Example 4 - Drilled-Shaft Footing

TxDOT Project 5-5253-01
Strut-and-Tie Model Design Examples for Bridges

Example 4 Drilled-Shaft Footing
C.S. Williams D.J. Deschenes O. Bayrak
Example 4 Overview
A 3-dimensional STM is required to properly
design the drilled-shaft footing
Two load cases are considered Load Case 1 All 4 drilled shafts in compression Load Case 2 2 drilled shafts in compression, 2 in tension
Drilled-Shaft Footing Geometry

y 8.00 x C L Column & C L Footing L1 = 16.00 8.00
4.25 z
Wcol = 7.50
4.25
h = 5.00
C L Column C L Footing
Dcol = 6.25
L2 = 16.00
OH = 0.75
DDS = 4.00
6.50 sDS = 10.50 L1 = 16.00
DDS = 4.00
OH = 0.75
OH = 0.75 OH = 0.75
DDS = 4.00
6.50
DDS = 4.00
DDS = 4.00
OH = 0.75
C L Drilled Shaft
Wcol = 7.50
8.00
6.50
DDS = 4.00
x
8.00
OH = 0.75
Drilled-Shaft Footing Geometry

Drilled shafts are assumed to behave as
pinned supports
Moment and axial force is transferred
between the column and the footing
Material Properties
Concrete:
fc = 3.6 ksi
Reinforcement:
fy = 60 ksi
Design Procedure for Bent Cap

Separate B- and DRegions Proportion Ties
Define Load Case
Perform Strength Checks Proportion Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
Analyze Structural Component
Develop Strut-and-Tie Model
Provide Necessary Anchorage for Ties

Define Load Case
Separate B- and D-Regions

The entire drilled-shaft footing is a D-region
B-Region
z
Wcol = 7.50
x Wcol = 7.50
h = 5.00
D-Region
Define Load Case 1

Factored Axial Load and Moment
Pu = 2849 k Muyy = 9507 k-ft
x

Determine Reactions at Drilled Shafts
z
Pu = 2849 k
Muyy = 9507 k-ft
R1 R2
R4 R3
10

z y Pu = 2849 k x Muyy = 9507 k-ft
All drilled shafts are in compression

C L Drilled Shaft
R1 R2
R4 R3
sDS = 10.50
11

Determine How Loads are Applied to the STM Since there is no shear force, the moment and axial load are the same at the column-footing interface as they are at the interface of the B- and D-regions
Moment and axial load must be converted into point
loads that can be applied to the STM
4 point loads will be applied to the STM since forces are flowing to 4 drilled shafts
12

Determine How Loads are Applied to the STM
Start with determining the
2849 k 9507 k-ft
linear stress distribution at the interface between the B- and D-regions

1549 psi
z
5.15
2.35 T
C
7.50
13

Assumed column reinforcement layout
y
Dcol = 6.25
y Wcol = 7.50 x 3.44 0.30
1.56
Wcol = 7.50 x 12 No. 11 Bars 11 Equal Spaces
3.13
11 Equal Spaces
10 No. 11 Bars
2.25 Clear
Dcol = 6.25
No. 5 Stirrups
1.56
1.72
3.44
2.35
T C
1549 psi
Locations of 4 point loads on the column section
5.15
2.35
1.58
Neutral Axis
14

The loading will cause 2 of
y
1.56
the loads to act downward (compressive) and 2 to act upward (tensile)

Dcol = 6.25
Wcol = 7.50
x 3.44
Neutral Axis
Along the centroid of the linear stress diagram Quarter points of the dimension Dcol
1.56
(compressive) loads act at points A and D
3.13
The downward
1.72
3.44
2.35
T C
1549 psi
5.15
2.35
15

The upward (tensile) loads act at points B and C
Location is based on the centroid of the columns tension face reinforcement Each load acts at the centroid of 6 of the #11 bars
y Wcol = 7.50 x 0.30
Centroid of 6 No. 11 Bars Column Bars Considered to Carry Forces in Ties BI and CJ of STM Centroid of 6 No. 11 Bars
16
1.58
Neutral Axis

The 4 point loads must be equivalent to the
factored axial load and moment acting on the footing

y
Wcol = 7.50
x
3.44
0.30
1.56
Dcol = 6.25
1.56
3.13
1.72
3.44
2.35
17
1.58
Neutral Axis

