Pharmacognostical Studies On Some Selected Medicinal Plants

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply indebted to Dr. M. Jegadeesan, M.Sc., Ph.D.
, Associate professor, Department of Siddha Medicine, Tamil University, Thanjavur, for suggesting the problem, his expert guidance, constant encouragement and constructive criticism, during the course of this study I am extremely grateful to Dr. K. Karunakaran, !ice "hancellor, Tamil University, Thanjavur for his encouragement and providing student fello#ship I record my sincere than$s to Dr. S. Prema, %rofessor and &ead, Department of Siddha Medicine, Tamil University, Thanjavur for encouragement and providing facilities I #ould li$e extending my heart'full than$s to the follo#ing for rendering various help for providing facilities for my #or$ Dr. J. Thakshinamur h!, Director, %addy %rocessing (esearch "enter, Thanjavur Mr. S. Kumara"e#, Scientist, %%(", Thanjavur Pr$%. G. &ic $r 'a(amanikam, &ead, Department of Industries and )arth Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur Dr. P. M$han, %ool *+cer, Dr. N. Angusam!, (esearch Assistant, and Mr. ' )d!a Ganesh, (esearch scholar, Department of Industries and )arth sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur Mr. G. S*amina han, )x M % , "hairman, %harm %roducts %vt ,td, Thanjavur Mr. '. Sekar, (-D )xecutive, %harm %roducts %vt ,td Thanjavur Mr. S. Gunasekaran, .uality "ontrol )xecutive, %harm %roducts %vt ,td, Thanjavur Dr. C. La+minarasimhan, %rofessor and &ead, Department of /otany, A ! ! M S % "ollege, %oondi ' 012342, Thanjavur Dr. S. ,a#akrishnan, S 5 ,ecturer, A ! ! MS % "ollege, %oondi'012342, Thanjavur Dr. '. Srini"asan, /otanical Survey of India, Southern "ircle, "oimbatore Mr. N. S*amina han, (ajendram Arcot, Thiruvaiyaru T 6 Thanjavur Mr. D. Kandasam!, Technical Assistant, %%(", Thanjavur Mr. G. Mani"e# and Mr. G. 'a(kumar, 5ardeners, &erbal 5arden, Department of Siddha Medicine, Tamil University, Thanjavur Mr. A. Shankara#ingam and Mr. D. &i(a!a-a#an, Subageetha %hotos and Mr. S. &aira"an, Deepam "olor ,ab, Thanjavur
Mr. T. Sen hi#, Ms J. Je!an hi, and Mr. S. Kannan, 6arthi$ "omputers and 7erox, Thanjavur I #ould li$e to register my special than$s to my co'research scholars, Ms. M. Kama#am, Ms G. San hi and Mr. J. Suresh Kumar, (esearch Scholars, Department of Siddha Medicine, Tamil University, Thanjavur for their unstinted support and help
.. /n r$duc i$n
Indian sub'continent is a rich source of plant and animal #ealth, #hich is due to its varied geographical and agro'climatic regions /esides it8s varied biodiversity, it has a diverse cultural heritage too Though at present Indian health care delivery consists of both traditional and modem systems of medicines, both organi9ed traditional systems of have been :ourishing #ell Ayurveda and Siddha are of Indian origin and accounted for
medicine li$e Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani and unorgani9ed systems li$e fol$ medicine about 04; health care delivery in general and <3; of rural Indian population depends on these traditional systems These t#o systems of medicine use plants, minerals, metals and animals as source of drugs, plants being the major source It is estimated that roughly 1344 plant species in Ayurveda and 1=44 plant species in Siddha have been used for drug use, about <344 plant species are recorded as medicinal plants >Anonymous, 1@@0B preparation >?ain, 1@A<, 6rishna$umar and Suresh$umar, 1@@3B In Indian fol$ medicine Though the Indian traditional systems of medicine are time'tested and practiced successfully from time immemorial, there is lac$ of standardi9ation #ith regard to identity of crude drugs, methods of preparation and Cuality of Dnished products
Textual variations exist among the innumerable literatures on traditional medicine on the constituents of a drug, methods of preparation and the names of medicinal plants Multitude of vernacular names of medicinal plants found in the literatures pose problems in identifying the correct botanical names of medicinal plants And, it is #orst confounded #ith the use of diEerent vernacular names, for the same plant, in diEerent localities in the country !ernacular names of some medicinal plants #hose botanical identity are not $no#n or ambiguous, Dnd place in standard formularies and pharmacopoeia >)xampleF 'Avilthol and 'Kiliyooral' have no botanical identity >Anonymous, 1@<=B and for the mentioned >Mu$erji, 1@32B Standardi9ation of herbal drugs is most desirable at this time #hen #orld' #ide interest
Sans$rit name 'Punarnava' t#o plants Trianthema portulacostrum, and Boerhaavia repens are
on herbal medicine has gained momentum /esides lac$ of standardi9ation, unscrupulous commercial practice of adulterating and substituting the genuine herbal drugs are posing great hurdle in populari9ing the time'tested herbal'based traditional medicine To achieve G&*8s proclamation of H&ealth for all by =444 ADH traditional medical systems have to be strengthened and populari9ed #ithin the shortest possible time Standardi9ation of herbal medicine has the $ey to achieve this aim
Pharmac$gn$s! 0 T$$# %$r S andardisa i$n1
The term pharmacognosy is derived from t#o 5ree$ #ords 8%harmacon8 meaning drug or medicine and 8gnosis8 $no#ledge " A Seydler Drst coined this term in his dissertation entitled 'Analecta pharmacognosia' in 1A@3 %harmacognosy is closely allied to medicine, developed during early nineteenth century as a branch of Materia Medica and applied biology It is a study of drugs having their origin in plant and animal $ingdom The subject pharmacognosy can also be expressed as an applied science that deals #ith biological, biochemical, therapeutic and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents Tyler et al >1@A1B deDned that in a broad sense, pharmacognosy embraces $no#ledge of the history, distribution, cultivation, collection, selection, preparation, commerce, identiDcation, evaluation, preservation and use of drugs and economic substances that aEects the health of men and other animals
In the earlier days, only the external morphological characters #ere used to identify a drug As late as the beginning of the present century, pharmacognosy had developed identiDcation of drugs both in their #hole state and in po#der form Modem aspects of their derivatives ,i$e other biological sciences, pharmacognosy has utili9ed related Delds to bridge the mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned #ith the description and pharmacognosy include not only the crude drugs but also their natural constituents and
transition from a descriptive science to a functional science !arious pharmacognostical methods are evolved to standardi9e crude drugs Therapeutic e+cacy of medicinal plants depends upon the Cuality and Cuantity of chemical constituents It has been established >Tyler et al , 1@A1B A plant species gro#n in diEerent geographical localities also sho# in biological compounds exists not only in species level but also in variety and cultivars that chemical constituents of a plant species vary Gith regard to climate and seasons Cuantitative variation in their chemical constituents >Mallavarapu et al , 1@@3B !ariation levels too Many varieties #ithin a species might sho# variations in histological and medicinal plants These variations might be climatic, altitudinal, geographical or genetical in nature Many varieties of medicinal plant species are found in nature Though e+cacious have been underta$en, little #or$ has been done on comparative analysis of of medicinal plants And to fulDll this gap, the present #or$ is underta$en #ith a vie# to pharmacognostical studies on individual medicinal plants, their constituents and their the variations in morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of varieties analy9e, similarities and dissimilarities in morphological, anatomical, microscopical,
phytochemical aspects These diEerences exist among varieties of commonly occurred
physicochemical and phytochemical characters of the follo#ing varieties of plants These plants are commonly available and medicinally useful in this geographical area and this eEectiveness of these varieties 1) Cissus quadrangularis a) Cissus quadrangularis , >SCuare'stemmed varietyB b) C. quadrangularis , >(ound'stemmed varietyB c) C. quadrangularis , >Ilat'stemmed varietyB ) Madhuca longifolia study #ould form a foundation for understanding the pharmacological and therapeutical
a) !adhuca longi"olia >6oen B Macbr var longi"olia b) !. longi"olia var. lati"olia >(oxb B A "heval
#) Basella alba
a) Basella al$a % var al$a Gight $) B. al$a %. var. ru$ra. >, B ? , Ste#art
2..1 Genera# In the
standardi9ation
of
drug,
organoleptical,
morphological,
anatomical,
physicochemical, phytochemical, >Cualitative and CuantitativeB and chromatographical methods are used
Morphological and anatomical characters play a vital role in crude drug standardi9ation Morphological characters involve si9e, arrangement, venation, texture, surface characters, mar$ings and hardness of the plant materials
As stated by Metcalfe and "hal$ >1@3<B, microscopical methods are often necessary to establish the botanical identity of commercial samples of medicinal plants, timbers, Dbers longitudinal and transverse sectional vie#s of the parts of the drug %lant based crude drugs #hose botanical identity is not $no#n are identiDed based on etc and may play an important part in chec$ing adulteration and substitution It involves
their morphological and anatomical characters %ar$ et al >1@@3B studied the mar$et samples of J!an Byung Cho' /ased on morphological and anatomical characters of leaf midrib and leaf lamina, he concluded that they belong to the leaves of &hododendron $rachycarpum and &. $rachycarpum var roseum Kamaji et al , >1@@2B after studying the anatomical characters of :o#er stal$ and xylem vessels of rhi9ome established that the drug 8'pang(&t)i*o(*o' is evolved from Pterocarpus hoo+eri Mehrotra and Sharma >1@ALB
analy9e the various mar$et samples of the Ayurvedic drug ''appan' and compare #ith its genuine drug Caesalpinia sappan Using morphological and anatomical parameters, they establish the genuineness of the drug
*rganoleptical characters play an important role in the identiDcation of crude drugs In this method, the color, fractures, taste and smell of the drugs are characteri9ed "ha$raborti et al >1@AAB studied the stem bar$s of 'trychnos nu,(vomica and '. potatorum, and distinguished the authenticity of '-u,(vomica' bar$ from other bar$s Shah and 6hanna >1@01B distinguish the fruits of .m$elia ri$es #ith its grayish blac$ color and #arty surfaces #ith that of .. ro$usta, #hich has reddish, longitudinally #rin$led surface and more prominent calyx #ith Dve sepals
%o#der microscopy is another parameter used to identify and distinguish the drug from its substitutes and adulterants Ior example, %atel and Sata$opan >1@<@B distinguish 'araca aso+a bar$ from its adulterants by the analysis of the po#der and put fourth a $ey
for the identiDcation of the 'Aso+a' bar$ po#der Srivastava and Srivastava >1@AAB identiDed the adulterants of Catharanthus roseus, by the analysis of po#dered drug %hysicochemical and phytochemical studies include ash value, solubility and extractive Thomas >1@<4B distinguish the leaves of Adhatoda vasica and its adulterant Ailanthus e,celsa based on the palisade ratio and anatomical characters of leaf and petiole !ucuna cochinchinensis is the adulterant of the Unani drug 'Karan/' >5enuineF Pongamia other pharmacognostical parameters .uantitative estimation of major phytochemical constituents of a drug is another parameter ,iu et al >1@@2B estimate the al$aloid content of three species of Phellodendron and distinguish them #ith one another based on Cuantity of al$aloid and texture and color of the herbs
values and Cualitative and Cuantitative analysis of phytochemicals Sata$opan and
PinnataB &asmi and Singh >1@@1@@=B concluded that the percentage of al$aloids content of .phedra sinica is dependent upon the season and geographical locality in #hich the plant is gro#n Dragur and Menary >1@@=B proved that the oil yield of 0learia phlogopappa is higher in summer months than in autumn Mallavarupu et al , 1@@3, estimate the that the plants gro#n in &yderabad are having more oil percentage than that in the plants gro#n in /angalore 6hatoon et al >1@@2B used T," Dnger printing techniCue and identify that the mar$et samples '&atan/ot' is derived from Arne$ia nohilis essential oil content of Cinnamomum )eylanicum gro#n in diEerent localities It #as found
Asif and ShaDullah >1@@2B analy9ed 1<3 herbal drugs #ith Infrared spectrum and evolved a method for chec$ing the purity of herbal drugs Mitra et al >1@<0B after careful characters in rhi9ome of red and #hite varieties of -elum$o nuci"era. Abdurahman et al pharmacognostical characters Scanning electron microscopical >S)MB studies are also useful in the identiDcation of pharmacognostical study stated that no diEerence #as found in the macro and micro >1@@0B tried to distinguish the t#o varieties of lrvingia ga$onensis based on their
crude drugs even at the variety level Mehrotra and Shome >1@@2B #ere able to
diEerentiate the red :o#ered variety #ith the #hite :o#ered variety of -. nuci"era, by S)M studies of petals
DMA Dngerprinting is a latest tool to identify the crude drugs "ao et al >1@@0B prove that the drug 'Ku(*i(*an' sold in Tai#an, &ong$ong and Macan mar$ets is derived from random ampliDed polymorphic DMA he is able to pinpoint its botanical identity 2.2 Cissus quadrangularis .lephantopus sca$er , Gith the use of artibitry primed polymerase chain reaction and
Morphological features of C. quadrangularis1 specimen collected during :oristic surveys in various geographical areas have been described >5amble, 1@0<, &oo$er, 1@<A, 5ileslal >1@A4B also describe the species along #ith its medicinal uses Though, in all the above and ,ivingstone, 1@<A, Matthe#, 1@A2 and Mair and &enry, 1@A2B 6irti$ar and /asu #or$s, most of the morphological characters described are in consonance, discrepancy occurs #ith regard to nature of tendril and season of :o#ering Matthe# >1@A2B observed and /asu >1@A4B described the tendrils long and slender Ilo#ering season of C. quadrangularis1 #as observed as ?uly ' December >5ileslal and ,ivingstone, 1@<AB that tendrils are for$ed or not and stout and :o#ers are seen throughout the year 6irti$ar
Metcalfe and "hal$ >1@31@3@B described the anatomical characters of stem of C. quadrangularis. ?anardhanan et al >1@A1B studied epidermal and stomatal cells of C. young stem, leaves and tendrils It is to be noted that in all the botanical studies on C. quadrangularis, occurrence of varieties or variants has not been recorded &o#ever, 6umbhoj$ar et al >1@@1B in their ethnobotanical #or$ has noted the occurrence of round'stemmed and :at'stemmed stemmedB has been collected by Srinivasan and deposited at /otanical Survey of India >/SIB, "oimbatore >M& M* 02030 and 0A0ALB
quadrangularis They observed the occurrence of pearl glands on vigorously gro#ing
cultivars of C. quadrangularis A specimen of C. quadrangularis, #ith #ingless stem >round'
Siddha literatures are abounding #ith various types of 'Pirandai' >!ernacular name of C. quadrangularis In a compilation of vernacular names of herbs and trees, Mathayan and "hitraputtran >1@Afour angled or sCuare stemmedB as C. quadrangularis, 'Pulippirandai'
>acrid tasteB as C. setosa and ''empirandai' >red coloredB as C. vitiginea Murugesamudaliar >1@AAB has mentioned seven types of 'Pirandai' They are '0laippirandai' >t#o sidedB, '2ruttuppirandai' >roundB, '!uppirandai' >three sidedB, ''adurappirandai' >four sidedB, 'Kalippirandai', 'Teempirandai' >s#eetishB, and 'Pulippirandai' >acrid tasteB %rema >1@A@B has >three sidedB, 'Coppirandai' 'Kalippirandai', 'Kaattuppirandai' >#ildB, ''empirandai' >reddishB, 'Teempirandai' >s#eetishB, 'Pulippirandai' >acrid tasteB, '-aatuppirandai' >available in the plainB and 'Pirandai' mentioned ten types of 'Pirandai' They are '-aanmugappirandai' >four sidedB, '!uppirandai'
Garrier et al >1@@LB noted that t#o'sided variety of C. quadrangularis, is found in gardens Singh and Arora >1@<AB mentioned that 'Birandai' is edible and '!arol' is non' edible Stem, stem juice, young shoots and total ash from young shoots C. quadrangularis, are medicinally useful >"hopra et al 1@30, 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4 and Anonymous, 1@<0B
)thnobotanical uses of the herb for bone fracture, intestine #orm control, #hooping cough and as curries have been compiled by Anonymous >1@42B, .uisumbing >1@31B, Ahmed >1@3<B, Mahato and Mahato >1@@0B, /ur$il >1@00B, )I &amidi >1@<4B, 6urup et Sarin >1@A@B, /hat et al >1@@4B, Magarjun and (ao >1@@4B 6han et al >1@@1B, 5oel et al >1@@LB and 5irace et al >1@@LB Iracture healing mechanism of the herb is studied by %rasad and Udupa >1@02, 1@<4 and 1@<=B, Udupa and %rasad >1@0L and 1@ALB Udupa et al >1@03B, %rasad et al >1@<4B, studied by Das and Sanyal >1@0LB, Subbu >1@0A, 1@<4 and 1@<1B and /alachandran et al >1@@1B ,D 34 of extract of aerial parts of C. quadrangularis #as observed as 1444 mgN$g "hopra et al >1@<0B and %radhan >1@@LB *ther pharmacological actions of the plant are al >1@<@B, %al >1@A4B, (ao >1@A4B, Anonymous >1@A0B ?ain >1@A@B, (eddy et al >1@A@B,
>/ha$uni et al , 1@0@B and that of stem extract #as 0A1 mg N$g >Dha#an et al , 1@A4B Sivasamy et al >1@@1B studied the positive eEect of mutagenic activity of the fruit of C. quadrangularis, against various strains of 'almonella typhimurium Alcoholic extract of aerial parts of C. quadrangularis #as tested for insecticidal property against !usca domestica and Tri$olium castaneum, but found inactive >Atal et al , 1@<AB Antimolluscidal activity of leaf extract >alcoholicB #as tested against Biomphalaria p"e34eri and Bulinus truncatus but #ith negative results >Abdel'A9i9 et al , 1@@4B
!itamin " concentration of shoots and leaves of, C. quadrangularis, is CuantiDed as 2@ mgN144 gm and that of fresh juice as L<1 mgN144 gm >Anonymous, 1@34B %resence of al >1@ALB, %luemjai and Saifah >1@A0B and 5upta and !enna >1@@4 and 1@@1B 2.3. Madhuca longifolia Morphological characters of !adhuca longi"olia, var lati"olia and !. longi"olia, var longi"olia are described in various Iloras and treatises of medicinal plants >Mu$erji, 1@32, Anonymous, 1@0=, 5amble, 1@0<, 5ileslal and ,ivingstone, 1@<A, 6urup et al 1@<@, 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4,Matthe#, 1@A2, &enry et al , 1@A< and ?ain, 1@@0B The t#o varieties sho# variation in the color of the bar$, number of anthers and seeds &o#ever, there is no conformity in the descriptions of these characteristic features in the various treatises /ar$ of Bassia lati"olia is described as gray colored and that of B. longi"olia as dar$ yello#ish gray in 5amble >1@0<B, but as dar$ colored in !. lati"olia and dar$ bro#n in !. longi"olia in Mu$erji >1@32B, Anonymous, >1@0=B and 6irti$ar and /asu >1@A4B Mumber of anthers in !. lati"olia is variously given, 10 anthers roughly in 2 ro#s >Matthe#, 1@A2B, and =4'24 in 2 series >Mu$erji, 1@32, and 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4B In 10'=4 in = ro#s >Mu$erji, 1@32 and 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4B Discrepancies also exist in the descriptions as to the number of seeds in a fruit, = in !. lati"olia and one in !. and 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4B longi"olia Matthe#, 1@A2B and 1'L in !. lati"olia and 1'= in var longi"olia >Mu$erji, 1@32 !. longi"olia also the number of anthers are given as 1A in = series >Matthe#, 1@A2B, and steroids #as identiDed by Sen >1@0L and 1@00B Triterpenoids #ere isolated by /hutani et
Anatomical characters of the members of the family Sapotaceae are described by Metcalfe and "hal$ >1@31@@=B studied the plants associated #ith !adhuca sp , in /irbhum district of Gest /engal ,iterature on Siddha medicine mentions 2 types of '5lluppai' >Tamil vernacular name for !adhuca sp B namely '5lluppai'1
''eemaiillupai' >exoticB and '+aattuilluppai' >#ildB >%rema, 1@A@B !adhuca sp is medicinally and commercially useful The plant parts li$e stem bar$, corolla lobes, seeds and seed oil are used in diabetes, burns, scalds, bronchitis, rheumatism, cough, piles, galactagogue laxative, insecticidal and piscicidal properties >Mu$erji, 1@32, "hopra, et al , 1@30, s$in diseases, tonsillitis, stomach'ache, aphrodisiac and respiratory diseases and have Anonymous, 1@0=, 6urup et al , 1@<@, 6irti$ar and /asll, 1@A4, Anonymous, 1@A0, Murugesamudaliar, 1@AA, Garrier et al , 1@@L, ?ain, 1@@0 and &ill, 1@@0B According to Tribal "o'operative Mar$eting Development Iederation of India ,imited, the production the oil ca$e of !adhuca sp , as fertili9er and found that it is moderately immobili9ed
of oil from seeds of '!ahua' is 1<1 MTNyear in India >?osh, 1@@2B &ulagu, >1@@2B used
)thnobotanical studies on !. longi"olia and !. lati"olia are reported by ?ain and Suri, 1@A4, Ainslie, 1@AL, "handra et al , 1@A3, &ajra, 1@A<, Sarin, 1@A@, ,ahan$ar, 1@@1, Si$ar#ar, 1@@=, ?ain and Shall, 1@@2, /uIll, 1@@L, 5oel, et al , 1@@L, Singh, 1@@La, Migam and Misra, 1@@L, Sinha, 1@@L, Mahes#ari, 1@@3, /ajpayee and Dixit, 1@@0, /anerji and %al, 1@@0, 5oud and %ullaiah, 1@@0, 6hanna et al , 1@@0, (eddy et al , 1@@0, Saini, 1@@0, Sam#atsar and and Di#aiKi, 1@@0 and Sharma, 1@@< Singh >1@@L bB suggested the %arganas of /ihar Dolui >1@AA a and bB found that the fat prepared from oil of !adhuca sp is a promising suppository base in drug preparation Alam et al >1@A2B substituted the :o#ers of Madhuca instead of '*hata+i' :o#ers in the preparation of '!usta+arishta' Saxena et al >1@@=B identiDed that the oil of M indica is one of the ingredients of 'Ku$/a Prasavini Taila' Uniyal >1@@2 aB found that ''thal !adhu+' derived from ! indica Uniyal >1@@2 bB Aisandra hutyracae The oil of !adhuca sp contains oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and myristic acid, seeds contain mor#in and :o#ers have invert sugars and cane sugar >Mu$erji, 1@32B Triterpenoids are identiDed from seed $emals >Mitra and A#asthi, 1@0=B, nut shells and fruits >A#asthi and Mitra, 1@0A#asthi and Mitra, 1@0AB of !. lati"olia Ilavonoids are isolated from fresh leaves >Subramanian and Mair, 1@<=B saponins from defatted seeds >&ariharan et al , 1@<=B and leaves >/anerji et al , 1@A3B and sterols from seed oil >/hargava and Singh, 1@3A and Singh, 1@3@B of !. lati"olia /hatnager et al >1@<=B identiDed triterpene esters and oleanolic acid and palmitate from leaves and 6itaga#a et al >1@<AB identiDed a '!i saponin C' from seed $ernels of !. longi"olia by (ao >1@@=B The :uoride content in fruits of !. longi"olia is estimated to be 4 = ppm >Mandha, 1@<=B estimated the calcium, phosphorus, vitamin ", iron and carotene in the :o#er of "hemical and biological aspects of polysaccharides from :o#ers of ! indica are reported identiDed that '!adho+' is having t#o types, '!ahua' is the ! indica and '!adhupuspi' is methods for natural conservation of !. longi"olia #hich have ethnic8va1ue in Santhal
