over $ggregate #"" 3. H #"" #" H !" " H #" "H.

The aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" when tested by $$S%T& T 05. 9hen the crushed gravel is subGected to five cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test 6$$S%T& T #"17, the weighted loss shall not e:ceed #' mass percent. 9hen crushed slag is used, it must be of uniform density and uality and shall have a density not less than ##'" ;g2m ! 6(" lb2cu. ft.7 as determined by $$S%T& T #0. 30+.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 30+.3.1 3eat)er 0i#itations

$pplication of bituminous material shall be made only when the aggregate is dry and the atmospheric temperature in the shade is #. "- or above and when the weather is not foggy or rainy. 30+.3.2 E!"ip#ent

The e uipment to be used shall include hand or power operated brooms, shovels, ra;es, self-powered bituminous material distributors or hand or poweroperated spray pumps, broom dragging e uipment and self-powered rollers. $ sufficient number of stiff-fiber or steel-bristle push brooms shall be included. $pplication of the bituminous material by any means other than a pressure spray will not be approved and the e uipment used shall be of such nature that the temperature of application of the bituminous material can be accurately controlled within the limits specified and such that the rates of application can be accurately controlled. 75

The rollers shall be self-propelled steel wheel, vibratory or pneumatic type. The number and weight of rollers shall be sufficient to compact the layer to the re uired condition. 30+.3.3 Con%itionin& o( E7istin& ,ase

Before spreading the aggregate, the base shall be cleaned of all loose foreign materials. The e:isting base shall be swept until the embedded large aggregate is e:posed, or in the case of a previously constructed asphalt surface, until the surface is free of mud or other covering. If shown on the Plans and called for in the Bill of Quantities, a prime coat shall be applied to the prepared untreated base in accordance with the Item !"#, Bituminous Prime -oat, or in case of previously constructed asphalt or cement surface tac; coat shall be applied in accordance with Item !"', Bituminous Tac; -oat. 30+.3.' Sprea%in& an% Co#pactin& o( A&&re&ate 0a-ers

The number of layers in which the macadam pavement is to be constructed and the order and rates the bituminous material and mineral aggregates are to be spread shall be as indicated in Table !"..#. The type of aggregate re uired in the order of spreading shall be placed in the re uired amount of approved aggregate spreaders, or by other approved mechanical methods. $ll areas with non-uniformly graded aggregate shall be removed and replaced with suitable materials before the rolling begins. These corrections shall be made by hand pic;ing whenever necessary and shall be continued after initial rolling until the appearance and te:ture of the aggregate are uniform and all irregularities are corrected. The aggregate shall be dry-rolled until it is compacted and ;eyed. <olling shall progress gradually from the sides to the center, parallel with the center line of the road and overlapping uniformly each preceding rear wheel trac; by one-half the width of such trac; and shall continue until the aggregate does not creep or displace ahead of the rollers. *aterials which are crushed e:cessively under the roller or becomes segregated in such a manner as to prevent free and uniform penetration of the bituminous material shall be removed and replaced with suitable aggregate. The compacted aggregate shall have a firm and even surface. )ry rolling shall be stopped when the surface of the aggregate will support the distributor and before the voids are closed sufficiently to prevent the free uniform penetration of the bituminous material. $long curbs, headers and walls, and at all places not accessible to the roller, the aggregate shall be tamped thoroughly with mechanical tampers or with

76

hand tampers. Aach hand tamper shall have a mass of not less than '. ;g and a face area of not more than '." mm by '." mm. $ggregate in any layer that becomes coated or mi:ed with dirt or clay prior to the application of the bituminous material shall be removed and replace with clean aggregates and the area shall be rerolled. Prior to application of the bituminous material, the surface of the aggregate layer will be tested by the Angineer using a !-m straight-edge at selected locations. The variation of the surface from the testing edge of the straight-edge between any two contacts with the surface shall at no point e:ceed #" mm. $ll humps or depressions e:ceeding the specified tolerances shall be corrected by removing defective wor; and replacing it with new materials as specified. Aach layer of aggregate shall be spread so that the bituminous material is covered before wheels or trac;s pass over it. 30+.3.+ App ication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

The bituminous material shall be uniformly applied at the rate specified in Table !"..#. Building paper shall be placed over the end of the previous application and the Goining application shall start on the building paper. Building paper so used shall be removed and disposed off in a satisfactory manner. )uring the application of the bituminous material, care shall be ta;en to prevent spattering of adGacent pavements, structures and trees. The distributors shall not be cleaned or discharged into ditches, borrow pits or shoulders along the right-of-way. 30+.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent Bituminous *aterials, and $ggregate for Bituminous Penetration *acadam Pavement will be measured by the tonne 6t7. The uantity to be paid for shall be the number of tonnes of bituminous material and aggregate used and accepted in the completed wor;. 30+.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantities, measured as prescribed in Section !"..1, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Penetration *acadam Pavement, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials and for all labor, e uipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete this Item.

77

Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !". !". 6#7 !". 6'7 !". 6!7 !". 617 )escription Bituminous Penetration *acadam Pavement $ggregates $sphalt -ement <- LLL -ut-bac; $sphalt Amulsified $sphalt ,nit of *easurement

Tonne Tonne Tonne Tonne

ITEM 308 ,ITUMI.OUS ROAD MI9 SURFACE COURSE 308.1 Description This Item shall consist of constructing a bituminous road-mi: surface course on a prepared base in accordance with these Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and typical cross-sections shown on the Plans, or as established by the Angineer. 308.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents 308.2.1 ,it"#ino"s Materia

The bituminous material shall be either <apid -uring 6<-7 -ut-bac;, *edium -uring 6*-7 -ut-bac; or Amulsified $sphalt, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterial. The type and grade will be specified in the Special Provisions. 308.2.2 A&&re&ate

The aggregate shall conform to applicable re uirements of Item ("!, $ggregates. It will be tested for acceptance immediately preceding addition of bituminous material to the mi:. This $cceptance will be based on periodic samples from the windrowed materials after all aggregates have been blended for each layer. The aggregate may be new or salvaged from the e:isting surface. #. 4ew $ggregate

78

It shall conform to the applicable re uirements of Item ("!, $ggregates. '. Salvaged $ggregate 9here aggregate re uired for the road mi: surface course is already in place, the -ontractor shall not be responsible for its grading or uality e:cept for removal of oversiEe pieces. In general, salvaged aggregate to be used for road mi: surface course will consist of materials meeting the re uirements given in Item ("!, $ggregates, for new aggregate or may consist of selected granular material for other gradings. $ny particles of salvaged aggregate appearing in the surface at the time of lay-down and finishing that will not pass !(.. mm 6#-#2' inch7 sieve shall be removed by the -ontractor as directed by the Angineer. 308.2.3 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"re

The proportion of bituminous material on the basis of total dry aggregate, shall be from 1.. to (." mass percent when cut-bac; asphalt is used and from 5." to #"." mass percent when emulsified asphalt is used. The e:act percentage to be used shall be fi:ed by the Angineer in accordance with the Gob-mi: formula and the other uality control re uirements. )uring the mi:ing operation, one-half to one 6".. to #."7 mass percent of hydrated lime, dry aggregate basis, shall be added to the mi:ture. The lower percentage limit is applicable to aggregates which are predominantly calcareous. 308.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 308.3.1 3eat)er 0i#itations

The construction of road mi: bituminous pavement shall be carried on only when the surface on which the material is to be placed is dry and when the weather is not foggy or rainy. 308.3.2 Constr"ction E!"ip#ent

The e uipment used by the -ontractor shall include scarifying, mi:ing, spreading, finishing and compacting e uipmentI a bituminous distributorI and the e uipment for heating bituminous material. The distributor shall be so designed, e uipped, maintained and operated that bituminous material at even heat may be applied uniformly on variable widths of surface up to 1.. m at readily determined and controlled rates from ".' to #" 82m', with uniform pressure, and with an allowable variation from any specified rate not to e:ceed ".# 82m'. )istributor e uipment shall include a tachometer pressure gauge, accurate volume measuring devices or a calibrated tan;, and a thermometer for measuring temperatures of tan; contents. )istributors shall be

79

e uipped with a power unit for the pump, and full circulation spray bars adGustable laterally and vertically. Travelling or stationary mi:ing plants or other e uipment of proven performance may be used by the -ontractor in lieu of the specified e uipment, if approved by the Angineer. <ollers shall be self-propelled steel-wheel tandem or !-wheel rollers weighing not less than 3 tonnes each and pneumatic tire rollers having a total compacting width of not less than #,.'" mm 65" inches7 and the gross mass adGustable within the range of !,51" to 5,!5" ;ilograms per metre 6'"" t" !." pounds per inch7 of compaction width. The operating mass shall be directed. Tire pressure or contact pressure may be specified for pneumatic-tire rollers. $ll tires on pneumatic rollers shall be e ually inflated, e:erting e ual unit pressure, with a means of varying the contact pressure to suit proGect conditions. 308.3.3 Preparation o( ,ase

#. -ase # 64ew $ggregate7 9hen new aggregate is to be used for the road mi: surface course, the e:isting base shall be scarified lightly and bladed to uniform grade and to the cross-section shown on the Plans and shall then be rolled or watered and rolled, as directed. If so ordered by the Angineer, depressions shall first be filled and wea; portions of the base strengthened with new aggregate. '. -ase ' 6Salvaged $ggregate7 9hen material in the e:isting road surface is to be used for mi:ing, the surface shall be scarified lightly and bladed to uniform grade and to the cross-section shown on the Plans. The reshaped surface shall then be scarified again to the depth ordered by the Angineer and in such manner as to leave a foundation of undisturbed material parallel, both in profile and cross-section, to the proposed finished surface. The loosened materials shall be bladed aside into a windrow at the side of the road and the undisturbed material rolled or watered and rolled, as directed. 308.3.' P acin& A&&re&ates

4ew aggregates, where re uired, shall be uniformly spread on the prepared surface by the use of spreader bo:es, or other approved mechanical spreading devices. 9hen two or more siEes of aggregates are used, each siEe of aggregate shall be placed in the proper amount to provide for surfacing of the re uired width and thic;ness. The proper amounts of the separate siEes of aggregate for each course shall be blended and shaped into a windrow of uniform cross-section. $t least one day shall be allowed for measuring, sampling and testing for approval of uantity and gradation before the windrowed material is spread for application of bituminous material.

80

If the surface moisture of the aggregate is more than ' percent of the dry weight of the aggregate, e:cept when the bituminous material is emulsified asphalt, the aggregate shall be turned by blades or disc harrows or otherwise aerated until the moisture content is reduced to ' percent or less. The aggregate shall then be spread smoothly and uniformly over half the road or other convenient width of the surface ready for the application of bituminous material, e:cept that when a traveling mi:ing plant is used, the aggregate shall be formed into a uniform cross-section. In lieu of aerating and drying the aggregate, the -ontractor may use an approved additive, e:cept where emulsified asphalt is used, which shall be satisfactorily blended with the bituminous material. The additive shall permit suitable coating of the wet aggregate and shall prevent the bituminous coating from stripping in the presence of water. 308.3.+ App ication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia The bituminous material shall be uniformly distributed in successive application, in such amounts and at such intervals as directed. The mi:ing e uipment shall follow immediately behind the distributor, after each application of bituminous material, to partially mi: the aggregate and the bituminous material. 308.3.8 Mi7in& $fter the last application of bituminous material and partial mi:ing, the entire mass of bituminous material and aggregate shall be windrowed on the road surface and then mi:ed, by blading the mi:ture from side to side of the road, or by manipulation producing e uivalent results, until all aggregate particles are coated with bituminous material and the whole mass has a uniform color and the mi:ture is free from fat or lean spots, or balls of uncoated particles. )uring the mi:ing operations, care shall be ta;en to avoid cutting into the underlying course or contaminating the mi:ture with earth or other e:traneous matter. 9hen directed, the mi:ing process shall be confined to part of the width or area of the road so as to allow traffic to pass. Should the mi:ture show an e:cess, deficiency or uneven distribution of bituminous material, the condition shall be corrected by the addition of aggregate or bituminous material as re uired and re-mi:ing. If the mi:ture contains e:cessive amounts of moisture or volatile matter, it shall be bladed, aerated or otherwise manipulated until the moisture and volatile content are satisfactory. The spreading of the mi: shall not be done when the surface to be covered is in an unsatisfactory condition. $t the end of each dayFs wor;, or when the wor; is interrupted by weather conditions or otherwise, all loose materials shall be bladed into a windrow, whether mi:ing is completed or not, and shall be retained in a windrow until operations are resumed. 9hen the mi:ing operations have been satisfactorily completed, the mi:ture shall be formed into a windrow of uniform cross-section.

81

If the -ontractor elects to use traveling or stationary mi:ing plants in lieu of the specified e uipment, the same re uirements regarding residual moisture and evaporation of volatiles given above shall apply. 308.3.: Sprea%in&; Co#pactin& an% Finis)in& The material shall be spread by a self-propelled pneumatic-tire blade grader or a mechanical spreader of approved type. In spreading from the windrow, care shall be ta;en to avoid cutting into the underlying base. $fter the material is spread, the surface shall be rolled. <olling shall be parallel to the road center line and shall commence at the outer edges of the road, overlapping the shoulders and progressing towards the center, overlapping on successive passes by at least one-half the width of the roller, e:cept that on superelevated curves, rolling shall progress from the lower to the upper edge. Aach pass shall terminate at least 0#" mm 6! ft7 in advance or to the rear of the end of the preceding pass. )uring compaction, the surface shall be dragged or bladed as necessary to fill ruts and to remove incipient corrugations or other irregularities. <olling shall continue until the surfacing is of uniform te:ture and satisfactory compaction is obtained. Initial rolling shall be performed with a pneumatic-tire roller and final rolling with a !-wheel or tandem type steel wheel roller. <olling shall be discontinued whenever it begins to produce e:cessive pulveriEing of the aggregate or displacement of the mi:ture. 9hen the compacted thic;ness of the road mi: surface is to be more than ." mm 6' inches7, the mi:ture shall be spread from the windrow and compacted in two layers, the first layer to be bladed and rolled before the second layer is spread. 9hile the surface is being compacted and finished, the -ontractor shall trim the edges neatly to line. 308.3.< S"r(ace Re!"ire#ents Surface re uirements shall be as specified in Subsection !"(.!.## e:cept that the permissible surface variance will be #" mm in ! m 6!.3 inch in #" ft.7. 308.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent Bituminous material and aggregate for Bituminous <oad *i: Surface -ourse will be measured by the tonne 6t7. The uantity to be paid for shall be the number of tonnes of bituminous material and aggregate used and accepted in the completed wor;. The weight of all moisture in the aggregate will be deducted from the pay uantity. )ue to possible variations in the specific gravity of the aggregates, the tonnage used may vary from the proposed uantities. 4o adGustment in contract unit price will be made because of such variation.

