Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
= mx
u
+B
y
n+1
= Ay
n
-Ay
u
+y
u
43
For stage 1, n = 1, y
1
= y
a
y
2
= Ay
u
-Ay
u
+y
u
= y
u
(1 +A) -Ay
u
For stage 2, n = 2
y
3
= Ay
2
- Ay
u
+ y
u
= A|y
u
(1 + A) - Ay
u
] -Ay
u
+y
u
= y
u
(1 +A +A
2
) -y
u
(A + A
2
)
Similarly, for the nth stage, we have
y
n+1
= y
u
(1 +A + A
2
+ + A
n
)
-y
u
(A +A
2
+ + A
n
)
y
b
= y
u
(1 +A + A
2
++A
N
)
-y
u
(A +A
2
++A
N
)
The sum in the parenthesis is the sum of geometric
series, which is
S
n
=
o
1
(1 - r
n
)
1 -r
44
S
n
= sum of the first n terms of series
a
1
= first term
r = the ratio of each term to the proceeding term
Now we have r = A, a
1
= 1 (n=N+1) or A (n=N), so
y
b
= y
u
1 - A
N+1
1 - A
- y
u
A
1 - A
N
1 -A
Multiply (1-A) in both sides to obtain
y
b
-Ay
b
= y
u
-y
u
A
N+1
- y
u
A + y
u
A
N+1
Rearrange to get
A
N+1
(y
u
- y
u
) = A(y
b
-y
u
) + y
u
- y
b
For stage N, we have
y
b
= Ay
N
-Ay
u
+ y
u
Because y
N
= y
b
-y
N
) = A(y
u
-y
b
)
Hence,
A
N+1
(y
u
-y
u
) = A(y
b
-y
u
) +A(y
u
- y
b
)
= A(y
b
- y
b
)
A
N
=
y
b
-y
b
y
u
-y
u
Nln A = ln_
y
b
-y
b
y
u
-y
u
_
N = ln _
y
b
-y
b
y
u
-y
u
_ lnA
But
A =
slopc o tbc opcroting linc
slopc o tbc cquilibrium linc
=
y
b
-y
u
y
b
- y
u
45
So
N =
ln_
y
b
-y
b
y
u
-y
u
]
ln _
y
b
-y
u
y
b
-y
u
]
The various concentration differences in the above
equation are shown in the following figure.
Special case: the operating and equilibrium lines are
parallel, A = 1,
y
b
= y
u
(1 +A +A
2
+ + A
N
)
-y
u
(A +A
2
+ + A
N
) = y
u
(1 +N) -Ny
u
= y
u
+Ny
u
-Ny
u
= y
u
+N(y
u
-y
u
)
N =
y
b
- y
u
y
u
- y
u
=
y
b
- y
u
y
b
- y
b
46
Similarly, by using the concentration coordinate of x,
we have
N =
ln_
x
u
-x
u
x
b
-x
b
]
ln_
x
u
-x
b
x
u
-x
b
]
=
ln_
x
u
-x
u
x
b
-x
b
]
lnS
x* = equilibrium concentration corresponding to y
S = stripping factor = 1/A = mV/L
S
N
=
x
u
-x
u
x
b
-x
b
If S =1,
N =
x
u
-x
b
x
u
-x
u
=
x
u
-x
b
x
b
- x
b
47
Example 2: Ammonia is stripped from a dilute aqueous
solution by countercurrent contact with air in a column
containing seven sieve trays. The equilibrium
relationship is y
e
= 0.8 x
e
, and when the molar flow of
air is 1.5 times that of the solution, 90% of the ammonia
is removed.
(a) How many ideal stages does the column have,
and what is the stage efficiency?
(b) What percentage removal would be obtained if
the air flow rate were increased to 2.0 times the
solution flow rate?
(a) y
e
= 0.8 x
e
, m = 0.8
V/L = 1.5, N
T
= 7
So the stripping factor is
S =mV/L=0.8x1.5 =1.2
The entering air is free of
ammonia, so y
b
= 0
x
b
=
b
0.8
= u
x
b
= 0.1x
a
(90% removal)
For an ammonia balance:
L
a
x
a
+ V
b
y
b
= L
b
x
b
+ V
a
y
a
Because the solution is dilute, the quantity of ammonia
stripped is small, so L
a
= L
b
= L, V
a
= V
b
= V
Therefore,
y
u
=
I
I
(x
u
-x
b
) =
I
I
(x
u
- u.1x
u
) =
1
1.S
(u.9x
u
)
= u.6x
u
48
x
u
=
y
u
m
=
u.6x
u
u.8
= u.7Sx
u
The number of ideal stages is
N =
ln_
x
u
-x
u
x
b
-x
b
]
lnS
=
ln(u.2Sx
u
u.1x
u
)
ln1.2
= S.u2
Since the actual number of stages is 7, the stage
efficiency is 5.02/7 = 72%.
(b) If V/L = 2 and the number of ideal stages, N,
doesnt change, S = 0.8x2 = 1.6
Let f be the fraction of NH
3
removed, x
b
= (1- f)x
a
y
u
=
I
I
(x
u
-x
b
) =
1
2
(x
u
-(1 -)x
u
) = u.Sx
u
x
u
=
y
u
m
=
u.Sx
u
u.8
= u.62Sx
u
N = S.u2 =
ln _
x
u
- x
u
x
b
- x
b
]
ln S
=
ln((1 -u.62S)(1 -))
ln 1.6
1 -u.62S
1 -
= 1u.S8
f = 0.962 > 0.9. We can see that more ammonia is
removed by using more air.