Pergamon

Inl. J. Non-Ltnear bfechnnicr. Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 407415, 1998 Q 1997 Ekvier Science Ltd All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain 0020-7462198 $17.CKl+ 0.W

PII: SOO20-7462(97)00030-9

INSTABILITY OF LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS WITH MATERIAL NON-LINEAR EFFECT

A. Tabiei and Y. Jiang
Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0070, U.S.A.
(Received for publication 7 May 1997)

Abstract-An anaiytical methodology is presented to study the post-buckling behavior of laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression and lateral pressure. Non-linear inplane stress-strain relations for transverse (&) and shear (G,,) modulus is considered. The user defined material subroutine UMAT in finite element analysis package, ABAQUS, with an updated Lagrangian formulation, and large displacement and small strain kinematic relations, is employed in this study. Numerical analyses are conducted to demonstrate the effect of material non-linearity and stacking sequence on the post-buckling behavior of laminated shells. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. Keywords strain softening, finite element, shell instability

INTRODUCTION

The compressive behavior of fiber-reinforced composite shells has been the subject of investigation for several decades. On the structural level, most of the compressive behavior analyses of composite laminates have been limited to linear-elastic material properties Cl], and with a few to material shear non-linearity [2,3]. Examining typical stress-strain relations of laminated composites [4], apart from severe non-linearity in in-plane shear, it has been found that a lamina exhibits non-negligible non-linearity in transverse stress-strain relations. Therefore, transverse and shear non-linearity must be accounted for in the analysis. The kind of material non-linearity demonstrated in experiments is generally strain history dependent. However, as pointed out by Schapery [S], the inelasticity for many composites is neither small enough to neglect nor large enough to use classical plasticity theories in which unloading follows the initial moduli. This non-linear behavior may arise from a variety of mechanisms including, microcracking, shear banding, interface debonding, etc. A common approach to treat the material non-linearity is to use classical elastic orthotropic stress-strain relations for laminae with secant moduli. In an effort to characterize the non-linear inelastic behavior of composite materials Schapery [S, 61 has developed an inelastic in-plane constitutive relation for laminae. These inelastic relations form the basis of the present study. In Schaperys model the material non-linearity is characterized by a structural parameter and it is assumed that transverse Youngs modulus and shear modulus are the only secant moduli to account for the material non-linearity. In the present work the considerations of material non-linearity are incorporated, using the user defined material subroutine UMAT option, in the commercial finite element software package ABAQUS [7] which is employed in generating results.

PROBLEM

DESCRIPTION

The structure under consideration is cylindrical laminated composite shell with symmetric stacking sequence subjected to axial compression or lateral pressure. The following

Contributed by G. J. Simitses. 407

408

A. Tabiei and Y. Jiang

assumptions are made in the present analysis:

l

l l

Each lamina is transversely isotropic and homogeneous; secant moduli E2 and G12 account for the material non-linearity, and transverse shear non-linearity is neglected. Layers are perfectly bonded together. The initial geometric imperfections were given by superimposing a small imperfection in the form of the weighted sum of several buckling modes (eigenvectors) on the initial geometry.

Non-linear stress-strain relations The constitutive relations employed in the shear deformable shell finite elements are

izj-1::

i::

S6jfZj

(1)

(2) where

s11=&
S22

(3)

1
=E22

(4)

(5)

and constants 01~ and t12 are the shear correction factors. In equation (l), compliances S 22 and Se6 are supposed to be stress state (or strain state) dependent. Schaperys model is adopted herein and compliances Sz2 and Sh6 are assumed to be functions of an internal state variable S as follows:
s22 = S22(S)

(7)
(8)

&6 =

s6&)

Fig. 1. Stress-straincurve for uniaxialloadingarbitrary (x) direction.

Instability

of laminated cylindrical shells

409

where S is shown as the shaded area in Fig. 1. This internal state variable is related to the total work density and the total strain energy by the following equation: s=w,-w (9)

where W is the strain energy density and W, is the total work input. Introducing another form of the internal state variable, namely S,, which is the cubic root of S (for details see Ref. [6]) and through off-axis tests, Sz2 and Ss6 can be determined as polynomial functions of S, by curve fitting techniques. It has been found that Sz2 and Se6 are related by the following equation: S.5&) =
S66(0) + CC~22cc) - S,,(O)1 (10)

where C is a material constant. This constant is found to be equal to 3.66 for Hercules AS413502 Carbon/Epoxy composites [S]. Because of the fact that El and v12 are assumed to be constants the internal state variable S, can be expressed as a function of an effective stress
112