Daniel et al >1@<AB CuantiDed the tannins >L A0;B in leaves 5opalan et al >1@ALB !. longi"olia as L3 mg, == mg, 141 mg, L4 mg and 24< gNl** gm respectively The seed ca$e of !. lati"olia contains mar#in >Murthy et al , 1@@1B Atal et al >1@<AB reported that the stem bar$ of !. indica is devoid of tannins
Atal et al >1@<AB found that the extract of stem bar$ of !. longi"olia have anti'insecticidal property against house:y *il of !adhuca sp has anti'insecticidal activity against Callosohruchus cinensis >"hander and Ahmed, 1@A0 and Ali et al C. macultatus >?adhav and ?adhav, 1@ALB The oil is also active against !eloidogyne incognita >,anje#ar and Shu$la, 1@A0B and for common pests of various crops and ornamentals >Sounderrajan and Mimbisan, 1@@2B 6atole et al >1@@0B reported that, '!ahua' oil is ineEective against citrus blac$ :y nymphs #hen compared to monocrotophos, phosalare and neem oil 1@A2B and
*il ca$e of !adhuca sp are found to be highly deleterious to the nematodes li$e !eloidogyne incognita1 &otylenchulus reni"ormis and Tylenchorhynchus hrassicae >Alam et al , 1@A=B, control the population of &. reni"ormis >%atel and %atel, 1@@=B, inhibit gall formation of !. incognita >5os#ami and !ijayala$shmi, 1@A0B inhibit !eloidogyne sp population >Alam, 1@A@B and #hen applied #ith porate 145 inhibit !eloidogyne sp population >Sundarababu and !adivelu, 1@A@B %admanaban and Daniel >1@@2B used the found active at =LL4 A1 $gNha, but inactive for larval emergence from the egg sacs of cyst nematodes #hen compared to neem and sa# dust >Devi and 5upta, 1@@3B Mahajan et al Paratelpusa /acquemontii >(uthdumB #hen exposed to defatted oil ca$es of ! indica. >1@@LB found signiDcant raise in organic and inorganic constituents of fresh #ater crab,
oil ca$e of !.indica against grubs of arecanut coc$chafer and %eucopholis lepidophora and
Seed oil of !. lati"olia is inactive against !arophomia phaseolina in co#pea >(atnoo and /hatnagar, 1@@2B and seed $ernal is inactive against yello# mosaic virus in blac$ gram disease virus and vaccinia virus >/ha$uni et al , 1@0@B Stem bar$ extract of M indica is inactive against Bacillus suhtilis1 'taphylococcus aureus1 properties against Candida alhicans1 Cryptococcus neo"ormans1 Trichophyton mentagrophytes1 >Mariappan et al , 1@A/ha$uni et al , 1@0@B The methanolic extracts of :o#ers, leaves, stem and stem bar$ of !. longi"olia have been reported to possess antibacterial activity against Bacillus anthracis1 B. pumilus1 B. suhtilis1 'almonella paratyphi1 6ihrio cholerae1 7anthomonas campestris and 7 malvacearum >Trivedi et al , 1@A4B %asmer #hen malathion and oil #ere tested at 1F1 and 1F3 levels Alam et al >1@ALB studied the from external sources
and Datta >1@AAB reported that the oil of !. lati"olia has synergistic action #ith malathion micro:ora of corolla lobes and found that the microbe responsible for fermentation is
34; alcoholic extract of stem bar$ of M indica reveal hypotensive activity and devoid of diuretic and anticancer property and ,D 34' #as 1444 mgl$g i p in albino mice >/ha$uni et al 1@0@B Seed saponins of !. longi"olia are reported to have spermicidal activity at = 4; concentration >Shetty et al , 1@<0B and anti'in:ammatory property >Kamahara et al , spermicidal activity at 4 42; concentration 1@<@B &o#ever, /anerji et al >1@<@B reported that seed saponin of !. lati"olia has cardiovascular activity and haemolytic activity >/aneIji et al , 1@A1B but have cholinergic activity >Mul$y and 5andhi, 1@</aneIji, et al , 1@A3B %yne et al >1@A1B reported that the seed ca$e of !. indica had no ill eEect in the health of mil$ murrah buEaloes #hen added up to 13; in their diet, but "herian et al >1@@0B found that it is unpalatable to rats !arma and Singh >1@<AB suggested to use desaponiDed seed ca$e as cattle feed (out and Das >1@@2B made tissue culture studies on !. longi"olia var lati"olia &e successfully transferred the regenerated plantlets to soil 2.4. Basella alba Morphological characters of Basella al$a , >Syn B. ru$raB are described by Anonymous >1@LAB, Sharma >1@01B 5amble >1@0<B, 6irti$ar and /asu >1@A4B, &oo$er >1@<AB, Mattlle# >1@A2B and Garrier et al >1@@LB All these treatises, B. al$a and B. ru$ra are treated as synonyms and describe the color of the :o#ers as #hite or red &enry et al green variety is B. al$a var al$a and purple variety is B. al$a var ru$ra >1@A1@31@01B Murugesamudaliar >1@AAB and %rema >1@A@B mention the presence of t#o types of 86odippasali8 ' #hite colored vine and red colored vine B. al$a is economically useful as food and dye and in medicine It is used as diuretic,
aphrodisiac and antipyetic and in gonorrhoea, balanitis, urticaria, constipation of children and pregnent #omen, leprosy, dysentery, laxative, ulcer, and burns >Anonymous, 1@LA, "hopra et al , 1@30, 5amble, 1@0<, 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4, Anonymous, 1@A0, Murugesamudaliar, 1@AA, Garrier et al , 1@@L, ?ha, 1@@0, Saini, 1@@0B
)tlmobotanical uses of B. al$a for cold, rheumatism, boils and blisters, dysentry and constipation are recorded by Singh and Anand >1@@LB, !is#anathan >1@@3B, 5urib'Ia$inl et al >1@@0B and 6ham1a, et al >1@@0bB Alam >1@A1B reported that B. al$a is a host of the root'$not nematode Meloidogyne incognita Suriachandraselvan and Marayanasamy, >1@AAB have successfully controlled the potato virus 8K8 infection in chilli #ith the leaf extract of B. ru$ra. Atal et al , >1@<AB found that the alcoholic extract of / ru$ra have anti'insecticidal activity against !usca domestica and Tri$olium casteneum.
B. ru$ra contains proteins, calcium, iron, vitamin A, / and /= >Anonymous, 1@LAB and devoid of tannins >Atal et al , 1@<AB
3... C$##ec i$n $% 5#an ma eria#s
%lant parts of !adhuca longi"olia #ere collected from =3'24 year old trees, from a temple' o#ned grove, in a village, (ajendrum Arcot of Thanjavur district, Tamilnadu Basella al$a Tamil University, Thanjavur "ollected plant specimens #ere identiDed #ith the use of local Iloras vi9 5amble >1@01@A2B Identity of plant specimens #as conDrmed in consultation #ith /otanical Survey of India >/SIB "oimbatore Identity of !ariant II of C. quadrangularis #as conDrmed by the use of herbarium sheets available at /SI, "oimbatore >Sheets MoF M& Mo 02030 and M) Mo 0A0ALB 3.2. Ana $mica# me h$ds
"ollected plant parts #ere Dxed in IAA >@3; )thyl alcohol 34 parts O 5lacial acetic acid 3 parts O Iormalian 14 parts O Distilled #ater 23 partsB in the Deld itself Iree'hand sections para+n embedded sections and macerations #ere employed #herever necessary Dra#ings #ere made #ith the use of prism type camera ,ucida and microphotographs
#ere ta$en using ,eit9'*rthoplan microscope "alcium oxalates #ere photographed #ith polari9ed light in the same microscope Micro'measurements #ere made by calibrating a stage micrometer #ith ocular micrometer
Iixed plant parts #ere dehydrated in M'butyl alcohol >M/AB or tertiary butyl alcohol >T/AB series M/A dehydration series #as prepared as follo#sF S#. N$. E h!# A#c$h$# m# N,A m# Dis i##ed *a er m# Time in h$urs . 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 =4 =3 24 24 =3 =4 13 '' 14 13 =3 L4 33 <4 A3 144 <4 04 L3 24 =4 14 '' '' 1 1 1 1 = = = =
T/A dehydration series #as prepared as follo#sF
S.. N$ . 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
Dis i##ed Wa er /n m# 34 24 13 '' '' '' '' ''
T,A in m# 14 =4 23 33 <3 144 144 144
E h!# A#c$h$# :6; E h!# A#c$h$# /n m# L4 34 34 L3 '' '' '' '' .<<; m# '' '' '' '' =3 '' '' ''
Times in h$urs = 1= 1 1 1 1 1= 1
Dehydrated materials #ere inDltrated at 33'04P " and embedded in para+n #ax of using a rotary microtome &aupt8s adhesive #ith formalin >L;B #as used for a+xing the para+n sections on the slides 3.61 1 = Genera# S aining Toluidine /lue 848
melting point 30'3AP" Transverse and longitudinal sections #ere cut at 3'13 thic$nesses
The staining schedules follo#ed #ere, Safranin 8a8 and Iast 5reen 8I"I8
3.6..1 T$#uidine ,#ue =<=
DiEerential staining of sections #as achieved #ithout removing the para+n by using 4 43; toluidine blue in #ater After staining and #ashing in distilled #ater, the slides #ere dried, de'#axed in xylene and mounted in D%7 3.6.21 Sa%ranin =<= and >as Green =>C>= = =3 gm of safranin #as dissolved in ==3 ml of @3; alcohol *ne gm of fast green #as dissolved in a mixture of clove oil and absolute alcohol >in the ratio of <3F=3B The de' #axed slides #ere stained in safranin for su+cient time and #ashed in alcohol until the excess stain #as removed Then the slides #ere stained in fast green and diEerentiated in clove oil and alcohol The slides #ere brought do#n to xylene and mounted in D%7 3.71 ?is $chemica# s ains
3.7..1 Ph#$r$g#ucin$#
This stain #as used to locali9e ligniDed cells Sectioned plant parts #ere :ooded in 1 ;
solution of phloroglucinol in ethanol for 1'= minutes )xcess stain #as drained oE To this fe# drops of &"I #as added It #as added and excess &"I #as drained oE It #as mounted in #ee$ glycerin and observed 3.7.21 >erric ch#$ride ,ocali9ation of tannin #as achieved by use of ferric chloride Sectioned materials #ere $ept in 14; formalin containing =; ferric chloride Stained sections #ere #ashed and mounted in #ater 3.7.31 /$dine @ P$ assium /$dide
It #as used to stain starch grains in the cells = gm of potassium iodide and 4 = gm of iodine #as dissolved in 144 ml of #ater and used as reagent Sections of plant materials #ere mounted in the above reagent and observed 3.7.41 Sudan -#ack =,= Sudan blac$ 8/8 #as used to identify oil content in the cells Sections of plant materials #ere soa$ed in 34; ethanol and then in Sudan blac$ 8/8 dissolved in <4; ethanol The sections #ere diEerentiated in 34; ethanol for one minute and observed 3.81 Macera i$n
?eErey8s maceration method #as adopted Small pieces of specimens not more than one nun in thic$ness #ere $ept in a solution of eCual parts of 14; chromic acid and 14; nitric acid for overnight or until the materials became8 mushy8 in texture and stained tissues #ere spread on slides and mounted in glycerin for observation 3.91 Auan i a i"e micr$sc$5! %eelings of upper and lo#er leaf epidermal layers #ere used for calculating the stomatal index ,eaf segments of = 7 14 mm in si9e #ere soa$ed in sodium hypochlorite solution, until they got bleached These bleached materials #ere used for calculating the palisade observed in these materials and measured 3.:1 Ana#! ica# Me h$ds After maceration, the tissues #ere #ashed in #ater and stained #ith safranin The macerated
ratio, vein islet number and vein termination number "alcium oxalate crystals #ere also
The procedures recommended in Indian %harmacopoeia >1@00B #ere follo#ed for calculating total ash, acid'insoluble ash, loss on drying at 114P" and alcohol and #ater'
soluble extractive percentages The percentage of extractive value in diEerent solvents petroleum ether >04'A4P"B, ben9ene, chloroform, alcohol and #ater 3.:..1 Pre5ara i$n $% 5$*der
#as calculated by successive extraction of the sample in a soxhlet extractor #ith
The necessary plant parts #ere collected and dried under shade These dried materials #ere mechanically po#dered after $eeping them in an oven at 23P" for =L hours These :uorescent analysis 3.:.21 T$ a# Ash po#dered materials #ere used for further physicochemical, phytochemical and
3 gm of plant po#der #as ignited in an electric furnace at 044P" in silica crucible until the sample reaches a constant #eight 3.:.31 Acid @ /ns$#u-#e Ash &a#ue
Total ash obtained #as heated #ith addition of =3 ml of dilute &"l for 14 minutes It #as Dltered in an ash'less Dlter paper >Ghatman Mo L1B and the residue #as ignited in the furnace to get a constant #eight 3.:.41 L$ss $n dr!ing Ireshly collected and pre'#eighed samples #ere dried in an electric oven at 114P" until reaching a constant #eight
3.:.61 S$#u-i#i ! 5ercen age in A#c$h$# 3 gm of po#dered material along #ith 144 ml of alcohol are sha$en #ell occasionally for #as concentrated in a vacuum oven and the percentage #as calculated #ith the #eight of the drug po#der ta$en the Drst 0 hours and $ept undisturbed for 1A hours The liCueDed extract thus obtained
3.:.71 S$#u-i#i ! 5ercen age in A#c$h$# The procedure adopted for solubility percentage of alcohol is used #ith chlorofonn #ater instead of alcohol to get the #ater solubility percentage 3..<1P$*der Ana#!sis Iluorescent analysis #as carried out by using the method of "hase and %ratt, 1@L@ mentioned by 6ay >1@2AB and ?ohansen >1@L4B /ehavior of po#dered plant materials #ith diEerent chemical reagents #as carried out as
3...1Aua#i a i"e 5h! $chemica# s udies .ualitative phytochemical analyses #ere done using the procedures of 6o$ate >1@@LB mucilageQs #ere Cualitatively analy9ed Shinoda8s test #as follo#ed to analy9e :avonoids 3.....1 A#ka#$ids Al$aloids, carbohydrates, tannins and phenols, Dxed oils and fats, saponins and gums and
The extracts #ere dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid and Dltered The Dltrate #as treated #ith Mayer8s, Dragendorfrs, &ager8s and Gagner8s reagents separately Appearance of cream, orange bro#n, yello# and reddish bro#n precipitates in response to the above reagents respectively indicate the presence of al$aloids 3....21 Car-$h!dra es
244 gm of aCueous and alcoholic extracts #ere dissolved in #ater and Dltered The Dltrate #as treated #ith concentrated sulphuric acid and then #ith Molisch8s reagent Appearance of pin$ to violet color indicates the presence of carbohydrates The Dltrate #as boiled #ith Iehling8s and #ith /enedict8s solutions Ionnation of bric$ red precipitate in Iehling8s and /enedict8s solutions is the positive result for reducing sugars and non'reducing sugars respectively 3....31 Tannins and 5hen$#s
Small Cuantity of alcoholic and aCueous extracts #as dissolved in #ater and to that ferric chloride solution >3;B or gelatin solution >1;B or lead acetate solution >14;B #as added indicates the presence of tannins and phenols 3....41 >#a"$n$ids Appearance of blue color #ith ferric chloride or precipitation #ith other reagents
The extract #ith fe# ml of alcohol #as heated #ith magnesium and then concentrated hydrochloric acid #as added under cooling Appearance of pin$ color indicates the presence of :avonoids 3....61
Gums and Muci#ageBs
About 14 ml of extract #as slo#ly added to =3 ml of absolute alcohol #ith constant stirring %recipitation indicates the presence of gums and mucilageQs 3....71 >i+ed $i#s and %a s
A drop of concentrated extract #as pressed in'bet#een t#o Dlter papers and $ept undisturbed *il stains on the paper indicate the presence of oils and fats 3....81 Sa5$nins
About one ml of the alcoholic and aCueous extracts #ere dissolved separately in =4 ml of #ater and shac$ed in a graduated cylinder for 13 minutes Iormation of one cm layer oEoam indicates the presence of saponins 3..21Auan i a i"e 5h! $chemica# es s 3..2..1 1@A4B 1 = 2 L 3 0 <
Es ima i$n $% Asc$r-ic acid $r &i amin =C=
Ascorbic acid or vitamin 8"8 is estimated follo#ing the procedure in A*A" >Anonymous, 'eagen s
O+a#ic acid1 L ; concentration in #ater Su#5huric acid1 4 3 M solutions Thi$ urea1 14; concentration in #ater DNP?1 = ; concentration #as prepared by dissolving = gm of dinitrophenyl Su#5huric acid1 A4 ; concentration in #ater
hydroxine in 144 ml of 4 3 M sulphuric acid and Dltered
,r$mine *a er1 Ie# drops of liCuid bromine #as dissolved in #ater under S andard s$#u i$n1 144 mg of ascorbic acid #as dissolved in 144 ml of L; oxalic
cooling
acid in a standard :as$ Gor$ing standard #as prepared by dissolving 14 ml of standard
solution #ith @4 ml of L; oxalic acid The concentration #as 144 mgNml It #as converted to dehydro' form by adding bromine #ater Ghen it turns orange in color, it #as blo#n #ith air and the excess of bromine #as removed S andard Cur"e DiEerent aliCuots >4 = to = mlB of dehydro' form of #or$ing standard #as ta$en in test tubes and their volume #as made to 2 ml #ith #ater To each tube #as added 1 ml of DM%& and 1 or = drops of thio urea The tubes #ere incubated at 2<P" for 2 hours After
incubation the orange'red oxa9one crystals formed #as dissolved by adding < ml of A4; sulphuric acid The absorbance #as measured at 3L4 urn and a standard grape #as plotted
Sam5#e 5re5ara i$n
4 3 gm of sample #as ground #ell in a pestle and mortar #ith oxalic acid and Dltered The Dltrate #as made'up to $no#n volume #ith oxalic acid 6no#n volume of >14 mlB standard Es ima i$n in sam5#e the above #as changed to dehydro form using the procedure adopted for #or$ing
Dehydro'form of sample #as ta$en in aliCuots and preceded as for plotting the standard curve The absorbance #as compared #ith the standard grape and the percentage of ascorbic acid #as calculated 3..2.21 1@A4B
Es ima i$n $% Tannins
)stimation of tannins #as carried out by using Iolin'Denis reagent >Anonymous,
'eagen s 1 phosphomolybdic acid and 34 ml of A3; phosphoric acid #ere added The #hole mixture #as re:uxed for = hours It #as cooled and diluted to 1444 mI = >$#in@Denis reagen 1 To <34 ml of #ater 144 gm of sodium tungstate, =4 gm of
Sa ura ed s$dium car-$na e s$#u i$n1 23 gm of anhydrous sodium carbonate
#as dissolved in 144 ml of #ater at <4'A4" and cooled for overnight "lear liCuid #as decanted and used 2 S andard s$#u i$n1 144 mg of tannic acid #as dissolved in 1444 ml of #ater
Iresh solutions #ere prepared for each test Pre5ara i$n $% sam5#e
3 gm of sample #as boiled #ith L44 ml of #ater for 24 minutes The extract #as cooled and transferred to 344 ml :as$ and made'up the volume Pre5ara i$n $% s andard cur"e 14 ml of standard solution #as made up to 144 ml #ith distilled #ater 1'14 ml aliCuots carbonate solution #ere added to each tube )ach tube #as leveled to 14 ml #ith distilled minutes and read at <04 nm against reagent blan$ #ere ta$en in clear test tubes 4 3 ml of Iolin'Denis reagent and one ml of sodium #ater All the reagents in each tube #ere mixed #ell, $ept undisturbed for about 24
Es ima i$n in sam5#e
An aliCuot of the sample extract containing not more than 4 1 mg of tannic acid #as used and the percentage of tannin #as determined Ca#cu#a i$n Tannin s tannic mg of tannic acid 7 dilution 7 144 color 7 Geight of sample ta$en 7 1444
as R SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ml development 3..2.31 of sample ta$en for
acid ;
%henol #as estimated using the method of /ray and Thorpe, 1@3L 'eagen s 1 = 2 supplier >$#in@Ci$ca# eau reagen 1 Standard .ualigens reagent #as bought from scientiDc S$dium car-$na e s$#u i$n1 =4; solution in #ater
Es ima i$n $% Phen$#
S andard s$#u i$n1 144 mg of catechol in 144 mI of #ater It #as diluted to 14
times for #or$ing standard Pre5ara i$n $% s andard cur"e
DiEerent aliCuots of #or$ing standard #ere ta$en in test tubes and their volume #as made up to 2 mI #ith #ater 4 3 mI of Iolin'"iocalteau reagent #as added to each tube and $ept for 2 minutes To each tube, = ml of =4; sodium carbonate solution #as added and mixed thoroughly The test tubes #ere $ept in boiling #ater exactly for one minute grape #as plotted Pre5ara i$n $% sam5#e and cooled do#n The absorbance #as measured at 034 nm against blan$ and a standard
*ne gm of sample #as ground in a pestle and mortar #ith A4; alcohol Alcoholic extract #as centrifuged at 14444 (%M for =4 minutes The supernatant #as saved separately and the residue #as re'extracted #ith A4; alcohol and centrifuged for more than Dve times #ater The supernatants collected #as evaporated to dryness and dissolved in $no#n volume of
Es ima i$n in sam5#e
AliCuots of sample #ere ta$en in test tubes diluted #ith #ater and absorbance read as above and using the standard grape concentration of phenol >as mgN144 gm sampleB #as calculated by using the standard graph 3..2.41
Es ima i$n $% Sucr$se as /n"er Sugar
)stimation of sucrose as invert sugar #as carried out by using modiDed Iehling8s solution >SoxhletB >Anonymous, 1@A4B 'eagen s 1 = 2 Cuantity of copper sulphate solution and al$aline tartrate solution >soxhlet reagentB and diluted to 344 ml S$+h#e m$diCca i$n $% >eh#ing=s s$#u i$n1 %repared freshly by mixing eCual C$55er su#5ha e s$#u i$n1 2L 02@ gm of copper sulphate #as dissolved in #ater A#ka#ine ar ra e s$#u i$n1 1< 2 gm of potassium sodium tartrate and 34 gm of
sodium hydroxide #ere dissolved in #ater and diluted to 344 mi ,et it stand for t#o days and the clear solution #as decanted and used L
S andard s$#u i$n1 @ 3 gm of pure sucrose #ith 3 mI of &"I #as dissolved in
#ater and made up to 144 mi It #as stored for three days at =4'=3*" and then diluted to 1444 ml Mecessary Cuantity can be neutralised #ith I M Ma*& before use S andardiDa i$n $% s andard s$#u i$n 14 or =3 ml of mixed Soxhlet solution #as pipette out in a conical :as$ To this #as added neutrali9ed and diluted standard solution as to reduce the copper content of reagent It #as boiled on a #ire'gauge at moderate boiling for = minutes *ne ml of solution to get faintest blue precipitate Pre5ara i$n $% sam5#e and es ima i$n
>4 4=;B methylene blue #as added and ended the titration by adding fe# drops of sugar
The po#der #as boiled in alcohol, Dltered and made up to 144 ml The volume >mlB of Soxhlet reagent reCuired to reduce all the copper content as per the procedure for standardi9ation #as calculated Ca#cu#a i$ns mg of sugar R SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Total reducing sugar reCuired 7 144
144 sampl e 3..2.61 Es ima i$n $% T$ a# Sa5$nins ml of Titer value
in