Wcol = 7.50
Sum of loads acting at A and D
Sum of loads acting at B and C

D
0.30
Neutral Axis
1.72
18

Define Load Case
19

Final STM the following slides will explain the
details of its development
Then, determine the distance from this strut to the top face of the footing
FA = 1763.6 k A FB = 339.1 k B
y x FD = 1763.6 k D
FC = 339.1 k
C
E R1 = 1165.0 k
339.1 k
339.1 k
R4 = 1165.0 k
I
F R2 = 259.5 k
J G R3 = 259.5 k
First, determine the distance from these horizontal ties to the bottom face of the footing
20

Determine Distance from Horizontal Ties to Bottom of Footing The ties coincide with the centroid of the horizontal reinforcement running in the x- and y-directions
Bars oriented in the x-direction will be placed directly on top of the bars oriented in the y-direction
The distance from the tension ties to the bottom of
the footing is 5.4

z x
No. 11 Bar
5.4 No. 11 Bars 4.0 Clear Cover

21

Determine Distance from Horizontal Strut to Top of Footing Several options were considered
1. Position strut at the top surface of the footing (Adebar,
2004; Adebar and Zhou, 1996)
Does not allow Nodes A and D to be triaxially confined within the footing (effective triaxial confinement should be guaranteed in order to use the strength check that will be introduced later) Results in a large height of the STM smaller forces in the horizontal ties at the bottom of the footing
22

Determine Distance from Horizontal Strut to Top of Footing
2. Assume the total depth of the strut is h/4 centroid of
the strut positioned h/8 from the top surface of the footing (Park et al., 2008; Windisch et al., 2010; Paulay and Priestley, 1992)
Based on the depth of the flexural compression zone of an elastic column at a beam-column joint of a moment frame Rationale is questionable
3. Position strut based on the depth of the compression
stress block determined from a flexural analysis of the footing

Not accurate to treat the D-region as a beam
23

4. Assume the position of the strut coincides with the
location of the top mat of reinforcement
Justified if horizontal ties exist within the STM near the top surface of the footing (methodology will be used for Load Case 2) Not justified otherwise
24

z y
Top Mat of Steel (4) 4.9
Top of Footing (1)

A D
Numbers in parenthesis correspond to the numbering of the options presented on the previous slides
h/8 (2)
(Not Drawn to Scale) 25
h = 60.0
7.5

Solution: Chose a reasonably conservative value (considering height of STM)

Location should be deep enough into the footing
that triaxial confinement is guaranteed
Strut is located 0.1h = 6.0 in. below the top surface of the footing
26

z y
Top Mat of Steel (4) 4.9
Top of Footing (1)

A D
0.1h
h/8 (2) 7.5
6.0
(Not Drawn to Scale)
Chosen location is not significantly different from the position of the top mat of steel offers consistency with the STM for Load Case 2 Total Height of STM = 60.0 in. 5.4 in. 6.0 in. = 48.6 in.
27
h = 60.0

Place struts and ties to model flow of forces
Add horizontal ties since drilled shafts will tend to push away from one another possible diagonal orientation is not feasible for construction
z
y x
Vertical ties are needed to carry the upward (tensile) loads
28

Loads will tend to flow from the downward (compressive) forces to the nearest drilled shafts add diagonal struts
z
y x
29

Diagonal struts are needed to equilibrate the forces in the vertical ties
y x z
30

Part of compressive the force will also flow to the other drilled shafts
y x z
31

Remainder of the struts are placed to ensure
equilibrium at each node
Add a horizontal strut to equilibrate forces in the y-direction
y x
Place struts in the plane of the horizontal ties to achieve equilibrium
32

Performing a linear-elastic analysis of the chosen
STM results in the member forces shown

z y
x FD = 1763.6 k D FB = 339.1 k B
FA = 1763.6 k A
FC = 339.1 k
C
E R1 = 1165.0 k
339.1 k
339.1 k
R4 = 1165.0 k
I
F R2 = 259.5 k
J G R3 = 259.5 k
33

Alternative valid STM
y
C B H E
I F
A direct load transfer from Node A to Node F is
more likely represented by Strut AF of the chosen STM (previous slide)
34

