The second chapter Working principle of internal combustion engine In this charpt we would systematically explain all kinds

of internal combustion engine. principle of operation and some essential basic knowledge. The first part The basic structure of diesel and main nouns One.Critical parts and systems of the diesel 1 Fixing bodies engine base, engine block, main bearing, cylinder head, cylinder liner. 2 Mo ing parts crankshaft conrod piston piston pin connecting!rod bolt and so on. " #al e mechanism camshaft push rod rocker al e structure inlet a le oulet a le a le springand so on. $Fuel in%ection pipein%ection pumpfuel in%ection pipeoil atomi&er and so on. '(uxiliaryintake pipe an ent!pipe and so on. Furthermore these are lubricating, cooling, start!up, and control system and so on according to the whole engine. Two Main nouns of the internal-combustion engine )ou must know se eral main nouns about the engine for looking into the I*T+,*(-!./M012TI/* principle of operation. 1Top dead centrethe farthest distance between piston and the centre of crankshaft. 2 0ottom dead centre the closest distance between piston and the centre of crankshaft. "3iston strokethe distance the top dead centre and bottom dead centre. $ .ompression chamber olume #c the olume between the top piston and the cylinder cap when piston is at the top dead centre and also it is called combustion olume. ' .ylinder linter capacity #h the olume betweenthe top dead centre and bottom dead centre is cylinder linter capacity which is can be expressed by cylinder bore #h45678989:;$<828=.==1 In formula> 2!!3iston strokecm. ? The maximum olume of the cylinder #a the olume of the cylinder when piston is at bttom dead centre. It is the sum of clinder linter capacity and cmpression chamber olume. #a4#h@#c A.linder total olume6#:>the total olume of cylinder linter capacity. #4#h8i 6-: In formula> iBcylinder number. C. .mpression ratio> the ratio between the maximum olume of the cylinder and compression chamber olume.

Two. Principle of operation of four stroke diesel This part will introduction principle of operation of single cylinder. First, let us see the following animation 3lease click this ergogram of four! troke diesel and see it< The work of the diesel is composed of inlet, compression, burning and expand and outlet. The four processes form a cycle of operation. The diesel, with the piston ha ing $ stroke to finish a cycle of operation, is called $!stroke diesel. *ow show principle of operation to it according to abo e animation. /ne. Inlet stroke First stroke6inlet:, it is to make sure the cylinder full of fresh air. Dhen inlet stroke starts, the piston is at the top dead centre and these is some exhaust gas in the cylinder. The conrod make the piston mo e from the top dead centre to the bottom dead centre while the crankshaft is rotating. (t the same time, al es are opened by the transfer mechanism, associated to crankshaft. The olume of the cylinder abo e the piston gradually with the piston mo ing down. It makes that pressure of air in the cylinder is below pressure of the inlet pipe. (nd air outside enters the cylinder continually. 3ressure in the cylinder aries according to the olume of the cylinder in the inlet and its animation is showed as followed. In the picture, ertical coordinate is air pressure and hori&ontal ordinate is cylinder olume #h or piston stroke 2. The picture is ergogram. 3ressure cur e shows ariable law of cylinder pressure when the diesel works. From the picture we can find that cylinder pressure is a little higher than atmospheric pressure 3= because of residual gas. These is flow resistance when air pass the inlet pipe and inlet al e in inlet, so air pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. Its alue is =.=C' =.=E'M3a. .ylinder pressure almost keep the line in the whole inlet. Dhen the piston mo es down, close to the bottom dead centre, airflow rushing into the cylinder has high speed and large inertia. The inlet al e closes after the bottom dead centre in order to make use of inertia to increase the charge. The piston is mo ing up, but air can enter the cylinder because of the inertia of air. Two. .ompression stroke The second stroke is compression stroke. 3iston mo es from the bottom dead centre to the up dead centre in compression stroke. The compression has two functions. /ne is to increase air temperature making preparations for autoignition of fuel. The other one is to pro ide conditions for gas expansion. The inlet al e closes when piston mo es up. (ir in the cylinder is compressed and air pressure and temperature increases continually when olume becomes more and more smaller. The pressure and humidity is related to compressed degree in the compression end point. It also is related to compression ratio. Fenerally in the compression end point, pressure is $CM3a and temperature is A'=E'=G. The temperature autoignition of diesel is '$"B'?"G. Temperature in the compression end point is more higher than the temperature autoignition of diesel. 2o it is enough to promise that fuel in the cylinder is able to self!ignite.