Saponins #ere Cuantitatively estimated by the procedure follo#ed by /amuji et al >1@A3B #ith some modiDcations Es ima i$n 6no#n Cuantity of the sample po#der #as extracted #ith alcohol in a Soxhlet extractor The extract #as concentrated in vacuum and re'extracted #ith petroleum ether, ether and ethyl acetate seCuentially The defatted residue #as dissolved in least amount of ethanol and re'extracted for many times to get the puriDed saponins in acetone The Dnal #ith the #eight of the sample ta$en 3..31TLC s udies and poured in drops in excess acetone #ith constant stirring The precipitate #as Dltered precipitate #as Dltered in a pre'#eighed Dlter paper and the percentage #as calculated
Alcoholic extracts #ere spotted on Silica 5el8 58 coated plates M'butanol, glacial acetic acid and #ater in the ratio of LF 1F= are used as mobile phase for identiDcation of anthocyanins >Gagner et al , 1@ALB
3..41 S andardiDa i$n $% $i# %r$m seed kerne#s /est solvent for extracting more percentage of oil from $ernels #as determined, by solvents li$e hexane, petroleum ether, and chloroform (efractive index #as found out #ith an Abbe8s type refractometer and speciDc gravity #as calculated by the standard procedures >Anonymous, 1@A4B 3..4..1 Sa5$niCcai$n "a#ue extracting the coarsely po#dered seed $ernels in a Soxhlet extractor #ith diEerent
calculated #ith a standard pycnometer SaponiDcaion value and iodine value are
*ne gm of oil #as dissolved in 14 ml of etherNethanol >=F1 vNvB mixture To this, =3 ml of 4 3 M alcoholic potassium iodide #as added and boiled in #ater bath for 24 minutes, #ith an air condenser, #hich #as used to avoid loss by evaporation After boiling, it #as
cooled and titrated against 4 3 M &"l, using phenolphthalein indicator Simultaneously another :as$ #as processed #ith out oil, as blan$
SaponiDcaion number Ghere, /R /lan$ titer valueT SR Sample titer valueT gR #eight of sample in gramT 3..4.21 /$dine "a#ue
=A 43 >/'SB SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS g
?anus i$dine s$#u i$n1 12 = gm of pure iodine #as dissolved in 1444 ml of glacial acetic acid and to that 2 ml of bromine #ater #as added De ermina i$n *ne gm of oil #as dissolved in 14 ml of chloroform To that, =3 ml of &anus iodine solution #as added and $ept in dar$ for 24 minutes #ith occasional sha$ing After 24 minutes, 14 ml of 13; potassium iodide and 144 ml of freshly boiled and cooled #ater #as added and mixed #ell It #as titrated against 4 1 M sodium thio sulphate, until the solution turns colorless A drop of starch solution #as added and titrated again, until it turns colorless Simultaneously, an empty :as$ #ithout oil is also processed, as blan$ Iodin e Ghere, value / R /lan$ titer valueT S R Sample titer valueT M R Mormality of Ma=S=42T g R Geight of the sample in gram >/'SB 7 M 7 1= 0@ R SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS g
4..1 Cissus quadrangularis >ami#!1 !itaceae S!n$n!m1 6itis quadrangularis >,B Gall )x Gight &ernacu#ar names1 ?indi1 &ajra Eng#ish1 Adamant "reeper or )dible Stemmed !ine Sanskri 1 Asthisanhara Tami#1 Pirandai
4....1 M$r5h$#$gica# charac ers This is a perennial vine, #ide spread in dry parts of India in seashores, coastal regions, and scrub jungles, fences of agricultural Delds and in uninhabited areas They gro# up'to 344m MS, It is :eshy much rambling shrub climbing over bushes, thorny trees and season During summer, the plant is mostly devoid of leaves The stem is easily bro$en at the nodal regions Stem is glabrous, much contracted at nodes and #ith a #axy coating It also attains pin$ color in some parts of the plant The matured and older stems have a round The :eshy inner region of the plant produces irritant over the s$in and to tongue fences The mature stem is dar$ green in color Me# leaves and branches appear in rainy
layer of ash bro#n colored bar$ and loosing their Cuadrangular shape to more or less The internodal region is <'1= cm in length *ccasional formation of aerial roots from nodes during rainy season is also observed It is opposite to tendril, uniform in thic$ness length, glabrous, green and #ith a long trench on the adaxial surface running throughout >='= 3 mmB and #hite to pin$ to blurry bro#n to blac$ in color %etiole is 4 <'L 4 cm in ,eaves are simple, alternate, glabrous, early caducous, usually broader than length, attains 2 4'0 4 x L 3'< = cm in si9e "ordate to rounded, base truncate or cuneate, tip number of lobed leaves occurs in plants gro#n in drier areas ,ateral nerves are 2'0 paired acute to acuminate and margin toothed Sometimes the leaves are 2'3 lobed More
Tendrils are unbranched, green, perennial, glabrous and slender, #hen young &o#ever, they are strong on maturity The length of the tendril is 14'1< cm A node #ith a small bract is present in the middle of the tendril The bract is ovate and acute Ghite, tiny, globular and ephemeric exudates are seen all over the plant body In leaf, their number is more on abaxial side They are observed freCuently during rainy season and in young parts Ilo#ers in umbels, found from April to ?uly Ilo#ers arise axillary in short and stout peduncles branched 2'L times %eduncle is up to 2 cm in length, pedicel up to 1 3 cm in length, green and glabrous %etals L, valvate, yello#ish in color, exerted portion is
reddish to pin$ in color, ovate to oblong, 2 mm in length, tip acute and hooded at the apex longitudinally Disc is small, erect and adnate at base of the ovary *vary = celled, 1 mm, ovules = in each cell, style subulate, 1 mm, and stigma small and simple Iruits globose, green, and turn red on ripening &arian /
Stamens L, Dlaments slender, = mm in length, anther oblong and dehisce
This variant is described as a variety named as J 'adurappirandai' in Siddha literature >refers sCuare'stemB This type is the most common and available throughout India and described in all the Indian Iloras available The distinct character of this type is the presence of Cuadrangular stem #ith #inged comers >IigF lB The internodes on four sides bro#n to blac$ colored margins &arian //
invaded or depressed deeply in the middle and the comers8 are exerted #ith sharp reddish
This variant is the variety described in Siddha literatures as '2ruttuppirandai' >refers round'stemB The plant is characteri9ed by the presence of #ingless stem >Iig 2B It is Tamilnadu The internodes are four sided and depressed slightly four sides "omers are blunted found rarely in selected areas li$e Seithur &ills near (ajapalayam of !iruthunagar district,
&arian /// This variant is mentioned to be a very rare plant in Siddha literature It is $no#n as '0laippirandai' >refers :at'stemB The internodes of the stem are :at or strap shaped or t#o'sided >Iig 3 AB Three sided internodes are also seen occasionally in a plant The
comers are pointed #ith reddish bro#n to blac$ color The internodal portion of stem is convex on both sides, one side being more convex (arely, tendrils are branched >Iig 3 /B This type is not found in #ild &o#ever, it is gro#n in gardens of private practitioners and institutions 4...21 Descri5 i$n $% he use%u# 5ar s
Tender shoots of C. quadrangularis comprise the young stem, leaves and tendrils They are pale green in color and shining Tendrils are slender )phemeric exudates are present *n drying, the stem shrin$s longitudinally Iracture is Dbrous surface texture is rough, yello#ish green to pale green in color and taste is uncertain but irritant to over the elements #ith spiral thic$enings and thin #alled parenchyma cells
tongue %o#der and macerated tender shoots sho# Dbers, stic$s of calcium oxalate vessel
4...31 Ana $mica# Charac ers stated S em
The follo#ing anatomical descriptions apply eCual to three variants, unless other#ise
In ground plan, the TS of stem of the three variants sho# three 9ones, cortex, vascular bundles and broad pith >Iig =, L - 0B The outline of the stem varies from gibbose to dumbbell depending upon the variants )pidermis is single layered #ith cuticle and stomatal openings >Iig A, 0 and =LB The epidermal cells are small, radially elongated, of ='L layers and inner parenchyma of 2'0 layers "hlorenchyma cells are round to in diameter Small stomatal cavities are observed %arenchyma cells are round to
varied in shape and L'< x 1'13 in si9e "ortex is diEerentiated into outer chlorenchyma polygonal in shape #ith intercellular spaces, compactly arranged and ranges from 14'13 polygonal in shape, ranging from 14'13 in diameter and have intercellular spaces ,arge si9e mucilage cells ranging from =3'LA in diameter are freCuently observed in the cortex %atches of collenchyma are present at the comers of the stem %rimary vascular bundles vascular bundles appear along the inter'fascicular cambium forming a ring are present in'groups of 2'3 at the comers )ndodermis is not distinct Smaller secondary
!ascular bundle is collateral, open and exarch Sclerenchyma cap consisting of cells of 2' 3 in diameter is present above the phloem of each bundle !essel elements are large and <'=3 is diameter 5round tissue present bet#een corner vascular bundles consists of smaller and compact cells of varying in shape and si9es >L'A B %ith is parenchymatous present at the center and occupying most of the area These cells are round to irregular LAB are present in the pith (aphides of calcium oxalate crystals are also present They are 24x<3 in si9e >Iig 1<B *n observing the development of secondary gro#th, it is noticed that the cambial ring formed is connecting the vascular bundles Secondary vascular bundles are formed one on each side of the stem, four in four sided stems and t#o in t#o sided stems Second set of secondary vascular bundles and thereby giving the appearance of beads &arian / polygonal in shape and 13'=3 in diameter A number of large mucilage cells >si9eF =3'
secondary vascular bundles is formed in'bet#een the primary bundles and Drst formed
In TS, the stem has a dumbbell shaped outline #ith slight modiDcations The four comers are exerted forming the #ing of the stem >Iig =, < and AB It has three cellular 9ones as in
the general pattern &o#ever, the mature stem is distinguished by the presence of a patch of sclerenchymatous cells at the four comers belo# the epidermis &arian // In TS, the outline of the stem is nearly rectangular #ith blunt comers >Iig L, 13 - 10B Sclerenchyma is absent in the cortex &arian /// The outline of the stem is mostly t#o sided >Iig =L/B and rarely three sided The shape cells are present in the cortex, along the comer Pe i$#e varies from spindle or gibbose >Iig 0AB to top >Iig 0/B In mature stem, sclerenchyma
In TS, petiole sho#s the follo#ing distinct 9ones, epidermis, cortex, collenchyma and vascular 9one embedded in parenchymatous ground tissue >Iig @B It is more or less circular or pentagonal in outline A notch is present on the adaxial side #ith t#o :an$s To#ards the apical region of the petiole, this notch is absent The epidermis is single layered #ith cuticle The epidermal cells are barrel shaped and =4' =Ax1='=4 in si9e "ortex is made'up of L'A layers of parenchyma cells and si9e varying from =4'L3 ='2 layers of cells are chlorenchymatous in nature Mext to cortex is the
collenchyma 9one It is 2'3 layers thic$, continuous along the petiole in the basal end, but it is restricted as a patch belo# the vascular bundles in the middle and in the tip of the petiole >Iig =0 - =<B !ascular bundle is exarch, open, and collateral #ith a collenchymatous cap !essel elements are large up to L4 in diameter If the numbers of bundles are Dve, they are restricted to Dve comers of the petiole Inner to this is the ground tissue, #hich is made up of parenchyma cells #ith clear intercellular spaces "ells freCuently observed in the pith and cortex Lea% midri-
are =3'3A in si9e ,arge si9ed mucilage cells and raphides of calcium oxalate crystals are
In TS, midrib is broader on abaxial side and has a small protuberance in the adaxial side The midrib is broader at the basal portion of the leaf and narro#ing to#ards the tip of the leaf The midrib has the follo#ing 9ones, outer epidermis, follo#ed by collenchyma tissue, parenchymatous ground 9one and centrally located vascular 9one >Iig 11, 1A - =3B The epidermal cells in the abaxial surface and adaxial protuberance region are smaller >A' 13x14'=4B and sCuare to rectangular ='0 layers of collenchyrna cells are present in the
abaxial and adaxial surfaces These cells are compactly arranged, small, 1='=A and polygonal to round in shape In'bet#een these are the ground tissue made up of parenchyma cells These cells are large, thin #alled #ith clear intercellular spaces and 24' >Iig 1AB !ascular bundles are centrally located The number of vascular bundles varies from basal to apical regions of the leaf, single in the apical, 2'L in the middle and L'0 in the basal collateral and exarch !essel elements are large (aphides are rarely present Stomatal openings are observed on the abaxial surface Lea% #amina regions A collenchymatous cap is present over each vascular bundle /undles are open,
3= in diameter Mucilage cells of 24'3= in si9e are freCuently observed in the midrib
In TS, leaf lamina is homogenous #ith epidermis on both surfaces and mesophyll cells >Iig 14, 1@ - =AB The thic$ness of the lamina is variable ranging from L4'1=4 The epidermal cells are rectangular to barrel shaped #ith a thin cuticle The cells are 1='L4x A'11 in si9e Stomatal openings are observed on both the surfaces Mesophyll is made up of round to irregular polygonal cells #ith clear intercellular spaces "hlorophyll pigments are observed in the mesophyll of both surfaces Sometimes they are present in the middle
region also In some instances, mesophyll cells present in the upper surface are columnar shaped >Iig =AB ,arge si9ed mucilage cells >114'1L3 B are freCuently observed "alcium oxalate raphides are present >Iig 1@, =4, =@ and 24B They are 24'<4114'1L3 in length Surface vie# of the epidermis sho# polygonal shaped cells #ith straight margins >Iig 12, 1L, == and =2B Striations of epidermal cells are common in !ariant I >Iig 1LB but absent in other t#o variants Stomata are of anomocytic type Tendri#
In TS, tendril is circular in outline The internal structure is diEerentiated into epidermis, parenchymatous cortex, collenchymatous 9one, vascular bundles and pith >Iig 1=, =1 and 21B )pidermis is single layered #ith cuticle It encloses L'< layers of cortex It is made up of polygonal and compact parenchyma cells These cells are 13'=2114'1L3 in si9e
Medium si9ed mucilage cells and raphides are also observed Inner to the cortex is collenchyma 9one of 2'3 layers in thic$ and the si9e of cells are ranging from 13'1L3 Inner to this is the ='L layers of parenchyma cells, #hich are polygonal in shape !ascular bundles are more than 0 in number, A bundles are being the most common As secondary thic$ening proceeds, all vascular bundles are inter'connected by the inter'fascicular cambium and forming a ring !ascular bundles are exarch, open and collateral !essel
elements are up'to 1A'1L3
parenchyma cells #ithout intercellular spaces and ranging from 1A'L@114'1L3 in si9e Mucilage cells and raphides are occasionally present in pith 4...41 Auan i a i"e Micr$sc$5!
in diameter %ith is made up of polygonal shaped
.uantitative microscopical values li$e stomatal index, vein islet number and vein termination number of the three variants are given in Table I Stomatal index value of leaf lo#er surface is higher than that in upper surface in all the three variants &ighest value in average stomatal index is observed in the upper and lo#er leaf surfaces of !ariant I surface of !ariant II 4...61 Ana#! ica# &a#ues
,o#est average stomatal index value is observed on upper surface of !ariant III and lo#er
Analytical values li$e, total ash, acid insoluble ash, loss on drying, solubility in alcohol and #ater and successive extractive values in petroleum ether, ben9ene chloroform, alcohol and #ater are given in Table ' II Total ash value acid insoluble ash value and loss on drying are highest in !ariant I, lo#est in !ariant II and medium in !ariant III Solubility percentage in alcohol and #ater are highest in !ariant III and lo#est in !ariant II In general, successive extraction value in petroleum ether, ben9ene, chloroform, alcohol and #ater are highest in !ariant III 4...71 S ud! $% P$*der /ehavior of po#dered tender shoots of the three'variants of C. quadrangularis on treatment #ith diEerent chemical reagents and their :uorescent behavior are given in Table III and Table I! respectively It sho#s both similarities and dissimilarities bet#een the variants Distinct among dissimilarities is the behavior of shoot po#der in Ma*& and iodine solution 4...81 Aua#i a i"e 5h! $chemica# s udies
.uantitative phytochemical analysis for al$aloids, carbohydrates, tannins and phenols, :avonoids, gums and mucilageQs, Dxed oils and fats and saponins in extracts of tender shoots of three variants of C. quadrangularis are given in >Table !B It is to be noted that petroleum ether and alcoholic extracts of !ariant'I gave positive results for all the four reagents for al$aloids Alcoholic extract of !ariant III also reveals positive for all the al$aloid tests The three variants sho# negative results for :avonoids "olor and physical consistency of extractives by diEerent solvents reveal that !ariant III has distinct characteristics Thus, petroleum ether, ben9ene and chloroform extractives of !ariant I
and II are green and stic$y #hereas !ariant III is yello# and oily, bro#nish yello# and semisolid in !ariant III Gater extractives of the three variants sho# distinct features
stic$y and bro#n and oily respectively )xtractives in alcohol are bro#n and oily !ariant I being bro#n and oily, #hereas !ariant II is bro#n and granular and !ariant III are bro#n and stic$y The results of Cualitative phytochemical tests sho# both similarities and dissimilarities
4...91 Auan i a i"e es ima i$n $% &i amin C Ascorbic acid >!itamin "B is estimated in dry po#der of tender shoots of three variants mgNgmB and !ariant II has least percentage >1 @ mgNgmB Ascorbic acid content is found to be more in !ariant III >L 3 mgNgmB than !ariant I >2 L
Ta-#e /1 Auan i a i"e micr$sc$5ica# "a#ues $% C. quadrangularis L. S#. N$. . Parame ers S udied S $ma a# /nde+ a Upper surface b ,o#er Surface 2 3 !ein islet number !ein termination number &arian / 2 43'2 <@'3 4A 2 <3'3 01'0 01 = 30'= 03'2 34 3 10'< <1'14 @ &arian // = 4A'2 4L'L 2L = 00'2 <0'0 44 = 44'= LA'2 <4 3 4'< 1A'11 <4 &arian /// 1 13'2 44'L LA = =='L 33'0 <2 1 <3'= =A'2 44 3 =3'< 30'14 1
Ta-#e //1 Ana#! ica# "a#ues $% ender sh$$ s $% C. quadrangularis L. S#. N$ / 2 3 4 Parame ers s udied Total ash value ,oss on drying Solubility ; in a Alcohol b Gater 6 )xtractive values in a %etroleum ether b /en9ene c "hloroform d Alcohol e Gater = A0 1 442 4 203 1A 02< 1 <@3 2 24 1 =L2 4 L<< 12 413 =L @== =0 =34 34 2 1<@ 4 2<3 04 20 0 34 =0 A <4 33 < Acid in'soluble ash value 3 < @1 4 &arian / 11 @ &arian // 14 4 23 A< 4 &arian /// 12 = L@ @4 4
Ta-#e ///1 ,eha"i$r $% 5$*dered ender sh$$ s $% hree "arian s $% C. quadrangularis $n rea men *i h diEeren chemica# reagen s N$. . 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 : S/. P$*der F 'eagen %o#der as such % O "onc &=S*L % O "onc &"l % O &M42 % O Acetic acid % O 14; Ma*& %O 1M &"l % O Iodine solution &arian / Kello#ish green Dar$ /ro#n Kello#ish red Kello#ish red /ro#nish green Kello# Kello# /ro#n &arian // 5reen &arian /// 5reen
/lac$ish green /lac$ish bro#n (eddish bro#n (eddish bro#n (eddish bro#n (eddish bro#n Dar$ green 5rey 5reen 5rey 5reen %ale green 5reen 5reen 5reen Dar$ green
% O 3; Ierric chloride/ro#nish blac$
Ta-#e /&1 >#u$rescen -eha"i$r $% ender sh$$ s $% hree "arian s $% C. quadrangularis L. Sl Mo P$*der F &arian / &isi-#e #igh Dar$ bro#n /ro#n )& #igh &arian // &isi-#e #igh 5reen 5rey ,ight green 5reen
'eagen used
)& #ig 5rey 5reen
. %o#der as Such 2 % O 34 ; &M*2 3 %O 1M &"l 4 % O 1M Ma*& in #ater 6 %O IM Ma*& in alcohol
Kello#ish green Dar$ gray Kello#ish green
Dar$ yello#ish green Kello#ish bro#n 5reen
Kello#ish green 5reen Kello#ish green 5reen
Kello#ish g
Dar$ green
Ta-#e &1 Pre#iminar! 5h! $chemica# ana#!sis $n ender sh$$ s $% "arian s $% C. quadrangularis ,. (eagents UsedN Methods adopted %etroleum ether !ar I !ar II !arIII !ar I 5ree n y %icric acid FF Dragondro E Mayer8s Gagner8s Molish8s Iehling8s /enedicts Ierric chloride 5elatin ,ead acetate Shinoda8s test Alcoholic n Spot test Ioam test F @ F @ F @ F @ F @ F @ @ @ @ F @ @ F F F F F @ F @ F F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Stic$ Dar$ 5ree n y Stic$ F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ /en9ene !ar II n y F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @@ @@ @@ @@ @ @@ @ @@ @ @ !arIII !ar I
)xtracts of "hloroform !ar II n y F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ !arIII !ar I Alcohol
est for
Ga
!ar II !arIII !ar I !a
5ree 5ree Kello n y F # oily stic$ stic$
onsistency
olor - %hysical
/ro#nis stic$y
5ree 5ree n y
/ro#n /ro#nis Dar$ /ro# oily d F F F F F @ F @ @ @ @ @ h oily d F @ @ @ F @ F F F @ @ bro# /ro# stic$y F F F F F F F F F F @ @ F F F F n oily
h yello#
/ro r
stic$ stic$ n oily semisoli semisoli n
gra
l$aloids
F F F @ F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @ @ @
arbohydrat
annins -
henols
F @
avonoids
MucilageQs
ums-
%recipitatio
xed oils -
ts
aponins
4.21 Madhuca longifolia GJ.K$enigH Mac-r. >ami#!1 Sapotaceae S!n$n!m1 Bassia longi"olia ? 6oenig ex , B. lati"olia (oxb !adhuca indica ? 5melin
&ernacu#ar names1 ?indi1 Mahua
Eng#ish1 /utter tree Sans$ritF Madhuca Tami#1 Illuppai 4.2..1 M$r5h$#$gica# charac ers1
It is a medium si9ed semi'evergreen tree found in deciduous to dry deciduous forests from plains to 1444 m MS, It is often planted in temple lands >Iig 2=B for its oil'bearing $ernels %lants are up to 14'=4 m high #ith much branched 2'3 bough and densely cor$ region, corolla, ripened fruits and matured $ernels %lants are easily identiDed by the presence of cro#ded leaves in apical and presence of scars on branch'lets made by leaves foliated large cro#n The mil$y latex is copiously present throughout the plant except in