82

308.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantities, measured as prescribed in Section !"5.1 shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous <oad *i: Surface -ourse, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing materials, handling, mi:ing, hauling, placing, rolling, compacting, labor, e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !"5 !"5 6#7 !"5 6'7 )escription Bituminous <oad *i: Surface -ourse $ggregate for Bituminous <oad *i: Surface -ourse Bituminous *aterial for Bituminous <oad *i: Surface -ourse ,nit of *easurement

Tonne Tonne

ITEM 30: ,ITUMI.OUS P0A.T4MI9 SURFACE COURSE 4 GE.ERA0 30:.1 Description This item includes general re uirements that are applicable to all types of bituminous plant mi: surface courses irrespective of gradation of aggregate or ;ind and amount of bituminous material. )erivations from these general re uirements will be indicated in the specific re uirements for each type. This wor; shall consist of constructing one or more bituminous bound layers on a prepared foundation in accordance with the Specifications and the specific re uirements of the type under contract, and in reasonably close conformity with the lines, grades, thic;ness, and typical cross-sections shown on the Plans within the tolerances specified or established by the Angineer. 30:.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents 30:.2.1 Co#position an% 1"a it- o( ,it"#ino"s Mi7t"re 6Nob-*i: Bormula7. The bituminous mi:ture shall be composed of aggregate, mineral filler, hydrated lime, and bituminous material. $t least three wee;s prior to production, the -ontractor shall submit in writing a Gob-mi: formula for each mi:ture supported by laboratory test data along 83

with samples and sources of the components and viscosity-temperature relationships information to the Angineer for testing and approval. Aach Gob-mi: formula submitted shall propose definite single values for? #. '. !. 1. .. The percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve siEe. The percentage of bituminous material to be added. The temperature of the mi:ture delivered on the road. The ;ind and percentage of additive to be used. The ;ind and percentage of mineral filler to be used.

$fter the Gob-mi: is established, all mi:ture furnished for the proGect shall conform thereto within the following ranges of tolerances? Passing 4o. 1 and larger sieves Passing 4o. 3 to 4o. #"" sieves 6inclusive7 Passing 4o. '"" sieve Bituminous *aterial Temperature of *i:ture O O O O O ( percent 1 percent ' percent ".1 percent #""-

Should a change in source of material be proposed or should a Gob-mi: formula prove unsatisfactory, a new Gob-mi: formula shall be submitted by the -ontractor in writing and be approved by the Angineer prior to production. $pproval of a new Gobmi: formula may re uire laboratory testing and verification. The mi:ture shall have a minimum compressive strength of #.1 *Pa 6'"" psi7. The mi:ture shall have a mass percent air voids with the range of ! to .. The mi:ture shall also have an inde: of retained strength of not less than (" when tested by $$S%T& T #5.. Bor aggregates having ma:imum siEes over '. mm 6# inch7, $$S%T& T #5. will be modified to use #." mm : #." mm 6 5 : 5 inches7 cylindrical specimens. The #." mm 65 inches cylinders will be compacted by the procedures outlined in $$S%T& T #5( modified to employ #" repetitions of a molding load of 0.5 *Pa 6#1"" psi7, with no appreciable holding time after each application of the full load. 30:.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia The ;ind of bituminous material to be used will be as called for in the Bill of Quantities, while the type and grade will be specified in the Special Provisions. The grade may be changed one step by the Angineer at no change in unit price . It shall conform to the applicable re uirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. 30:.2.3 A&&re&ates

84

$ggregates shall conform to the applicable re uirements of Item ("!, $ggregates. 30:.2.' Minera Fi er

It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("! $, *ineral Biller. 30:.2.+ =-%rate% 0i#e

It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("#, -onstruction 8ime. 30:.2.8 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"re

The proportion of bituminous material, on the basis of total dry aggregate, shall be from .." to 3." mass percent. The e:act percentage to be used shall be fi:ed by the Angineer in accordance with Gob-mi: formula and other uality control re uirements. %ydrated lime shall be added to the mi:ture during the mi:ing operation in the amount of one-half to one 6".. to #."7 mass percent, dry aggregate basis. The lower percentage limit is applicable to aggregates which are predominantly calcareous. 30:.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 30:.3.1 3eat)er 0i#itations

Bituminous Plant mi: shall not be placed on any wet surface, or when weather conditions would prevent the proper handling or finishing of the bituminous mi:tures. 30:.3.2 #. Constr"ction E!"ip#ent

Bituminous *i:ing Plant

Sufficient storage space shall be provided for each siEe of aggregate. The different aggregate siEes shall be ;ept separated until they have been delivered to the cold elevator feeding the drier. The storage yard shall be maintained neat and orderly and the separate stoc;piles shall be readily accessible for sampling. Plants used for the preparation of bituminous mi:tures shall conform to the re uirements for all plants under 6a7 below e:cept that scale re uirements shall apply only where weight proportioning is used. In addition, batch mi:ing plants and continuous mi:ing plants shall conform to the respective re uirements which follow this Subsection. a. <e uirements for all Plants.

85

*i:ing plants shall be of sufficient capacity and coordinated to ade uately handle the proposed bituminous construction. #. Plant Scales. Scales shall be accurate to ".. percent of the ma:imum load that may be re uired. Poises shall be designed to be loc;ed in any position to prevent unauthoriEed change of position. In lieu of plant and truc; scales, the -ontractor may provide an approved automatic printer system which will print the weights of the material delivered, provided the system is used in conGunction with an approved automatic batching and mi:ing control system. Such weights shall be evidenced by a weight tic;et for each load. Scales shall be inspected and sealed as often as the Angineer may deem necessary to assure their continued accuracy. The -ontractor shall have on hand not less than ten '"-;g weights for testing the scales. '. A uipment for Preparation of Bituminous *aterial. Tan;s for the storage of bituminous material shall be e uipped with the proper devices to heat and hold the material at the re uired temperatures. The heating shall be accomplished by steam coils, electricity, or other approved means so that no flame shall be in contact with the tan;. The circulating system for the bituminous material shall be designed to assure proper and continuous circulation during the operating period. Provision shall be made for measuring and sampling storage tan;s. Beeder for )rier. The plant shall be provided with accurate mechanical means for uniformly feeding the aggregate into the drier so that uniform production and temperature will be obtained. )rier. The plant shall include a drier or driers which continuously agitate during the heating and drying process. Bor cold-type bituminous mi:, e uipment for mechanical cooling of the dried aggregate to the temperature prescribed for cold mi:tures shall be provided and shall be capable of supplying prepared material for the mi:er to operate at full capacity. Screens. Plant screens, capable of screening all aggregate to the specified siEes and proportions and having normal capacities in e:cess of the full capacity of the mi:er, shall be provided. Bins. The plant shall include storage bins of sufficient capacity to supply the mi:er when it is operating at full capacity. Bins shall be arranged to assure separate and ade uate storage of appropriate fractions of the mineral aggregates. Separate dry storage shall be provided for filler or hydrated lime when used and the plant shall be e uipped to feed such material into the mi:er. Aach bin shall be provided with overflow pipes, of such siEe and at such locations as to prevent bac;ing up of material into other compartments or bins. Aach

!.

1.

..

5.

86

compartment shall be provided with individual outlet gate, constructed so that when closed, there shall be no lea;age. The gates shall cut off uic;ly and completely. Bins shall be so constructed that samples can be readily obtained. Bins shall be e uipped with ade uate telltale devices to indicate the position of the aggregates in the bins at the lower uarter points. (. Bituminous -ontrol +ate. Satisfactory means, either by weighing or metering, shall be provided to obtain the proper amount of bituminous material in the mi: within the tolerance specified. *eans shall be provided for chec;ing the uantity or rate of flow of bituminous material into the mi:er. Thermometric A uipment. $n armored thermometric of ade uate range in temperature reading shall be fi:ed in the bituminous feed line at a suitable location near the charging valve at the mi:er unit. The plant shall also be e uipped with either an approved dialscale, mercury-actuated thermometer, an electric pyrometer, or other approved thermometric instrument so placed at the discharge chute of the drier as to register automatically or indicate the temperature of the heated aggregates. The Angineer may re uire replacement of any thermometer by an approved temperature-recording apparatus for better regulation of the temperature of aggregates. 0. )ust -ollector. The plant shall be e uipped with a dust collector constructed to waste or return uniformly all or any part of the material to the hot elevator collected as directed.

3.

#". Truc; Scales. The bituminous mi:ture shall be weighed on approved scales furnished by the -ontractor or on public scales at the -ontractorFs e:pense. Such scales shall be inspected and sealed as often as the Angineer deems necessary to assure their accuracy. 6See paragraph I7. ##. Safety <e uirements. $de uate and safe stairways to the mi:er platform and sampling points shall be provided, and guarded ladders to other plant units shall be placed at all points where accessibility to plant operations is re uired. $ccessibility to the top of truc; bodies shall be provided by a platform or other suitable device to enable the Angineer to obtain sampling and mi:ture temperature data. $ hoist or pulley system shall be provided to raise scale calibration e uipment, sampling e uipment and other similar e uipment from ground to the mi:er platform and return. $ll gears, pulleys, chains, sproc;ets, and other dangerous moving parts shall be thoroughly guarded and protected. $mple and unobstructed space shall be provided on the mi:ing platform. $ clear and unobstructed passage shall be

87

maintained at all times in and around the truc; loading area. This area shall be ;ept free from drippings from the mi:ing platforms.

b. #.

<e uirements for Batching Plants 9eigh bo: or hopper. The e uipment shall include a means for accurately weighing each siEe of aggregate in a weight bo: or hopper suspended on scales and of ample siEe to hold a full batch without hand ra;ing or running over. The gate shall close tightly so that no material is allowed to lea; into the mi:er while a batch is being weighed. Bituminous -ontrol. The e uipment used to measure the bituminous material shall be accurate to plus or minus ".. percent. The bituminous material buc;et shall be a nontilting type with a loose sheet metal cover. The length of the discharge opening or spray bar shall be less than M the length of the mi:er and it shall discharge directly into the mi:er. The bituminous material buc;et, its discharge valve or valves and spray bar shall be ade uately heated. Steam Gac;ets, if used, shall be efficiently drained and all connections shall be so constructed that they will not interfere with the efficient operation of the bituminous scales. The capacity of the bituminous material buc;et shall be at least #. percent in e:cess of the weight of bituminous material re uired in any batch. The plant shall have an ade uately heated uic;-acting, non-drip, charging valve located directly over the bituminous material buc;et. The indicator dial shall have a capacity of at least #. percent in e:cess of the uantity of bituminous material used in a batch. The controls shall be constructed so that they may be loc;ed at any dial setting and will automatically reset to that reading after the addition of bituminous material to each batch. The dial shall be in full view of the mi:er operator. The flow of bituminous material shall be automatically controlled so that it will begin when the dry mi:ing period is over. $ll of the bituminous material re uired for one batch shall be discharged in not more than #. seconds after the flow has started. The siEe and spacing of the spray bar openings shall provide a uniform application of bituminous material the full length of the mi:er. The section of the bituminous line between the charging valve and the spray bar shall be provided with a valve and outlet for chec;ing the meter when a metering device is substituted for a bituminous material buc;et.

'.

!.

*i:er. The batch mi:er shall be an approved type capable of producing a uniform mi:ture with the Gob-mi: tolerances. If not enclosed, the mi:er bo: shall be e uipped with a dust hood to prevent loss of dust.

88

The clearance of blades from all fi:ed and moving parts shall not e:ceed '. mm 6# inch7 unless the ma:imum diameter of the aggregate in the mi: e:ceed !" mm 6#-#21 inches7, in which case the clearance shall not e:ceed 1" mm 6#-#2' inches7. 1. -ontrol of *i:ing Time. The mi:er shall be e uipped with an accurate time loc; to control the operation of a complete mi:ing cycle. It shall loc; the weigh bo: gate after the charging of the mi:er until the closing of the mi:er gate at the completion of the cycle. It shall loc; the bituminous material buc;et throughout the dry and wet mi:ing periods. The dry mi:ing period is defined as the interval of time between the opening of the weigh bo: gate and the start of introduction of bituminous material. The wet mi:ing period is the interval of time between the start of introduction of bituminous material and the opening of the mi:er gate. The control of the timing shall be fle:ible and capable of being set at intervals of . seconds or less throughout a total cycle of up to ! minutes. $ mechanical batch counter shall be installed as a part of the timing device and shall be so designed as to register only completely mi:ed batches. The setting of time interval shall be performed in the presence and at the direction of the Angineer who shall then loc; the case covering the timing device until such time as a change is to be made in the timing periods. c. #. <e uirement for -ontinuous *i:ing Plants $ggregate Proportioning. The plant shall include means for accurately proportioning each siEe of aggregate. The plant shall have a feeder mounted under each compartment bin. Aach compartment bin shall have an accurately controlled individual gate to form an orifice for volumetrically measuring the material drawn from each compartment. The feeding orifice shall be rectangular with one dimension adGustable by positive mechanical means provided with a loc;. Indicators shall be provided for each gate to show the respective gate opening in millimeter. '. 9eight -alibration of $ggregate Beed. The plant shall include a means for calibration of gate openings by weighing test samples. Provision shall be made so that materials fed out of individual orifice may be by passed to individual test bo:es. The plant shall be e uipped to conveniently handle individual test samples weighing not less than ." ;ilograms. $ccurate scales shall be provided by the -ontractor to weigh such test samples.

89

!.

