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INTRODUCTION TO EC8
structure. ie strong columns - weak beams principle.
1. Objectives
In the event of an earthquake structures should be designed To protect human life To limit damage To maintain operational essential facilities IV. Diaphamic Action of floors. The floor of the building plays a very important role in the overall seismic behaviour of the structure. It will transmit the seismic actions to the various resisting elements. It is essential that the floor systems provide adequate in-plan stiffness with efficient connections to vertical structural elements. Care must be taken with large floor openings that are near to main vertical elements, which may hinder the efficiency of the floorvertical element connection. V. Adequate Foundations. It is important the whole building is excited in a uniform way by the seismic motion. Thus all discrete vertical structural elements must be effectively connected together by a floor slab or all vertical elements must be connected by horizontal tie beams.
3. INTRODUCTION TO EC8
Subsoil Class A
Description
800 + m/s
Stiff deposits of sand, gravel or overconsolidated clay up to several tens of m thick., characterised by a gradual increase of mechanical properties with depth. Rock or other geological formation with at most 5m of weaker material at surface. Deep deposits of medium dense sand, gravel or medium stiff clays with thickness of several tens to many hundreds of m. Loose cohesion-less soil deposits with or without some soft cohesive layers Deposits of predominant soft-to-medium stiff cohesive soils
S q
< 200 m/s (up to 20m) < 200 m/s (up to 20m)
B0
kD
The variation of these parameters incorporates the effect of the soil-structure interaction into the single degree of freedom response acceleration spectrum. Note that special attention shall be paid to soil deposits C which consists, or contain a layer of 10m thick, of soft clays/silts with high plasticity index (PI>40) and high water content. Such site can produce unusual seismic site amplification effects.
kR kw
Basic value for behaviour factor, dependent on structural type. (eg. Frame systems q0=5.0, Dual system governed by shear walls q0=4.5, Core system q0=3.5, inverted pendulum system q0=2.0) Ductility factor, Ductility class [High] kD=1.0, Ductility class [Medium] kD=0.75 Ductility class [Low] kD=0.5 Regularity factor, Regular structures kR=1.0 Non-regular structures kR=0.8 Failure mode factor, Frame structures kw=1.0 1 Wall and core systems k w = 2.5 1 0.5
0
(where 0 is the prevailing aspect ratio of the walls of the structural system 0 = height of wall/ length of section of wall )
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3. INTRODUCTION TO EC8
Table 1: Formulae for EC8 design Spectrum T Design Spectrum Ordinate (Range)
0 to TB
TB to TC TC to TD TD +
T S d (T ) = .S .1 + TB
S d (T ) = .S . B0 q
B0 q 1
S d (T ) = .S .
B0 TC . q T
2/3
0.2.
TD T
5/3
. S.
B T S d (T ) = .S . 0 . C q TD
2/3
0.2.
For vertical motion the values derived from Table 1 multiplied by a reduction factor given below.
TC T Period (Sec) TD
TA = 0 TB
0.5 < T
0.5
The formulae in the following table are used to evaluate the design spectrum ordinate for horizontal motion.
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
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3. INTRODUCTION TO EC8
activities. Category B is areas where people may congregate e.g. shops etc. Category C is areas susceptible to overcrowding e.g. dance halls, churches theatres etc. Category D is areas susceptible to accumulation of goods, e.g. warehouses etc. (3-3) The range is typically 0.15 E 0.8 . The philosophy of the analysis here is that less mass tends to reduce the structural period. Now by considering the design spectrum, a smaller period produces a larger total acceleration and hence bigger design seismic action. Thus the worst case, in an earthquake, should result when there is little live load present. The symbol (in equation (3-3)) indicates that the Variable and Permanent Actions must be combined according the combination rules in EC1 for multiple spans.
(1) Full (PA + VA)
W=
G
k
E Qk
where Gk are the Permanent Actions (i.e. the dead loads) and Qk are the Variable Actions (i.e. the live loads). The combination coefficients (e.g. safety factors) E take into account the probability of the variable actions not being present over the entire structure during the occurrence of the earthquake.
E = 2
where is obtained by the following table Building category A-C Occupation of storeys Storeys independently occupied Storeys not independently occupied
(3-4)
Top storey Other storeys Top storey Nonindependently occupied storeys Other storeys 1.0 0.5 1.0
E Qk
Gk
0.8
E Qk
Gk
0.5 1.0
(3) Full (PA) + Alternate Spans (VA)
E Qk
D-F
The combination coefficients 2 are defined in EC1 and a shown below. Loading Area Category A General Stairs Balconies Category B General Stairs Balconies Category C fixed seats other Category D general UDL (kN/m2) 2.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 Point Load (kN) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 7.0
Gk
2
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8
Figure 3: Combination rules for Variable and Permenant Actions
Load Cases (2) and (3) must include all combinations of Alternate span and adjacent span loading. As load cases (2) and (3) contain less mass they are usually the significant load cases under seismic events.