and :o#ers ,eaves are shed during #inter >?an 'Ieb B %in$ colored ne# foliage along #ith :o#er buds arises on early autumn >April ' MayB Maturation of fruits occurs during spring >?uneB and extends up to rainy season >Sep B ?uvenile parts are #oolly tomentose T#o armed pointed hairs are present on the abaxial surface of the leaves >Iig 04B ,eaves and :o#ers are cro#ded near the apices of the branch'lets "orolla lobes are :eshy and have strong pleasant smell, #hich attract birds, especially fruit eating bats Madhuca longifolia GJ. K$enigH "ar. Iatifolia A Che". S!n$n!m1 ! indica ? 5melin !. lati"olia >(oxb B Macbride Bassia lati"olia (oxb have a strong fetid odor Its :o#ering period is usually restricted to 14'13 days /erries
&ernacu#ar names Sanskri 1 Madhuca ?indi1 Mahua
Eng#ish1 Morth Indian /utter tree Madhuca
Tami#1 6atuilluppai >refers to #ild varietyB Trees gro# up'to 13'=4 m high Iound commonly in hills, less in plains and sometimes found along #ith var longi"olia ,eaves are elliptic, 1= 4'1A 0 7 = A'2 3 cm in si9e
coriaceous on ageing, acute to acuminate, dar$ green and glabrous on upper surface and
light green on lo#er surface /ro#n tomentose hairs are present on lo#er surface #hen young ,ateral nerves are @1= pairs %etiole is 1 L'= L cm in length =4'24 :o#ers in fascicles are cro#ded near the apex of branch'lets >Iig 20B The pedicels are stout >Iig 2</B, = @'L 0 cm in length, re':exed, fulvous and tomentose #hen young Ilo#ers are bisexual and hypogynous Sepals L, in = ro#s of = each polysepalous bro#n obovate tip acute aestivation valvate in outer ro# but imbricate in inner ro# 4 0'4 A cm, fulvous
tomentose on abaxial surface and persistent for a short #hile %etals are 14 and gamopetalous, tube :eshy, spherical to elliptical, 1 = 7 1 4 cm in si9e Tip of lobes are 4 3 7 4 2 cm in si9e, tip acute, erect and #hite to dull #hite to creamy in color Anthers vary in number from 1A'==, arranged in 2 alternate ro#s 4 23 7 4 1 cm in si9e, hairy on bac$
connectives apiculate, bro#n in color and split longitudinally *vary globose, villous, syncarpous, superior, locule 0'A, 4 2 cm across, placentation axial, style exerted, 1 A'= 4 cm long, stigma simple and pointed /erry is ovoid >Iig 2AAB, tip acute ta#ny'tomentose in each fruit is common The percentage freCuency occurrence of one seeded, = seeded, 2 seeded and L seeded fruits are 1L;, LA;, 2=; and L; respectively (emaining are 3 or 0 seeded #hen young, glabrous #hen matured, L 3 7 2 3 cm in si9e Seeds are 1'0 >Iig 2@B, but, =
Madhuca longifolia GJ.K$enig.H Mac-r. "ar.longifolia SynonymF !. longi"olia >? 6oenigB Macbr Bassia longi"olia 8. 6oenig &ernacu#ar names Sanskri 1 Madhuca ?indi1 Mahua Tami#1 Maattuilluppai >refers to country varietyB %lants gro# up'to 14'13 m high, found commonly in plains and rarely in hills ,eaves are
Eng#ish1 South Indian /utter tree, Madhuca
oblong to oblanceolate, 1= 2U=4 2x2 2'0 1 cm in si9e, sub'coriaceous on ageing, acute to obtuse, upper surface is pale green, glabrous, mildly da99le, lo#er surface is rusty pubescent #hen young but strictly glabrous on maturity ,ateral nerves are A'14 pairs %etiole is 1 3'= < cm in length 24'L3 :o#ers in fascicles cro#ded near the apex of the
branch'lets >Iig 23B %edicel is long, slender >Iig 2< AB, A'@ 2 cm in length, re':exed and glabrous Ilo#ers are hypogynous and bisexual Sepals are 0 3'@ 4 cm in si9e "orolla tube is spherical, 1 2x1 = cm in si9e, lobes are 4 Lx4 2 cm in si9e, #hite to dull #hite to yello#ish in color Anthers =4'=L in = alternate ro#s, 4 3 7 4 1 cm in si9e, often minutely
2 toothed ,ocules are A'14, style exerted and 1 0'= = cm in length Iruit axis is long and slender, fruits elipsoid >Iig 2A/B, 270 cm in si9e and one seeded 4.2.21 Descri5 i$n $% use%u# 5ar s Stem bar$, corolla and oil from seed $ernel of !. longi"olia are medicinally and commercially useful
,ark $% M. longifolia "ar. latifolia The stem bar$ has longitudinal and hori9ontal deep fractures and appears as blac$ish bro#n in color >Iig L1AB and internally deep red >Iig L1/B It is curved #hen Cuadrangular or poly'angular patches >Iig 2L and L1B Matured stem bar$ is externally fresh but channeled or Cuelled on drying The bar$ reveals = 9ones, dar$ bro#n outer 9one >cor$ cellsB and deep red inner 9one >phellodermB *n handling, cor$ region is easily detached oE as scales
The thic$ness of the outer and inner bar$s is nearly eCual 5enerally, the thic$ness of bar$ is 1 =3'= 4 cm #hen fresh, but 1 4'1 <3 cm #hen dried Iracture is irregular in outer bar$ but Dbrous in inner bar$ Iresh inner bar$ has mil$y latex ,atex yields more copious during rainy seasons The po#der of the bar$ is reddish bro#n in color, texture is granular and taste is mild bitter and odor indistinct
Matured bar$s of bough also resemble that of trun$ &o#ever, the bar$s of young branches are diEerent The thic$ness of the cor$ layer is less than the inner bar$, because the cor$ layer is pealed oE !ery young bar$ >1'= mm thic$nessB has eCual outer and inner bar$s ,enticels are numerous Inner bar$ is #hite to pin$ in color *uter bar$ is bro#n in color ,enticels are present in the bar$ of branches and young branch'lets but not in the bough and trun$
,ark $% M. longifolia "ar. longifolia The bar$ of var longi"olia is distinguished from that of var lati"olia by the follo#ing characters The stem bar$ of the tree is externally grayish bro#n in color >Iig 22B *uter cor$ region has irregular, discontinuous and deep longitudinal furro#s >Iig L4A and /B *uter bar$ is not detached from the inner bar$ on handling The thic$ness of bar$ is 1 <3' = 3 cm *uter bar$ >cor$B region is thin and the inner bar$ >phellodermB is thic$er >three timesB Thic$ness of dried bar$ is 1 4'1 L cm *ther characters are similar to that of var lati"olia
%o#dered and macerated bar$ of both varieties sho#s the follo#ing elements %hloem Dbers are 3@4'A<3'11@4x=A'23'03 in si9e Stone cells are observed #ith varying si9es and shapes, smaller and round >24'L4 B to large and elongated >34'144x1L4'=34 B Some of the stone cells are elongated up to 2@4 %olygonal shaped parenchyma cells uni' or multi' layered ray cells tanniniferous cells sCuare to elongated cor$ cells #ith tanniniferous contents and sieve elements are observed >Iig 3AB C$r$##a #$-es@ "ar. latifolia
The useful part comprises the corolla #ith epipetalous stamens The corolla tube is dull #hite to cream in color, more or less elliptical #hen fresh and the number of anther is belo# =4 *n drying, the :eshy spherical tube turns dar$ bro#n and shrin$s
longitudinally The thic$ness of tube #all is o 2 cm in the middle and tapering on both ends It is s#eet in taste and dissolves easily in the mouth Dry corolla po#der is soft and stic$y "orolla po#der on storage absorbs moisture and liable to insect and fungal attac$ &ar. longifolia1
"orolla lobes are dull #hite to yello#ish in color, spherical in shape and anthers are more than =4 #hen fresh *ther characters are similar as in var lati"olia 4.2.31 Ana $mica# Charac ers
The follo#ing anatomical descriptions apply to both varieties, var lati"olia and var longi"olia, unless other#ise stated S em
In TS, stem sho#s four 9ones, epidermis, broad cortex, narro# vascular 9one and large central pith >Iig 00B )pidermis is single layered, made up of variously shaped cells of 14'1= in si9e "uticle is thic$ Inner to this, is the cortex It is made up of =4'=3 layers of parenchymatous cells #ith intercellular spaces "ells are circular in outline and 1='L4 in si9e Tanniniferous cells are abundant in the cortex %rismatic calcium oxalate crystals #ith undulating margin The outer most margin of this 9one is 3'A layered phloem, #hich is bro#n in color due to the presence of tannin 7ylem vessels are up to 23 in diameter and laticiferous canals >#idthF 03'<3B are also present Inner to this is the vascular 9one
(ays are uni'seriate to multi'seriate Tanniniferous cells are present in phloem and ray cells %ith is parenchymatous cells are circular in outline #ith intercellular spaces and crystals are also present #ith diameter ranging from 13'23 Tanniniferous cells are abundant "alcium oxalate
,ark /ar$ is originated from the outermost layer of cortex cells belo# the epidermis >Iig L= and L2B /ar$ of 4 3 mm in thic$ness has ruptured epidermis and lenticels >Iig 0<B are present on its surface %hellem and phelloderm are L'3 layers thic$ each "ortex cells are persistent and primary phloem is present as in the stem Koung bar$ of = 4 mm in thic$ness sho#s the follo#ing 9ones, phellem, phellogen, phelloderm, patches of
pericyclic strands, primary phloem and secondary phloem >Iig LL - 0AB %hellem consists of <'14 layers of cor$ cells These are elongated, radially arranged, and Dlled #ith bro#n contents %hellogen is L'3 layers %helloderm is many layered, made up of polygonal shaped cells traversed by patches of stone cells and Dbers Mext to the phelloderm are the isolated patches of sclerenchymatic pericyclic strands follo#ed by primary phoem, #hich rays "alcium oxalate crystals >Iig LA - <4B and tannins are present in the cells of is mostly crushed Secondary phloem is 13'23 layers thic$ #ith uniseriate or bi'seriate phelloderm and rays of phloem ,aticiferous canals are present in phelloderm and bar$, inner bar$ and secondary phloem *uter bar$ or phellem is 13'=3 layers thic$ >Iig
secondary phloem Matured bar$ of 3'A mm in thic$ness sho#s three distinct 9ones, outer 0@B Inner bar$ or phelloderm occupies =N2 of total bar$, including secondary phloem It has patches of stone cells >Si9eF 34x=44 B cells and Dbers 24 in diameter >Iig 0= - A4B ,aticiferous canals, starch grains >Iig 02B and calcium oxalate crystals >Iig L0 - <4B are present Tanniniferous cells are abundant >Iig 01 - A1B Secondary phloem occupies a small portion of the bar$ It has uni' or bi'seriate rays #ith tanniniferous contents and main trun$ >Iig L3B is 14'1 2 mm in thic$ness It has three 9ones, the outer bar$, inner calcium oxalate crystals %atches of Dbers traversed the secondary phloem /ar$ of the bar$ and secondary phloem *uter bar$ is composed of L'< alternating bands of ligniDed cells and non'ligniDed cells ,igniDed cells are 0'14 layers in thic$ness and regularly arranged Mon'ligniDed cells are 13'24 layers in thic$ness resembling the cells of phelloderm %atches of stone cells and Dbers are also present Most of the cells are Dlled bar$s described above #ith bro#n contents %helloderm and secondary phloem are present as in the matured
In var longi"olia, bar$ of the trun$ is 1=' 12 mm in thic$ness It has 2'3 alternating bands of ligniDed and non'ligniDed cells in the outer bar$ In T,S, laticiferous canals are #alls &o#ever, in TS, these canals are present in'groups also observed as isolated strands >Iig L< - <1B They are non'articulated #ith persistent end
Pe i$#e
In TS, petiole is circular in outline #ith a :at adaxial surface >Iig <=B It is diEerentiated into follo#ing 9one, epidermis, cortex, pericycle, vascular 9one and central pith )pidermis is single layered #ith a thic$ cuticle "ells are sCuare to barrel shaped, 13x14 in si9e It is follo#ed by an undiEerentiated parenchymatous cortex consisting of 14'=< layers of cells "ells are round to irregular polygonal in shape "ells to#ards periphery are smaller in si9e 13'=4 in diameter, #hereas, they are larger in diameter >=4'24 B in the inner region Stomatal cavities are small !ascular 9one is more or less circular in outline sclerenchyma cells of A'=< in si9e It is follo#ed by phloem 9one of 24'L= in thic$ness 14'24 in diameter (ays are uni' or biseriate, continuous along the xylem and phloem except on the adaxial side #here it is :attened %ericycle is 2'0 layered, made up of 7ylem consists of vessel elements, xylem Dbers and rays !essel elements are endarch and These cells are elongated, L'3x14'13 in si9e Inner to this is the ground tissue made up of medullary vascular bundles are embedded in the ground tissue The metaxylem of the medullary bundles is lie on the adaxial side of the leaf Tanniniferous cells and calcium oxalate crystals >Iig L@ - <2B are abundant in the cortex, phloem and in ground tissue ,aticiferous canals are observed in the cortex and in ground tissue To#ards distal end of the petiole, t#o ridges are present, in the adaxial surface >Iig LAB Though the phloem 9one of the petiole is continuous on the basal and middle regions, to#ards distal end of the petiole it is traversed by xylem on t#o :an$s of the :attened adaxial side &ere the xylem adjoins #ith the pericycle Lea% midri,eaf midrib in TS, is circular >Iig 31B to elliptical >Iig <LB in outline It has 3 9ones, the epidermis, cortex phloem 9one, xylem 9one, and central pith enclosing medullary vascular tissue The upper epidermis is single layered #ith thic$ cuticle )pidermal cells are regular, more or less barrel shaped and 14'13xA'14 in si9e Inner to this is the parenchymatous cortex These cells are circular, compactly arranged and smaller >0'1= B in the peripheral region and larger >13'23 B to#ards the inner region ,o#er epidermal cells are smaller >3'@B in si9e, compared to the upper epidermal cells Stomatal openings are present in abaxial surface The central vascular 9one is large and elliptical in shape It is divisible into 2 layers, the outer sclerenchyma, central phloem and inner xylem
parenchyma cells These cells are 24'L3 in si9e and circular in outline 2'A individual
Sclerenchyma layer is 2'< cells thic$, the si9e of cells ranging in'bet#een A'=4 The phloem ring is discontinuous on lateral sides due to intrusion of xylem !essel elements in the periphery are 24'22 in diameter, #hereas they are 13'=4 in the inner region Uniseriate ray cells traverse the xylem and phloem "ambium is not distinct Inner to the
xylem ring is the parenchymatous pith 2'3 medullary vascular bundles are embedded in the pith "ells of pith and cortex are homogenous, similar in its organi9ation and content The medullary vascular bundles are closed and endarch Sometimes these bundles are seen in lateral position Tanniniferous cells are present in the parenchymatous ground tissue, phloem cells and ray cells "alcium oxalate crystals of prism type are freCuently also observed T#o armed epidermal hairs are present in young leaves of var lati"olia Lamina
present in ground tissue >Iig <3B Their si9e ranges from A'1= ,aticiferous canals are
In TS, leaf lamina sho#s upper and lo#er epidermis, distinct hypodermis, palisade and spongy layers >Iig 34 - <0B ,amina is dorsiventral and 1A4'==3 in thic$ness The upper in si9e and devoid of stomata &ypodermis is single layered and made up of large si9ed tissue The cells are columnar in shape, compactly pac$ed and =A'23x0'A in si9e epidermis is single layered #ith thin cuticle )pidermal cells are elongated, 1L'=Ax12'10 >13'03 7 =4'=2B and variously shaped cells It is follo#ed by =' 2 layers of palisade %alisade cells of second and third layers are smaller in length /elo# the palisade tissue, is the spongy tissue "ells are globular, small, loosely arranged #ith large air spaces ,arge stomatal cavities are present Tanniniferous contents are observed in spongy cells The 1=B than that in the adaxial surface "uticle is thic$ and ornamented It appears in abaxial epidermis is single layered #ith stomatal openings The cells are larger >1='1Ax14' sectional vie# as prongs or rods >Iig <0B "alcium oxalate crystals are present in the margins Stomata are absent ,o#er epidermal peeling >Iig <@B sho# cells #ith stomatal epidermal cell #alls Ca#!+
mesophyll >Iig <Iig <AB peeling sho#s cells #ith #avy openings Stomata are of paracytic type "uticle is appearing as ornamented and mas$ing
In TS, sepals of the outer #horl are thin and long and that of the inner #horl are broad and short They are crescent shaped #ith pointed ends It is diEerentiated into outer and inner epidermis and ground tissue embedding vascular bundles >Iig 3=B )pidermis is single layered, made up of sCuare to barrel shaped cells "uticle is thic$ Stomata are not
observed In var lati"olia, hairs are present on the abaxial surface In var longi"olia, it is restricted along the margins Inner ground tissue is many layered, parenchymatous and circular to polygonal in outline !ascular bundles are arranged in the middle of the ground tissue Tanniniferous cells are abundant "alcium oxalate crystals >prism typeB are present
C$r$##a
In TS, corolla tube is a ring shaped and diEerentiated into three 9ones, outer epidermis inner epidermis and ground tissue )pidermis is single layered "ells are regular, thin #alled, barrel shaped, small >13'2Lx14'=4B and rich in cytoplasm >Iig 3LB Stomata are absent "uticle of the outer epidermal peeling is striated and ornamented The ground tissue consists of parenchymatous cells These cells are thin #alled, #ith clear intercellular spaces "ells are of various si9es >=3'123 B and shapes >irregular, rounded or ellipticalB Up to 34 layers of these cells are found in the middle of the corolla tube and <' 14 layers to#ards distal and basal regions The cells in the peripheral region are smaller
than those of in the middle of the corolla tube !ascular bundles are scattered in the ground tissue An individual bundle is 13'1L4 in si9e, circular to elliptic in shape and surrounded by one or t#o layers of smaller parenchyma cells Apical region of the corolla tube in TS sho#s 14 individual lobes These lobes are tapering on both sides Andr$ecium
In TS, matured anthers sho# an epidermal layer #ith tanniniferous content in most of the cells >Iig 33B Inner to this is the endothecium )ndothecial cells are elongated, L4x13 in si9e #ith longitudinal Dbrous bands It encloses the pollen grains %ollen grains are bro#n in color, 24'34 in si9e G!n$ecium O"ar! In TS, ovary sho#s outer epidermis enclosing ground tissue and 0'14 carpals )pidermis is
single layered #ith numerous unicellular hairs The ground tissue is made'up of polygonal shaped parenchyma cells ,aticiferous canals are present in the peripheral region ,ocules arranged in the outer side of each locule Tanniniferous cells are abundant in the ground tissue and in the cells lining the locule S !#e In TS, style is circular in outline It has an outer epidermis and inner ground tissue >Iig 32B )pidermis is single layered made of regular and barrel shaped cells #ith are embedded in the ground tissue >Iig 30B !ascular bundles are 0'14 in number,
tanniniferous contents 5round tissue is parenchymatous, circular in outline and #ith
intercellular spaces "onvex shaped stylar canals numbering 0'A are arranged in a circle at the center !ascular bundle is present opposite in to each stylar canal Tanniniferous cells are abundant ,aticiferous canals and calcium oxalates are also observed
>rui
In sectional vie# the fruit reveal :eshy pericarp, 1'0 seeds and a placental region >Iig 2@B %ericarp is 4 2'4 3 cm in thic$ness in var longi"olia and 4 ='4 2 3 cm in var lati"olia The pericarp is diEerentiated into outer and inner epidermis enclosing the homogenous ground tissue >Iig 3<B )pidermis is single layered, #hich appears polygonal in surface young fruits of both the varieties They are persistent in matured fruits of var lati"olia vie# and covered externally by cutin (usty bro#n hairs are present on the epidermis of 5round tissue is parenchymatous 2'L an outermost layer of the ground tissue is made'up of smaller >13'=3B, round and compactly arranged cells #hich are rice in tannin Inner to this are loosely arranged, polygonal, parenchymatous and large si9ed cells >L4'A3 B !ascular bundles are scattered ,ysogenous laticiferous canals >@4'1=3 in diameterB are scattered throughout the ground tissue "ells of the ground tissue are Dlled #ith starch grains, #hich are globular and L'0 in si9e Tanniniferous cells are abundant Seed Kerne#
In TS, matured $ernel is simple in its structure, sho#ing epidermis and homogenous ground tissue >Iig 3@B )pidermal cells are single layered, regular, barrel to sCuare shaped, A'14 in si9e and devoid of tanniniferous cells Tannins are present in inner epidermal cells 5round tissue is parenchymatous, round to polygonal in shape and <4' are absent *il bearing cells and tanniniferous cells is abundant !ascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue 4.2.41 Auan i a i"e micr$sc$5! .uantitative microscopical values li$e stomatal index, vein islet number, vein termination number and palisade ratio of the t#o varieties are given in Table !I Stomatal index value termination number are higher in var longi"olia than that in var lati"olia 4.2.61 Ana#! ica# "a#ues Analytical values li$e total ash, acid'insoluble ash, loss on drying, solubility percentage in alcohol and #ater and extractive values in petroleum ether, ben9ene, chloroform, alcohol and #ater of stem bar$ and corolla of t#o varieties of !. longi"olia are given in Table !II and palisade ratio of var lati"olia is higher than var longi"olia !ein islet number and vein 1=4 in si9e, but cells in the peripheral region are smaller >=3'L4 B ,aticiferous canals
Ash value of stem bar$ is higher in var longi"olia than that of var lati"olia Ash value of corolla is higher in var lati"olia ,oss on drying is lo#er in var longi"olia in both stem bar$s and corolla Ior stem bar$, solubility percentage in alcohol is higher in both varieties #hereas for corolla solubility percentage in #ater is higher The varieties sho#
diEerence in their solubility percentage of both bar$ and corolla lobes )xtractive values
of bar$ and corolla lobes also reveal diEerences )xtractive value of bar$ in petroleum ether and alcohol are signiDcantly higher in var lati"olia )xtractive values of corolla lobes of var lati"olia in ben9ene are three folds higher 4.2.71 S ud! $% 5$*der /ehavior of po#dered bar$ and corolla of t#o varieties on treatment #ith diEerent chemical reagents and :uorescent behavior are given in Table !III, I7, 7 and 7I It sho#s both similarities and dissimilarities 4.2.81 Aua#i a i"e 5h! $chemica# s udies
.ualitative phytochemical analysis for al$aloids, carbohydrates, tannins and phenols, :avonoids, gums and mucilageQs, Dxed oils and fats and saponins of bar$ and corolla of t#o varieties of !. longi"olia are given in Table 7II and 7Ill respectively The follo#ing distinct analytical diEerences #ere observed /en9ene and #ater extracts of stem bar$ of and sandy and #ater extract are deep red and po#dery /en9ene extract of corolla is tests of t#o varieties sho# both similarities and dissimilarities >Table 7II and 7IllB 4.2.91 Auan i a i"e 5h! $chemica# ana#!sis var longi"olia are bro#n and po#dery, #hereas, in var lati"olia, ben9ene extract is yello# bro#n and oily in var longi"olia but yello# oily in var lati"olia .ualitative phytochemical