SynchroniEation of $ggregate Beed and Bituminous *aterial Beed. Satisfactory means shall be provided to afford positive interloc;ing control between the flow of aggregate from the bins and the flow of bituminous material from the meter or other proportioning device. This control shall be accomplished by interloc;ing mechanical means or by any other positive method satisfactory to the Angineer. *i:er. The plants shall include a continuous mi:er of an approved type, ade uately heated and capable of producing a uniform mi:ture within the Gob-mi: tolerances. It shall be e uipped with a discharge hopper with dump gates which will permit rapid and complete discharge of the mi:ture. The paddles shall be adGustable for angular position on the shafts and reversible to retard the flow of the mi:. The mi:er shall have a manufacturerFs plate giving the net volumetric contents of the mi:er of the several heights inscribed on a permanent gauge. -harts shall be provided showing the rate of feed or aggregate per minute for the aggregate being used.

1.

'.

%auling A uipment

Truc;s used for hauling bituminous mi:tures shall have tight, clean, smooth metal beds which have been thinly coated with approved material to prevent the mi:ture from adhering to the beds. Aach truc; shall have a cover of canvass or other suitable material of such siEe as to protect the mi:ture from the weather. 9hen necessary, such that the mi:ture will be delivered on the road at the specified temperature, truc; beds shall be insulated and covers shall be securely fastened. Truc; beds shall be drained prior to loading. !. Bituminous Pavers

The e uipment shall be self-contained, power-propelled units, provided with an adGustable activated screed or stri;e-off assembly, heated if necessary, and capable of spreading and finishing courses of bituminous plant mi: material in lane widths applicable to the specified typical section and thic;ness shown on the Plans. Pavers shall be e uipped with a control system capable of automatically maintaining the screen elevation as specified herein. The control system shall be automatically actuated from either a reference line or surface through a system of mechanical sensors or sensor directed mechanisms or devices which will maintain the paver screed at a predetermined transverse slope and at the proper elevation to obtain the re uired surface. 9hen directed, the transverse slope control system shall be made inoperative and the screed shall be controlled by sensor directed automatic mechanisms which will independently control the elevation of each end of the screed from reference lines or surface. The controls shall be capable of wor;ing in connection with any of the following attachments.

90

a. b. c.

S;i-type device of not less than 0 m 6!" feet7 in length or as directed by the Angineer. Taut stringline 6wire7 set to grade. Short s;i or shoe

The -ontractor shall furnish the long s;i, the short s;i or shoe and furnish and install all re uired sta;es and wire for a taut stringline. Should the automatic control systems become inoperative during the dayFs wor;, the -ontractor will be permitted to finish the dayFs wor; using manual controls, however, wor; shall not be resumed thereafter until the automatic control system has been made operative. The -ontractor shall provide and have ready for use at all times enough covers, as may be necessary, for use in any emergency such as rain, chilling wind, on unavoidable delay, for the purpose of covering or protecting any material that may have been dumped and not spread. 1. <ollers

The e uipment shall be of the steel and2or pneumatic tire type and shall be in good condition, capable of reversing without bac;lash, and shall be operated at speeds slow enough to avoid displacement of the bituminous mi:ture. The number and weight of rollers shall be sufficient to compact the mi:ture to the re uired density while it is still in a wor;able condition. The use of e uipment which results in e:cessive crushing of the aggregate will not be permitted. 30:.3.3 Con%itionin& o( E7istin& S"r(ace

Immediately before placing the bituminous mi:ture, the e:isting surface shall be cleaned of loose or deleterious material by brooming or other approved means. -ontract surface or curb, gutters, manholes and other structures shall be painted with a thin, uniform coating of bituminous material prior to the bituminous mi:ture being placed against them. 30:.3.' Preparation o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

The bituminous material shall be heated so as to avoid local overheating and provide a continuous supply of the bituminous material to the mi:er at a uniform temperature. The temperature of asphalt cement delivered to the mi:er shall be as re uired to achieve a ;inematic viscosity in the range of #."-!"" mm'2s, as determined by $$S%T& T '"#. $sphalt cement shall not be used while it is foaming nor shall be heated above #.0"- 6!'""B7 at any time after delivery in the proGect. 30:.3.+ Preparation o( A&&re&ate

91

$ggregates for pug mill mi:ing shall be heated, dried and delivered to the mi:ing unit at a temperature within the range O#( "- 6O!""B7 of the bitumen. *oisture content of the aggregate shall not e:ceed one mass percent at the time it is introduced into the mi:ing unit. Blames used for drying and heating shall be properly adGusted to avoid damage to the aggregate and to avoid soot on the aggregate. *oisture content of the mi:ture from drum dryer plants shall not e:ceed three 6!7 percent of the output, as determined by $$S%T& T ##". 30:.3.8 Mi7in&

The dried aggregates and the bituminous material shall be measured or gauged and introduced into the mi:er in the amount specified by the Gob mi: formula. $fter the re uired amounts of aggregate and bituminous material have been introduced into the mi:er, the material shall be mi:ed until a complete and uniform coating of the particles and a thorough distribution of the bituminous material throughout the aggregate is secured. 30:.3.: Sprea%in& an% Finis)in&

The mi:ture shall be spread and struc; off to the grade and elevation established. Bituminous pavers shall be used to distribute the mi:ture either over the entire width or over such partial width as may be practicable. The longitudinal Goint in one layer shall offset that in the layer immediately below appro:imately #. cm 65 inches7I however, the Goint in the top layer shall be at the center line of the pavement if the roadway comprises two 6'7 lanes, or at lane lines if the roadway is more than two 6'7 lanes, unless otherwise directed. &n areas where irregularities or unavoidable obstacle ma;es the use of mechanical spreading and finishing e uipment impracticable, the mi:ture may be placed and finished by hand tools. The mi:ture shall be placed at a temperature not less than #"("- 6''."B7 as measured in the truc; Gust prior to dumping into the spreader. 9hen tar is used, the mi:ture shall be placed at between 55"- and #"("6#." B and ''."B7.
"

9hen production of the mi:ture can be maintained and when practical, pavers shall be used in echelon to place the wearing course in adGacent lanes. 30:.3.< Co#paction

Immediately after the mi:ture has been spread, struc; off and surface irregularities adGusted, it shall be thoroughly and uniformly compacted by rollers as specified under paragraph 4o. 1 of Subsection !"(.!.'.

92

The surface shall be rolled when the mi:ture is in proper condition and when the rolling does not cause under displacement, crac;ing and shoving. <olling shall begin at the sides and proceeds longitudinally parallel toward the road centerline, each trip overlapping K the roller width, gradually progressing to the crown of the road. 9hen paving in echelon or abutting a previously placed lane, the longitudinal Goint should be rolled first followed by the regular rolling procedure. &n superelevated curves, the rolling shall begin at the low side and progress to the high side overlapping of longitudinal trips parallel to the center line. <ollers shall move at a slow but uniform speed with the drive roll or wheels nearest the paver.. <olling shall be continued until roller mar;s are eliminated and a minimum of 0( mass percent of the density of the laboratory compacted specimens prepared in accordance with $$S%T& T #55 has been obtained. $ny displacement occurring as a result of the reversing of the direction of a roller, or from other causes, shall be corrected at once by the use of ra;es and addition of fresh mi:ture when re uired. -are shall be e:ercised in rolling not to displace the line and grade of the edges of the bituminous mi:ture. To prevent adhesion of the mi:ture to the rollers, the wheels shall be ;ept properly moistened with water or water mi:ed with very small uantities of detergent or other approved material. A:cess li uid will not be permitted. $long forms, curbs, headers, walls and other places not accessible to the rollers, the mi:ture shall be thoroughly compacted with hot hand tampers, smoothing irons or with mechanical tampers. 30:.3.> ?oints

Placing of the bituminous paving shall be continuous as possible. <ollers shall not pass over the unprotected end of a freshly laid mi:ture unless authoriEed by the Angineer. Transverse Goints shall be formed by cutting bac; on the previous run to e:pose the full depth of the course. 9hen directed by the Angineer, a brush coat of bituminous material shall be used on contact surfaces of transverse Goints before additional mi:ture is placed against the previously rolled material. 30:.3.10 Acceptance, Sa#p in& an% Testin&

The contractor shall cut full depth samples as directed, from the finished pavement, for testing. Samples shall be neatly cut by saw or core drill. Aach sample shall be at least #." mm : #." mm or #"" mm diameter full depth. $t least one, but not more than three samples shall be ta;en for each full dayFs operation. If no core samples were ta;en during the dayFs operation, core samples shall be ta;en from the completed pavement for every #"" 8. *. per lane. The contractor shall supply and furnish new material to bac;fill boreholes left by the samples ta;en.

93

4o acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed asphalt pavement unless core test for thic;ness determination is conducted, e:cept for Barangay <oads where the implementing office is allowed to waive such test. The samples obtained will be used to measure the thic;ness of the pavement. The same samples will be used to test the density of the compacted pavement by $$S%T& T #55. The compacted pavement shall have a density e ual to, or greater than 0( mass percent of the density of a laboratory specimen. The asphalt pavement represented by the cores shall not be accepted if the deficiency in density is more than '>. The compacted pavement shall have a thic;ness tolerances of -. mm. Thic;ness in e:cess of the specified thic;ness shall not be considered in the payment of asphalt pavement. The asphalt pavement represented by the individual core shall not be accepted if the deficiency in the core thic;ness as obtained in accordance with $ST* ) !.10 is more than . mm. $veraging of the density and thic;ness of asphalt cores is not permitted. If the deficiency in the core thic;ness is more than . mm, additional layer may be permitted in order to meet the designed thic;ness, however, the minimum additional asphalt overlay thic;ness should be dependent on the minimum thic;ness capacity of asphalt paver but it should not be less than ." mm 6' inches7 and that proper construction procedures are followed. 30:.3.11 S"r(ace To erances The surface will be chec;ed by the use of a !-m straight-edge at sites selected by the Angineer. The straight-edge will be applied at right angles, as well as, parallel to the centerline of the roadbed. The variation of the surface from the testing edge of the straight-edge between any two contacts with the surface shall not e:ceed 5 mm. Tests will be made immediately after initial compaction and any variations detected shall be corrected by removing or adding materials, as may be necessary. <olling shall then be continued as specified. $fter final rolling, the smoothness of the course shall be chec;ed again and any area defective in te:ture or composition shall be corrected, including removal and replacement of unsatisfactory material at the -ontractorFs e:pense as directed by the Angineer. 30:.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent The area to be paid for under this item shall be the number of s uare meters 6m'7 of asphalt pavement placed, compacted and accepted based on the thic;ness and densities of the cores ta;en in accordance with subsection !"(.!.#" 6$cceptance, Sampling and Testing7. 30:.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent

94

The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"(.1 will be paid for as provided in the respective items for the specified type of bituminous plant mi:. ITEM 30< CO0D ASP=A0T P0A.T4 MI9 30<.1 Description

This item shall consist of constructing Bituminous Surface -ourse 6$sphalt -old *i:7 prepared in central mi:ing plant, laid cold, on the prepared base in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and typical cross-section shown on the Plans. 30<.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents

30<.2.1 Co#position an% 1"a it- o( Asp)a t Co % Mi7 @?o$4Mi7 For#" aA The asphalt cold mi: shall be composed of coarse mineral aggregates, fine mineral aggregates, mineral fillers and chemically bonding bitumen. $t least three wee;s prior to production, the -ontractor shall submit in writing a Gob-mi: formula for each mi:ture supported by laboratory test data along with samples and sources of the components and viscosity-temperature relationships information to the Angineer for testing and approval. Aach Gob-mi: formula submitted shall propose definite single value for? #. The percentage of coarse mineral aggregates passing each specified sieve siEe. '. The percentage of fine mineral aggregates passing each specified sieve siEe. !. The percentage of chemically bonding bitumen material to be added. 1. The temperature of the mi:ture delivered on the prepared base of the road. .. The ;ind and percentage of chemical additive to be used. 5. The ;ind and percentage of mineral filler to be incorporated. Stability <e uirements? The mi:ture shall conform to the following? Test Property Stability 4 6lb7 at ''.'"- 6('"B7 Percent Stability 8oss $fter =acuum Saturation and 95 *inimum '''1 6.""7 *a:imum ."

Immersion $ggregate -oating 6Percent7 30<.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia

."

It shall be either 8i uid -ut-bac; $sphalt or Amulsified $sphalt, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. The type and grade of asphalt material will be specified by the Angineer and shall comply to the re uirements of $$S%T& Specification *3', *#1" or *'"3 6$ST* )esignation ) '!0(7. 30<.2.3 Coarse A&&re&ates

-oarse $ggregates shall conform to the applicable re uirements of Item ("! or $$S%T& Specification * (0. 30<.2.' Fine A&&re&ates

Bine $ggregates shall conform to the applicable re uirements of Item ("!, $$S%T& Specification * '0 or $ST* ) #"(!. 30<.2.+ Minera Fi ers

It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("!$, *ineral Biller or $ST* )esignation ) '1'. 30<.2.8 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"re

The proportioning of Bituminous *aterial on the basis of total dry aggregate shall be from 1.. to (." mass percent when cut bac; asphalt is used and from 5." to #"." mass percent when emulsified asphalt is used. The e:act percentage to be used shall be fi:ed by the Angineer in accordance with the Gobmi: formula and the other uality control re uirements. 30<.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 30<.3.1 3eat)er 0i#itations

-old $sphalt Plant *i: shall be placed only when the specified density can be obtained. The mi:ture shall not be placed on any wet surface or when weather condition will prevent its proper handling or finishing. $sphalt surface mi:ture shall not be placed when the surface temperature of the base course is below #""- 6.""B7. 30<.3.2 Preparin& Area To ,e Pa2e%

#. The area to be paved shall be substantially true to line and grade. It shall have a firm and properly prepared surface before paving operations begin. $ll loose and foreign material shall be removed.