(11)
where cr#J = (0; + c0:2)12 (12)

Thus equations (11) and (12) provide a convenient way to express the compliances S22 and S66 as functions of the effective stress co instead of S, in the numerical analysis as follows:
s22 =S22bJo) s66 = S66kO)

(13) (14)

Based on the constitutive relations prescribed above, the incremental stress-strain relations for orthotropic lamina in the material coordinates can be written as dsl = Slldai + Slzda2 + dSllal + dSr2c2 (15) (16) (17)

da2 = Si2dal + S2zdc2 + dSlzol + dSz202 dy, = S66daiz + dS66c12

d&6 -=
da0 dSz2 =2($dts2
0

cdS22 do, +sdc12)

12

(18)
(19)

(20)
and

where the matrix with superscript t represents the tangent stiffness matrix, and subscript IZ represents the nth load incremental step. The corresponding components of tangent

410

A. Tabiei and Y. Jiang

stiffness matrix of equation (21) are

c11 =

a22a33

43

(23) (24)

c12 = - aLra33
Cl6 =b
al2a23
alla33 7

(25)

c22

C26 = -

al la23

A
--a:2

(27)

a22a11 c66 =

(28)

where
all =

S1l
12

(29)
(30)

-S a12 -

az2 =Sz2 +--

d&z at da0 a0

(31) (32) (33)

az3 =

cdS22a2al2

-&g-o,
S66 + C--

a33 =

d&6 a?2 da0 a0

-a33a:2

and A=ai1az2a33 -ail& (34)

It must be pointed out that in the derivation of equations (23)-(28), the relation d&/da0 = C dSz2/dao is applied. As a result the tangent stiffness matrix is symmetric which is of considerable practical significance since lack of symmetry requires special treatment in the solution by finite element method and may cause difficulties in the numerical solution.

RESULTS

AND DISCUSSIONS

In the following the geometry under consideration is a simply supported imperfect cylindrical shell with two different imperfection amplitudes t = 0.1 and 1. The layer

Table 1. Linear moduli and strength parameters of AS4 Carbon/Epoxy El = 18.2 Lamina thickness t = 0.0125 in.
E2 = 1.34

lamina (Unit: Msi) Gzs = 0.391

G,r = 0.194 Length = 21 in.

V ,2

0.334

Radius = 7 in.

Table 2. Polynomial coefficients for S,, and &s Exponent 522 S66 0 0.141 1.26 1 5.46 21.6 2 180 - 260 3 -8000 14,100 4 32.e4 125.e3 5 - 5.28e4 - 4.89e6 6 3.16el 4.36el

Instability of laminated cylindrical shells

411

thickness is taken to be 0.0125 in. The non-linear response of laminated composite shells is modeled by an updated Lagrangian formulation with large displacement and small strain kinematic relations. Four-nodded 6 DOF shell elements (S4R) are used. The modified Riks method is used to construct the equilibrium path. The shell geometries, lamina properties, and polynomial coefficients in Tables 1 and 2 are used to generate results. The polynomial coefficients were obtained based on curve fitting the experimental data from [S]. Mesh convergence study indicates that using 80- 100 elements in circumferential by 20-30 elements in longitudinal direction yields an acceptable convergence state. Using ABAQUS, the first three eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors are obtained for each cylinder. The lowest eigenvalue represents either the axial compression buckling load or the lateral pressure buckling load for a perfect cylinder. The initial geometric imperfection were taken by superimposing a small imperfection in the form of the weighted sum of several buckling modes (eigenvectors) on the initial geometry.

$ 0.6 x ? :: Z 0.4

0.2

0.0 L 0.0

0.4

0.6

1.2

1.6

2.0

END-SHORTENING U/t
Fig. 2. Normalized post-buckling behavior, shells under axial compression.

d 0.6 x $ Z Z 0.4

2Linear
.----.Nonlinear ..... Linear

Material. Material. Material, Material.

.f=O (=O.l (=I t=l.O

I

.O

-..-Nonlinear

0.0 0.0

0.4

0.6

1.2

1.6

2.0

END-SHORTENING U/t
Fig. 3. Normalized post-buckling behavior, shells under axial compression.

412

A. Tabiei and Y. Jiang

-Linear .-----Nonlinear ..... Linear -..-Nonlinear

Material, Material, Material, Material,

(=O.l e=O.l [=l.O .(=l.O

0.0

I 1

1 2

I 3

, 5 6

4 END-SHORTENING U/t

Fig. 4. Normalized post-buckling behavior, shells under axialCOmPreSSiOn.