Tannins and phenols content in stem bar$ of var lati"olia is higher >=24 mgNgm and 3L mgNgm respectivelyB than that of var longi"olia >1@4 mgNgm and 34 mgNgm respectivelyB lati"olia >L< <3;B 4.2.:1 Charac ers $% Oi# %r$m seed kerne#s Sucrose >as invert sugarB in corolla is higher in var longi"olia >33 AA;B than that in var
In general, $ernel of var lati"olia yields more oil percentage than that of var longi"olia in all the solvents used >hexane, chloroform and petroleum etherB &exane is the best solvent than the others in extracting maximum percentage of oil from $ernels >Table 7I!B Analytical standards of oil li$e refractive index, speciDc gravity, color of the oil and slightly higher in var lati"olia than that in var longi"olia >Table 7I!B
iodine value are more or less similar in the t#o varieties &o#ever, saponiDcaion value is
Ta-#e &/1 Auan i a i"e micr$sc$5ica# "a#ues $% #ea"es $% *$ "arie ies $% M. longifolia
S#. N$ .
Parame ers S udied
"ar. longifolia
"ar. latifolia
Stomatal index Upper surface ,o#er surface MA >Mo StomataB 2 0L'L A<'3 A3 MA >Mo StomataB L 2='3 4L'0 10
2 3 4
!ein islet number %alisade ratio
< 4'14 =2'12 =3 0 4'A 1'A <
< =3'@ @3'1L 4, =< 3'22 0'L1 <3 0 ='A 30'A A
!ein termination number =@ 4'2@ 13'L3 <3
Ta-#e &//1 Ana#! ica# "a#ues Gin 5ercen ageH $% s e#I# -ark and c$r$##a $% *$ "arie ies $% M longifolia Sl
Mo 1 = 2 L
%arameter studied Total ash value ,ass on drying Solubility ; in a Alcohol b Gater
/ar$ <0 02 < L4 4 A0 = == 4 L2 4 10 @ 0@ 0 2< 0< 4< 0A 4 34 4 00 2 =2 4 2@ 4 1L 0 32 1= 3= 24 4A <0 4 14 4 A0 4 3 2@ 3 3A 0 44 3 @A 34 =1
"orolla L@ 11 << 4 <4 <A 4 L A1 L A1 < 44
var longi"olia var lati"olia var longi"olia var lati"olia
Acid insoluble ash value 1 0
)xtractive values in a %etroleum ether b /en9ene d Alcohol e Gater c "hloroform 12 A1 32 0<
Ta-#e@&///1 ,eha"i$r $% 5$*dered s em -ark $% *$ "arie ies $% M. longifolia $n rea men *i h diEeren chemica# reagen s. S#. N$ . 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 : P$*der F 'eagen used %o#der as such % O "one &=S*L % O "one &M42 % O "one &"I % O Acetic acid %O I4; Ma*& % O 1M &"I % O Iodine Solution % O 3 ; Ierric chloride
"ar. longifolia (eddish bro#n /ro#n Kello#ish red Dar$ bro#n /lac$ish bro#n (eddish blac$ (ed /ro#nish blue /lac$
"ar. latifolia (eddish bro#n (eddish bro#n Kello#ish red Dar$ bro#n /lac$ish bro#n (eddish blac$ /ro#n /ro#nish blue /lac$
Ta-#e@/J1 ,eha"i$r $% 5$*dered c$r$##a $% *$ "arie ies $% M. longifolia $n rea men *i h diEeren chemica# reagen s. S#. N$ I = 2 L 3 0 < A @ P$*der F 'eagen used %o#der as such % O "onc &=S*L % O "onc &M42 % O "onc &"I % O Acetic acid %O I4 ; Ma*& % O 1M &"I % O Iodine Solution % O 3 ; Ierric chloride
"ar. longifolia /lac$ (eddish bro#n (eddish bro#n (ed /ro#n /ro#nish yello# (ed /ro#n /lac$
"ar. longifolia /lac$ (eddish bro#n (eddish blac$ (eddish bro#n /ro#n Kello# (ed /ro#n /lac$
Ta-#e J1 >#u$rescen -eha"i$r $% 5$*dered s em -ark $% *$ "arie ies $% M longifolia S#. N$ . 2 3 4 6 P$*der F 'eagen used %o#der as such % O 34; &M42 % O 1M &"I % O 1M Ma*& in Gater alcohol %O 1M Ma*& in "ar. longifolia &isi-#e #igh (eddish bro#n blac$ /ro#nish Kello#ish bro#n /ro#n /ro#n )& #igh /ro#n /ro#nish blac$ (eddish bro#n Kello# Kello#ish blac$ "ar. latifolia &isi-#e #igh (eddish bro#n blac$ /ro#nish Kello#ish bro#n /ro#n /ro#n )& #igh /ro#n /lac$ Kello# Kello# Kello#ish blac$
Ta-#e J/1 >#u$rescen -eha"i$r $% 5$*dered c$r$##a $% *$ "arie ies $% M longifolia Sl %o#der O var longi"olia !isible light U! light /lac$ 5reenish Kello# (ed Kello#ish bro#n /ro#n var lati"olia !isible light /lac$ /ro#n (ed Kello# Kello# U! light /lac$ Kello# (eddish yello# Kello#ish bro#n /ro#n
Mo 1 = 2 L 3
(eagent used
%o#der as such /lac$ % O 34; &M42 % O 1M &"I % O 1M Ma*& in Gater %O 1M Ma*& in alcohol /ro#n (ed Kello# Kello#
Ta-#e J//1 Pre#iminar! 5h! $chemica# ana#!sis $% s em -ark $% *$ "arie ies $% M. longifolia Sl Mo )xtracts of %etroleum ether !ar lon !ar lat /en9ene !ar lon !ar lat "hloroform !ar lon !ar lat Alcohol !ar lon /right /ro#n po#der y Kello# sandy /ro#n po#der y /ro#n red to sandy !ar lat !ar lon
Test for
(eagents UsedN Methods adopted
Gate
!a
5olden 5olden "olor - %hysical consistency yello# yello# resinou resinou s stic$y s stic$y 1 Al$aloids %icric acid Mayer8s = FF @@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @ F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @
- deep bro#n po#der y
Deep red stic$y
/ro#n po#der y
De
re y
po
DragondroE Gagner8s
FF F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @ F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @ F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
F F F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @ F F F F F F F @ @ @ F @
F F F F F @ F F F @ @ @ @ F
F @ @ @ F F F F F F @ @ @ F
FF
"arbohydratesMolish8s
Iehling8s /enedicts Ierric chloride 5elatin ,ead acetate Shinoda8s test Alcoholic %recipitation Spot test Ioam test
Tannins %henols
L 3
Ilavonoids 5umsMucilageQs Iixed oils fats Saponins
<
Ta-#e J///1 Pre#iminar! 5h! $chemica# ana#!sis $% s em -ark $% *$ "arie ies $% M. latifolia Sl Mo )xtracts of %etroleum ether !ar lon !ar lat /en9ene !ar lon !ar lat "hloroform !ar lon !ar lat Alcohol !ar lon /right /ro#n po#der y Kello# sandy /ro#n po#der y /ro#n red to sandy !ar lat !ar lon
Test for
(eagents UsedN Methods adopted
Gate
!a
5olden 5olden "olor - %hysical consistency yello# yello# resinou resinou s stic$y s stic$y 1 Al$aloids %icric acid Mayer8s = F F F F
- deep bro#n po#der y
Deep red stic$y
/ro#n po#der y
De
re y
po
DragondroE Gagner8s
@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @ @
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F
F F
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
F @ F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
F F F F F F F F F @ @ @ @ F
F F F F F F F @ F @ @ @ @ F
"arbohydratesMolish8s
Iehling8s /enedicts Ierric chloride 5elatin ,ead acetate Shinoda8s test Alcoholic %recipitation Spot test Ioam test F
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F F @
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Tannins %henols
L 3 0 <
Ilavonoids 5umsMucilageQs Iixed oils fats Saponins
F @ @
4.3. Basella alba
>ami#!1 /asellaceae S!n$n!m1 B. ru$ra , &emacu#ar names Eng#ish1 Indian Spinach ?indi1 %oi
Sanskri 1 Upodi$a or %ota$i %uti$a Tami#1 %asalai$$eerai or 6odippasalai 4.3..1 M$r5h$#$gica# charac ers This is a perennial, t#ining herb, less commonly found in plains, scrub jungles and #aste lands, but often cultivated as ornament and for spinach They are found up to 344 m MS, The stem is :eshy, very long, much branched, sub'succulent and slender /ranch'lets are
terete %etiole is :eshy and up to 3 cm in length and #ith a long and deep trench on the adaxial surface /asal region of the petiole is rounded ,eaves are simple, alternate, much :eshy and thic$ in cultivated plants, broadly ovate to elliptic to oblanceolate, 14' petiolate, exstipulate, glabrous and sub'succulent in plants gro#n in drier parts, but, 1= x A'14 cm in si9e, base truncate to cordate to rounded, decurrent, apex acute to acuminate to epiculate, margin entire and lateral nerves are L@ pairs Spi$es are axillary and appear from September to Iebruary %eduncles are long up to =4 cm, :eshy, thic$ and slender /uds are cro#ded in the apex but matured ones are farther apart Ilo#ers are sessile, ureolate and hermaphrodite /racts are minute and bracteoles are =, %erianth ovate, incurved and tip acute Stamens are 3 on the mouth of the perianth tube Iilament is straight and 1 3 mm in length Anther is oblong, versatile and one mm in length *vary is globose and ovule subsessile Style is 2'branched, 1 3 mm in length Stigma is pillose Iruits pseudoberry, globose and one seeded Basella alba "ar. alba tube is :eshy, 2 mm long and 3 lobed *uter = lobes are larger than others ,obes are
This is called as 8%atchaippasali8 >5reen SpinachB in Tamil Stem, petiole, leaf and peduncles are green in color >Iig ALB The perianth tube is greenish #hite in the basal and pin$ in apical regions Basella alba "ar. rubra This is called as 8Sigappuppasali8 >(ed SpinachB in Tamil Stem, petiole, abaxial surface of the leaf and peduncles are pin$ in color >Iig @1B
In order to study #hether the color of the varieties vi9 var al$a and var ru$ra are genetically Dxed or not, #e raised the seedlings of both the varieties for three generations in t#o diEerent gro#th conditions *ne set of seedlings, =3 in each variety, #as gro#n in
drought condition and another set #ere gro#n in irrigated condition After 2 generations #e observed that the green variety >var al$aB in both the gro#th conditions remained unchanged in the color and as #ell as other characters of the plant &o#ever, the pin$ the Drst generation itself The pin$ color is restricted only to the basal region of the veins variety >var ru$raB gro#n in irrigated conditions sho#ed reduction in the purple color in and margins of leaf In the :oral parts, the pin$ color is restricted to the apical region of
the perianth lobes It #as also observed that #hen the oEspring8s of the irrigated'gro#n Drst generation of var ru$ra #as gro#n in drought condition, the pin$ coloration of the leaf and :oral parts #ere reappeared
4.3.21 Descri5 i$n $% he use%u# 5ar s In fresh specimen, leaves of var al$a is green and var ru$ra is pin$ is color &o#ever, both are mucilaginous The dried po#der is green in var al$a #here as it is dar$ green is var ru$ra Texture is soft, odor strong and pleasant and taste indistinct, but mucilaginous 4.3.31 Ana $mica# charac ers ru$ra, unless other#ise stated Pe i$#e
The follo#ing anatomical descriptions apply eCual to both the varieties, var al$a and var
In TS, petiole is circular in outline #ith a furro# and t#o re:uxed arms on the adaxial surface >Iig A3B The follo#ing 9ones are visible, epidermis, ground tissue and vascular bundles )pidermis is single layered #ith a thin cuticle and stomatal openings These cells are regular, barrel shaped and =4'L4 x L3'03 in si9e It is follo#ed by parenchymatous ground tissue "ells are thin #alled, polygonal to irregular circle in shape #ith clear intercellular spaces and ranges from 134'=03 in si9e Tip of the each re:exed arm has a patch of collenchyma cells, #hich are 23'L4 in si9e Stomatal cavities are small An arc of L'< vascular bundles is centrally located A single, large arc shaped collenchymatous cap of =' 2 layers is present in the abaxial side of the vascular bundle These cells are polygonal and 24'23 in si9e !ascular bundles are collateral and open 7ylem is endarch there are 0'A smaller vascular bundles extending into the arms "alcium oxalate crystals respectively Starch grains of A'1= in si9e are abundant in the ground tissue
and vessels are 23'<= in diameter Apart from these centrally located vascular bundles, and mucilage cells are present in the ground tissue They are 04'1L4 and A4'104 in si9e
Lea% midriIn TS, leaf midrib sho#s a distinct abaxial ridge and a groove in adaxial region It consists of epidermis, ground tissue and centrally located vascular bundles >Iig A< and @=B epidermis, one or = layers of collenchyma cells are present )pidermis is single layered covered #ith a thin cuticle In the abaxial region, inner to the
5round tissue is
parenchymatous, thin #alled, polygonal in shape and 1=4'1<3 in si9e !ascular bundle is centrally located )ndodermis is not distinct A collenchymatous cap of 2'L layers is present in the abaxial side of the bundle 7ylem is endarch and vessels are 1A'33 in si9e "alcium oxalate crystals >Iig @2B and mucilage cells are present in the ground tissue Starch grains are rarely present Lea% #amina
In TS, leaf lamina sho#s upper and lo#er epidermis enclosing the mesophyll >Iig AA and @LB )pidermis is single layered #ith thin cuticle The cells are barrel shaped and 24'L4 x L4'23 in si9e Stomatal openings are present on both the surfaces Mesophyll is undiEerentiated "ells are parenchymatous, thin #alled, round to irregular polygonal in shape #ith clear intercellular spaces and 04'13< in si9e ,arge si9ed mucilage cells of A4' 104 in si9e are also present >Iig @LB (osette type of calcium oxalate crystals of 04'1L4 in si9e is abundant in the central region of the mesophyll >Iig @3B (ound to oval shaped starch grains are abundant in the mesophyll cells >Iig @0 and @Iig A@ - @4B #ith both paracytic and anisocytic stomata Anatomical characters of t#o varieties of B. al$a are similar There is no Cualitative or Cuantitative variation in petiole, leaf midrib and leaf lamina among the varieties 4.3.41 Auan i a i"e Micr$sc$5!
.uantitative microscopical values li$e stomatal index, vein islet number and vein termination number of the t#o varieties of B. al$a are given in Table 7! In general, in both the varieties, the stomatal index is lo#er in upper surface than lo#er surface In var number are higher than that of var al$a 4.3.61 Ana#! ica# "a#ues Analytical values li$e total ash, acid insoluble ash, loss on drying, solubility in alcohol and #ater and extractive values in petroleum ether, ben9ene, chloroform, alcohol and #ater are given in Table 7!I Ash values and loss on drying are higher in var ru$ra than ru$ra, stomatal index on both the surfaces, vein islet number and vein termination
that in var al$a Solubility percentage of var al$a is higher in alcohol and lo#er in #ater than var ru$ra )xtractive values in diEerent solvents vary bet#een the varieties 4.3.71 S ud! $% 5$*der /ehavior of leaf po#der of t#o varieties of / al$a on treatment #ith diEerent chemical reagents and :uorescent behavior are given in table 7!II and 7!III respectively They reveal both similarities and dissimilarities 4.3.81 Aua#i a i"e 5h! $chemica# s udies
.ualitative phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts of t#o varieties of B. al$a is given in Table 7I7 The color and physical consistency of the extracts of both the varieties are identical, except that the color of the chloroform extract is green and bro#nish green in var al$a and var ru$ra respectively 5ums and mucilageQs content are higher in var al$a reducing sugars in #ater extract is higher in var al$a than the other *ther chemical constituents sho# both similarities and dissimilarities 4.3.91 Auan i a i"e es ima i$n $% $ a# sa5$nins Total saponins estimated in dry leaf po#der of var al$a is found to be lo#er >1 =;B than that in var ru$ra >1 20;B 4.3.:. TLC s udies (f value of anthocyanins pigments in leaf of var ru$ra is 4 =A In var al$a these pigments are absent than var ru$ra (educing sugars in alcoholic extract is higher in var ru$ra and non'
Ta-#e J/&1 Auan i a i"e micr$sc$5ica# "a#ues $% #ea"es $% *$ "arie ies $% B. alba Sl Mo %ararneter Studied var al$a var ru$ra
1 Stomatal Mumber Upper surface ,o#er surface = !ein islet number 2 !ein termination number A 11'1= A<'1< @3 14 A'12 1A'1< 14 4 A0'1 =<'1 34 4 A0'1 21'1 <3 1 2<'1 A='= 0= 4 <3'1 A1'= <3 2 12'< 1@'14 A1 2 AL'@ 13'1L <<
Ta-#e J&1 Ana#! ica# "a#ues $% #ea"es $% B. alba Sl Mo 1 = 2 L %ararneter Studied Total ash value ,oss on drying Solubility ; in Alcohol Gater 3 )xtractive values in %etroleum ether /en9ene Alcohol Gater "hloroform Acid insoluble ash value 1 2 @1 4 14 4 2= 4 2 24= 1 A0L 4 @== 14 2<= =A =3# var alba 14 2 var rubra 11 4 24 @= < 04 2< 4 L 3@= 4 <<3 4 =AL 1A 42L 1A =A
Ta-#e J&/1 ,eha"i$r $% B. alba $n rea men *i h diEeren chemica# reagen s N$. S#. P$*der F 'eagen used "ar. alba 5reen "ar. rubra Dar$ green
. %o#der as such 2 % O "onc &=S*L 3 % O "onc &"l 4 % O &M42 6 % O Acetic acid 7 % O 14; Ma*& 8 % O 1M &"I 9 % O Iodine solution
Dar$ green Dar$ green Dar$ green Dar$ green /ro#n /ro#n 5reen /lac$ /ro#n 5reen 5reen /lac$ /ro#n
Dar$ green 5reen
: % O 3; Ierric chloride /ro#n
Ta-#e J&//1 >#u$rescen -eha"i$r $% #ea% 5$*der $% B. alba S#. P$*der F 'eagen N$ used 1 = "ar. alba &isi-#e #igh )& #igh 5reen (eddish bro#n 5reen /lac$ish bro#n &isi-#e #igh "ar. ru-ra )& #igh
%o#der as such % O 34; &M42
Dar$ green Dar$ green %in$ish bro#n /lac$ish bro#n
2 % O IM &"I 5reen 5reen Dar$ bro#n Dar$ green
%O IM Ma*& in #ater
5reen
/lac$ish green /lac$
Dar$ green /lac$
%O IM Ma*& in alcohol Dar$ green
Dar$ green /lac$
Ta-#e J&///1 Pre#iminar! 5h! $chemica# ana#!sis $n #ea"es $% *$ "arie ies $% B. alba Sl (eagents UsedN Test for Methods adopted )xtracts of %etroleum ether !ar lon /ro#n oily F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @ !ar lat /ro#nis h blac$ oily FF @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @ /en9ene !ar lon !ar lat "hloroform !ar lon !ar lat Alcohol !ar lon !ar lat Dar$ oily F F F F F F F @ @ @ F F F F green !ar lon
Mo
Gate
!a
"olor - %hysical consistency 1 Al$aloids %icric acid DragondroE Mayer8s = Gagner8s "arbohydratesMolish8s Iehling8s 2 Tannins %henols /enedicts Ierric chloride 5elatin ,ead acetate L 3 0 < Ilavonoids 5umsMucilageQs Iixed oils fats Saponins Shinoda8s test Alcoholic Spot test Ioam test %recipitation
5reen 5reen 5reen stic$y stic$y oily F F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F F F
/ro#nis Dar$ oily F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @ oily
h green green F F F F F F F F F @ @ F F @
/ro#n /r
clayey cla
FF @ @ @ @ F F F F @ @ F @ F
6..1
The morphological characters especially of stem, leaf, tendril and season of :o#ering of C. quadrangularis are described diEerently in diEerent Iloras and treatises of medicinal plants The existence of variants in this species is not recorded in many botanical literatures *ur observation in diEerent seasons and localities on the presence of three variants prove beyond doubt that the !ariant I has four sided and #inged or margined stem !ariant II has four sided but #ingless stem and !ariant III has :at stemmed >t#o lea:ess #hen old >&oo$er, 1@<A and 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4B Ge noted after careful observation in diEerent seasons that in all the three variants ne# leaves and branches appear only during rainy season ,eaves being caducous, the stem appears almost lea:ess
Cissus quadrangularis
sided stemB )arlier #or$ers observed that stem of the species are nearly lea:ess or
in other seasons The nature of tendril in C. quadrangularis is variously described as for$ed or not, slender or stout >Matthe#, 1@A2 and 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4B In our observations, other t#o variants The tendril is long and slender #hen young but strong and hardy #hen mature The presence of a node #ith a bract in the middle of the tendril in all the three variants has been noted in the present #or$ DiEerence in the observations on the for$ed tendrils are present occasionally in !ariant III >Iig 3/B and unbranched tendrils in
periodicity of :o#ering in C. quadrangularis may be due to the observations of specimens in diEerent geographical locations All the three variants of C. quadrangularis gro#n #ild and in herbal gardens in this locality >ThanjavurB are :o#ering during the period of April' Iloras 6umbhoj$ar et al >1@@1B noted the presence of t#o varieties, but he regarded ?uly The existence of three variants among C. quadrangularis #as not recorded in earlier them as 8cultivars8 *ur continuous observation and after prolong cultivation by stem cuttings of the three variants proved that the three variants bred true &o#ever, in !ariant Ill, occasional formation of three sided internodes #as observed Garrier et al
>1@@LB also observed the formation of three sided branches from the four'sided variety As observed by $umbhoj$ar et al >1@@1B, the #ingless and t#o sided varieties >!ariant II and !ariant IllB could not be assigned as 8cultivars8, since Srinivasan of /otanical Survey of India, "oimbatore, collected the #ingless variety of the species from #ild and the same is deposited in Madras &erbarium /SI, Southern "ircle, "oimbatore
Anatomical characters of stem, petiole, leaf and tendril of the three variants of C. quadrangularis do not sho# mar$ed variations %resence of pearl glands reported in earlier #or$s >Metcalfe and "hal$, 1@3< and ?anardhanan et al 1@A1B #as not observed in the specimens, of the present #or$ &o#ever, the presence of ephemeric exudates is reported time ?anardhanan et al >1@A1B observed abnormal Stomata and cuticular striations on
on the surface of the aerial parts of the three variants of C. quadrangularis for the Drst
leaf epidermal cells Mo abnormal stomata are observed in the present #or$ in all the three variants &o#ever, cuticular striations are noted occasionally in !ariant I only The secretary cells are observed in the stem but presence of mucilage cells is noted in the anatomy of the stem of !ariant I is similar as observed by Madan and Mair >1@3@B Mo present #or$ The variants of C. quadrangularis reveal more similarity than dissimilarity in physicochemical and phytochemical studies !itamin " content is maximum in !ariant III !ariant II and !ariant III might be the chimeric variations of variant I Atal et al >1@<AB observation, alcoholic and #ater extracts of tender shoots of !ariant I gave positive result among the three variants studied /ased on the present observation, it is suggested that found that plants of C. quadrangularis excluding roots are devoid of tannins In the present for tannins #hen lead acetate is used as identifying reagent Alcoholic extract of !ariant II - III also gave positive result #ith ferric chloride and gelatin solution ,ead acetate solution gave negative result to !ariant II but positive to !ariant III Gater extracts of !ariant II - III sho# positive results #ith gelatin solution and lead acetate solution but negative in ferric chloride solution 6.21 Madhuca longifolia
*ur present observations on the morphology, anatomy and physicochemical standards of !. longi"olia var lati"olia and !. longi"olia var longi"olia slightly deviate from the previous reports Ge observed that the color of the bar$ of var lati"olia is dar$ bro#n to blac$ and that of var longi"olia is bro#n &o#ever, according to earlier reports >Anonymous, 1@0=