96

'. 9hen the compacted subgrade on which the asphalt base is to be placed loosely bonded, it shall be primed with ".. to #.1" litre2m ' or ".# to ".! gal2yd' of the type and grade of asphalt priming material. The asphalt should be entirely absorbed by the base course and the prime should be fully set and cured before placing the surface. !. %oles and depressions in e:isting surfaces shall be repaired by removing all loose and defective material to sound pavement and replacing with an approved asphalt-aggregate patching material. The patching mi:ture shall be compacted to produce a tight surface conforming to the adGacent pavement area. 1. A:cess asphalt in patches and Goints shall be removed only through methods approved by the engineer. .. Immediately prior to application of the asphalt tac; coat all loose and foreign material shall be removed by sweeping or by blowing, or both. 5. Surfaces of curbs, gutters, vertical faces of e:isting pavements, and all structures to be in actual contact with the asphalt-aggregate mi:ture shall be given a thin, even coating of asphalt material, type and grade. -are shall be ta;en to prevent spattering of the asphalt on surfaces that will not be in contact with the asphalt-aggregate mi:ture. 30<.3.3 Preparin& T)e Mi7t"re

#. The asphalt shall be warmed, if necessary, at the paving plant to a temperature at which it can be applied uniformly to the aggregate. '. 9hen it is necessary to blend aggregates from one or more sources to produce the combined gradation, each source or siEe of aggregate shall stoc;piled individually. $ggregate from the individual stoc;piles shall fed through separate bins to cold elevator feeders. They shall not be blended in the stoc;pile. !. -old aggregates shall be fed carefully to the plant so that surpluses and shortages will not occur and cause brea;s in the continuous operation. 1. *i:ing time shall be the shortest time that will produce a satisfactory mi:ture. 30<.3.' P acin& T)e Mi7

The base course mi:ture shall be placed in one or more lifts with an asphalt paver or spreader to provide a nominal compacted thic;ness of the base course. The surface course mi:ture shall be placed with an asphalt paver to provide a nominal compacted thic;ness of the surface course. The minimum lift thic;ness shall be at least two times the ma:imum particle siEe. The ma:imum lift thic;ness shall be that which can be demonstrated to be laid in a single lift and compacted to a re uired uniform density and smoothness. Placing the mi:ture

97

shall be a continuous operation. If any irregularities occur, they shall be corrected before final compaction of the mi:ture. 30<.3.+ Co#pactin& T)e Mi7t"re

The mi: shall be compacted immediately after placing. Initial rolling with a steel-wheeled tandem or three wheeled roller, vibratory roller, or a pneumatic-tired roller shall follow the paver as closely as possible. If needed, intermediate rolling with a pneumatic-tired roller shall be done immediately behind the initial rolling. $n application of cho;e aggregate may be necessary to prevent mi: pic;-up by the pneumatic-tired roller. Binal rolling shall eliminate mar;s from previous rolling. In areas too small for the roller a vibrating plate compactor or a hand-tamper shall be used to achieve thorough compaction. 30<.3.8 Sa(et-

Safety precautions shall be used at all times during the progress of the wor;. $s appropriate, wor;men shall be furnished with hard hats, safety shoes, respirators, and any other safety apparel that will reduce the possibility of inGury from accidents. $ll &ccupational Safety and %ealth $ct re uirements shall be observed. 30<.3.: Acceptance Re!"ire#ent

)ivide asphalt mi:ture production into lots, each lot e ual to the mi: produced during one day. )etermine the target density for each lot by measuring the average density of si: laboratory prepared specimens representing two randomly chosen subsamples from truc;s delivering mi:ture to the Gobsite. The target density should be reported as dry density. )etermine the compacted density in the field from five randomly located positions in each lot of the compacted mi:ture. The density of freshly compacted material can be determined using a properly calibrated nuclear density device or other procedure. )ensity determinations made after a period of curing may be determined on samples obtained from compacted material by a suitable core drilling techni ue. $ll compacted densities should be converted to dry densities. It is recommended that the average of five field density determinations made in each lot be e ual to or greater than 0( percent of the average density of the si: laboratory prepared specimens, and that no individual determination be lower than 0. percent. The compacted base and surface shall have an average thic;nesses no less than those specified on the plans. $ny deficiency in thic;ness shall be made up with surface mi:ture when the surface course is placed. The surface of the completed pavement will be chec;ed longitudinally and transversely for smoothness with a ! m 6P" ft.7 straightedge. The surface shall not vary more than . mm 6".' in7 in a ! m 6#" ft.7 parallel to the centerline and not more than 3 mm 6".! in7 in ! m 6#" ft.7 at right angles to the centerline.

98

30<.' Constr"ction E!"ip#ent 30<.'.1 E!"ip#ent

The e uipment shall include? #. $sphalt mi:ing plants designed to produce a uniform mi: within the Gob-mi: tolerances. '. Self-powered pavers that are capable of spreading the mi: to the thic;ness and width specified, true to the line, grade and crown shown on the Plans. !. Anough smooth metal-bedded haul truc;s, with covers when re uired ensure orderly and continuous paving operations. 1. $ pressure distributor that is capable of applying tac; coat and prime material uniformly without atomiEation. .. Steel-wheeled, pneumatic-tired, or vibratory rollers capacity of attaining the re uired density and smoothness. 5. $ power broom or a power blower or both. (. %and tools necessary to complete the Gob. &ther e uipment can be used in addition to the specified e uipment when approved by the Angineer. 30<.+ Sa#p in&

Sampling of asphalt materials shall be in accordance with the latest revision of $$S%T& )esignation T1" 6$ST* )esignation )#1"7. Sampling of mineral aggregate shall be in accordance with the latest revision of $$S%T& designation 6$ST* )esignation ) (.7. Sampling of the asphalt mi:ture, as re uired by the Angineer, shall be in accordance with the latest revision of $$S%T& )esignation #53 6$ST* )esignation ) 0(07. 30<.8 Testin&

*ethods of Testing shall be in accordance with the applicable $$S%T& or $ST* *ethods. 30<.: Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent The bituminous mi:ture will be measured by s uare meter 6m '7. The uantity to be paid for shall be the number of s uare meters of the mi:ture placed

99

and compacted in the accepted pavement. 4o deduction will be made for the weight of bituminous material in the mi:ture. Batch weights will not be permitted as a method of measurement. 30<.< ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"3.(, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Plant-*i: Surface -ourse, -old8aid, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all materials, handling, placing, rolling, compacting, labor, e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay item 4o. !"3 )escription Bituminous Plant-*i: Surface -ourse, -old-8aid ,nit of *easurement S uare *eter

ITEM 30> ,ITUMI.OUS P0A.T4MI9 @STOC/PI0E MAI.TE.A.CE MI9TUREA 30>.1 Description This Item shall consist of a bituminous stoc;pile maintenance mi:ture composed of aggregate, mineral filler, hydrated lime and bituminous material mi:ed in a central plant. The mi:ture is stoc;piled for immediate or future maintenance needs. 30>.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents 30>.2.1 Co#position an% 1"a it- o( ,it"#ino"s Mi7t"re

Same as Subsection !"(.'.# 30>.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia

The type and grade of bituminous material shall be in accordance with the following guidelines? **'." Bor use within short time after stoc;piling. 3"" Bor immediate use under hot or moderate weather conditions, or for use within a short time after stoc;piling. *i: can be designed for use within a short time after 100

-*S-'2'S -

Q-*S 30>.2.3

stoc;piling or for long storage period. -ationic emulsified $sphalt.

A&&re&ate

It shall be crushed stone, crushed or natural gravel, slag, sand, stone or slag screenings, mineral dust, or a combination of these materials. The several aggregate fractions shall be combined in such proportions that the gradation of the composite aggregate shall conform to the grading re uirements of Table !"0.#. The combined aggregate after going through the drier, shall have a sand e uivalent value of not less than 1". The coarse aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" when tested by $$S%T& T 05. Slag, if used, shall weigh not less than ##'" ;g2m ! 6(" lb2cu. ft.7. Ta$ e 30>.1 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents Sieve )esignation Standard, mm $lternate ,.S. Standard #0." M in #'.. K in 0.. !23 in 1.(. 4o. 1 '.!5 4o. 3 ".5" 4o. !" ".!" 4o. ." ".#. 4o. #"" "."(. 4o. '"" 30>.2.' Minera Fi er *ass Percent Passing #"" 3" H #"" (" H 0" ." H (" !. H ." #3 H !" #. H '. 3 H #. 1 - #"

It shall conform to the re uirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant *i: Surface -ourse H +eneral. 30>.2.+ =-%rate% 0i#e

It shall conform to the re uirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant *i: Surface -ourse H +eneral. 30>.2.8 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"re

The amount of bituminous material to be added will be from 1 to #" mass percent of total mi:. The e:act percentage to be used shall be fi:ed by the Angineer in accordance with the Gob-mi: formula and other uality control re uirements. ,pper limit may be raised when using absorptive aggregate.

101

)uring the mi:ing operation, one-half to one 6".. to #."7 mass percent of hydrated lime, dry aggregate basis, shall be added to the mi:ture. The lower percentage limit is applicable to aggregates which are predominantly calcareous. 30>.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 30>.3.1 Preparation o( Mi7t"re

The aggregate, mineral filler, and hydrated lime shall be fed into the plant in the proportions re uired to provide a composite aggregate meeting the grading re uirements. The aggregate shall be free from visible moisture at the time of mi:ing. The bituminous material shall be applied at the rate and temperature specified by the Angineer. *i:ing shall be thorough and shall continue until all aggregate particles are well coated. 30>.3.2 Stoc*pi in&

The finished mi:ture shall be stoc;piled on a platform level storage space. 30>.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent The area to be paid for under this item shall be the number of s uare meters 6m'7 of asphalt pavement placed, compacted and accepted based on the thic;ness and density of the cores ta;en in accordance with subsection !"(.!.#" 6$cceptance, Sampling and Testing). 30>.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"0.1, will be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Plant-*i: 6Stoc;pile *aintenance *i:ture7 which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and stoc;piling the material including incidentals necessary to complete the wor; prescribed in this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !"0 )escription Bituminous Plant-*i: 6Stoc;pile *aintenance *i:ture7 ,nit of *easurement S uare *eter

ITEM 310 ,ITUMI.OUS CO.CRETE SURFACE COURSE; =OT40AID 310.1 Description

102

This Item shall consist of constructing a bituminous concrete surface course composed of aggregates, mineral filler, and bituminous material mi:ed in a central plant, constructed and laid hot on the prepared base in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with lines, grades, thic;ness and typical crosssection shown on the Plans. 310.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents 310.2.1 Co#position an% 1"a it- o( ,it"#ino"s Mi7t"re @?o$4Mi7 For#" aA

Same as Subsection !"(.'.# 310.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia

It shall be either *edium -uring 6*-7 -ut-bac; $sphalt or $sphalt -ement, whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. It shall conform to the re uirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. The penetration grade, type and grade of bituminous material shall be specified in the Special Provisions. 310.2.3 A&&re&ates

$ggregates shall conform to the re uirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant *i: Surface -ourse-+eneral. 310.2.' Minera Fi er

It shall conform to the re uirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant *i: Surface -ourse-+eneral. 310.2.+ =-%rate% 0i#e

It shall conform to the re uirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant-*i: Surface -ourse-+eneral. 310.2.8 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"res

The proportion of bituminous material on the basis of total dry aggregate shall be from .." to 3." mass percent. The e:act percentage to be used shall be fi:ed by the Angineer in accordance with the Gob-mi: formula and the other uality control re uirements. )uring the mi:ing operation, one-half to one 6".. to #."7 mass percent of hydrated lime, dry aggregate basis, shall be added to the mi:ture. The lower percentage limit is applicable to aggregates which are predominantly calcareous. 310.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents The construction re uirements shall applicable, with Section !"(.!. be in accordance whenever

103

310.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent The area to be paid for under this item shall be the number of s uare meters 6m'7 of asphalt pavement placed, compacted and accepted based on the thic;ness and density of the cores ta;en in accordance with subsection !"(.!.#" 6$cceptance, Sampling and Testing7. 310.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !#".1, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous -oncrete Surface -ourse, %ot8aid, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all materials, handling, mi:ing, hauling, placing, rolling, compacting, labor, e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !#" )escription Bituminous -oncrete Surface -ourse, %ot-8aid ,nit of *easurement

S uare *eter

ITEM 311 PORT0A.D CEME.T CO.CRETE PA6EME.T 311.1 Description This Item shall consist of pavement of Portland -ement -oncrete, with or without reinforcement, constructed on the prepared base in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with lines, grades, thic;ness and typical crosssection shown on the Plans. 311.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents 311.2.1 Port an% Ce#ent

It shall conform to the applicable re uirements of Item ("", %ydraulic -ement. &nly Type I Portland -ement shall be used unless otherwise provided for in the Special Provisions. )ifferent brands or the same brands from different mills shall not be mi:ed nor shall they be used alternately unless the mi: is approved by the Angineer. %owever, the use of Portland PoEEolan -ement Type IP meeting the re uirements of $$S%T& * '1"2$ST* - .0., Specifications for Blended %ydraulic -ement shall be allowed, provided that trial mi:es shall be done and that the mi:es meet the concrete strength re uirements, the 104

$$S%T&2$ST* provisions pertinent to the use of Portland PoEEolan Type IP shall be adopted. -ement which for any reason, has become partially set or which contains lumps of ca;ed cement will be reGected. -ement salvaged from discarded or used bags shall not be used. Samples of -ement shall be obtained in accordance with $$S%T& T #'(. 311.2.2 Fine A&&re&ate

It shall consist of natural sand, stone screenings or other inert materials with similar characteristics, or combinations thereof, having hard, strong and durable particles. Bine aggregate from different sources of supply shall not be mi:ed or stored in the same pile nor used alternately in the same class of concrete without the approval of the Angineer. It shall not contain more than three 6!7 mass percent of material passing the "."(. mm 64o. '"" sieve7 by washing nor more than one 6#7 mass percent each of clay lumps or shale. The use of beach sand will not be allowed without the approval of the Angineer. If the fine aggregate is subGected to five 6.7 cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test, the weighted loss shall not e:ceed #" mass percent. The fine aggregate shall be free from inGurious amounts of organic impurities. If subGected to the colorimatic test for organic impurities and a color dar;er than the standard is produced, it shall be reGected. %owever, when tested for the effect of organic impurities of strength of mortar by $$S%T& T (#, the fine aggregate may be used if the relative strength at ( and '3 days is not less than 0. mass percent. The fine aggregate shall be well-graded from coarse to fine and shall conform to Table !##.# Ta$ e 311.1 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents (or Fine A&&re&ate Sieve )esignation 0.. mm 6!23 in7 1.(. mm 64o. 17 '.!5 mm 64o. 37 #.#3 mm 64o. #57 ".5"" mm 64o. !"7 ".!"" mm 64o. ."7 ".#." mm 64o. #""7 311.2.3 Coarse A&&re&ate *ass Percent Passing #"" 0. H #"" 1. H 3" . H !" " H #"

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It shall consist of crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace slag, or other approved inert materials of similar characteristics, or combinations thereof, having hard, strong, durable pieces and free from any adherent coatings. It shall contain not more than one 6#7 mass percent of material passing the "."(. mm 64o. '""7 sieve, not more than ".'. mass percent of clay lumps, nor more than !.. mass percent of soft fragments. If the coarse aggregate is subGected to five 6.7 cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test, the weighted loss shall not e:ceed #' mass percent. It shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" when tested by $$S%T& T 05. If the slag is used, its density shall not be less than ##'" ;g2m ! 6(" lb.2cu. ft.7. The gradation of the coarse aggregate shall conform to Table !##.'. &nly one grading specification shall be used from any one source. Ta$ e 311.2 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ent (or Coarse A&&re&ate Sieve )esignation Standard $lternate *m ,. S. Standard (.."" ! in. 5!."" '-#2' in. ."."" ' in. !(.. #-#2' in. '.." # in. #0." M in. #'.. K in. 1.(. 4o. 1 311.2.' 3ater 9ater used in mi:ing, curing or other designated application shall be reasonably clean and free of oil, salt, acid, al;ali, grass or other substances inGurious to the finished product. 9ater will be tested in accordance with and shall meet the re uirements of Item (#1, 9ater. 9ater which is drin;able may be used without test. 9here the source of water is shallow, the inta;e shall be so enclosed as to e:clude silt, mud, grass or other foreign materials. 311.2.+ Rein(orcin& Stee *ass Percent Passing +rading +rading +rading $ B #"" 0"-#"" '.-5" "-#" "-. #"" 0"-#"" !.-(" "-#. "-. #"" 0.-#"" !.-(" #"-!" "-.