9iesel in the cylinder canHt fire immediately and fire after physical chemistry changes. The time is about =.==1 =.=='s and it is called ignition delay. 2o spray the atomi&ed fuel into the cylinder when crank rotates to 1= "'I (. before top dead centre. (nd make sure when crank rotates to ' 1=I(. after top dead centre, pressure in the cylinder reaches the highest burning pressure, which pushes piston to mo e down.

3. combustion stroke The third stroke is combustion stroke. (t the beginning of this stroke, most fuel which is in%ected in combustion chamber combusts. 3ressure and temperature of gas increase sharply because of the heat caused by combustion. 3iston mo es downwards because of the gas with high temperature and pressure. It also makes crankshaft rotate through connection rod and produces power. 2o, this stroke is called working stroke. Dith the motion of piston, the olume of cylinder increases and the pressure of gas reduce. Dhen piston mo es to the bottom dead centre, the stroke is end. at the time, exhaust al e opens.

In the animation, the cur e of pressure change in working stroke means that pressure of gas in cylinder increases sharply. The top point is the highest combustion pressure 3&. (nd the temperature is T&. Fenerally, 3&4?J1' M3a, T&41C==J22== G The ratio of highest combustion pressure and compression end pressure 63&;3a: is called pressure increase ratio. It is signed by K. (ccording to the difference of diesel engine, the range of K is 1.2'J2.'. . e!haust stroke The fouth stroke is exhaust stroke. The function of this stroke is to exhaust the gas after expanding. Dhen piston mo es to the bottom dead point, exhaust al e opens. Then, piston mo es to up dead point with the effect of crankshaft and connection rod to exhaust the gas. 2ince there is assistance in exhaust system, pressure of gas in cylinder is higher than that of atmosphere at the beginning of exhaust stroke. In order to reduce the assistance in exhaust system, exhaust al e opens before the bottom dead point. Lust after the exhaust opens, gas with certain pressure rushes out of cylinder immediately. 2o, pressure of the cylinder reduces Muickly. Therefore, when the piston mo es upwards, gas left in the cylinder is exhausted by the motion of piston. In order to exhaust the gas thoroughly, exhaust al e closes after the top dead point. In the animation, cur e of exhaust stroke means that gas pressure in cylinder keeps stable in the exhausting process. +nd point pressure of exhaust stroke 3r is =.1='J=.11'M3a. temperature of left gas Tr is C'=JE?=G. 0ecause that intake and exhaust al e all open earlier and close later, so there is a angle at which intake and exhaust al e open together. This angle is called o erlapping angle. (fter the exhaust stroke the inlet stroke starts. 2o, the whole working circulation repeats again. 0ecause that this working circulation eMuals four piston stroke, it is called four!stroke diesel engine. In the four strokes of $!stroke diesel engine, only the third stroke can produce power. /ther " strokes are preparing process. (nd they are exhausting power. 2o, gear must be fixed in 1!cylinder diesel engine to make $ strokes rotate eMuably. .hapter " working principle of $!stroke gasoline engine Dorking principle of gasoline engine is similar with diesel engine. It is formed by four strokes too. 0ecause that the fuel of gasoline engine is gasoline which is easy to apori&e, so its component and lighting type is different with that of diesel engine. .ombustion process or temperature and pressure of gas is also different with that of diesel engine. -et us en%oy the following animation. 61: inlet stroke In inlet stroke, piston mo es from top dead point to bottom dead point. (ir blends with gasoline and they flows into cylinder. 3ressure of combustion gas in cylinder 3a is lower than diesel engine at the end of this stroke because of the assistance in inlet