and 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4B color of bar$ of val lati"olia >Syn !. lati"olia and ! indicaB is grey >5amble, 1@0Anonymous, 1@06irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4B *ur present observation on the numbers of anthers present in var lati"olia is 10'1A and in val longi"olia is 1A'=4 "onforms to the earlier observation of Mu$erji, 1@32, and 6irti$ar and /asu, 1@A4, &o#ever, Matthe#, 1@A2 reported the observation of number of seedsNfruit alsoH exists bet#een the present observation and previous reports >Mu$erji, 1@32, Matthe#, 1 @A12 and 6ir$itar and /asu, 1@A4B number of anthers in var lati"olia as 10 and in var longi"olia as 1A DiEerence in the
According to present report var longi"olia is strictly one seeded and var lati"olia is 1'0 seeded It is to be noted that the observation of 0 seedsNfruit is the Drst report The above minor diEerences in the observation on the morphology of bar$, number of anthers and number of seedsNfruits might be due to the variations in the observed samples and due to the climatic and geographical variations exist among diEerent populations of the species
Anatomical characters of plant parts of t#o varieties of !. longi"olia observed in the present #or$ are identical #ith the previous reports made by Metcalfe and "hal$, 1@3<
Ge observed for the Drst time the presence of extended prongs and rods in the cuticle of abaxial epidermis in both varieties This character may be considered as advancement to#ards the attainment of the pappillose cuticle of *iospyros sp of )benaceae Atal et al observation tannins are Cuantitatively estimated in both the varieties of ! longi"olia In the previous reports, oil yield from seed $ernels is estimated to be L4'L3; >Anonymous, 1@0=B and 34 33; >Mu$erji, 1@32B &o#ever, in the present #or$ highest oil yield >3@ << ;B is reported in var lati"olia The population of var lati"olia from #hich the study #as made #ould form a high yielding elite group Iurther selection procedures are needed to select high oil yielding strain of val lati"olia The content of invert sugar in air'dried corolla of var longi"olia and in var lati"olia #as observed as 33 AA; and L< <3; respectively in the present #or$ Mu$erji >1@32B observed 3= 0; invert sugar in the :o#er of '!ahua' &o#ever, study samples in the earlier study consisted of a mixture of both varieties of !. longi"olia and !. $utyracea The anatomical, physicochemical, phytochemical and analytical standards of oil are sho#ing more similarity bet#een the are closely related #ith one another as stated in the previous reports >Anonymous, 1@0=B India >Garrier et aI , 1@@LB 6.31 varieties but Cuantitatively they sho# mar$ed diEerences In general, these t#o varieties /ut medicinally val longi"olia is used in South India and var lati"olia is used in Morth
>1@<AB reported the stem bar$ of ! indica is devoid of tannins &o#ever, in the present
Basella alba
%revious authors considered both green and pin$ color specimens of / al$a as single species >5amble, 1@0<, &oo$er, 1@<A and Matthe#, 1@A2B (ecently, &enry, et ai >1@Apresence of anthocyanins pigmentsB is genetically Dxed The present pharmacognostical
#or$ on the t#o varieties of B. al$a revealed that there is no anatomical diEerence among them, except purple pigmentation of B. al$a var ru$ra Anatomical studies conform to the earlier reports >Metcalfe and "hal$, 1@3< and Sharma, 1@01B Metcalfe and "hal$ >1@3<B reported only the presence of paracytic stomata &o#ever, in the present #or$ both paracytic and anisocytic type of stomata is found Also, there is no signiDcant diEerence reported that the tannins are absent in 34; alcoholic extracts of aerial parts of B. ru$ra. in the analytical values and phytochemical tests of the t#o varieties Atal et al >1@<AB &o#ever, in the present observation it is found that the tannins are present in alcohol and and var ru$ra sho# more similarities than dissimilarities in the anatomical and
#ater extracts of both the varieties of B. al$a The t#o varieties of B. al$a, vi9, var al$a
physicochemical characters The only signiDcant variation is the color of the vegetative and :oral parts
7..1
*bservations in diEerent development stages of a plant and their variants and in diEerent seasons are necessary to characteri9e the morphological characters of a taxon Thus in C. quadrangularis our present observations prove that lea:ess condition of the stem is due to caducous nature of leaves #hich are formed only during rainy season In addition, the hard and short tendrils are nothing but the result of maturity /reeding experiments conducted proved that the three variants bred true suggesting that the distinct !ariant III might be the chimeric variations and may be treated as cultivars of !ariant I 7.21 Madhuca longifolia morphological characters of stem are genetically Dxed It is concluded that !ariant II and
Cissus quadrangularis
!adhuca longi"olia var
lati"olia and !. longi"olia var
lati"olia have morphological
diEerences in leaf, anther and fruits but have only Cuantitative diEerences in anatomical content, might be used as a potential source for selection of high oil yielding line of !. longi"olia 7.31
and phytochemical features The tree specimen of var lati"olia, #hich yield maximum oil
Basella alba
Since Basella al$a var al$a and B. al$a var ru$ra have similar morphological >except color of aerial partsB, anatomical, physicochemical and phytochemical characters it is recommended that var ru$ra does not #arrant a variety status but may be considered as a cultivars 7.41
Genera#
In the present #or$ on the pharmacognostical studies on varieties of Cissus
quadrangularis1 !adhuca longi"olia and Basella al$a It is observed that the varieties of the three species sho# only Cuantitative diEerences rather than Cualitative diEerences To electron microscopical, phytochemical and pharmacological #or$s are needed establish pharmacognostical standard among varieties of species more speciDc studies li$e pharmacognostical study of rhi9ome of t#o varieties >red and #hiteB of -elum$o nuci"era, Mitra et al >1@<0B could not observe any diEerence &o#ever, Mehrotra and Shome >1@@2B using S)M studies established mar$ed diEerence bet#een the t#o varieties More recent techniCues as DMA Dnger printing and I( spectral study are of more diagnostic value is evolving standards and distinguishing varieties of medicinal plants In
The present pharmacognostical #or$ is carried out on three variants of Cissus quadrangularis and t#o varieties in each of !adhuca longi"olia >var lati"olia and var
longi"oliaB and Basella al$a >var
physicochemical, behavior of useful parts #ith diEerent chemical reagents, :uorescent studied
al$a and var
ru$raB
Morphological, anatomical,
behavior, Cualitative and Cuantitative phytochemical studies and T," characters are
8.. Cissus quadrangularis
Three varieties of 'Pirandai' mentioned in traditional Siddha literatures are selected They are ''adurappiranchi', '2rattuppirandai' and '0laippirandai' ''adurappirandai' is botanically $no#n as "issus Cuadrangularis /ut other t#o #ere not botanically identiDed In the present study, '2rutuppirandai' and '0laippirandai' are collected and gro#n in Tamil University &erbal 5arden Thanjavur It has been observed that the three variants have distinct morphological featuresF !ariant I > ''adurappirandai'B has four angled and #inged stem, !ariant II >'2ruttuppirandai'B has four angled and #ingless stem, !ariant II >'0laippirandai'B has t#o side stem *ther morphological characters are identical in all the three variants as described in various Iloras for "issus Cuadrangularis &o#ever, occasionally, !ariant III produces three angled internodes and branched tendrils In the breeding experiment of the three variants, it is observed that the stem characters are not changed Anatomically, the three variants are identical There is no Cualitative diEerence
bet#een them *ther pharmacognostical standards also reveal more similarity than dissimilarity among the variants %resences of ephemeric exudates in the aerial parts of the stem and presence of a node #ith bract in tendrils are the Drst reports made in this present study !itamin " content in tender shoots of !ariant ill is the highest among the three variants %resence of pearl glands, abnormal stomata and secretary cells as recorded '2rutuppirandai' and '0laippirandai' mentioned in Siddha literatures are the variants of C. in the previous reports are not observed in the present study It is concluded that the quadrangularis &o#ever, morphological characters of the three variants sho# distinct any Cualitative diEerences among the variants &ence, it is to be concluded that !ariant II and !ariant III may be considered as cultivars of C. quadrangularis 8.2. Madhuca longifolia !. longi"olia var. lali"olia diEers from !. longi"olia var longi"olia by the presence of follo#ing characters ,eaves elliptic, pedicels stout, anthers 2 seriate, fruits ovoid and ellipsoid fruits and one seeded fruits Anatomical and phytochemical studies reveal more similarities bet#een the varieties *il from seed $ernels of both the varieties also sho#s seeds are 1'0 per fruit !ar longi"olia have oblong to oblanceolate leaves, slender pedicels,
features and each variants breeding true, other pharmacognostical standards do not sho#
similarity in 8analytical standards *bservation of 0 seeds per fruit and extraction of highest oil content >3@ <;B in var lali"olia are the Drst records It is concluded that though the varieties sho# fe# Cualitative diEerences in morphological characters, they have Cuantitative diEerences in anatomical and phytochemical characters used as potential source for the selection of high yield strain for oil production It is
recommended iliat the trees of !. longi"olia var lali"olia used for the present study may be
8.3. Basella alba
This perennial and succulent vine is cultivated for its spinach and as ornamental The Cualitative diEerences observed in morphological characters is the color of the vine, var the varieties is genetically Dxed Anatomically both the varieties are indistinguishable al$a is green and var ru$ra is pin$ In our cultivation studies, it is proved that the color of %resence of both paracytic and anisocytic types of stomata are reported for the Drst time T," studies distinguish the t#o varieties !ar ru$ra has a band of anthocyanins pigments in the (f value of 4 =A *ther pharmacognostical standards sho# more similarity bet#een the varieties Since var al$a and var ru$ra have similar morphological >except color of aerial partsB, anatomical, physicochemical and phytochemical characters, it is recommended that var ru$ra does not #arrant a variety status but may be considered as a cultivars
A-de#@ADiD, A, /rain, 6 and /ashir, A6 , 1@@4 Screening of Sudanese plants for
molluscicidal activity and identiDcation of leaves of Tacca leontopetaloides >, B * $i9e >TaceaceaeB as a potential ne# exploitable resource, %hytotheraphy (esearch, L=>1BF 0='03 Abdurahman, ) M , (ai, % % Sho$, M and *lurinola % I 1@@0 %harmacognosy of plant lrringia ga$onensis >*8(or$eB /aill International ?ournal of Mendel, 12>1-=BF 1'L Ahmed, KS , 1@3< A note on the plants of medicinal value found in %a$istan 5overnment of %a$istan press, 6arachi, %a$istan Ainslie, G , 1@AL , Materia Medica, II Meeraj %ublishing &ouse, Me# Delhi, India Alam, M , 1@A1 Some additions to the hosts of root '$not nematodes Indian %hytopathology, 2L>=BF =L2 Alam, M M , 1@A@ "ontrol of root'$not and stunt nematodes #ith horn meal, bone meal and oil seed ca$es , Indian ?ournal of Mematology, 1@>=BF 100'1<4 Alam, M M , 6han, AM and Saxena, S 6 , 1@A= (elative toxicity of decomposed 14>1BF 1=L'1=<
and undecomposed oil'ca$es to plant parasitic nematodes Acta /otanica Indica, Alam, M , Dasan, 6 6 S , (u$mani, / , (aman, " and %umshothaman, 6 6 , 1@A2 Studies on '!usta+arishta' prepared according to texual and modiDed methods, ?ournal of (esearch in Ayurveda and Siddha, L>1'LBF 32'0= %umshothaman, 6 6 , 1@AL Alam, M , 5irija (ani, 5 , Sathiavasan, 6 , Dasan, 6 6 S , Ali ?ournal of research in Ayurveda and Siddha, 3>1'LBF <3'A1 US and
Micro'biological screening of Madhuca :o#ers
Ali, S I , Singh, * % and Misra, U S , 1@A2 )Eectiveness of plant oils against pulse beetle, Calloso$ruchus chinensis, , Indian ?ournal of )ntomology, L3>1BF 0'@ Anonymous, 1@42 Description of the %hilippines, %art I %rintings, Manila, %hilippines India India India India /ureau of %ublic
Anonymous, 1@LA The Gealth of India ' (a# Materials, !ol I "SI(, Me# Delhi, Anonymous, 1@34 The Gealth of India ' (a# Materials, !ol II "SI(, Me# Delhi, Anonymous, 1@0= The Gealth of India ' (a# Materials, !ol !I, "SI(, Me# Delhi, Anonymous, 1@<= , Iormulary of Siddha Medicines, >in TamilB IM%"*%S, "hennai, Anonymous, 1@<0 , Medicinal %lants of India, !ol I - II I"M(, Me# Delhi, India Anonymous, 1@A4 *+cial Methods of Analysis of the A*A" Gashington D"
Anonymous, 1@A0 The Useful %lants of India "SI(, Me# Delhi, India Anonymous, 1@@0 AM(UT&, 1>1B I(,&T, /angalore, India &amdard medicus, 2=>=BF 0A'<@ Asif, M and ShaDullah, 1@@2 Infrared spectral data of herbal drugs >MufradatB Atal, " 6 , Srivastava, ? / , Gali, / 6, "ha$ravarty, ( / , Dha#an, / M and (astogi, ( % , 1@<A Screening of Indian plants for biological activity, %art !III Indian ?ournal of )xperimental /iology, 10F 224
A#asthi K " and Mitra, " ( , 1@0< !adhuca latt"oliaF constituents of fruit pulp and nutshell %hytochemistry, 0F 1=1'1== A#asthi, K " and Mitra, " ( , 1@0A !adhuca lali"oliaF Triterpenoid constituents of the trun$ bar$ %hytochemistry, <F 1L22'1L2L Tarai region, u % /ajpayee, 66 and Dixit, 5 , 1@@0 )thnobotanical studies on food stuEs of tribal of %ublishers, ?odhpur, India InF Mahes#ari,? 6, >ed B )thnobotany of South Asia ScientiDc
/alachandran, / , Sivasamy, S M and Sivarama$rishnan, v M , 1@@1 5enotoxic Medical (esearch, @L>3BF 2A
eEects of some foods and food components in S#iss mice Indian ?ournal of /aneIji, ( , Srivastava, A 6, Misra, 5 , Migam, S 6 , Singh, S , Migam, S " and Saxena, ( c , 1@<@ Steroid and triterpenoid saponins as spermicidal agents Indian Drugs, 1<>1BF 0'A /aneIji, ( , %ra$ash, D , Misra, 5 , Migam, S 6 , Saxena, A 6, Mathur, A 6, Sinha, ? 6 and /hargava, 6% , 1@A1 "ardiovascular and haemolytic activity of saponins Indian Drugs, 1A>LBF 1=1'1=L
/aneIji, ( , Misra, 5 and Migam, S 6 , 1@A3 Madhuca indicaF ,eaf saponin and its biological activity Iitoterapia, 30>2BF 1A0'1AA for hair and scalp preparation /anaeIji, D 6 and %al, D " , 1@@0 %lants used by the tribals of Morth Indian %lains )thnobiology, 1<'=1 ,Mov 1@@L, M/(I, ,uc$no#,India AbstractF I! International "ongress on
/ha$uni, D S , Dhar, M , , Dhar, M M , Dha#an, / M and Mehrotra, / M , 1@0@ of )xperimental /iology, <F =34
Screening of Indian medicinal plants for biological activity, %art II Indian ?ournal /hargava, % M and Singh, ( % , 1@3A Studies on '!ahua' sterol from Bassia lati"olia ?ournal of Indian "hemical Society, 23F <02'<0L /hat, ( / , "hateIjee, ) * and *ladipo, v T , 1@@4 )thnobiologica1 studies from "entral Trigeria )conomic /otany, LL>2BF 2A='2V* !adhuca longi"olia leaves %hytochemistry, 11F L03 /hatnagar, S " , A#asthi, yc and Mitra, c ( , 1@<= Sapotaceae' constituents of
/hutani, 66, 6apoor, ( and Atal, " 6, 1@AL T#o unsymmetric tetracyclic triterpenoids from Cissus quadrangularis %hytochemistry, =2>=BF L4<'L14 from /irbhum dt , Gest /engal ?ournal of%aWKllology, =AF L1'30 metabolism Methods in /iochemical Analysis, 1F =<'FT= /ishayee, 5 " and /hattacharya, M, 1@@= "omparative sub' surface pollen spectra /ray, & 5 and Thorpe, G v , 1@3L Analysis of phenolic compounds of interest in /ulu, I , 1@@L &ealth and nutrition among the /irhors of &a9aribagh AbstractF Ivth International "ongress of )thnobiology, Mov 1@@L, M)(I, ,uc$no# /ur$ill, I & , 1@00 Dictionary of the economic products of the Malay %eninsula, !ol II Ministry of Agriculture and "o'operatives 6uala ,umbur, Malaysia H+u(di(*anH >9er$a elephantopiB and its substitutes usingT "ao, & , /hut, % % & and Sha#, % " , 1@@0 Authenitcation of the "hinese drug polymerase chain reaction >%"(B Acta %harmaceutica Sinda, 21><BF 3L2'332
random'primed
"ha$raborti, S , Mu$heIji, A and Datta, % " , 1@AA "omparative pharmacognosy of 'trychnos nu,(vomica and '. potatorum stem bar$s International ?ournal of "rude Drug (esearch, =0>=BF 1=1'1=0
"hander, A and Ahmed, S M , 1@A0 )+cacy of oils from medicinal plants as protectants of green gram aganist the pulse beetle Calloso$ruchus chinensis )ntomology, 11 >11BF 1=1'1=0
"handra, 6, %andey, / M and ,al, ! 6 , 1@A3 fol$'lore medicinal plants of Dum$a >/iharB Ancient Science of ,ife, L>2BF 1A1'1A3 "hase, " ( and %ratt, (? , 1@L@ Iluorescence of po#dered vegetable drugs #ith particular reference to development of a system of identiDcation ?ournal of American %harmaceutical Association, 2AF 2=L'221
"herian, 6M , 5andhi, ! M and Mul$y, M , 1@@0 Toxicological evaluation of /iology, 2LF 01'03
'!o:rah' >!adhuca lati"olia MacbrideB, seed meal Indian ?ournal of )xperimental "hopra, (M , Mayar, S , and "hopra, I " , 1@30 5lossary of Indian Medicinal %lants, "SI(, Me# Delhi, India "hopra, S S , %atel, M ( and A#adhiya, (% , 1@<0 Studies on Cissus quadrangularis in experimental fracture repair, A histopathological study Indian ?ournal of Medical (esearch, 0LF 1203'120< Dadun, c , %ing, 5 and ?un, X , 1@@= Studies on seasonal variation of al$aloid University, =2>=BF A='A<
content of .phedra sinica from inner Mangolia ?ournal of "hina %harmaceutical Daniel, M , Sabins, S D and Mani, M ! , 1@<A )stimation of tannins in some of the forest resources of 5ujarat Indian ?ournal of Iorester, 1F ==2
Das, % 6 and Sanyal, A6, 1@0L Studies on Cissus quadrangularis , %art I, Acetylcholine'li$e action of the total extract Indian ?ournal of Medical (esearch, 3=F02
Devi, S and 5upta, % , 1@@3 ,arval emergence from egg sacs of 9eterodera ca/oni in extracts of ca$es of various media and their eEect on co#pea Indian ?ournal of Mematology, =3>=BF 1@4'1@2
Dha#an, / M , Dubey, M % , Mehrotra, / M , (astogi, ( % and Tandon, 1 S , 1@A4 )xperimental /iology, 1AF 3@L'040
Screening of Indian plants for biological activity, %art I7 Indian ?ournal of Dolui, A6 , 6harya, M D and Srirastata, M % , 1@AA, a !ahua fat in suppository bases %art I Indian ?ournal of %harmaceutical Science, =3F 22'23 Dolui, A 6 , 6harya, M D and Srivastava, M % , 1@AA, b !ahua fat in ointment bases ' %art II Indian ?ournal of %harmaceutical Science, =3F 20'2A Dragar, !A and Menary, (" , 1@@= Seasonal variation in oil yield and composition of 0learia phlogopappa ?ournal of )ssential *il (esearch, L>0BF 331'30= Medica, 1AF =<A'=A2 India )l &amidi, A, 1@<4 Drug plants of the Sudan (epublic in Mative Medicine %lanta 5amble, 1 S , 1@0< Ilora of the %residency of Madras, !ol 1'2 /SI, "ulcutta, 5iles lal, D and ,ivingstone, c , 1@<A "ampus Ilora, Madras "hristian "ollege, Madras, India 5irach, (D , Aminuddin, S 6 , SiddiCui, % A and 6han, S A, 1@@L Traditional plant remedies among the 6ondh of District Dhen$anel >*rissaB International ?ournal of %harmacology, 2=>2BF =<L'=A2 5oel, (6 , %andy, / M , %rasad, / 6 and %rasad, 6 6 , 1@@L )thnomedicinal study congress of )thnobiology, Mov , 1@@L, M/(I, ,uc$no#
of some plants of Magadh region >South /iharB India AbstractF I! International 5opalan, c , (amasastri, S ! and /alasubramanian, S " , 1@AL Mutritive value of Indian food Mational Institute of Mutrition, &yderabad, I"M(, Me# Delhi, India 5os#ami, / 6 and !ijayala$shmi, 6 , 1@A0 )+cacy of some Indigenous and non' edible oil seed ca$es against !eloidogyne incognita on tomato Indian ?ournal of Mematology, 10>=BF =<4'=A1 5oud, % S and %ullaiah, T , 1@@0 )thnobotany of 6urnool dt Some #ild plants used as food InF Mahes#ari, I6 , >ed B, )thnobiology in South Asia ScientiDc %ublishers, ?odhpur, India 5upta, M M and !erma, (6 , 1@@4 Un symmetric tetracyclic triterpenoid from Cissus quadrangularis %hytochemistry =@>1BF 220'22<
5upta, M M and !erma (6 , 1@@1 ,ipid constituents of Cissus quadrangularis. %hytochemistry, 24>2BF A<3'A<A 5urib ' Ia$im , A, S#eraj, M D ,5euho, ? andDulloo, ) , 1@@0 Medicinal %lants of (odrigues International ?ournal of %harmacognosy, 2L>1BF ='1L &ajra, % 6, 1@A< %lants in magico religious beliefs and in Sans$rit literature InF ?ain S6, >edB A manual of )thnobotany, ScientiDc %ublishers, ?odhpur, India Bassia lati"olia %hytochemistry, 11F 1<@1'1<@3 &ariharan, ! , (angas#ami, S and Sarangan, S , 1@<= Saponins of the seeds of &asmi, S and Singh, ! 6, 1@@< /otanical identiDcation and pharmacognostic
details of the mar$et samples of 'Karan/' %rocF International "onference on "urrent %rogrammes in Medicinal and Aromatic %lant (esearch, 2 1= @L ' 1 1 @3, "ulcutta, India &enry, AM , 6umarI 5 ( and "hithra, ! , 1@A< Ilora of Tamilnadu, India, Series 1, !ol ll /SI, Southern "ircle, "oimbatore, India ,td, Me# Delhi, India &ill, AI , 1@@0 &ills )conomic /otany , Tata Mc 5ra# &ill %ublishing "ompany &oo$er, ? D , 1@<A The Ilora of /ritish India %eriodical )xport /oo$ Agency, Me# Delhi and International /oo$ Distributors, Dehradun, India &ulagur, / I , 1@@2 Utilisation of diEerent oil ca$es as fertili9ersF comparison of process of immobili9ation, minerali9ation and nitriDcation inhibition in soil and Mr upta$e Gorld Meem "onference, =L'=A, Ieb , 1@@2, /angalore, India ?adhav, 6/ and ?adhav, , D , 1@AL Use of some vegetable oils, plant extracts and synthetic products of protectants from pulse beetle, Callaso$ruchus macaulatus Iabr in stored grain , ?ournal of Iood Science Technology, =1>=BF 114'112 6endra %atri$a, 10>1B ?ain, S 6, 1@A< )ndangered species of medicinal herbs in India !ive$anandha ?ain, S % , 1@A@ Tribal remedies from Saranda forest, /iliar, India International ?ournal of "rude Drug (esearch, =<>1BF =1'2= ?ain, S 6, 1@@0 Medicinal plants Mational /oo$ Trust, Me# Delhi, India
?ain, % and Sahu, T (, 1@@2 An ethnobotanical study of Moradehi Sanctuary %ar$ of M % , India, Mative plant remedies for scorpion sting and sna$e bite ?ournal of )conomic and Taxonomic /otany, 1<>=BF 213'2=A
?ain, M and Suri, 66 1@A4 Insecticidal, Insect repellent and piscicidal plants of Dehra Dun, Magarjun ?anardhnan, 6, 5opal, ! and ,abhmanan, 66, 1@A1 ,ittle $no#n features in the epidermology of Cissus quadrangularis , , "urrent Science, 34>1<BF <<L'<<3
?ha, ! , Misra, S , 6argupta, AM and ?ha, A, 1@@0 ,eaves and :o#ers utili9ed as signiDcance
supplementary vegetables in DaIbarga >Morth /iliarB and their ethnobotanical %ublishers, ?odhpur, India and ,ondon InF Mahes#ari, ? 6 >edB, )thnobotany in South Asia, ScientiDc