It shall conform to the re uirements of Item 1"1, <einforcing Steel. )owels and tie bars shall conform to the re uirements of $$S%T& * !# or * 1', e:cept that rail steel shall not be used for tie bars that are to be bent and restraightened during construction. Tie bars shall be deformed bars. )owels shall be plain round 106

bars. Before delivery to the site of wor;, one-half of the length of each dowel shall be painted with one coat of approved lead or tar paint. The sleeves for dowel bars shall be metal of approved design to cover ." mm 6 ' inches7, plus or minus . mm 6#21 inch7 of the dowel, with a closed end, and with a suitable stop to hold the end of the sleeve at least '. mm 6# inch7 from the end of the dowel. Sleeves shall be of such design that they do not collapse during construction. 311.2.8 ?oint Fi ers

Poured Goint fillers shall be mi:ed asphalt and mineral or rubber filler conforming to the applicable re uirements of Item ("., Noint *aterials. Preformed Goint filler shall conform to the applicable re uirements of Item (".. It shall be punched to admit the dowels where called for in the Plans. The filler for each Goint shall be furnished in a single piece for the full depth and width re uired for the Goint. 311.2.: #.1. -hemical admi:tures, if specified or permitted, shall conform to the re uirements of $$S%T& * #01. Bly $sh, if specified or permitted as a mineral admi:ture and as '"> partial replacement of Portland -ement in concrete mi: shall conform to the re uirements of $ST* - 5#3. $dmi:ture should be added only to the concrete mi: to produce some desired modifications to the properties of concrete where necessary, but not as partial replacement of cement. 311.2.< C"rin& Materia s A%#i7t"res

$ir-entraining admi:ture shall conform to the re uirements of $$S%T& *

-uring materials shall conform to the following re uirements as specifiedI a7 Burlap cloth b7 8i uid membrane forming compounds c7 Sheeting 6film7 materials - $$S%T& * #3' - $$S%T& * #13 - $$S%T& * #(#

-otton mats and water-proof paper can be used. 311.2.> Ca ci"# C) ori%e5Ca ci"# .itrate

It shall conform to $$S%T& * #11, if specified or permitted by the Angineer, as accelerator.

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311.2.10 Stora&e o( Ce#ent an% A&&re&ate $ll cement shall be stored, immediately upon delivery at the Site, in weatherproof building which will protect the cement from dampness. The floor shall be raised from the ground. The buildings shall be placed in locations approved by the Angineer. Provisions for storage shall be ample, and the shipments of cement as received shall be separately stored in such a manner as to allow the earliest deliveries to be used first and to provide easy access for identification and inspection of each shipment. Storage buildings shall have capacity for storage of a sufficient uantity of cement to allow sampling at least twelve 6#'7 days before the cement is to be used. Bul; cement, if used, shall be transferred to elevated air tight and weatherproof bins. Stored cement shall meet the test re uirements at any time after storage when retest is ordered by the Angineer. $t the time of use, all cement shall be free-flowing and free of lumps. The handling and storing of concrete aggregates shall be such as to prevent segregation or the inclusion of foreign materials. The Angineer may re uire that aggregates be stored on separate platforms at satisfactory locations. In order to secure greater uniformity of concrete mi:, the Angineer may re uire that the coarse aggregate be separated into two or more siEes. )ifferent siEes of aggregate shall be stored in separate bins or in separate stoc;piles sufficiently removed from each other to prevent the material at the edges of the piles from becoming intermi:ed. 311.2.11 Proportionin&; Consistenc- an% Stren&t) o( Concrete

The -ontractor shall prepare the design mi: based on the absolute volume method as outlined in the $merican -oncrete Institute 6$-I7 Standard '##.#, J<ecommended Practice for Selecting Proportions for 4ormal and %eavyweight -oncrete/. It is the intent of this Specification to re uire at least !51 ;g of cement per cubic meter of concrete to meet the minimum strength re uirements. The Angineer shall determine from laboratory tests of the materials to be used, the cement content and the proportions of aggregate and water that will produce wor;able concrete having a slump of between 1" and (. mm 6#-#2' and ! inches7 if not vibrated or between #" and 1" mm 6#2' and #-#2' inches7 if vibrated, and a fle:ural strength of not less than !.3 *Pa 6.." psi7 when tested by the third-point method or 1.. *Pa 65." psi7 when tested by the mid-point method at fourteen 6#17 days in accordance with $$S%T& T0( and T#((, respectivelyI or a compressive strength of '1.# *Pa 6!."" psi7 for cores ta;en at fourteen 6#17 days and tested in accordance with $$S%T& T'1. Slump shall be determined using $$S%T& T ##0. The designer shall consider the use of lean concrete 6econocrete7 mi:tures using local materials or specifically modified conventional concrete mi:es in base

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course and in the lower course composite, monolithic concrete pavements using a minimum of (. mm 6! inches7 of conventional concrete as the surface course. The mi: design shall be submitted to the Angineer for approval and shall be accompanied with certified test data from an approved laboratory demonstrating the ade uacy of the mi: design. $ change in the source of materials during the progress of wor; may necessitate a new design mi:. 311.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents 311.3.1 #. 1"a it- Contro o( Concrete +eneral The -ontractor shall be responsible for the uality control of all materials during the handling, blending, and mi:ing and placement operations. '. Quality -ontrol Plan The -ontractor shall furnish the Angineer a Quality -ontrol Plan detailing his production control procedures and the type and fre uency of sampling and testing to insure that the concrete produces complies with the Specifications. The Angineer shall be provided free access to recent plant production records, and if re uested, informational copies of mi: design, materials certifications and sampling and testing reports. !. Qualification of 9or;men A:perienced and ualified personnel shall perform all batching or mi:ing operation for the concrete mi:, and shall be present at the plant and Gob site to control the concrete productions whenever the plant is in operation. They shall be identified and duties defined as follows? a. -oncrete Batcher. The person performing the batching or mi:ing operation shall be capable of accurately conducting aggregate surface moisture determination and establishing correct scale weights for concrete materials. %e shall be capable of assuring that the proportioned batch weights of materials are in accordance with the mi: design. -oncrete Technician. The person responsible for concrete production control and sampling and testing for uality control shall be proficient in concrete technology and shall have a sound ;nowledge of the Specifications as they relate to concrete production. %e shall be capable of conducting tests on concrete and concrete materials in accordance with these Specifications. %e shall be capable of adGusting concrete mi: designs for

b.

109

improving wor;ability and Specification compliance and preparing trial mi: designs. %e shall be ualified to act as the concrete batcher in the batcherFs absence. 1. Quality -ontrol Testing The -ontractor shall perform all sampling, testing and inspection necessary to assure uality control of the component materials and the concrete. The -ontractor shall be responsible for determining the gradation of fine and coarse aggregates and for testing the concrete mi:ture for slump, air content, water-cement ratio and temperature. %e shall conduct his operations so as to produce a mi: conforming to the approved mi: design. .. )ocumentation The -ontractor shall maintain ade uate records of all inspections and tests. The records shall indicate the nature and number of observations made, the number and type of deficiencies found, the uantities approved and reGected, and nature of any corrective action ta;en. The Angineer may ta;e independent assurance samples at random location for acceptance purposes as he deems necessary. 311.3.2 E!"ip#ent

A uipment and tools necessary for handling materials and performing all parts of the wor; shall be approved by the Angineer as to design, capacity and mechanical condition. The e uipment shall be at the Gobsite sufficiently ahead of the start of construction operations to be e:amined thoroughly and approved. #. Batching Plant and A uipment a. +eneral. The batching shall include bins, weighing hoppers, and scales for the fine aggregate and for each siEe of coarse aggregate. If cement is used in bul;, a bin, a hopper, and separate scale for cement shall be included. The weighing hopper shall be properly sealed and vented to preclude dusting operation. The batch plant shall be e uipped with a suitable non-resettable batch counter which will correctly indicate the number of batches proportioned. Bins and %oppers. Bins with ade uate separate compartments for fine aggregate and for each siEe of coarse aggregate shall be provided in the batching plant.

b.

110

c.

Scales. Scales for weighing aggregates and cement shall be of either the beam type or the springless-dial type. They shall be accurate within one-half percent 6"..>7 throughout the range of use. Poises shall be designed to be loc;ed in any position and to prevent unauthoriEed change. Scales shall be inspected and sealed as often as the Angineer may deem necessary to assure their continued accuracy.

d. $utomatic 9eighing )evices. ,nless otherwise allowed on the -ontract, batching plants shall be e uipped with automatic weighing devices of an approved type to proportion aggregates and bul; cement. '. *i:ers. a. +eneral. -oncrete may be mi:ed at the Site of construction or at a central plant, or wholly or in part in truc; mi:ers. Aach mi:er shall have a manufacturerFs plate attached in a prominent place showing the capacity of the drum in terms of volume of mi:ed concrete and the speed of rotation of the mi:ing drum or blades. *i:ers at Site of -onstruction. *i:ing shall be done in an approved mi:er capable of combining the aggregates, cement and water into a thoroughly mi:ed and uniform mass within the specified mi:ing period and discharging and distributing the mi:ture without segregation on the prepared grade. The mi:er shall be e uipped with an approved timing device which will automatically loc; the discharge lever when the drum has been charged and released it at the end of the mi:ing period. In case of failure of the timing device, the mi:er may be used for the balance of the day while it is being repaired, provided that each batch is mi:ed 0" seconds. The mi:er shall be e uipped with a suitable nonresettable batch counter which shall correctly indicate the number of the batches mi:ed. Truc; *i:er and Truc; $gitators. Truc; mi:ers used for mi:ing and hauling concrete, and truc; agitators used for hauling central-mi:ed concrete, shall conform to the re uirements of $$S%T& * #.(. 4on-$gitator Truc;. Bodies of non-agitating hauling e uipment for concrete shall be smooth, mortar-tight metal containers and shall be capable of discharging the concrete at a satisfactory controlled rate without segregation.

b.

c.

d.

!.

Paving and Binishing A uipment The concrete shall be placed with an approved paver designed to spread, consolidate, screed and float finish the freshly placed

111

concrete in one complete pass of the machine in such a manner that a minimum of hand finishing will be necessary to provide a dense and homogeneous pavement in conformance with the Plans and Specifications. The finishing machine shall be e uipped with at least two 6'7 oscillating type transverse screed. =ibrators shall operate at a fre uency of 3,!"" to 0,5"" impulses per minute under load at a ma:imum spacing of 5" cm. 1. -oncrete Saw The -ontractor shall provide sawing e uipment in ade uate number of units and power to complete the sawing with a watercooled diamond edge saw blade or an abrasive wheel to the re uired dimensions and at the re uired rate. %e shall provide at least one 6#7 stand-by saw in good wor;ing condition and with an ample supply of saw blades. .. Borms Borms shall be of steel, of an approved section, and of depth e ual to the thic;ness of the pavement at the edge. The base of the forms shall be of sufficient width to provide necessary stability in all directions. The flange braces must e:tend outward on the base to not less than '2! the height of the form. $ll forms shall be rigidly supported on bed of thoroughly compacted material during the entire operation of placing and finishing the concrete. Borms shall be provided with ade uate devices for secure setting so that when in place, they will withstand, without visible spring or settlement, the impact and vibration of the consolidation and finishing or paving e uipment. 311.3.3 Preparation o( Gra%e

$fter the subgrade of base has been placed and compacted to the re uired density, the areas which will support the paving machine and the grade on which the pavement is to be constructed shall be trimmed to the proper elevation by means of a properly designed machine e:tending the prepared wor; areas compacted at least 5" cm beyond each edge of the proposed concrete pavement. If loss of density results from the trimming operations, it shall be restored by additional compaction before concrete is placed. If any traffic is allowed to use the prepared subgrade or base, the surface shall be chec;ed and corrected immediately ahead of the placing concrete. The subgrade or base shall be uniformly moist when the concrete is placed.

112

311.3.' #.

Settin& For#s Base Support. The foundation under the forms shall be hard and true to grade so that the form when set will be firmly in contact for its whole length and at the specified grade. 6$ny roadbed, which at the form line is found below established grade, shall be filled with approved granular materials to grade in lifts of three 6!7 cm or less, and thoroughly rerolled or tamped.7 Imperfections or variations above grade shall be corrected by tamping or by cutting as necessary.

'.

Borm Setting Borms shall be set sufficiently in advance of the point where concrete is being placed. $fter the forms have been set to correct grade, the grade shall be thoroughly tamped, mechanically or by hand, at both the inside and outside edges of the base of the forms. The forms shall not deviate from true line bv more than one 6#7 cm at any point.