Performing a linear-elastic analysis of the STM
should result in the reactions at the drilled shafts that were previously calculated
Recommendation: Develop the STM within a structural analysis software program The STM can easily be modified and checked Ensure the 25 rule is satisfied
35

Define Load Case
36
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties Ties EF and GH have the same force The reinforcement required for Tie FG will be used for z Tie EH to maintain symmetry
y x FD D FC C H E R4 J G R3 R2
FA A
FB
B
R1 I
F
37
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties Use #11 bars
38
Proportion Ties
39
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties TxDOT practice allows the reinforcement of the horizontal ties to be placed within a 45 distribution angle from the drilled shafts (TxDOT Bridge Design Manual LRFD, 2009) For simplicity, the tie reinforcement will be placed within the 4-ft diameter of the shafts
z x
45
45
4.00 Length over which bars could be spaced = 4.78
40
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties Ties BI and CJ have the same force Column reinforcement extended into the footing z carries the forces in these ties
y x FD D FC C
FA A
FB
B
339.1 k
339.1 k
H R4
R1 I
F R2 J G R3
41
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties Use #11 column bars
Recall that the upward loads on the STM were each
located at the centroid of 6 bars of the columns tension face reinforcement
42

Define Load Case
43
Perform Strength Checks

Nodes within the 3-dimensional STM have very
complex and largely unknown geometries
The value of attempting to define the nodal geometries is limited
A conservative alternative procedure is needed
A simplified nodal strength check procedure was
developed after conducting a literature review
See TxDOT Project 5-5253-01 implementation report for details

44

Proposed Procedure
Limit compressive bearing stress to fc,
where is the concrete efficiency factor of the STM provisions

Neglect triaxial confinement factor, m Ensure all nodes are triaxially confined within the
footing
Prevents need to define nodal geometries

45

Check Critical Bearings
Perform bearing checks at Nodes A and D
and Nodes E and H
y x
CCC
A
FA = 1763.6 k FB = 339.1 k B
FD = 1763.6 k D
CCC
FC = 339.1 k
C H
CTT
E R1 = 1165.0 k
CTT
R4 = 1165.0 k I
F R2 = 259.5 k J G R3 = 259.5 k
46
Perform Nodal Strength Checks

Check Bearing at Nodes E and H
47

Check Bearing at Nodes A and D
The bearing areas of Nodes A and D are the
shaded regions shown

y
3.44
3.13
Dcol = 6.25
3.13
48

Check Bearing at Nodes A and D
Strength check procedure is satisfied and all
nodal strengths are adequate
49

Define Load Case
50
Proportion Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Crack control reinforcement is not required
for footings
Satisfy shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement requirement per AASHTO LRFD Article 5.10.8

Use #11 bars on the bottom face
Use #7 bars on all other faces
51
where As
b h fy
= = =
area of reinforcement in each direction and each face (in.2/ft) least width of component section (in.) least thickness of component section (in.) specified yield strength of reinforcing bars < 75 ksi
The spacing limit of 12 in. controls

52

Define Load Case
53

Horizontal Ties Horizontal ties must be developed at the nodes directly above the drilled shafts (Nodes E, F, G, and H)
A D
C
B H E I
Determine equivalent square area for the cross-
section of the drilled shafts
54

Horizontal Ties
Since nodal geometries
z x Available Length = 51.3 > 19.8
were not determined, the critical development section is conservatively taken at the inner edge of this equivalent square area
3 Clear Cover
Critical Section A
Providing a clear cover of
3 in., the use of 90-degree hooks is adequate for proper anchorage
3.54 (42.5)
4.00
Section A-A
55

Vertical Ties Ties BI and CJ should be anchored at Nodes I and J
C
B H E I
56

Vertical Ties Use 90-degree hooks to anchor the ties
Nodes I and J are smeared nodes
C
B H E I
57

Vertical Ties Available length for development cannot be defined
z
x No. 11 Column Bar
60.0
Geometry Cannot be Defined

Available Length = ? Node I ldh = 19.8 3 Min. Clear Cover
58

Vertical Ties Standard TxDOT design practice specifies hooked anchorage for the column bars extending into the footing
Years of successful practice
90-degree hooks are specified in the current design
based on the success of this standard practice
59
Load Case 2
The same design procedure is now followed for Load Case 2