The building categories are described fully in EC1. Category A is areas for domestic and residential
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G
k
E Qk
I AEd
(3-5)
3. INTRODUCTION TO EC8
EC8 tends to use external shape as a guide and this is not sufficient to determine either regularity in plan or elevation. As computer analysis is common place these days its seems more simple to analyse every building by the full spatial 3D shear building analysis. The EC8 simplified analysis should be used to determine an approximate answer for the validation of the order of the results from the computer analysis.
4.2 Theory
Consider a simplified shear building as described in chapter 5. Using the analysis in section 18, the total Fb base shear is given by
Fb =
i =1
2 i
L2 i bi (t ) Mi
If all modes other than the first mode are neglected then this equation can be expressed thus
2 L1 Fb = M 1
g S d (T1 ) S d (T1 )W
(3-6)
2 where L1 M 1 is the effective modal mass of the first mode is assumed to be the total building mass. Now using the formula for the equivalent static action, equation (5-33),
i =1
m1 1 1 M where = M 1 mi i mn n n
Hence the force Fi on the ith floor due to the first mode seismic effect is
Fi = Fb
mi i
m
j j =1
(3-7)
j
To use equation (3-7) two terms need to be approximated. (a) T1 the period of the first mode of vibration and (b) 1 the shape of the first mode. EC8 uses an empirical formula first included in the Uniform Building Code (US). The approximation of the
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3. INTRODUCTION TO EC8
An overconsolidated clay is soil class A S=1.0 , TB=0.1 Tc=0.4 TD=3.0 The approximate fundamental period is
(3-8)
0.085 Space steel frames Ct = 0.075 Concrete or eccentric braced steel frames 0.05 for all other structures
& 0.2.
2/3
where H is the building height in m. T1 is in sec. Ct is a parameter dependant on structural type. In the simplified analysis EC8 assumes that the mode shape is linear and proportional to the z coordinate heights of the floors above the foundation datum. Hence equation (3-7) becomes the following EC8 expression when floor masses are replaced by floor weights.
= 0. 4
Fi = Fb
wi zi
w z
j j =1
(3-9)
j
Storey Weights
z3 z2 z3 W3 W2 z2 W 1 z1 z1
325 kN
Figure 5: Example structure Total Seismic Base Shear Fb = 0. 25 x 1300 = 325 kN Calculating Horizontal Storey Seismic Actions zi wi = (3.5 400) + (7 400)
1 Mode shape
Fb
Hence
F1 = 325 3.5 400 = 48.1 kN 9450 7 400 F2 = 325 = 96.3 kN 9450 10.5 500 F3 = 325 = 180.6 kN 9450
4.3 Example
Consider the following regular concrete structure, in Figure 5, with is to be designed to sustain a seismic event. Using EC8 response spectra (=0.4, q=3.75, =0.05). The soil surrounding the structure is and overconsolidated clay.
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3. INTRODUCTION TO EC8
= 1 + 0.6
x L
(3-10)
Where x is the distance from the element under consideration to the centre of the building measured perpendicularly to the direction of the seismic action considered. L is the distance between the two outermost lateral resisting elements measured perpendicularly to the direction of the seismic action considered.
1 2 3 4 A 5 B 5 C y x 5 4 5
(3-11)
where ds is the ultimate deflections, q is the behaviour factor, de is the peak elastic displacement calculated from the modal analysis. Importance factor is I
Frames 1 & 4 resist seismic motion in the y direction hence = 1 + 0.6(7 14) = 1.3 Frames 2 & 3 resist seismic motion in the y direction hence = 1 + 0.6(2 14) = 1.086 Frames A & C resist seismic motion in the x direction hence = 1 + 0.6(5 10) = 1.3 Frame B resists seismic motion in the x direction hence = 1 + 0.6(0 10) = 1.0
h 500
(3-12)
For buildings with non-structural elements fixed is such a way as not to interfere with structural deformations
dr
h 250
(3-13)
where dr is the limiting inter-storey drift, h is the storey height and is the reduction factor to take into account the lower return period of the seismic event associated with the serviceability limit state. Description I II III IV Hospitals, fire stations, power plants. Etc. Schools, assembly halls, institutions etc Apartment houses, office buildings, etc Agricultural buildings etc. Importance Factor I 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0