!.

+rade and $lignment The alignment and grade elevations of the forms shall be chec;ed and corrections made by the -ontractor immediately before placing the concrete. Testing as to crown and elevation, prior to placing of concrete can be made by means of holding an approved template in a vertical position and moved bac;ward and forward on the forms. 9hen any form has been disturbed or any grade has become unstable, the form shall be reset and rechec;ed.

311.3.+

Con%itionin& o( S"$&ra%e or ,ase Co"rse

9hen side forms have been securely set to grade, the subgrade or base course shall be brought to proper cross-section. %igh areas shall be trimmed to proper elevation. 8ow areas shall be filled and compacted to a condition similar to that of surrounding grade. The finished grade shall be maintained in a smooth and compacted condition until the pavement is placed. ,nless waterproof subgrade or base course cover material is specified, the subgrade or base course shall be uniformly moist when the concrete is placed. If it subse uently becomes too dry, the subgrade or base course shall be sprin;led, but the method of sprin;ling shall not be such as to form mud or pools of water. 311.3.8 =an% in&; Meas"rin& an% ,atc)in& Materia s

113

The batch plant site, layout, e uipment and provisions for transporting material shall be such as to assure a continuous supply of material to the wor;. Stoc;piles shall be built up in layers of not more than one 6#7 meter in thic;ness. Aach layer shall be completely in place before beginning the ne:t which shall not be allowed to Jcone/ down over the ne:t lower layer. $ggregates from different sources and of different grading shall not be stoc;piled together. $ll washed aggregates and aggregates produced or handled by hydraulic methods, shall be stoc;piled or binned for draining at least twelve 6#'7 hours before being batched. 9hen mi:ing is done at the side of the wor;. aggregates shall be transported from the batching plant to the mi:er in batch bo:es, vehicle bodies, or other containers of ade uate capacity and construction to properly carry the volume re uired. Partitions separating batches shall be ade uate and effective to prevent spilling from one compartment to another while in transit or being dumped. 9hen bul; cement is used, the -ontractor shall use a suitable method of handling the cement from weighing hopper to transporting container or into the batch itself for transportation to the mi:er, with chute, boot or other approved device, to prevent loss of cement, and to provide positive assurance of the actual presence in each batch of the entire cement content specified. Bul; cement shall be transported to the mi:er in tight compartments carrying the full amount of cement re uired for the batch. %owever, if allowed in the Special Provisions, it may be transported between the fine and coarse aggregate. 9hen cement is placed in contact with the aggregates, batches may be reGected unless mi:ed within #-#2' hours of such contact. -ement in original shipping pac;ages may be transported on top of the aggregates, each batch containing the number of sac;s re uired by the Gob mi:. The mi:er shall be charged without loss of cement. Batching shall be so conducted as to result in the weight to each material re uired within a tolerance of one 6#7 percent for the cement and two 6'7 percent for aggregates. 9ater may be measured either by volume or by weight. The accuracy of measuring the water shall be within a range of error of not over than one 6#7 percent. ,nless the water is to be weighed, the water-measuring e uipment shall include an au:iliary tan; from which the measuring tan; shall be e uipped with an outside tap and valve to provide chec;ing the setting, unless other means are provided for readily and accurately determining the amount of water in the tan;. The volume of the au:iliary tan; shall be at least e ual to that of the measuring tan;. 311.3.: Mi7in& Concrete

The concrete may be mi:ed at the site of the wor; in a central-mi: plant, or in truc; mi:ers. The mi:er shall be of an approved type and capacity. *i:ing time will be measured from the time all materials, e:cept water, are in the drum. <eady-mi:ed concrete shall be mi:ed and delivered in accordance with re uirements of $$S%T& * #.(, e:cept that the minimum re uired revolutions at

114

the mi:ing speed for transit-mi:ed concrete may be reduced to not less than that recommended by the mi:er manufacturer. The number of revolutions recommended by the mi:er manufacturer shall be indicated on the manufacturerFs serial plate attached to the mi:er. The -ontractor shall furnish test data acceptable to the Angineer verifying that the ma;e and model of the mi:er will produce uniform concrete conforming to the provision of $$S%T& * #.( at the reduced number of revolutions shown on the serial plate. 9hen mi:ed at the site or in a central mi:ing plant, the mi:ing time shall not be less than fifty 6."7 seconds nor more than ninety 60"7 seconds, unless mi:er performance tests prove ade uate mi:ing of the concrete is a shorter time period. Bour 617 seconds shall be added to the specified mi:ing time if timing starts at the instant the s;ip reaches its ma:imum raised positions. *i:ing time ends when the discharge chute opens. Transfer time in multiple drum mi:ers is included in mi:ing time. The contents of an individual mi:er drum shall be removed before a succeeding batch is emptied therein. The mi:er shall be operated at the drum speed as shown on the manufacturerFs name plate attached on the mi:er. $ny concrete mi:ed less than the specified time shall be discarded and disposed off by the -ontractor at his e:pense. The volume of concrete mi:ed per batch shall not e:ceed the mi:erFs nominal capacity in cubic metre, as shown on the manufacturerFs standard rating plate on the mi:er, e:cept that an overload up to ten 6#"7 percent above the mi:erFs nominal capacity may be permitted provided concrete test data for strength, segregation, and uniform consistency are satisfactory, and provided no spillage of concrete ta;es place. The batches shall be so charged into the drum that a portion of the mi:ing water shall be entered in advance of the cement and aggregates. The flow of water shall be uniform and all water shall be in the drum by the end of the first fifteen 6#.7 seconds of the mi:ing period. The throat of the drum shall be ;ept free of such accumulations as may restrict the free flow of materials into the drum. *i:ed concrete from the central mi:ing plant shall be transported in truc; mi:ers, truc; agitators or non-agitating truc; specified in Subsection !##.!.', A uipment. The time elapsed from the time water is added to the mi: until the concrete is deposited in place at the Site shall not e:ceed forty five 61.7 minutes when the concrete is hauled in non-agitating truc;s, nor ninety 60"7 minutes when hauled in truc; mi:ers or truc; agitators, e:cept that in hot weather or under other conditions contributing to uic; hardening of the concrete, the ma:imum allowable time may be reduced by the Angineer. In e:ceptional cases and when volumetric measurements are authoriEed for small proGect re uiring less than (. cu.m. of concrete per day of pouring, the weight proportions shall be converted to e uivalent volumetric proportions. In such cases, suitable allowance shall be made for variations in the moisture condition of the aggregates, including the bul;ing effect in the fine aggregate.

115

Batching and mi:ing shall be in accordance with $ST* - 53., Section 5 through 0. -oncrete mi:ing by chute is allowed provided that a weighing scales for determining the batch weight will be used. <etempering concrete by adding water or by other means shall not be permitted, e:cept that when concrete is delivered in truc; mi:ers, additional water may be added to the batch materials and additional mi:ing performed to increase the slump to meet the specified re uirements, if permitted by the Angineer, provided all these operations are performed within forty-five 61.7 minutes after the initial mi:ing operation and the water-cement ratio is not e:ceeded. -oncrete that is not within the specified slump limits at the time of placement shall not be used. $dmi:tures for increasing the wor;ability or for accelerating the setting of the concrete will be permitted only when specifically approved by the Angineer. 311.3.< 0i#itation o( Mi7in&

4o concrete shall be mi:ed, placed or finished when natural light is insufficient, unless an ade uate and approved artificial lighting system is operated. )uring hot weather, the Angineer shall re uire that steps be ta;en to prevent the temperature of mi:ed concrete from e:ceeding a ma:imum temperature of 0""B 6 !'"-7 -oncrete not in place within ninety 60"7 minutes from the time the ingredients were charged into the mi:ing drum or that has developed initial set shall not be used. <etempering of concrete or mortar which has partially hardened, that is remi:ing with or without additional cement, aggregate, or water, shall not be permitted. In order that the concrete may be properly protected against the effects of rain before the concrete is sufficiently hardened, the -ontractor will be re uired to have available at all times materials for the protection of the edges and surface of the unhardened concrete. 311.3.> P acin& Concrete

-oncrete shall be deposited in such a manner to re uire minimal rehandling. ,nless truc; mi:ers or non-agitating hauling e uipment are e uipped with means to discharge concrete without segregation of the materials, the concrete shall be unloaded into an approved spreading device and mechanically spread on the grade in such a manner as to prevent segregation. Placing shall be continuous between transverse Goints without the use of intermediate bul;heads. 4ecessary hand spreading shall be done with shovels, not ra;es. 9or;men shall not be allowed to wal; in the freshly mi:ed concrete with boots or shoes coated with earth or foreign substances.

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9hen concrete is to be placed adGoining a previously constructed lane and mechanical e uipment will be operated upon the e:isting lane, that previously constructed lane shall have attained the strength for fourteen 6#17 day concrete. If only finishing e uipment is carried on the e:isting lane, paving in adGoining lanes may be permitted after three 6!7 days. -oncrete shall be thoroughly consolidated against and along the faces of all forms and along the full length and on both sides of all Goint assemblies, by means of vibrators inserted in the concrete. =ibrators shall not be permitted to come in contact with a Goint assembly, the grade, or a side form. In no case shall the vibrator be operated longer than fifteen 6#.7 seconds in any one location. -oncrete shall be deposited as near as possible to the e:pansion and contraction Goints without disturbing them, but shall not be dumped from the discharge buc;et or hopper into a Goint assembly unless the hopper is well centered on the Goint assembly. Should any concrete material fall on or be wor;ed into the surface of a complete slab, it shall be removed immediately. 311.3.10 Test Speci#ens $s wor; progresses, at least one 6#7 set consisting of three 6!7 concrete beam test specimens, #." mm : #." mm : .'. mm or 0"" mm shall be ta;en from each !!" m' of pavement, '!" mm depth, or fraction thereof placed each day. Test specimens shall be made under the supervision of the Angineer, and the -ontractor shall provide all concrete and other facilities necessary in ma;ing the test specimens and shall protect them from damage by construction operations. -ylinder samples shall not be used as substitute for determining the ade uacy of the strength of concrete. The beams shall be made, cured, and tested in accordance with $$S%T& T '! and T 0(. 311.3.11 Stri*e4o(( o( Concrete an% P ace#ent o( Rein(orce#ent Bollowing the placing of the concrete, it shall be struc; off to conform to the cross-section shown on the Plans and to an elevation such that when the concrete is properly consolidated and finished, the surface of the pavement will be at the elevation shown on the Plans. 9hen reinforced concrete pavement is placed in two 6'7 layers, the bottom layer shall be struc; off and consolidated to such length and depth that the sheet of fabric or bar mat may be laid full length on the concrete in its final position without further manipulation. The reinforcement shall then be placed directly upon the concrete, after which the top layer of the concrete shall be placed, struc; off and screeded. $ny portion of the bottom layer of concrete which has been placed more then !" minutes without being covered with the top layer shall be removed and replaced with freshly mi:ed concrete at the -ontractorFs e:pense. 9hen reinforced concrete is placed in one layer, the reinforcement may be firmly positioned in advance of concrete placement or it may be placed at the depth shown on the Plans in plastic concrete, after spreading by mechanical or vibratory means.

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<einforcing steel shall be free from dirt, oil, paint, grease, mill scale and loose or thic; rust which could impair bond of the steel with the concrete.

311.3.12 ?oints Noints shall be constructed of the type and dimensions, and at the locations re uired by the Plans or Special Provisions. $ll Goints shall be protected from the intrusion of inGurious foreign material until sealed. #. 8ongitudinal Noint )eformed steel tie bars of specified length, siEe, spacing and materials shall be placed perpendicular to the longitudinal Goints, they shall be placed by approved mechanical e uipment or rigidly secured by chair or other approved supports to prevent displacement. Tie bars shall not be painted or coated with asphalt or other materials or enclosed in tubes or sleeves. 9hen shown on the Plans and when adGacent lanes of pavement are constructed separately, steel side forms shall be used which will form a ;eyway along the construction Goint. Tie bars, e:cept those made of rail steel, may be bent at right angles against the form of the first lane constructed and straightened into final position before the concrete of the adGacent lane is placed, or in lieu of bent tie bars, approved two-piece connectors may be used. 8ongitudinal formed Goints shall consist of a groove or cleft, e:tending downward from and normal to, the surface of the pavement. These Goints shall be effected or formed by an approved mechanically or manually operated device to the dimensions and line indicated on the Plans and while the concrete is in a plastic state. The groove or cleft shall be filled with either a premolded strip or poured material as re uired. The longitudinal Goints shall be continuous, there shall be no gaps in either transverse or longitudinal Goints at the intersection of the Goints. 8ongitudinal sawed Goints shall be cut by means of approved concrete saws to the depth, width and line shown on the Plans. Suitable guide lines or devices shall be used to assure cutting the longitudinal Goint on the true line. The longitudinal Goint shall be sawed before the end of the curing period or shortly thereafter and before any e uipment or vehicles are allowed on the pavement. The sawed area shall be thoroughly cleaned and, if re uired, the Goint shall immediately be filled with sealer.

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8ongitudinal pavement insert type Goints shall be formed by placing a continuous strip of plastic materials which will not react adversely with the chemical constituent of the concrete. '. Transverse A:pansion Noint The e:pansion Goint filler shall be continuous from form to form, shaped to subgrade and to the ;eyway along the form. Preformed Goint filler shall be furnished in lengths e ual to the pavement width or e ual to the width of one lane. )amaged or repaired Goint filler shall not be used. The e:pansion Goint filler shall be held in a vertical position. $n approved installing bar, or other device, shall be used if re uired to secure preformed e:pansion Goint filler at the proper grade and alignment during placing and finishing of the concrete. Binished Goint shall not deviate more than 5 mm from a straight line. If Goint fillers are assembled in sections, there shall be no offsets between adGacent units. 4o plugs of concrete shall be permitted anywhere within the e:pansion space. !. Transverse -ontraction Noint29ea;ened Noint 9hen shown on the Plans, it shall consist of planes of wea;ness created by forming or cutting grooves in the surface of the pavement and shall include load transfer assemblies. The depth of the wea;ened plane Goint should at all times not be less than ." mm, while the width should not be more than 5 mm. a. b. Transverse Strip -ontraction Noint. It shall be formed by installing a parting strip to be left in place as shown on the Plans. Bormed +roove. It shall be made by depressing an approved tool or device into the plastic concrete. The tool or device shall remain in place at least until the concrete has attained its initial set and shall then be removed without disturbing the adGacent concrete, unless the device is designed to remain in the Goint. Sawed -ontraction Noint. It shall be created by sawing grooves in the surface of the pavement of the width not more than 5 mm, depth should at all times not be less than ." mm, and at the spacing and lines shown on the Plans, with an approved concrete saw. $fter each Goint is sawed, it shall be thoroughly cleaned including the adGacent concrete surface. Sawing of the Goint shall commence as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to permit sawing without e:cessive ravelling, usually 1 to '1 hours. $ll Goints shall be sawed before uncontrolled shrin;age crac;ing ta;es place. If necessary, the sawing operations shall be carried on during the day or night,

c.