Previously Performed
Separate B- and DRegions
Proportion Ties
Define Load Case
61

Define Load Case
62
Define Load Case 2

Factored Axial Load and Moment
Pu = 1110 k Muyy = 7942 k-ft
x
63

z y Pu = 1110 k x Muyy = 7942 k-ft
2 drilled shafts are in compression and 2 are in tension

C L Drilled Shaft
R1 R2
R4 R3
sDS = 10.50
64

Determine How Loads are Applied to STM
Use exactly same
y Wcol = 7.50
procedure as with Load Case 1

Dcol = 6.25
x
1.56
2.94
0.30
1.58
Neutral Axis
1.56
3.13
1.47
2.94
3.09
1106 psi
4.41
3.09
65

Determine How Loads are Applied to STM
Wcol = 7.50
Sum of loads acting at A and D
Sum of loads acting at B and C

D
0.30
Neutral Axis
1.47
66

Final STM the following slides will explain the
details of its development
Horizontal ties are needed near the top surface of the footing
FA = 1026.8 k
y
x
FD = 1026.8 k
K A
D FB = 471.8 k
FC = 471.8 k
C
M R4 = 655.7 k
471.8 k
471.8 k
R1 = 655.7 k
100.7 k
I F R2 = 100.7 k
100.7 k
G R3 = 100.7 k
Determine location of horizontal ties at the bottom of the STM

67

Determine Distance from Lower Ties to Bottom of Footing Again taken as 5.4 to coincide with the centroid of the horizontal reinforcement Determine Distance from Upper Ties to Top of Footing The ties coincide with the centroid of the #7 bars of the top mat of steel 4.9 from the top surface of the footing
No. 7 Bars z x
4.0 Clear Cover 4.9

No. 7 Bar
68

Place horizontal ties as was done for Load Case 1
y x z
Vertical ties are needed to carry the tensile loads and drilled-shaft reactions
69

Loads will tend to flow from the downward (compressive) forces to the nearest drilled shafts add diagonal struts
z
y x
Envision each set of vertical ties as a non-contact lap splice connect with a diagonal strut
70

Add a tension ring near the top of the footing to equilibrate the diagonal struts
y x z
71

Diagonal struts are needed to equilibrate the forces in the vertical ties
y x z
72

Remainder of the struts are placed to ensure
equilibrium at each node
Place struts in the plane of the upper horizontal ties to achieve equilibrium
y x
Place struts in the plane of the lower horizontal ties to achieve equilibrium
73

Performing a linear-elastic analysis of the chosen
STM results in the member forces shown

z y
x FA = 1026.8 k
FD = 1026.8 k
K A
D FB = 471.8 k
FC = 471.8 k
C
M R4 = 655.7 k
471.8 k
471.8 k
R1 = 655.7 k
100.7 k
I F R2 = 100.7 k
100.7 k
G R3 = 100.7 k
74

Define Load Case
75
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties
Determine reinforcement needed for horizontal ties along the top of the footing Tie LM has the largest force
FD D FB B FC C z y x N K FA A
L H
E R1 I F R2 J G R3 R4
Comparing the STMs for the 2 load cases, the forces in the bottom horizontal ties of Load Case 1 govern
76
Proportion Ties
Can the bars provided to satisfy the shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement requirement carry the tie force?

77
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties Bars Considered to Shrinkage and temperature Carry Force in Tie reinforcement is spaced at about y 11 (satisfies 12 limit)
Reinforcement considered to
x
carry the tie force are positioned directly above the drilled shafts
3 bars are needed 4 bars are
provided
Since the force in Tie LM was the
largest, enough bars are provided for all the ties along the top of the STM
s 11
78
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties
z y x N K FA A FB D FC C
471.8 k
FD
B
L
471.8 k
H R4
E R1
I
F R2
G R3
Forces in Ties BI and CJ govern for the current load case

79
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties Use #11 column bars
Longitudinal column reinforcement extended into
the footing can carry the tie forces
80
Proportion Ties
z y x N K FA A FB D FC C M FD
B
L
R1
100.7 k
R4 J
I
F R2
100.7 k
G R3
Reinforcement must be provided to carry forces in Ties FL and GM

