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IEEE 802
IEEE standard
IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.16
Known as
Bluetooth ZigBee WiFi WiMAX
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802.5 MAC
CSMA/CA
802.3 PHY
802.5 PHY
802.11 PHY
802.11a PHY
802.11b PHY
802.11g PHY
CSMA/CD (Ethernet)
Token Ring
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802.3
CSMA/CD (Ethernet) Medium Access Control (MAC) CSMA/CA = Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
802.11
physical layer specified in 802.11 FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 2Mbps DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 11mbps signal format is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 54Mbps
802.11a
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802.3
MAC 802.3 PHY
802.5
MAC Data
802.11
MAC rates up to 700 kbit/s (2.1 Mbit/s) 802.5 802.11 PHY PHY
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802.3
MAC 802.3 PHY
802.5
MAC 802.5 PHY
802.11
MAC
802.11 PHY
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Various data MAC MAC rates up to 100 + Mbit/s and + PHY more PHY
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Multiplexing / MA / duplexing
TDMA / TDD CSMA/CA CSMA/CA
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AP
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3G
4G
3G mobile broadband IP-based network architecture with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based air interface technology WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) , Long Term Evolution (LTE), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB),
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mobile phones
Nokia, Motorola, LG, and Samsung
Functionalities:
keyboard, which is virtual and rendered on a touch screen. User friendly graphical user interfaces. Internet services such as email, web browsing and local Wi-Fi connectivity.
lack
Factors
Mobile TV support to receive live TV programmes. Multi-user networked 3D games support. Realistic 3D scene rendering. Stereo image and video capturing and rendering. High definition visuals.
computational capability power constraints of the mobile devices available bandwidth and transmission efficiency of the wireless network quality of service (QoS) support of the network protocols universal access capability of the communication system infrastructure compression and error control efficiency of video and graphics data.
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Key Technologies
3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced
3GPP2 UMB
Mobile WiMAX based on IEEE 802.16m
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3GPP LTE
scalable bandwidth from 1.25 to 20MHz
downlink peak rate of 100Mbps and uplink with peak rate of 50Mbps in 20MHz channel
latency of less than 100 msec for control-plane, and less than 5 msec for user-plane
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MBMS (multimedia broadcast multicast services) either in single cell or multi-cell mode
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Mobile WiMAX
scalable channel bandwidth from 1.25 to 20MHz
scalable OFDMA peak downlink data rate of up to 63Mbps peak uplink data rate of up to 28Mbps in the 10MHz channel MIMO antenna techniques and flexible sub channelization schemes end-of-end QoS is supported by mapping the service flows to the DiffServ code points of MPLS flow labels. optimized handover schemes are supported in Mobile WiMAX by latencies of less than 50 milliseconds
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advanced features of
MOBILE WIMAX
smart antenna technologies including Beamforming, Space-Time Code, and Spatial Multiplexing
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phased array, spatial division multiple access (SDMA), spatial processing, digital beamforming, adaptive antenna (AAS)
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Diversity Techniques
Frequency diversity
Time diversity
Space diversity Antenna Diversity Polarization diversity Antenna Diversity Angle diversity Antenna Diversity
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Frequency diversity
carries the signals in different carrier frequencies far apart with each other. Frequency separation must be more than the coherence bandwidth to achieve uncorrelated signal fading.
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Time diversity
sends the data over the channel at different times. Time separation is directly proportional to the reciprocal of the fading bandwidth, which is proportional to the speed of the mobile station.
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uses multiple antennas in the receiver, which have distance in between to ensure independent fading. The separation around half-wavelength is ample to obtain uncorrelated signals.
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is achieved by directional antennas. The received signal arrives at the antenna via several paths, each with a different angle of arrival. The signals that are received from different directional antennas pointing at different angles are uncorrelated.
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Delay spread Coherence bandwidth Doppler spread Coherence time Flat and frequency selective fading
IP Address Classification
IPv6
IP address field is increased from 32 to 128 bits in length and incorporation of address hierarchy is
supported,
Simplified header format is introduced, Extension headers and options are supported, Authentication and privacy is provided, Auto-reconfiguration is provided, Incremental upgrade is possible, Low start-up costs is provided, Quality of service capabilities is provided,
Mobility is supported.
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IP session
connection-oriented (TCP)
connectionless (UDP)
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IP Routing Protocols
Internal Gateway Protocols (IGP) such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) carry out routing within a network managed by a single operator.
External Gateway Protocols such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) handle routing between autonomous systems and are used, for example, to connect the gateways belonging to different ISPs on the Internet.
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DiffServ: Differentiated Services IntServ: Integrated Services RSVP: Resource Reservation Protocol MPLS: Multiprotocol Label Switching DPI: Deep Packet Inspection
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IP Security
CONFIDENTIALITY
AUTHENTICATION
INTEGRITY
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RADIUS protocol
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SIP Agent
SIP Proxy
SIP Registrar
SIP Redirect
SIP Location
UAs register their current location info to Registrar server. Location info may include IP address, cell ID
UA request is responded with redirection response for UA to initiate new call to the location.
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P-CSCF:
Proxy-Call Session Control Function
S-CSCF:
Serving-Call Session Control
I-CSCF:
Interrogating-Call Session Control
AS:
Application Server hosts services for subscriber
HSS:
Home Subscriber Server
BGCF:
Breakout Gateway Control Function is used to select the circuit-switched network
MGCF:
Media Gateway Control Function controls Media Gateway (MGW External signaling (SS7/ISUP) from circuitswitched network is translated to SIP in MGCF.
MRF:
Multimedia Resource Function
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is a flat, all-IP based core network with a simplified architecture and open interfaces
MME Mobility Management Entity SGW Serving Gateway PDN GW Packet Data Network Gateway
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eNBs, which is the base station of LTE Evolved NodeB UE: User Equipment
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BCCH:
Broadcast Control Channel is to transmit broadcasting system control information.
PCCH:
Paging Control Channel is to transmit paging information when UE is unlocated.
CCCH:
common Control Channel is used by UE when UE has no RRC
connection.
MCCH:
Multicast Control Channel is used to transmit MBMS control information, which is point-tomultipoint (eNB to UEs) and only
UEs that receive MBMS use it.
DCCH:
Dedicated Control Channel is a point-to-point bidirectional channel used by UE for RRC connection.
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MTCH: Multicast Traffic Channel is a point-to-multipoint channel for transmitting traffic data
from the network to the UE
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WiMAX + 2G Solution
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