system. 3a is about =.=A'J=.=EM3a. Ta is about "A=J$==G. the pressure change in cylinder is signed by cur e ? in the picture. In the picture, 3= is the atmosphere pressure. 2imilarly, pressure at point r is higher than 3=. it is because that there is still exhausting gas left in the cylinder. 62:. .ompression stroke (t the end of inlet stroke, intake and exhaust al es close. Then, piston mo es from bottom dead point to top dead point. 2o, combustion gas is compressed. (nd pressure and temperature of gas increase. Therefore, gasoline can blend with air well. .ompression ratio is ery important for the power and economic of gasoline engine. Dhen the compression ratio is large, pressure and temperature of blended gas is high. It accelerate the blended gas to combust. 2o, power and economic of gasoline increase too. 0ut if the compression ratio is too high, blended gas may combust earlier than normal situation. This can damage the accessories of engine. 2o, compression ratio canHt be too large. ItHs usually 'JC.'. thus it can be seen that the compression ratio of gasoline is lower than that of diesel engine. 3ressure and temperature of gas at compression end is lower than that of diesel engine too. Fenerally, 3c4=.CJ1.$M3a, Tc4?==JA==G. 2ince that combustion of blended gas needs a certain time, gasoline engine needs to be lighted at the angle which is 1=J"= degrees before top dead point. 0oth lighting too early and too late will reduce the power of gasoline engine.

6":. .ombustion stroke .ombustion blended gas can produce much heat after it was lighted by spark plug. 2o, temperature and pressure of gas in cylinder may increase sharply. The highest temperature can reach 22==J2A==G and the highest combustion pressure can reach "J'M3a. Fas with high pressure pushes the piston to mo e from top dead point to bottom dead point. It also makes crankshaft rotate through the connection rod. De can see from the picture, pressure increases suddenly after being lighted. The

cur e of gasoline engine is steeper than that of diesel engine. (t the end of expanding stroke, pressure 3b reduces to =.$J=.'M3a. temperature reduces to 12==J1'==G. 6$:. +xhaust stroke The exhaust stoke of gasoline engine is similar with that of diesel engine. In exhaust stroke, temperature and pressure of gas reduces, %ust as the cur e in the picture shows. gas pressure at the end of exhaust 3r is about =.1='J=.11'M3a. temperature of left gas is about C'=JE'=G. indicator diagram of gasoline engine is similar with that of $! stroke diesel engine. 0ut its compression ratio is less than that of diesel engine because of different combustion method. 2o, cur es of intake, compression, expanding and exhaust are different. Temperature and pressure of e ery representati e point is different too. 6':. The comparison between $!stroke gasoline engine and diesel engine .ompared with $!stroke gasoline engine, diesel engine has many merits like following> N1O. The compression ratio of diesel engine is higher. Fas expands fully. 0esides that, price of diesel engine is lower than that of gasoline engine. N2O.density of diesel oil is larger than that of gasoline oil. 2o, there can be more diesel oil in the oil case with the same olume. N"O. 9iesel oil is easier to store than gasoline oil. N$O. +xhaust illusion of diesel engine is less than that of gasoline engine. N'O. It is easy to be changed into the engine which can use many fuels. ItHs ery con enient to use oil in campaign. N?O. ItHs easy to increase power with supercharging. 9isad antages of diesel engine> N1O. The pressure of gas when it is combusted is too high. 2o, in order to keep the intension of e ery accessory, speed of diesel engine is limited to a low le el. Therefore, the dimension of diesel engine is larger than that of gasoline engine with the same power. N2O. ItH s more difficult to start the diesel engine. This is because that diesel oil is easy to apori&e. N"O. *oise of diesel engine is large. N$O. It will cost more to manufacture a diesel engine. ,ecently, most of ships, tractors and hea y cars use diesel engine. .hapter $ working principle of 2!stroke diesel engine In $!stroke diesel engine, one working cycle will be ended after that piston finish $ strokes. The function of piston is eMual with air pump. In 2!stroke diesel engine, one working cycle is eMualed with 2 strokes. Intake and exhaust processes are finished by part of compression and working processes. 2o, in 2!stroke diesel engine, piston wonHt be used as the air pump. In order to exhaust the left gas and fill the cylinder with fresh air, sca enging pump must be fixed. The following animation is the working principle of 2!stroke diesel engine. This kind of engine has many characteristics. 2uch as> N1O. /pening and closing of intake hole is controlled by mo ing piston.