81
Proportion Ties
Use the #9 bars of the drilled shafts
20 No. 9 Bars
82
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties All longitudinal bars within the drilled shafts will be extended into the footing
Only those properly anchored at Nodes L and M can be considered to carry the forces in Ties FL and GM
z y x N K FA A FB D FC C M FD
B
L
R1
100.7 k
R4 J
I
F R2
100.7 k
G R3
83
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties To maintain symmetry, the 4 bars indicated by circles will be considered to carry the forces in the ties must be properly anchored
4.00
20 No. 9 Bars No. 3 Spiral
Figure: Assumed Drilled-Shaft Reinforcement Layout
84

The proposed strength check procedure required the
compressive bearing forces to be checked
The bearing forces of Load Case 1 control
y x FA = 1026.8 k K A FD = 1026.8 k D FB = 471.8 k B L H E R1 = 655.7 k FC = 471.8 k N
C
R4 = 655.7 k
I F
G R3 = 100.7 k
R2 = 100.7 k
85

Satisfy shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement requirement per AASHTO LRFD Article 5.10.8

Necessary shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement was already determined when considering Load Case 1
86

Define Load Case
87

Proper anchorage was determine for all the ties
when Load Case 1 was considered with the exception of the horizontal ties along the top of the STM and Ties FL and GM
N K A D M
B L
H E
I F
88

Ties KL, LM, MN, and KN must be properly anchored
at Nodes K, L, M, and N
Nodes are smeared Diagonal struts will create large extended nodal zones
N K A D M
B L
H E
I F
89

Horizontal Ties
The critical development
z x
section is conservatively taken at the inner edge of the equivalent square area of the drilled shafts
Available Length = 51.3 > 26.6
3 Clear Cover
Critical Section
Providing a clear cover of 3
in., the use of straight bars is adequate to properly anchor the #7 bars
3.54 (42.5) 4.00
Section A-A
90

Vertical Ties Ties FL and GM should be anchored at Nodes L and M
Nodes L and M are smeared nodes geometry cannot be defined

N K A D M
B L
H E
I F
91

Vertical Ties Available length for development cannot be determined
Similar reasoning as used for Ties BI and CJ is applied
180-degree hooks will be used to anchor the 4 bars extending into the footing from the drilled shafts
180-degree hooks
4.00
ldh = 15.8 in.
92
Reinforcement Layout
Only considering the two load cases presented
y 16.00 x
180-Degree Hooks
16.00
90-Degree Hooks
Anchorage of Vertical Ties
93
7.50
No. 11 Bars A
5.00
4.0 Clear
No. 11 Bar No. 9 Bars (Only Hooked Bars are Shown) 0.33 0.75 0.33
1.67 1.67 13 Eq. Spa. = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars)
0.33
1.67 1.67
0.33 0.75
7 Eq. Spa. = 6.50 (No. 11 Bars) 16.00
13 Eq. Spa. = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars)
Elevation View (Main Reinforcement)
94
x A 3.0 Clear No. 7 Bars
4.0 Clear
5 Eq. Spa. = 4.05
(No. 7 Bars)
No. 7 Bars
No. 7 Bar
Location of No. 11 Bar of Bottom Mat
0.50
15 Eq. Spa. = 15.00 (No. 7 Bars)
0.50
Elevation View (Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement)
95
z
5.00
4.0 Clear
No. 11 Bar 0.75 10 Eq. Spa. = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars) 7 Eq. Spa. = 6.50 (No. 11 Bars)
10 Eq. Spa. = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars)
0.75
Section A-A (Main Reinforcement)