119

regardless of weather conditions. The sawing of any Goint shall be omitted if crac; occurs at or near the Goint location prior to the time of sawing. Sawing shall be discounted when a crac; develops ahead of the saw. In general, all Goints should be sawed in se uence. If e:treme condition e:ist which ma;e it impractical to prevent erratic crac;ing by early sawing, the contraction Goint groove shall be formed prior to initial set of concrete as provided above. 1. Transverse -onstruction Noint It shall be constructed when there is an interruption of more than !" minutes in the concreting operations. 4o transverse Goint shall be constructed within #.." m of an e:pansion Goint, contraction Goint, or plane of wea;ness. If sufficient concrete has been mi:ed at the time of interruption to form a slab of at least #.. m long, the e:cess concrete from the last preceding Goint shall be removed and disposed off as directed. .. 8oad Transfer )evice )owel, when used, shall be held in position parallel to the surface and center line of the slab by a metal device that is left in the pavement. The portion of each dowel painted with one coat of lead or tar, in conformance with the re uirements of Item 1"1, <einforcing Steel, shall be thoroughly coated with approved bituminous materials, e.g., *--(", or an approved lubricant, to prevent the concrete from binding to that portion of the dowel. The sleeves for dowels shall be metal designed to cover ." mm plus or minus . mm 6#21 inch7, of the dowel, with a watertight closed end and with a suitable stop to hold the end of the sleeves at least '. mm 6# inch7 from the end of the dowel. In lieu of using dowel assemblies at contraction Goints, dowel may be placed in the full thic;ness of pavement by a mechanical device approved by the Angineer. 311.3.13 Fina Stri*e4o(( @Conso i%ation an% Finis)in&A #. Se uence The se uence of operations shall be the stri;e-off and consolidation, floating and removal of laitance, straight-edging and final surface finish. 9or; bridges or other devices necessary to provide access to the pavement surface for the purpose of finishing straight-edging, and ma;e corrections as hereinafter specified, shall be provided by the -ontractor.

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In general, the addition of water to the surface of the concrete to assist in finishing operations will not be permitted. If the application of water to the surface is permitted, it shall be applied as fog spray by means of an approved spray e uipment. '. Binishing Noints The concrete adGacent to Goints shall be compacted or firmly placed without voids or segregation against the Goint material assembly, also under and around all load transfer devices, Goint assembly units, and other features designed to e:tend into the pavement. -oncrete adGacent to Goints shall be mechanically vibrated as re uired in Subsection !##.!.0, Placing -oncrete. $fter the concrete has been placed and vibrated adGacent to the Goints as re uired in Subsection !##.!.0, the finishing machine shall be brought forward, operating in a manner to avoid damage or misalignment of Goints. If uninterrupted operation of the finishing machine, to over and beyond the Goints causes segregation of concrete, damage to, or misalignment of the Goints, the finishing machine shall be stopped when the front screed is appro:imately '" cm 63 inches7 from the Goint. Segregated concrete shall be removed from in front of and off the Goint. The front screed shall be lifted and set directly on top of the Goint and the forward motion of the finishing machine resumed. 9hen the second screed is close enough to permit the e:cess mortar in front of it to flow over the Goint, it shall be lifted and carried over the Goint. Thereafter, the finishing machine may be run over the Goint without lifting the screeds, provided there is no segregated concrete immediately between the Goint and the screed or on top of the Goint. !. *achine Binishing a. 4on-vibratory *ethod. The concrete shall be distributed or spread as soon as placed. $s soon as the concrete has been placed, it shall be struc; off and screeded by an approved finishing machine. The machine shall go over each area of pavement as many times and at such intervals as necessary to give the proper compaction and leave a surface of uniform te:ture. A:cessive operation over a given area shall be avoided. The tops of the forms shall be ;ept clean by an effective device attached to the machine and the travel of the machine on the forms shall be maintained true without wobbling or other variation tending to affect the precision finish. )uring the first pass of the finishing machine, a uniform ridge of concrete shall be maintained ahead of the front screed in its entire length.

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b.

=ibratory *ethod. 9hen vibration is specified, vibrators for full width vibration of concrete paving slabs, shall meet the re uirements in Subsection !##.!.', A uipment. If uniform and satisfactory density of the concrete is not obtained by the vibratory method at Goints, along forms, at structures, and throughout the pavement, the -ontractor will be re uired to furnish e uipment and method which will produce pavement conforming to the Specifications. $ll provisions in item 6a7 above not in conflict with the provisions for the vibratory method shall govern.

1.

%and Binishing %and finishing methods may only be used under the following conditions? a. In the event of brea;down of the mechanical e uipment, hand methods may be used to finish the concrete already deposited on the grade. In narrow widths or areas of irregular dimensions where operations of the mechanical e uipment is impractical, hand methods may be used.

b.

-oncrete, as soon as placed, shall be struc; off and screeded. $n approved portable screed shall be used. $ second screed shall be provided for stri;ing off the bottom layer of concrete if reinforcement is used. The screed for the surface shall be at least 5" cm 6' feet7 longer than the ma:imum width of the slab to be struc; off. It shall be of approved design, sufficiently rigid to retain its shape, and constructed either of metal or other suitable material shod with metal. -onsolidation shall be attained by the use of suitable vibrator or other approved e uipment. In operation, the screed shall be moved forward on the forms with a combined longitudinal and transverse shearing motion, moving always in the direction in which the wor; is progressing and so manipulated that neither end is raised from the side forms during the stri;ing off process. If necessary, this shall be repeated until the surface is of uniform te:ture, true to grade and cross-section, and free from porous areas. .. Bloating $fter the concrete has been struc; off and consolidated, it shall be further smoothed, trued, and consolidated by means of a longitudinal float, either by hand or mechanical method.

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a.

%and *ethod. The hand-operated longitudinal float shall be not less than !5. cm 6#' feet7 in length and #. cm 65 inches7 in width, properly stiffened to prevent fle:ibility and warping. The longitudinal float, operated from foot bridges resting on the side forms and spanning but not touching the concrete, shall be wor;ed with a sawing motion while held in a floating position parallel to the road center line, and moving gradually from one side of the pavement to the other. *ovement ahead along the center line of the pavement shall be in successive advances of not more than one-half the length of the float. $ny e:cess water or soupy material shall be wasted over the side forms on each pass. *echanical *ethod. The mechanical longitudinal float shall be of a design approved by the Angineer, and shall be in good wor;ing condition. The trac;s from which the float operates shall be accurately adGusted to the re uired crown. The float shall be accurately adGusted and coordinated with the adGustment of the transverse finishing machine so that a small amount of mortar is carried ahead of the float at all times. The forward screed shall be adGusted so that the float will lap the distance specified by the Angineer on each transverse trip. The float shall pass over each areas of pavement at least two times, but e:cessive operation over a given area will not be permitted. $ny e:cess water or soupy material shall be wasted over the side forms on each pass. $lternative *echanical *ethod. $s an alternative, the -ontractor may use a machine composed of a cutting and smoothing float or floats suspended from and guided by a rigid frame. The frame shall be carried by four or more visible wheels riding on, and constantly in contact with the side forms. If necessary, following one of the preceding method of floating, long handled floats having blades not less than #." cm 6. feet7 in length and #. cm 65 inches7 in width may be used to smooth and fill in opente:tured areas in the pavement. 8ong-handled floats shall not be used to float the entire surface of the pavement in lieu of, or supplementing, one of the preceding methods of floating. 9hen stri;e off and consolidation are done by the hand method and the crown of the pavement will not permit the use of the longitudinal float, the surface shall be floated transversely by means of the long-handled float. -are shall be ta;en not to wor; the crown out of the pavement during the operation. $fter floating, any e:cess water and laitance shall be removed from the surface of the pavement by a !-m straight-edge or more in length. Successive drags shall be lapped one-half the length of the blade.

b.

c.

5.

Straight-edge Testing and Surface -orrection

123

$fter the floating has been completed and the e:cess water removed, but while the concrete is still plastic, the surface of the concrete shall be tested for trueness with a !"" cm long straight-edge. Bor this purpose, the -ontractor shall furnish and use an accurate !""-cm straight-edge swung from handles #"" cm 6! feet7 longer than one-half the width of the slab. The straight-edge shall be held in contact with the surface in successive positions parallel to the road center line and the whole area gone over from one side of the slab to the other as necessary. $dvances along the road shall be in successive stages of not more than one-half the length of the straightedge. $ny depressions found shall be immediately filled with freshly mi:ed concrete, struc; off, consolidated and refinished. %igh areas shall be cut down and refinished. Special attention shall be given to assure that the surface across Goints meets the re uirements for smoothness. Straight-edge testing and surface corrections shall continue until the entire surface is found to be free from observable departures from the straight-edge and the slab conforms to the re uired grade and cross-section. (. Binal Binish If the surface te:ture is broom finished, it shall applied when the water sheen has practically disappeared. The broom shall be drawn from the center to the edge of the pavement with adGacent stro;es slightly overlapping. The brooming operation should be so e:ecuted that the corrugations produced in the surface shall be uniform in appearance and not more than #.. mm in depth. Brooming shall be completed before the concrete is in such condition that the surface will be unduly roughened by the operation. The surface thus finished shall be free from rough and porous areas, irregularities, and depressions resulting from improper handling of the broom. Brooms shall be of the uality siEe and construction and be operated so as to produce a surface finish meeting the approval of the Angineer. SubGect to satisfactory results being obtained and approval of the Angineer, the -ontractor will be permitted to substitute mechanical brooming in lieu of the manual brooming herein described. If the surface te:ture is belt finished, when straight-edging is complete and water sheen has practically disappeared and Gust before the concrete becomes non-plastic, the surface shall be belted with 'ply canvass belt not less than '" cm wide and at least #"" cm longer than the pavement width. %and belts shall have suitable handles to permit controlled, uniform manipulation. The belt shall be operated with short stro;es transverse to the center line and with a rapid advances parallel to the center line. If the surface te:ture is drag finished, a drag shall be used which consists of a seamless strip of damp burlap or cotton fabric, which shall produce a uniform of gritty te:ture after dragging it longitudinally

124

along the full width of pavement. Bor pavement . m or more in width, the drag shall be mounted on a bridge which travels on the forms. The dimensions of the drag shall be such that a strip of burlap or fabric at least #"" cm wide is in contact with the full width of pavement surface while the drag is used. The drag shall consist of not less than ' layers of burlap with the bottom layer appro:imately #. cm wider than the layer. The drag shall be maintained in such condition that the resultant surface is of uniform appearance and reasonably free from grooves over #.. mm in depth. )rag shall be maintained clean and free from encrusted mortar. )rags that cannot be cleaned shall be discarded and new drags be substituted. <egardless of the method used for final finish, the hardened surface of pavement shall have a coefficient of friction of ".'. or more. -ompleted pavement that is found to have a coefficient of friction less than ".'. shall be grounded or scored by the -ontractor at his e:pense to provide the re uired coefficient of friction. 3. Adging at Borms and Noints $fter the final finish, but before the concrete has ta;en its initial set, the edges of the pavement along each side of each slab, and on each side of transverse e:pansion Goints, formed Goints, transverse construction Goints, and emergency construction Goints, shall be wor;ed with an approved tool and rounded to the radius re uired by the Plans. $ well H defined and continuous radius shall be produced and a smooth, dense mortar finish obtained. The surface of the slab shall not be unduly disturbed by tilting the tool during the use. $t all Goints, any tool mar;s appearing on the slab adGacent to the Goints shall be eliminated by brooming the surface. In doing this, the rounding of the corner of the slab shall not be disturbed. $ll concrete on top of the Goint filler shall be completely removed. $ll Goints shall be tested with a straight-edge before the concrete has set and correction made if one edge of the Goint is higher than the other. 311.3.1' S"r(ace Test $s soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the pavement surface shall be tested with a !-m straight-edge or other specified device. $reas showing high spots of more than ! mm but not e:ceeding #' mm in ! m shall be mar;ed and immediately ground down with an approved grinding tool to an elevation where the area or spot will not show surface deviations in e:cess of ! mm when tested with ! m straight-edge. 9here the departure from correct cross-section e:ceeds #' mm, the pavement shall be removed and replaced by and at the e:pense of the -ontractor.