N2O. +xhaust al e is dri en by camshaft. #al e opens one time if crankshaft rotates one circle. N"O. 2ca enging pump " is dri en by transmission gear. It compressed the air to =.12"J=.1"M3a. it sends the air to stockpile ca ity 1. then, gas left in cylinder can be exhausted and the cylinder is filled with fresh air. Dorking principle of 2!stroke diesel engine is described in the following text. The first stroke piston mo es from bottom dead point to top dead point. Dhen the piston locates at the bottom dead point, intake and exhaust al es has open. .ompressed air in stockpile ca ity flows to cylinder. (nd it rushes to the exhaust al e. This can clean the cylinder and make the cylinder be filled with fresh air. Dhen piston mo es from bottom dead point to top dead point, intake al e is closed by piston firstly. (nd then exhaust al e is closed too. (ir is compressed in the cylinder. The second strokepiston mo es from top dead point to bottom dead point. 0efore that the piston mo es to the top dead point, fuel is sprayed to the combustion chamber by fuel in%ector. 2o, fuel can be lighted Muickly because of the high temperature caused by compressed air. Force caused by combustion pushes the piston mo e downwards until the exhaust opens again. Fas after combustion can be exhausted out with the pressure difference. Dhen the intake al e is open by piston, sca enging begins to work again. /ne cycle of this diesel engine eMuals two strokes which piston finishes. 2o, it is called 2!stroke diesel engine. 3icture 2C is the indicator diagram of 2!stroke diesel engine. In this> cur e ak is sca enging process. 3oint k is the end of sca enging process. .ur e k c is compression process.

In the second stroke, cur e c!m is expanding course. c!& is the period which combustion pressure increases sharply. 3oint & is the highest combustion pressure. (t

point, exhaust al e opens. (t this time, combustion producer is exhausted to the atmosphere. 2o, pressure reduces swiftly as cur e m!n shows. when the pressure in cylinder is eMual with pressure in stockpile, exhaust al e is opened. Then , the sca enging starts, as cur e n!a shows. De can know from the working principle of 2!stroke diesel engine, piston wonHt produce power in sca enging course. This olume which piston mo es is called losing olume. The actual olume of piston is >

(ctual compression ratio is >

The geometry compression ratio of 2!stroke diesel engine is similar with that of $! stroke diesel engine.

The olume which is lost in sca enging course is signed with the ratio of lost olume #n and geometry working olume #h.

0oth $!stoke and 2!stroke diesel engine is used successfully. Fenerally, 2!stoke diesel engine is used in large!low speed marine engine. (nd most high or medium diesel engine uses $!stroke engine. Dith the same dimension of cylinder and speed, power of 2!stroke should be twice of that of $!stroke engine in theory. 0ut actually, power of 2!stroke diesel engine is only increased by ?=JA= percent because of the loss in sca enging course. The time of sca enging course is short. It is a disad antage of 2!stroke diesel engine. 0esides that, the temperature of cylinder head, cylinder and al e is higher than $! stroke diesel engine. In 2!stroke diesel engine, there are other types to change gas according to the different way of airflow. They are all used widely in marine diesel engine. 61:. Fas changing straightly The following picture is opposed!piston diesel engine. The gas is changed by intake and exhaust al es. 2o, it is called gas changing straightly 2!stroke diesel engine. The opening and closing of intake and exhaust al es are controlled by upper and nether pistons. Dhen it works, two pistons mo e oppositely in cylinder. .ombustion chamber locates in the medium of cylinder. Two pistons are connected through the upper and nether crankshafts. These two crankshafts are connected by gear. They produce power at the same location.

62:. Pori&ontal flowing gas changing 2!stroke diesel engine The picture abo e is the diagram of this diesel engine. Its intake and exhaust holes are located in the two sides of the bottom of cylinder. Their opening and closing is controlled by piston. In order to exhaust gas freely, the location of exhaust holes are higher than that of intake holes. 6":. .ircling gas changing 2!stroke diesel engine It is shown in the right one of the picture abo e. The characteristics of this diesel engine are> intake and exhaust holes are located in the same side of cylinderQ exhaust is located abo e intake holes. Dhen the gas is changed, gas pushes the exhausting gas to mo e upwards through the sleep intake holes. In the end, it is exhausted out through the sleep exhausting holes. 0ecause that the airflow is bending, so it is called circling gas changing 2!stroke diesel engine. This kind of diesel engine is ery simple. .hapter' working principle of 2!stroke gasoline engine The working principle of 2!stroke gasoline engine is similar with 2!stroke diesel engine. The following animation is the working course of one cylinder 2!stroke diesel engine which sca enging with crankshaft case. From the picture we can see, in this engine, gas is changed straightly. 0ut it doesnHt ha e sca enging pump. 3istonHs to!