3.0 Clear No. 7 Bars
No. 7 Bars
4.0 Clear
z
No. 7 Bars
No. 7 Bar
Location of No. 11 Bar of Bottom Mat

0.50 15 Eq. Spa. = 15.00 (No. 7 Bars)
0.50
Section A-A (Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement)
96
y 16.00 0.50 x 0.50 0.75 0.75 15 Eq. Spa. = 15.00 (No. 7 Bars Side Face Reinforcement) 13 ES = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars) 7 Eq. Spa. = 6.50 (No. 11 Bars) 13 ES = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars) 0.50 0.75
15 Eq. Spa. = 15.00 (No. 7 Bars Side Face Reinforcement)
10 ES = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars)
7 Eq. Spa. = 6.50 (No. 11 Bars)
16.00
10 ES = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars)
0.50 0.75
Plan View (Bottom-Mat Reinforcement)
3.0 End Cover
97
y
16.00 17 Eq. Spa. = 15.26 (No. 7 Bars)

x 0.50 0.50 15 Eq. Spa. = 15.00 (No. 7 Bars Side Face Reinforcement) 0.50
15 Eq. Spa. = 15.00 (No. 7 Bars Side Face Reinforcement)
17 Eq. Spa. = 15.26 (No. 7 Bars)
16.00
4.0 Side Cover
0.50
Plan View (Top-Mat Reinforcement)
3.0 End Cover
98
References
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 5th ed., 2010. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2010. Adebar, Perry. Discussion of An evaluation of pile cap design methods in accordance with the Canadian design standard. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31.6 (2004): 1123-126. Adebar, Perry, and Luke (Zongyu) Zhou. Design of Deep Pile Caps by Strut-and-Tie Models. ACI Structural Journal 93.4 (1996): 437-48. Park, JungWoong, Daniel Kuchma, and Rafael Souza. Strength predictions of pile caps by a strut-and-tie model approach. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35.12 (2008): 1399-413. Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992, 768 pp. Texas Department of Transportation Bridge Design Manual - LRFD. Revised May 2009. Texas Department of Transportation, 2009. <http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/lrf/lrf.pdf>.
Windisch, Andor, Rafael Souza, Daniel Kuchma, JungWoong Park, and Tlio Bittencourt. Discussion of Adaptable Strut-and-Tie Model for Design and Verification of Four-Pile Caps. ACI Structural Journal 107.1 (2010): 119-20.
99

Example 4 - Drilled-Shaft Footing

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Example 4 - Drilled-Shaft Footing

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TxDOT Project 5-5253-01

Strut-and-Tie Model Design Examples for Bridges

design the drilled-shaft footing

Drilled-Shaft Footing Geometry

6.50 sDS = 10.50 L1 = 16.00

Drilled-Shaft Footing Geometry

Moment and axial force is transferred

between the column and the footing

Design Procedure for Bent Cap

Define Load Case

Perform Strength Checks Proportion Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Analyze Structural Component

Develop Strut-and-Tie Model

Provide Necessary Anchorage for Ties

Design Procedure for Bent Cap

Define Load Case

Perform Strength Checks Proportion Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Analyze Structural Component

Develop Strut-and-Tie Model

Provide Necessary Anchorage for Ties

Separate B- and D-Regions

Define Load Case 1

Analyze Structural Component

Analyze Structural Component

All drilled shafts are in compression

Analyze Structural Component

Moment and axial load must be converted into point

loads that can be applied to the STM

Analyze Structural Component

Start with determining the

2849 k 9507 k-ft

linear stress distribution at the interface between the B- and D-regions

Analyze Structural Component

Wcol = 7.50 x 12 No. 11 Bars 11 Equal Spaces

Locations of 4 point loads on the column section

Analyze Structural Component

the loads to act downward (compressive) and 2 to act upward (tensile)

(compressive) loads act at points A and D

Analyze Structural Component

y Wcol = 7.50 x 0.30

Analyze Structural Component

The 4 point loads must be equivalent to the

factored axial load and moment acting on the footing

Analyze Structural Component

Sum of loads acting at A and D

Sum of loads acting at B and C

Design Procedure for Bent Cap

Define Load Case

Perform Strength Checks Proportion Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Analyze Structural Component

Develop Strut-and-Tie Model

Provide Necessary Anchorage for Ties

Develop Strut-and-Tie Model

details of its development

Develop Strut-and-Tie Model

The distance from the tension ties to the bottom of

the footing is 5.4

5.4 No. 11 Bars 4.0 Clear Cover

Develop Strut-and-Tie Model

2004; Adebar and Zhou, 1996)

Develop Strut-and-Tie Model

3. Position strut based on the depth of the compression

stress block determined from a flexural analysis of the footing