?ohansen D A, 1@L4 %lant MicrotechniCue, Mc5ra# &ill /oo$ "o Inc , Me# Kor$ ?oshi, A, 1@@2 The *il Gealth of India IMI*(M, L>@F 14L=' 143=
6atole, S(, Mahajan, (6 and Satpute, U S , 1@@0 )+cacy of some non'edible oils and insecticides against citrus blac$ :y nymphs % 6 ! (esearch ?ournal, =4>1BF =3' =<
6ay, A, , 1@2A Microscopical Studies of Drugs /ailliere, Tindall and "ox , ,ondon 6han, S S , Singh, M % and "haghtal, S A, 1@@1 quadrangularis , *riental ?ournal of "hemistry, <>2BF 1<4'1<=
)thnobotany of Cissus
6hanna, 6 6 , Srivastara, % 6 and Mudgal, v , 1@@0a Mote#orthy medicinal plant uses from rural fol$lore InF Mahes#ari, l6 >ed B, )thnobotany in South Asia, ScientiDc %ublishers, ?odhpur, India
6hanna, 66, Mudgal , Shu$la, 5
ethnomedical uses of plants from Mir9apur dt , U%
and Srivastava, % 6, 1@@0b
InF Mahes#ari, ? 6 >ed B,
Unreported
)thnobotany in South Asia, ScientiDc %ublishers, ?odhpur, India
6hatoon S , Mehrotra, S , Shome, U and Mehrotra, / M , 1@@2 Analysis of commercial (atanjot by T," :uorescence Dngerprinting International ?ournal of %harmacognosy, 21>LBF =01' =<<
6irti$ar, 6( and /asu, / D , 1@A4 Indian Medicinal %lants, !ol 1'L /ishen Singh Mahendra %al Singh, Debra Dun 6itaga#a, I , Shira$a#a, 6 , and Koshi$a#a, M , 1@<A Saponin and sapogenol 77I! The structure of 8MI saponin "8, and a bisdesmoside of proto basic acid from /ulletin >To$yoB, =0>LBF 1144'1114 the seed $emals ofMadhuca longi"olia >, B Macbride "hemical and %harmaceutical
6o$ate, " 6, 1@@L %ractical %harmacognosy !allabh %ra$ashan Me# Delhi, India
6rishna$umar, % ( and Suresh $umar, D , 1@@3 "onservation of plants from Siddha system Industry meet'cum'seminar on /io' diversity and information on medicinal and Aromatic plants, 13'1<, Mov , 1@@3, Me# Delhi, India
6umbhoj$ar, M S , 6ul$arni, D 6 and Upadhya, AS , 1@@1 )thnobotany of Cissus quadrangularis , from India )thnobotany, 2>1-=BF =1'=3 ""(AS, Me# Delhi, India 6urup, % M ! , (amadas, ! M 6 and ?oshi, % , 1@<@ &andboo$ of Medicinal %lants,
,ahan$ar, M A, 1@@1 &o# to clean teeth #ith dental stic$s Sachitra Ayurved, LL>0BF L12'L1L ,anje#ar, (D and Shu$la, ! M , 1@A0 !ulnerability of larvae and eggs of Meloidogyne incognita to some oil ca$es and fungicides Mematology, 10>1BF 01' <2
Indian ?ournal
,iu, KM , Sheu, S ? , "hiou, S & , "hang, & " ,8 and "hen, K% , 1@@2 A comparative study on commercial samples of Phellodendri corte, %lanta Medica, 3@>0BF 33<'301 quadrangularis ?ournal of ScientiDc and Industrial (esearch, 1AF =32 !ol II, Tamil University, Thanjavur, India Madan, c , and Mayar, S c , 1@3@ A pharmacognostic study of the stem of Cissus Madayan, % and "itraputran, & , 1@A< Dictionary of Trees and %lants, >in TamilB, Mahajan, ( T , Mahajan, 56 and %atel, / M , 1@@L Some biochemical responses of the haemolymph of the crab %aratelpusa docCuemontii >(uthdumB exposed to oil' ca$e of !adhuca indica ?ournal of )nvironmental Toxicology, L>1BF =3'=A
Mahato, A 6 and Mahato, % , 1@@0 )thnobotanical #ealth of "hota Magpur plateau ' I!, some medicinal plants used against intestinal #orms InF Mahes#ari, l6 >ed B, )thnobotany in South Asia, ScientiDc %ublishers, ?odhpur, India
Mahes#ari, ? 6, 1@@3 )thnobotanical resources of hot, arid 9ones of India InF Schultes, ( ) and (eis, S K >eds B, )thnobotany, )volution of a discipline Dioscorides %ressT %ortland, *regon
Mallavarapu, 5 ( , (amesh, S , "handrase$aran, ( S , (ao, ( / ( , 6aul, % M and
/hattacharya, A 6, 1@@3 Investigation of the essential oil of "innamomum leaf gro#n at /angalore and &yderabad Ilavour and Iragrance ?ournal, 14>LBF =21' =L@ Mariappan, ! , 5opalan, M , Marasimhan, K and Suresh, S , 1@A< )Eect of Meem and other plant products on yello# mosaic virus >KM!B disease of blac$ gram, Meem Me#s ,etter, L>1BF 1'14 Matthe#, 6M , 1@A2 The :ora of the Tamilnadu "arnatic !ol III, %art I - II, The (apinat &erbarium, St ?oseph8s "ollege, Tiruchirappalli, India Mehrotra, S and Sharma, & % , 1@AL %harmacognostic studies on ''appan'
>Caesalpinia sappan , B and its mar$et samples %roceedings of Indian Acadamy of Science >plant ScienceB, @2>=BF 123'134 Mehrotra, S and Shome, U , 1@@2 Ultra'morphology in authentication of
traditional herbal drugs In 5ovil, IM , Singh, !6 and &ashTru, S >44A B, 5limpses in %lant (esearch, !ol 7I, Medicinal plantsF Me# vistas of research >part =B Todays and Tomarro#s %rinters and %ublishers, Me# Delhi, India
Metcalfe, " ( and "hal$, , , 1@3< Anatomy of the Dicotyledons !ol I - II "lareitdon %ress, *xford, )ngland Mitra, " ( and A#asthi, Kc , 1@0= "onstituents of !adhuca lati"olia and !. $utyracea nuts ?ournal of ScientiDc and Industrial (esearch, =1>DBF 14='142 -elum$o nuci"era 5aerth >$amalB (hi9ome'I Medicine, Koga and &omeopathy, 11>2BF L3'32 Mitra, ( , Mehrotra, S and 6apoor, , D , 1@<0 %harmacognostical study of
?ournal of (esearch in Indian
Mu$eIji, / , 1@32 The Indian %hannaceutical "odex, !ol =, Indigenous Drugs, "SI(, Me# Delhi, India Mul$y, M ? , and 5andhi, ! M , 1@<< Mo#rah > !adhuca lati"oliaB seed saponinF Toxicological studies ?ournal of Applied "hemistry and /iotechnology, =<F <4A Murthy, 6S , Desai, & / , ?alpada, % M and Shu$la, % " , 1@@1 Saponin >mor#inB content in malma >!adhuca indicaB seed ca$e as estimated by diEerent methods 5ujarat Agricultural University (esearch ?ournal, 1<>1BF 1L3'1L0
Murugesamudaliar, 6S , 1@AA 5unapaadam, !ol I, >in TamilB Tamilnadu Siddha Medical /oard, "hennai, India MagaIjun, M and (ao, 6M , 1@@4 A survey of plant crude drugs of (ayalaseema, Anthrapradesh, India ?ournal of )thnopharmacology, =@>=BF 12<'13A Southern "ircle, "oimbatore, India Medical (esearch, 04F 1L<4 Mair, M " and &enry, A M , 1@A2 Ilora of Tamilnadu, India Series'I, !ol I /SI, Manda, (S , 1@<= Iluoride content of Morth Indian Ioods Indian ?ournal of Migam, S 6 and Misra, 5 , 1@@L Mahna and "hura to boost tribal economy India
AbstractF I! International "ongress on )thnobiology, 1<'=1 Mov , M/(I, ,uc$no#, %admanaban, / , Daniel, M , 1@@2 /io'assay of oilca$es against the grubs of arecanut choc$chafer %eucopholis lepidophora /urn >"oleopteraF MelonthianaeB Gorld Meem "onference, =L'=A, Ieb , 1@@2, /angalore, India %al, D " , 1@A4 %lants used in treatment of cattle and birds among tribals of )astern India In ai D, S 6 >ed B, 5limpses of Indian )thnobotany *xford and I/& %ublishing "o , Me# Delhi, India 'I
%ar$, ? & , 6im, ? S , ?eong, A K and Mamba, ? , 1@@3 A pharmacognostical study on the '!an Byung Cho' 6orean ?ournal of %harmacognosy, =0>=BF 10,'1<L synergists International ?ournal of Tropical Agriculture, 3>2'LBF ==2'==0 %asmer, / S and Dutta, S , 1@AA )valuation of some non'edible oils as malathion
%atel, (5
amendments and granular nematicides in the control of &otylenchulus reni"ormis infecting pigeon pea Indian ?ournal of Mematology, ==>1BF 1L'1A Indian Drugs, 10>1=BF 0<'0@ %atel, / ( and Sata$opan, S , 1@<@ 6ey for the identiDcation of J Aso+a po#der
and %atel, D ? , 1@@=
"omparative e+cacy of some organic
%luemjai, T and Saifah, ) , 1@A0 "onstituents of Cissus quadrangularis , Thailand ?ournal of %harmaceutical Science, 11>LBF =43'=11 %radhan, (, 1@@L &erbal remedies in dental practice %roc F Mational seminar on the use of traditional medicine in s$in care, =3'=0, Mov , 1@@L, "IMA%, ,uc$no#, India
%rasad, 5 c and Udupa, 6M , 1@02 )Eect of Cissus quadrangularis on the healing of cortisone'treated fracture Indian ?ournal of Medical (esearch, 31F 00< healing Advance (esearch in Indian Medicine, /**, !aranasi, India %rasad, 5 " , and Udupa, 6 M , 1@<4 (ole of Cissus quadrangularis on fracture %rasad, 5 c and Udupa, 6M , 1@<= %ath#ays and site of action of phytogenic steroid from Cissus quadrangularis ?ournal of (esearch in Indian Medicine, <F =@ %rasad, 5 " , "hatteIji, S " and Udupa, 6M , 1@<4 )Eect of phytogenic steriod of (esearch in Indian Medicine, LF 12=
Cissus quadrangularis >&adjoraB on endocrine glands after fracture ?ournal of %rema, S , 1@A@ Siddha Maruthuva Thogaiagarathi >in TamilB, Tamil University, Thanjavur, India %yne, A 6 , 5angopadhyay, % and /is#as, " (, 1@A1 Studies on the blood constituents #ith incorporation of Mahua ca$e >!adhuca indicaB in the ration of lactatious buEaloes International ?ournal of Animal &ealth, =4>=BF 121'12 2 .uisumbing, ) , 1@31 Medicinal plants of the %hilippines Technical /ulletin, !ol Manilla
10, (epublic of %hilippines, Department of Agriculture and Matural (esources, (atnoo, ( S , and /hatnagar, M 6 , 1@@2 )Eect of stra#, oil ca$es on ashy grey blight !acrophomic phaseolina >TassiB 5oid of co#pea Indian ?ournal of Mycology and %lant %athology, =2>=BF 1A0'1AA (ao, ) , 1@@= "hemical and biological aspects of select polysaccharides Indian ?ournal of %harmaceutical Sciences, 3L>2BF @4'@< (ao, ( (, 1@A4 )thnobotanical studies on the :ora of MaghalayaF some interesting reports of herbal medicine InF ?ain, S 6 >ed B, 5limpses of Indian )thnobotany, *xford I/& %ublication "o , Me# Delhi, India
(eddy, M / , (eddy, 6( and (eddy, M M , 1@A@ A survey of plant crude drugs of Anantapur dt , Andhra %radesh, India (esearch, =<>2BF 1L3' 133
International ?ournal of "rude Drug
(eddy, M & , !ijayala$shmi, 6 and (aju, ((, 8! , 1@@0 Mative phytotherapy for sna$ebite in Mallamalais, )astern 5hats, India )thnobiology in South Asia, ScientiDc %ublishers, ?odhpur, India InF Mahes#ari, ? 6 >ed B,
(out, 5 (, and Das, % , 1@@2 Micropropagation of !adhuca longi"olia >$oenigB Macbride var lati"olia (oxb %lant "ell (eports, 1=>aBF 312'310 Saini, D " , 1@@0 )thnobotany of Tharus of /asti dt , U % InF Mahes#ari, ? 6 >ed B, )thnobiology in South Asia, ScientiDc %ublishers, ?odhpur, India Sam#atsar, S and Di#anji, ! / , 1@@0 &ouse and households of tribals of Gestern M %F An ethnobotanical study InF Mahes#ari, l6 >ed B, )thnobiology in South Asia, ScientiDc %ublishers, ?odhpur, India
Sarin, K 6 , 1@A@ %ractical applications of )thnobotanyF )conomic development of bac$#ard people InF ?ain, S 6 >ed B, Methods and approaches in )thnobotany, Society of )tlmobotanists, ,uc$no#, India
Sata$opan, S and Thomas, % l, 1@<4 Mote on an adulterant of J vasa+a The Indian ?ournal of %harmacy, 2=>2BF 00'0< Aryavaidan, 3>LBF =2='=2< Saxena, (/ , Das#ni, M l and Trivedi, % D , ? @@= Study of H Ku$/a Prasavin5 TailaH Sen, S % , 1@0L Active constituents >oxo steroidsB of Cissus quadrangularis The Indian ?ournal of %harmacy, =0>@BF =L<' =LA "urrent Science, 23F 21< Sen, S % , 1@00 Studies on the active constituents of Cissus quadrangularis 'II Shah, " S and 6hanna, % M , 1@01 %harmacognostic comparision of .m$elia ri$es =<3'=<0
/urm and .. ro$usta " / "lar$e fruits The Indian ?ournal of %harmacy, =2>14BF Sharma, & % , 1@01 "ontributions to the morphology and anatomy of Basella ru$ra , /ulletin of /otanical Survey of /engal, 13>1'=BF L2'LA Sharma, S 6 , 1@@< Addition to Dsh stupefying plants employed by tribals of Southern (ajesthan ?ournal of )conomic and Taxonomic /otany, =1>1BF =L@ Shetty, / S , 6amboj, v % , 5arg, & S and 6hanna, M M , 1@<0 Spermicidal potential of saponins isolated from Indian medicinal plants "ontraception, 1LF 3<1'3<= Si$ar#ar, (, S , 1@@= )tlmomedicines of Morth Surguja forest division,
Ambi$apur, M % Aryavaidyan, 0>=BF @<'144
Singh, (% , 1@3@ Studies on sterols of H!ahuaH oil Indian ?ournal of Applied "hemistry ==>1BF 01'0= Singh, l % , 1@@L a )thnobotany of 6ols of U % , AbstractF Mth International "ongress on )thnobiology, 1<'=1, Mov , 1@@L M)(I, ,uc$no#, India %arganas of /ihar Indian ?ournal of Iorestry, 1<>2BF =0<'=0@ India Singh, " / , 1@@L b "onservation strategy for some economic plants in the Santhal Singh, & / and Arora, (6, 1@<A Gild edible plants of India I"A(, Me# Delhi, Singh, 6 6 and Anand, % , 1@@L Indigenous herbal remedies among the Tharus of 5onda dt U % AbstractF I! th International "ongress of )thnobiology, 1<'=1, Mov , 1@@L, M)(I, ,uc$no#, India
Sinha, % " , 1@@L Mahua a useful forest product Sachitra Ayurved, L0>=BF @<'141 Sivasamy, S M , /alachandran, / , /alanehru, S and Sivarama$rishnan, ! M , 1@@1 /iology, =@>ABF <24'<2< Mutagenic activity of South Indian food items Indian ?ournal of )xperimental
Soundarrajan, 6 and Mambisan, 6M% , 1@@2 )Eectiveness of neem against Dve temperate crop pests in the Upper %alani hills %roc F Gorld Meem "onference, =L' =A, Ieb , 1@@2, /angalore, India
Srivastava, 5 M and Srivastava, A6, 1@AA %harmacognosy of Catharanthus roseus Drug (esearch, =0>1BF 22'LL
>, B 5 Don >SadabaharB root and its adulterants International ?ournal of "rude Subbu, ! S ! , 1@0A %harmacological evaluation of a glucoside obtained from the plant 6itis quadrangularis Indian ?ournal of %hysiology and %harmacology, 1=F 13 principle obtained from the plant 6itis quadrangularis %harmacology, =F @1 Subbu, !S !, 1@<4 %harmacological and toxicological evaluation of an active Indian ?ournal of
Subbu, !S !, 1@<1 Mechanism of action of 6itis glucoside on myocardial tissue Indian ?ournal of Medical Science, =3FL44 Subramanian, S S 11F 24@4'24@1 and Mair, A5 ( , 1@<= Myricetin and myricetin'2'4','
(hamnoside from the leaves of !adhuca indica and Achras sapota %hytochemistry, Sundarababu, ( and !adivelu, S , 1@A@ "ontrol of root $not nematodes on /ellary onions #ith oil ca$es South Indian &orticulture, 2<>=BF 1=L'1=3 Suriachandraselvan, M and Marayanasamy, % , 1@AA Inhibition of potato virus 8K8 infection on chille by plant extracts Madras Agricultural ?ournal, <L>2BF 13L'130 of t#o angiosperms /ulletin of /otanical Society, University of Sagar, =<F 20 Trivedi, ! / , 6a9mi, S M and 6a9mi, S M , 1@A4 "omparative bactericidal activity
Tyler, ! ) , /rady, , ( and (obbers, l ) , 1@A1 %harmacognosy, ,ea and Iebiger, %hiladelphia, USA Udupa, 6M and %rasad, 5 , 1@AL /iomechanical and "1L studies on the eEect of Cissus quadrangularis in fracture repair Indian ?ournal of Medical (esearch, 3=>=BF LA4'LA<
Udupa, 6M 3=>=BF =0
and %rasad, 5 , 1@0L
Iurther studies on the eEect of Cissus
quadrangularis in accelerating fracture healing Indian ?ournal of Medical (esearch, Udupa, 6M , %rasad, 5 " and Sell, S % , 1@03 The eEect of phytogenic anabolic steroid in the acceleration of fracture repair ,ife Sciences, LF 21< Pushpi of Ayurvedic text Sachitra Ayurved, L0>1BF L1'L2 8"hura8 found in 6umaon forest division (esearch, 1L>=BF 34'33 Uniyal, M ( , 1@@2a Drug plant from 6umaon &ills, characteri9ation of J !adhu+( Uniyal, M ( , 1@@2 b Determination of un$no#n '!adhu+(pushpi' of literature #ith /ulletin of Medico')thnobotanical
!arma, A and Singh, U ) , 1@<A TechniCues of removing saponins from HmahuaH >Bassia longi"oliaB seed ca$e and its suitability as animal feed )xperientia, 23>LBF 3=4'3=1
!is#anathan, M / , 1@@3 A note on some medicinal plants of the Alagar$oil Medicinal and Aromatic %lants, 13'1< Mov , 1@@3, Me# Delhi, India
M%"A, in Tamilnadu Industry'cum'seminar on /iodiversity and Information on Gagner, & , /ladW, S and Xgains$i, ) M , 1@AL %lant Drug Analysis, Translated by Scott, A , Springer !erlag, /erlin, 5ermany Garrier, %6, Mambiar, !%6 and (arnan$utty, " , 1@@L Indian Medicinal %lants, !ol 1'L *rient ,ongman, &yderabad, India Kamahara, ? , Mibu, & , Sa#ada, T , Iujimura, & , Shira$a#a, 6 , Koshi$a#a, M and 6itaga#a, ,, 1@<@ Anti'in:ammatory eEects of 8MI saponins8, Ka$uga$u Xasshi, @@>0BF 01='01< Kamaji, S , 6omatsu, 6 , 5uo'?un, 7 and Mamba, T , 1@@2 %harmacognostical Pterocephalus plants ?ournal of ?apanese /otany, 0A>=BF <<'A<
studies of the Tibetan crude drugs >0B, on ''pang(rt)i(do($o' derived from
Iig 1F Ilo#ering and fruiting t#igs of Cissus quadrangularis !ariant'I >x 4 2B Iig =F TS of matured stem of C. quadrangularis' !ariant'I >x 2 4B Iig 2F Ilo#ering t#ig of C. quadrangularis ' !ariant'II >x L 3B
Iig LF TS of matured stem of C. quadrangularis' !ariant'II >x 2 4B Iig 3AF Ilo#ering t#ig of C. quadrangularis' !ariant'III >x 4 2B Iig 3/F T#ig of variant'III #ith branched tendril >x 4 2B AF T#o sided internodal region >x 2 4B Iig 0F TS of matured stem of C. quadrangularis ' !ariant'III /F Three sided internodal region >x 2 4B
Anatomical details of C. quadrangularis ' !ariant'I Iig <F TS of young stem >xLx 112B Iig @F TS of petiole >x 2=B Iig 14F TS of leaf lamina >x =34B Iig 11F TS of leaf midrib >x L0B
Iig 1=F TS of young tendril >x Lx =44B Iig 1LF )pidermal peeling of leaf lo#er surface >x =44B
Anatomical details of C. quadrangularis ' !ariant'II Iig 13F TS of young stem >x L4B Iig 10F TS of young stem ' a portion enlarged >x 114B 114B >"( F crystalB
Iig 1<F TS of young stem under polari9ed light sho#ing the calcium oxalate crystals >x Iig 1AF TS of leaf midrib >x L0B Iig 1@F TS of leaf lamina >x 12=B >"(F crystalB crystals >x A3B >"(F crystalB Iig =4F Surface vie# of cleared leaf under polari9ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate Iig =1F TS of young tendril >x 04B Iig ==F )pidermal peeling of leaf upper surface >x Ax @4B
Anatomical details of C. quadrangularis ' !ariant'III Iig =LF TS of young stem ' a portion >x Lx 3@B
Iig =0F TS of petiole ' Adaxial portion enlarged >x L2B Iig =<F TS of petiole ' Abaxial portion enlarged >x 1L2B Iig =AF TS of leaf lamina >x <0B >"(F crystalB Iig =@F TS o" lea" lamina under polari)ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x <0B Iig 24F Surface vie# of cleared leaf under polari)ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x L3B >"(F crystalB Iig 21F TS of young tendril >x 04B
Iig 2=F &abit of !adhuca longi"olia >x 4 412B >,atF var lati"oliaT ,onF vat longi"oliaB
Iig 22F Trun$ of !. longi"olia var longi"olia >x 4 <0B varietiesB
Iig 2LF Trun$ of !. longi"olia var lati"olia >x 4 <0B >Mote the diEerence in trun$ of t#o
Iig 23F A :o#ering t#ig of !. longi"olia var longi"olia Iig 20F A :o#ering t#ig of !. longi"olia var lati"olia Iig 2<F A :o#er of !. longi"olia AF var longi"olia /F var lati"olia
Iig 2AF Iruiting t#igs of !. longi"olia >x 4 LB AF var lati"olia /F var longi"olia
Iig 2@F "ross section of fruits of !. longi"olia var lati"olia Mote the variation in number of seedsNfruit >x 4 13B
Iig L4F /ar$ of !. longi"olia var longi"olia AF *uter surface /F Inner surface
Iig L1F /ar$ of !. longi"olia var lati"olia AF *uter surface /F Inner surface
Anatomical details of !. longi"olia var longi"olia
Iig L=F TS of stem sho#ing bar$ initials >x 30B >/IF /ar$ initialsB Iig L2F TS of stem sho#ing bar$ initials under high po#er >x 1LAB >/IF /ar$ initialB %rimary phloemT %DF %helloderm %,F %hellogenT %&F phellemB Iig LLF TS of young bar$ >x 23B >S7F Secondary xylem, S%F Secondary phloemF %%F Iig L3F TS of matured bar$ >x 3B >*/F *uter bar$, I/F Inner bar$T S%F Secondary phloemB Iig L0F TS of bar$ under polari)ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x 23B >"(F crystalB Iig L<F ,S of bar$ sho#ing laticiferous canals >x L0B >,F laticiferous canalB
Anatomical details of !. longi"olia var longi"olia Iig LAF TS of petiole >x L0B crystalsB Iig L@F TS of petiole under polari)ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x L0B >"(F Iig 34F TS o" lea" lamina >x =A2B Iig 31F TS of leaf midrib >x L3B Iig 3=F TS of sepal >x L@B Iig 32F TS of style >x L0B Iig 3LF TS of corolla lobe >x <4B
Iig 33F TS of dehisced anther >x 33B Iig 30F TS of ovary ' A single locule >x 144B
Anatomical details of !. longi"olia var longi"olia
Iig 3<F TS of fruit sho#ing laticiferous canals >x L4B >,F laticiferous canalB Iig 3AF Macerated bar$ sho#ing individual elements >x L3B >AF Dbers, / - DF parenchyma cells, "F cor$ cellsT )F stone cells, IF laticiferous canals, 5F crystalsB Iig 3@F TS of seed $ernel >x L3B Iig 04F T#o armed hairs from juvenile leaves >x B
Anatomical details of !. longi"olia var longi"olia stone cells and Dbers >x L0B
Iig 01F TS of matured bar$ stained #ith phloroglucinol Mote the presence of groups of Iig 0=F TS of bar$ stained #ith ferric chloride sho#ing tannin content cells >x L3B Iig 02F TS of stem bar$ stained #ith I6I solution sho#ing starch grains >x A4B Iig 0LF TS of un'ripened fruit stained #ith I6I sho#ing starch grains >x 24B sho#s the presence of oil >x L3B Iig 03F TS of seed $ernel stained #ith Sudan blac$ 8/8 Mote the blac$ colored region
Anatomical details of !. longi"olia var lati"olia Iig 00F TS of young stem >x 03B Iig 0AF TS of young bar$ >x 04B Iig 0<F TS of stem sho#ing formation of secondary thic$ening >x <4B >,TF lenticelsB Iig 0@F TS of old bar$ sho#ing the formation of rhtytidoma >x 04B crystalB
Iig <4F TS of bar$ under polari)ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x 04B >,(F Iig <1F ,S of bar$ sho#ing laticiferous canals >x 04B >,F laticiferous canalsB
Anatomical details of !. longi"olia var lati"olia Iig <=F TS of petiole >x L0B crystalsB Iig <2F TS of petiole under polari)ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x 3"(F Iig <LF TS of leaf midrib >x =4B >"(F crystalB
Iig <3F TS of leaf midrib under polari)ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x =4B Iig <0F TS o" lea" lamina >x 110B Iig <<F TS of leaf lamina under polari)ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x 1=4B >"(F crystalB Iig <AF )pidermal peeling of upper leaf surface >x 1<4B Iig <@F )pidermal peeling of lo#er leaf surface >x 1<4B
Anatomical details of !. longi"olia var lati"olia
Iig A4F TS of bar$ stained #ith phloroglucinol Mote groups of stone cells >x L4B Iig A1F TS of stem bar$ stained #ith ferric chloride sho#ing tanniniferous cells >x L0B Iig A=F TS of fruit stained #ith I6I sho#ing starch grains x 34B IigT A2F TS of seed $ernel stained #ith Sudan blac$ 8/8 sho#ing oil rich cells >x L3B
Iig ALF Ilo#ering t#ig of Basella al$a var al$a Iig A3F TS of petiole >x 2B Iig A0F TS of petiole a portion enlarged >DiagrammaticB >x 13B Iig A<F TS of leaf midrib >x L4B Iig AAF TS of leaf lamina >x 144B
Iig A@F )pidermal pealing of leaf upper surface >x 1=3B Iig @4F )pidermal pealing of leaf lo#er surface >x 1=3B
Iig @1F Ilo#ering t#igs of Basella al$a var ru$ra Iig @=F TS of leaf midrib >x <3B >"(F crystalB Iig @2F TS of leaf midrib under polari9ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x <3B Iig @LF TS of leaf lamina sho#ing mucilage cell >x 144B >MUF mucilage cellB crystalsB
Iig @3F "leared leaf under polari9ed light sho#ing calcium oxalate crystals >x 144B >"(F
Iig @0F TS of leaf lamina of B. ru$ra var al$a stained #ith I6I sho#ing starch grains >x 1L3B 1L3B Iig @<F TS of leaf lamina of B. al$a var ru$ra stained #ith I6I sho#ing starch grains >x