and!fro motion causes that olume of crankshaft changes. 2o, combustion gas is sucked in or the blended gas is compressed. Then, sca enging starts. There are " gas holes in cylinder head of this gasoline engine. They are opened or closed at the different time by piston. Intake holes are communicating with melting oil machine. .ombustion gas flows into crankshaft case through intake holes. Dhen sca enging hole " is opened by piston, the gas flows into cylinder. Meanwhile, exhaust gas is discharged by exhaust hole 2. Its working principle is as following> The first stroke> piston mo es from downwards to upwards. Dhen piston mo es upwards, combustion gas in the cylinder is compressed after the intake, exhaust and sca enging holes are closed. 3iston still mo es upwards, there is acuum in crankshaft case. The piston continues mo ing upwards until that the intake hole 1 is opened. Then, fresh combustion gas flows into the crankshaft case. The second stroke> when the piston mo es to the top dead point, spark plug lights and the gas combusts. The pressure and temperature increases sharply. 2o, piston is pushed to mo e downwards and produce power. Dhen the piston mo es to the exhaust hole 2, exhaust gas is discharged by exhaust holes. (t the same time, blended gas in crankshaft case is compressed. (nd its pressure increases to =.1"M3a. piston still mo es downwards until that sca enging hole " is opened by piston, compressed air is pushed into cylinder through sca enging holes. 2ca enging course continues until piston mo es to the bottom dead point. The effecti e method to increase the efficient of diesel engine is to increase the air and fuel in cylinder. If the fuel wants to be combusted fully, it must be proportioned with air. 1 kilogram light diesel oil needs 1$.22 kilogram air in theory. (ctually, there is more air supplied in the cylinder. /r, the fuel canHt be combusted well. If the main accessories of fuel system are designed properly, it is easy to increase fuel in%ected into cylinder. There must be a supercharger if air wants to be increased. 2upercharger compresses air to the pressure pk. Then, gas flows to cylinder through intake pipe. 0ecause that the density of air increases after compression, there will be more air in the cylinder. The diesel engine which has supercharger is called supercharging diesel engine. the main engine of most marine ships are all diesel engine. (ccording to the different transmission of supercharger, supercharging diesel engine can be di ided into mechanical supercharging diesel engine and turbo!supercharging diesel engine. The following animation is mechanical transmission supercharging diesel engine. From the picture we can see, the characteristic of this kind diesel engine is that impeller 1 of the supercharger is dri en by crankshaft through transmission gear. Dhen the diesel engine works, air is sucked by intake hole. (fter compressed by impeller 1, pressure of air in intake pipe 2 can reach =.1' M3a. The one in this animation is turbo!supercharging diesel engine. 2upercharging impeller of this diesel engine is dri en by exhaust turbo. 2upercharger and crankshaft donHt ha e mechanical connection. +xhaust gas of diesel engine push the impeller of exhaust turbo rotate. (t the time, the impeller of exhaust turbo rotates together with

that of supercharger. +xhaust turbo!supercharging is a effecti e method to increase the power of diesel engine. For example, 12#1"' diesel engine with no supercharger, its power is 1A?.?$kw when speed is 1'== r;min. if it was fixed with a exhaust turbo!supercharger, the power can reach 2AE.Akw or '1'.2kw at the same speed. The key to increase power of diesel engine is the supercharging pressure pk. Dorking circulation of supercharging diesel engine is similar with that of no supercharging diesel engine. 0ut the pressure and temperature of e ery point increases when supercharging.

The picture abo e is the indicator diagram of supercharging diesel engine. From the picture, intake gas pressure cur e r!a is higher than exhaust gas pressure b!r. it will be opposite in no supercharging diesel engine. 0ecause that the pressure and temperature of combustion stroke in supercharging diesel engine is high, the power produced in e ery circulation is more. .hapter ? working order of muti!stroke diesel engine In e ery working circulation of $!stroke diesel engine, power only be produced in combustion stroke. In intake, compression and exhaust strokes, it not only wonHt produce power but also consume part power. The power consumed to compressed air and to balance the assistance of intake and exhaust. 2o, when diesel engine works, because that some strokes produce power and some strokes consume power, therefore, the speed of diesel engine wonHt be eMuably. If the diesel engine doesnHt work eMuably, e ery mo ing accessory will be cracked. + en worse, they can be destroyed. 2o, increase the eMuality of diesel engine is a important problem in diesel engine structure.