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$ny area or section so removed shall be not less than #.. m in length and not less than the full width of the lane involved. 9hen it is necessary to remove and replace a section of pavement, any remaining portion of the slab adGacent to the Goints that is less than #.. m in length, shall also be removed and replaced. 311.3.1+ C"rin& Immediately after the finishing operations have been completed and the concrete has sufficiently set, the entire surface of the newly placed concrete shall be cured in accordance with either one of the methods described herein. Bailure to provide sufficient cover material of whatever ;ind the -ontractor may elect to use, or the lac; of water to ade uately ta;e care of both curing and other re uirements, shall be a cause for immediate suspension of concreting operations. The concrete shall not be left e:posed for more than K hour between stages of curing or during the curing period. In all congested places, concrete wor;s should be designed so that the designed strength is attained. #. -otton of Burlap *ats The surface of the pavement shall be entirely covered with mats. The mats used shall be of such length 6or width7 that as laid they will e:tend at least twice the thic;ness of the pavement beyond the edges of the slab. The mat shall be placed so that the entire surface and the edges of the slab are completely covered. Prior to being placed, the mats shall be saturated thoroughly with water. The mat shall be so placed and weighted down so as to cause them to remain in intimate contact with the covered surface. The mat shall be maintained fully wetted and in position for (' hours after the concrete has been placed unless otherwise specified. '. 9aterproof Paper The top surface and sides of the pavement shall be entirely covered with waterproof paper, the units shall be lapped at least 1. cm. The paper shall be so placed and weighted down so as to cause it to remain in intimate contact with the surface covered. The paper shall have such dimension but each unit as laid will e:tend beyond the edges of the slab at least twice the thic;ness of the pavement, or at pavement width and 5" cm strips of paper for the edges. If laid longitudinally, paper not manufactured in siEes which will provide this width shall be securely sewed or cemented together, the Goints being securely sealed in such a manner that they do not open up or separate during the curing period. ,nless otherwise specified, the covering shall be maintained in place for (' hours after the concrete has been placed. The surface of the pavement shall be thoroughly wetted prior to the placing of the paper. !. Straw -uring

126

9hen this type of curing is used, the pavement shall be cured initially with burlap or cotton mats, until after final set of the concrete or, in any case, for #' hours after placing the concrete. $s soon as the mats are removed, the surface and sides of the pavement shall be thoroughly wetted and covered with at least '" cm of straw or hay, thic;ness of which is to be measured after wetting. If the straw or hay covering becomes displaced during the curing period, it shall be replaced to the original depth and saturated. It shall be ;ept thoroughly saturated with water for (' hours and thoroughly wetted down during the morning of the fourth day, and the cover shall remain in place until the concrete has attained the re uired strength. 1. Impervious *embrane *ethod The entire surface of the pavement shall be sprayed uniformly with white pigmented curing compound immediately after the finishing of the surface and before the set of the concrete has ta;en place, or if the pavement is cured initially with Gute or cotton mats, it may be applied upon removal of the mass. The curing compound shall not be applied during rain. -uring compound shall be applied under pressure at the rate 1 8 to not more than #1 m' by mechanical sprayers. The spraying e uipment shall be e uipped with a wind guard. $t the time of use, the compound shall be in a thoroughly mi:ed condition with the pigment uniformly dispersed throughout the vehicle. )uring application, the compound shall be stirred continuously by effective mechanical means. %and spraying of odd widths or shapes and concrete surface e:posed by the removal of forms will be permitted. -uring compound shall not be applied to the inside faces of Goints to be sealed, but approved means shall be used to insure proper curing at least (' hours and to prevent the intrusion of foreign material into the Goint before sealing has been completed. The curing compound shall be of such character that the film will harden within !" minutes after application. Should the film be damaged from any cause within the (' hour curing period, the damaged portions shall be repaired immediately with additional compound. .. 9hite Polyethylene Sheet The top surface and sides of the pavement shall be entirely covered with polyethylene sheeting. The units used shall be lapped at least 1. cm. The sheeting shall be so placed and weighted down so as to cause it to remain intimate contact with the surface covered. The sheeting as prepared for use shall have such dimension that each unit as laid will e:tend beyond the edges of the slab at least twice the thic;ness of the pavement. ,nless otherwise specified, the covering shall be maintained in place for (' hours after the concrete has been placed.

127

311.3.18 Re#o2a o( For#s $fter forms for concrete remained in place undisturbed for not less than twenty four 6'17 hours after concrete pouring. In the removal of forms, crowbars should be used in pulling out nails and pins. -are should be ta;en so as not to brea; the edges of the pavement. In case portions of the concrete are spalled, they shall be immediately repaired with fresh mortar mi:ed in the proportion of one part of Portland -ement and two parts fine aggregates. *aGor honeycomb areas will be considered as defective wor; and shall be removed and replaced at the e:pense of the -ontractor. $ny area or section so removed shall not be less than the distance between wea;ened plane Goint nor less than the full width of the lane involved. 311.3.1: Sea in& ?oints Noints shall be sealed with asphalt sealant soon after completion of the curing period and before the pavement is opened to traffic, including the -ontractorFs e uipment. Nust prior to sealing, each Goint shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign materials including membrane curing compound and the Goint faces shall be clean and surface dry when the seal is applied. The sealing material shall be applied to each Goint opening to conform to the details shown on the Plans or as directed by the Angineer. *aterial for seal applied hot shall be stirred during heating so that localiEed overheating does not occur. The pouring shall be done in such a manner that the material will not be spilled on the e:posed surfaces of the concrete. The use of sand or similar material as a cover for the seal will not be permitted. Preformed elastomeric gas;ets for sealing Goints shall be of the crosssectional dimensions shown on the Plans. Seals shall be installed by suitable tools, without elongation and secured in placed with an approved lubricant adhesive which shall cover both sides of the concrete Goints. The seals shall be installed in a compressive condition and shall at time of placement be below the level of the pavement surface by appro:imately 5 mm. The seals shall be in one piece for the full width of each transverse Goint. 311.3.1< Protection o( Pa2e#ent The -ontractor shall protect the pavement and its appurtenances against both public traffic and traffic caused by his own employees and agents. This shall include watchmen to direct traffic and the erection of and maintenance of warning signs, lights, pavement bridges or cross-overs, etc. The Plans or Special Provisions will indicate the location and type of device or facility re uired to protect the wor; and provide ade uately for traffic. $ll boreholes after thic;ness and2or strength determinations of newly constructed asphalt and concrete pavements shall be immediately filled2restored with the prescribed concrete2asphalt mi: after completion of the drilling wor;s.

128

$ny damage to the pavement, occurring prior to final acceptance, shall be repaired or the pavement be replaced. 311.3.1> Concrete Pa2e#ent S ip For# Met)o% If the -ontract calls for the construction of pavement without the use of fi:ed forms, the following provisions shall apply? #. +rade $fter the grade or base has been placed and compacted to the re uired density, the areas which will support the paving machine shall be cut to the proper elevation by means of a properly designed machine. The grade on which the pavement is to be constructed shall then be brought to the proper profile by means of properly designed machine. If the density of the base is disturbed by the grading operation, it shall be corrected by additional compaction before concrete is placed. The grade should be constructed sufficiently in advance of the placing of the concrete. If any traffic is allowed to use the prepared grade, the grade shall be chec;ed and corrected immediately before the placing of concrete. '. Placing -oncrete The concrete shall be placed with an approved slip-form paver designed to spread, consolidate, screed and float-finish the freshly placed concrete in one complete pass of the machine in such a manner that a minimum of hand finish will be necessary to provide a dense and homogenous pavement in conformance with the Plans and Specifications. The machine shall vibrate the concrete for the full width and depth of the strip of pavement being placed. Such vibration shall be accompanied with vibrating tubes or arms wor;ing in the concrete or with a vibrating screed or pan operating on the surface of the concrete. The sliding forms shall be rigidly held together laterally to prevent spreading of the forms. The forms shall trail behind the paver for such a distance that no appreciable slumping of the concrete will occur, and that necessary final finishing can be accomplished while the concrete is still within the forms. $ny edge slump of the pavement, e:clusive of edge rounding, in e:cess of 5 mm shall be corrected before the concrete has hardened. The concrete shall be held at a uniform consistency, having a slump of not more than 1" mm 6#-#'2 inches7. The slip form paver shall be operated with as nearly as possible a continuous forward movement and that all operations of mi:ing, delivering and spreading concrete shall be coordinated so as to provide uniform progress with stopping and starting of the paver held to a minimum. If, for any reason, it is necessary to stop the forward movement of the paver the

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vibratory and tamping elements shall also be stopped immediately. 4o tractive force shall be applied to the machine, e:cept that which is controlled from the machine. !. Binishing The surface smoothness and te:ture shall meet the re uirements of Subsections !##.!.#! and !##.!.#1. 1. -uring ,nless otherwise specified, curing shall be done in accordance with one of the methods included in Subsection !##.!.#.. The curing media shall be applied at the appropriate time and shall be applied uniformly and completely to all surfaces and edges of the pavement. .. Noints $ll Goints shall be constructed in accordance with Subsection !##.!.#'. 5. Protection $gainst <ain In order that the concrete may be properly protected against rain before the concrete is sufficiently hardened, the -ontractor will be re uired to have available at all times, materials for the protection of the edges and surface of the unhardened concrete. Such protective materials shall consist of standard metal forms or wood plan;s having a nominal thic;ness of not less than ." mm 6' inches7 and a nominal width of not less than the thic;ness of the pavement at its edge for the protection of the pavement edges, and covering material such as burlap or cotton mats, curing paper or plastic sheeting materials for the protection of the surface of the pavement. 9hen rain appears imminent, all paving operations shall stop and all available personnel shall begin placing forms against the sides of the pavement and covering the surface of the unhardened concrete with the protective covering. 311.3.20 Acceptance o( Concrete The strength level of the concrete will be considered satisfactory if the averages of all sets of three 6!7 consecutive strength test results e ual or e:ceed the specified strength, fcF and no individual strength test result is deficient by more than #.> of the specified strength, fcF. -oncrete deemed to be not acceptable using the above criteria may be reGected unless the -ontractor can provide evidence, by means of core tests, that the uality of concrete represented by failed test results is acceptable in place. $t least three 6!7 representative cores shall be ta;en from each member or area

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of concrete in place that is considered deficient. The location of cores shall be determined by the Angineer so that there will be at least impairment of strength of the structure. The obtaining and testing of drilled cores shall be in accordance with $$S%T& T '1. -oncrete in the area represented by the cores will be considered ade uate if the average strength of the cores is e ual to at least 3.> of, and if no single core is less than (.> of, the specified strength, fcF. If the strength of control specimens does not meet the re uirements of this Subsection, and it is not feasible or not advisable to obtain cores from the structure due to structural considerations, payment of the concrete will be made at an adGusted price due to strength deficiency of concrete specimens as specified hereunder? )eficiency in Strength of -oncrete Specimens, Percent 6>7 8ess than . . to less than #" #" to less than #. #. to less than '" '" to less than '. '. or more 311.3.21 Openin& to Tra((ic The Angineer will decide when the pavement may be opened to traffic. The road will not be opened to traffic until test specimens molded and cured in accordance with $$S%T& T '! have attained the minimum strength re uirements in Subsection !##.'.##. If such tests are not conducted prior to the specified age the pavement shall not be operated to traffic until #1 days after the concrete was placed. Before opening to traffic, the pavement shall be cleaned and Goint sealing completed. 311.3.22 #. To erance an% Pa2e#ent t)ic*ness +eneral The thic;ness of the pavement will be determined by measurement of cores from the completed pavement in accordance with $$S%T& T #13. The completed pavement shall be accepted on a lot basis. $ lot shall be considered as #""" linear meters of pavement when a single traffic lane is poured or ."" linear meters when two lanes are poured concurrently. The last unit in each slab constitutes a lot in itself when its length is at least K of the normal lot length. If the length of the last Percent 6>7 of -ontract Price $llowed #"" 3" (" 5" ." "

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unit is shorter than K of the normal lot length, it shall be included in the previous lot. &ther areas such as intersections, entrances, crossovers, ramp, etc., will be grouped together to form a lot. Small irregular areas may be included with other unit areas to form a lot. Each lot will be divided into five (5) equal se !ents and one co"e will be obtained f"o! each se !ent in acco"dance with ##$%&' & 24( '. Pavement Thic;ness It is the intent of this Specification that the pavement has a uniform thic;ness as called for on the Plans for the average of each lot as defined. $fter the pavement has met all surface smoothness re uirements, cores for thic;ness measurements will be ta;en. In calculating the average thic;ness of the pavement, individual measurements which are in e:cess of the specified thic;ness by more than . mm will be considered as the specified thic;ness plus . mm and measurement which are less than the specified thic;ness by more than '. mm shall not be included in the average. 9hen the average thic;ness for the lot is deficient, the contract unit price will be adGusted for thic;ness in accordance with paragraph 6! below7. Individual areas within a segment found deficient in thic;ness by more than '. mm shall be evaluated by the Angineer, and if in his Gudgment, the deficient areas warrant removal, they shall be removed and replaced by the -ontractor with pavement of the specified thic;ness at his entire e:pense. %owever, if the evaluation of the Angineer is that the deficient area should not be removed and replaced, such area will not be paid. 9hen the measurement of any core is less than the specified thic;ness by more than '. mm, the actual thic;ness of the pavement in this area will be determined by ta;ing additional cores at no less than . m intervals parallel to the center line in each direction from the affected location until a core is found in each direction, which is not deficient in thic;ness by more than '. mm. The area of slab for which no payment will be made shall be the product of the paving width multiplied by the distance along the center line of the road between transverse sections found not deficient in thic;ness by more than '. mm. The thic;ness of the remainder of the segment to be used to get the average thic;ness of each lot shall be determined by ta;ing the average thic;ness of additional cores which are not deficient by more than '. mm. !. $dGustment for Thic;ness

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9hen the average thic;ness of the pavement per lot is deficient, payment for the lot shall be adGusted as follows? )eficiency in the $verage Thic;ness per lot 6mm7 "H. 5 H #" ## H #. #5 H '" '# H '. *ore than '. Percent 6>7 of -ontract Price Per 8ot #""> payment 0.> payment 3.> payment ("> payment ."> payment <emove and replace2 4o payment

4o acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed pavement unless core test for thic;ness determination is conducted, e:cept for Barangay <oads where the implementing office is allowed to waive such test. 311.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent The area to be paid for under this Item shall be the number of s uare meters 6m'7 of concrete pavement placed and accepted in the completed pavement. The width for measurements will be the width from outside edge to outside edge of completed pavement as placed in accordance with the Plans or as otherwise re uired by the Angineer in writing. The length will be measured horiEontally along the center line of each roadway or ramp. $ny curb and gutter placed shall not be included in the area of concrete pavement measured. 311.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !##.1, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Portland -ement -oncrete Pavement, which price and payment shall be full compensation for preparation of roadbed and finishing of shoulders, unless otherwise provided by the Special Provisions, furnishing all materials, for mi:ing, placing, finishing and curing all concrete, for furnishing and placing all Goint materials, for sawing wea;ened plane Goints, for fitting the prefabricated center metal Goint, for facilitating and controlling traffic, and for furnishing all labor, e uipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the Item. Payment will be made under? Pay Item 4umber !## 6#7 !## 6'7 )escription P-- Pavement 6Plain7 P-- Pavement 6<einforced7 ,nit of *easurement S uare meter S uare meter

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