Fig. 5. Deformation of axially compressed ( + 45/ - 45),, shell with linear material.

Results are generated for the case of laminated shells under axial compression and lateral pressure. Figures 2-4 show the normalized post-buckling behavior of three shells with different stacking sequences subjected to axial compression versus normalized end shortening. Both constant material properties and material non-linear behavior are presented in these figures to demonstrate the effect of material non-linearity on the limit point and post-buckling behavior. The collapse and buckling modes could be significantly different if material non-linearity is considered as depicted in Figs 5 and 6. We can observe the pronounced difference in the bending deformation when including material non-linear effect.

Instability

of laminated

cylindrical

shells

413

Fig. 6. Deformation

of axially compressed

( + 45/ - 45)4, shell with non-linear

material.

1.0

0.8

0.6 : ? a 0.4

0.2

.... Linear Material, (=d.l -Nonlinear Material, (=0-l . -Lmear MaLerial, [= 1.0 ----.Nonlinear Material, [ = 1 .O

0.0

I
0.4 U/t pressure

-0.4

-0.2
post-buckling

0.0
behavior,

0.2

END-SHORTENING Fig. 7. Normalized

shells under lateral

Figures 7-9 show the normalized post-buckling behavior of the three shells subjected to lateral pressure versus the normalized end shortening. As in the case of axial compression, both constant material properties and material non-linear behavior are presented.

CONCLUSIONS

In this investigation a study is undertaken to determine the effect of material nonlinearity on limit points and post-buckling behavior of laminated cylindrical shells under

414

A. Tabiei and Y. Jiang

0.8 -

0.6 : % 0.4 i

-0.4

-0.2 0.0 0.2 END-SHOH'l'liJNING U/t

0.4

Fig. 8. Normalized post-buckling behavior, shells under lateral pressure.

1 .o

0.8

0.6 : 0.4

.......-Lmear -Nonlinear -.-.-Linear .-.-...-Nonlmear

Material, Material, Material, Material,

{=O. 1 (=O. 1 (=l.

(=l

0 .Q

0.2

0.0

-0.4

-0.2 0.0 0.2 END-SHORTNING U/t

0.4

Fig. 9. Normalized post-buckling behavior of ( +45/-45)4, shell under lateral pressure.

axial compression and lateral pressure. The transverse (E,,) and shear (G12) modulus account for material non-linearity. Based on the generated results the following observation can be made: Material non-linear effect on the limit point could be significant, more pronounced when the imperfection amplitude is not large, and is stacking sequence dependent. Material non-linear effect is more significant for cylinders under axial compression than under lateral pressure. Shells with angle-ply stacking sequence exhibit the greatest difference in limit point when considering linear and non-linear material behavior. Material non-linearity could drastically change the collapse mode of laminated shells. Other properties that should also be investigated for shells with material non-linearity are the effect of boundary conditions, length to radius ratios, and radius to thickness ratios.

Instability of laminated cylindrical shells

415

Acknowledgements-The research was partially sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, Ship Structure Division, with Dr Y. D. S. Rajapakse as scientific officer. The valuable discussions and suggestions of professor G. Simitses, principle investigator of the ONR Grant are gratefully acknowledged. Computing support was provided by the National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). REFERENCES 1. A. W. Leissa, Buckling of laminated plates and shell panels. Technical Report AFWAL-TR-85-3069. Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH (1985). 2. S. ST Wang, S. Srinivasan, H. T. Hu and Rami HajAli, Effect of material nonlinearity on buckling and postbuckling of fiber composite laminates. In Mechanics of Composite Materials: Nonlineur .Eflects (Edited by M. W. Myer). ASME, AMD-Vol. 159, New York (1993). 3. H. T. Hu, Buckling analyses of fiber composite laminate plates with material non-linearity. ICCM/9 (1993). 4. H. C. Halpin, Primer on Composite Material Analysis, pp. 208-212. Technomic. (1992). 5. R. A. Schapery, Mechanical characterization and analysis of inelastic composite laminates with growing damage. In Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures (Edited by J. N. Reddy and T. L. Teply). ASME, AMD-Vol. 100, New York (1989). 6. R. A. Schapery, Prediction of compressive strength and kink bands in composites using a work potential. Int. J.

of Solid and

Structures 32 (617), 739-165 (1995).

7. ABAQUS User Manual. Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Version 5.5 (1996).