Fenerally, there are two methods to increase the eMuality of diesel engine. They are > 61: flywheel is fixed in crankshaftQ62: muti!stroke structure. Flywheel is a disk which has large moment of inertia. It is fixed in the end of crankshaft. Dhen crankshaft rotates in combustion stroke, gear is dri en to rotate too. (t the time, gear stores much power. Dhen diesel engine mo es to the three assistant strokes, flywheel gi es off power which it stored before. 2o, crankshaft can continue to rotate. 2o, there must be a flywheel to make sure its eMual rotation. For e ery stroke of muti!stroke diesel engine, it works %ust as the single stroke. 0ut working course of e ery stroke at the same time is different. They works in certain order according to the cylinder number and arrange form. In order to keep stable of diesel engine when it works, for $!stroke diesel engine, when crankshaft rotates 2 circles 6A2=centigrad:, e ery stroke must finish one circulation. 2o, different cylinder must lights with a space of certain angle. If the diesel engine has i cylinders, the space angle should be>
R4A2=;i

from the eMuation abo e, space angle for firing of $!stroke diesel engine is 1C= centigrad. The order for e ery cylinder to fire is 1!"!$!2.

The table abo e is the indicator diagram and firing order of $!stroke diesel engine. If the pistons of cylinder 1,$ mo e to the top dead point, the first cylinder is power produced stroke. Meanwhile, the fourth is inletting gas stroke. The third and second cylinders are respecti ely compression and exhaust stroke. (fter crankshaft rotates 1C= centigrad. 3istons of the second and third cylinder locate at the top dead point. The third cylinder is power produced stroke and the second cylinder is inletting stroke. (t the same time, the first and fourth cylinders are respecti ely exhaust and compression stroke. .irculate like this, four cylinders push the piston mo e alternately. (ccording to formulary, the firing space angle should be 12= centigrad. The firing order of e ery cylinder is 1!'!"!?!2!$. this order can make sure that the diesel engine can work stably. The table below is the indicator diagram and firing order of ?!stroke diesel engine. De can know from the table, ?!stroke diesel engine works more stably than $!stroke diesel engine.6animation of ?!stroke diesel engine:

.hapter A the category of the internal combustion engine Internal combustion engine has many types in structure. 61:. (ccording to the structure characteristic, diesel engine can be di ided into slee e! piston diesel engine and cross!piston diesel engine. In slee e!piston diesel engine, piston is connected with connection rod directly. The guide function of piston is assumed by the slee e part of piston. There will be side! pushing force * between piston and cylinder wall. In cross!piston diesel engine, piston is connected with connection rod through piston rod and crosshead. Fuide function of piston is assumed by the crosshead. Dhen diesel engine works, crosshead slips in the guiding panel. 2ide!pushing force is caused between the guiding panel and slipping panel. These two diesel engines ha e ad antages and disad antages. (brasion of slee e! piston diesel engine is ery serious. 0ut this diesel engine has simple and compact structure. 2o, medium and high speed diesel engines are all this type. In cross!piston diesel engine, piston has no guiding function. There should be bigger clearance between piston and cylinder wall. 0esides that, the abrasion of this diesel engine is light because that there is no side!pushing force. Powe er, the weight and height of diesel engine with crosshead is increased. (nd its structure becomes complicated. Marine low speed diesel engine is cross!piston diesel engine. 62:. (ccording to the cylinder number and location type, it can be di ided into> single

cylinder diesel engine and many cylinder diesel engine. Dhen the cylinder number is less than CJ1=, they are laid in line. If the number larger than 1=, cylinders should be laid in #. besides that, there are other types. 2uch as D, S and star type. 0ut, the types which are used widely are straight line and # type. 6":. Dith the difference of fuel, internal combustion engine can be di ided into diesel engine, gasoline engine and coal gas engine. 6$:. Internal combustion engine can be di ided into $!stroke and 2!stroke internal combustion engine. 6':. (ccording to the gas intake type, it can be di ided into supercharging engine and no supercharging engine. 6?:. Dith the different speed, it can be di ided into high speed engine 6nO1===r;min:, medium engine 6"==NnN1===r;min: and low speed engine 6nN"== r;min:.