Pharmacognostical Studies On Some Selected Medicinal Plants

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Pharmacognostical Studies On Some Selected Medicinal Plants

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply indebted to Dr. M. Jegadeesan, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Pharmac$gn$s! 0 T$$# %$r S andardisa i$n1

phytochemical aspects These diEerences exist among varieties of commonly occurred

2..1 Genera# In the

values and Cualitative and Cuantitative analysis of phytochemicals Sata$opan and

quadrangularis They observed the occurrence of pearl glands on vigorously gro#ing

cultivars of C. quadrangularis A specimen of C. quadrangularis, #ith #ingless stem >round'

''adurappirandai' >four angled or sCuare stemmedB as C. quadrangularis, 'Pulippirandai'

3... C$##ec i$n $% 5#an ma eria#s

T/A dehydration series #as prepared as follo#sF

Dis i##ed Wa er /n m# 34 24 13 '' '' '' '' ''

T,A in m# 14 =4 23 33 <3 144 144 144

3.6..1 T$#uidine ,#ue =<=

#as calculated by successive extraction of the sample in a soxhlet extractor #ith

Gums and Muci#ageBs

Es ima i$n $% Asc$r-ic acid $r &i amin =C=

hydroxine in 144 ml of 4 3 M sulphuric acid and Dltered

acid in a standard :as$ Gor$ing standard #as prepared by dissolving 14 ml of standard

Sam5#e 5re5ara i$n

Es ima i$n $% Tannins

)stimation of tannins #as carried out by using Iolin'Denis reagent >Anonymous,

Sa ura ed s$dium car-$na e s$#u i$n1 23 gm of anhydrous sodium carbonate

Es ima i$n in sam5#e

as R SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ml development 3..2.31 of sample ta$en for

Es ima i$n $% Phen$#

S andard s$#u i$n1 144 mg of catechol in 144 mI of #ater It #as diluted to 14

times for #or$ing standard Pre5ara i$n $% s andard cur"e

Es ima i$n in sam5#e

Es ima i$n $% Sucr$se as /n"er Sugar

S andard s$#u i$n1 @ 3 gm of pure sucrose #ith 3 mI of &"I #as dissolved in

144 sampl e 3..2.61 Es ima i$n $% T$ a# Sa5$nins ml of Titer value

Stamens L, Dlaments slender, = mm in length, anther oblong and dehisce

4...31 Ana $mica# Charac ers stated S em

elements are up'to 1A'1L3

in diameter %ith is made up of polygonal shaped

% O 3; Ierric chloride/ro#nish blac$

)& #ig 5rey 5reen

. %o#der as Such 2 % O 34 ; &M*2 3 %O 1M &"l 4 % O 1M Ma*& in #ater 6 %O IM Ma*& in alcohol

Kello#ish green Dar$ gray Kello#ish green

Dar$ yello#ish green Kello#ish bro#n 5reen

Kello#ish green 5reen Kello#ish green 5reen

)xtracts of "hloroform !ar II n y F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ !arIII !ar I Alcohol

!ar II !arIII !ar I !a

5ree 5ree Kello n y F # oily stic$ stic$

stic$ stic$ n oily semisoli semisoli n

&ernacu#ar names1 ?indi1 Mahua

&ernacu#ar names Sanskri 1 Madhuca ?indi1 Mahua

Eng#ish1 Morth Indian /utter tree Madhuca

Eng#ish1 South Indian /utter tree, Madhuca

tanniniferous contents 5round tissue is parenchymatous, circular in outline and #ith

Parame ers S udied

!ein islet number %alisade ratio

< 4'14 =2'12 =3 0 4'A 1'A <

< =3'@ @3'1L 4, =< 3'22 0'L1 <3 0 ='A 30'A A

!ein termination number =@ 4'2@ 13'L3 <3

/ar$ <0 02 < L4 4 A0 = == 4 L2 4 10 @ 0@ 0 2< 0< 4< 0A 4 34 4 00 2 =2 4 2@ 4 1L 0 32 1= 3= 24 4A <0 4 14 4 A0 4 3 2@ 3 3A 0 44 3 @A 34 =1

"orolla L@ 11 << 4 <4 <A 4 L A1 L A1 < 44

var longi"olia var lati"olia var longi"olia var lati"olia

Acid insoluble ash value 1 0

)xtractive values in a %etroleum ether b /en9ene d Alcohol e Gater c "hloroform 12 A1 32 0<

(eagents UsedN Methods adopted

- deep bro#n po#der y

Deep red stic$y

. %o#der as Such 2 % O 34 ; &M2 3 %O 1M &"l 4 % O 1M Ma& in #ater 6 %O IM Ma*& in alcohol