Lesson 5 & 6: Momentum and Newtons Laws

Contents: Newtons Second and Third Law Momentum Centre of Mass Introduction When an object travels at faster speed it can causes more damage to a colliding object. Similarly an object of a larger mass can also causes more damage even the velocity is the same. This difference comes because of difference in momentum. Momentum Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. The SI unit of momentum is kgm/s. Momemtum = mass velocity

Example: ! trolley of mass "# kg has a velocity of $# m/s% calculate the momentum.

Momentum = mv = "#kg

$#m/s = "## kgm/s

Newtons Second Law of Motion The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proprtional to the force acting% and takes place in the direction in &hich the force acts. Force Rate of Change of momentum Force F Change of momentum Time

m! " mu t &here ' is resultant force% m is mass of the object% v final velocity% u is initial velocity and t is time taken for the change in velocity.

' = m (v)u* t Force mass x acceletation (second form of ne&ton+s second la& of motion* Therefore kgm/s is the derived unit of force. The base unit is ,. $, = $kgm/s Impulse #mpulse Ft m!$mu (change of momentum*

Example T&o forces act on an object. ! force of -#, left and .#, right. If the mass of the objet is $#kg% calculate the acceleration.

/esultant 'orce = .#)-# = 0#, a = '/m = 0#, / $#kg = 0 m/s0

1 ample ! space rocket has a mass Law of Conservation of momentum When t&o or more objects act on each other% their total momentum remains constant% provided no e ternal forces are acting. Elastic and Inelastic Collison !n elastic collision is a collision &here the both the momentum and the kinetic energy are conserved. In an inelastic collision the momentum is conserved but the kinetic energy is not. Collsision 1 ample ! trolley of mass 0kg has a velocity of 0m/s. It collides a stationary of 0 kg mass. !fter the collision both the trolleys stick togetherand move in a common velocity. 'ind this velocity.

Total momentum before = Total momentum after (m$u$* 2 (m0u0* (0 kg 0 m/s* 2 (.kg - kg m/s v Example ! 0 kg trolley travels right at avelocity of 0m/s and clides a trolley of mass .kg &ith a velocity of -m/s left. Then they both travel together at a common velocity. 'ind this velocity and their direction. = (m$ 2 m0*v # m/s* = (0 kg 2 . kg*v = 3 kg v = 3/= #." m/s

Total momentum before = Total momentum after (m$u$* 2 (m0u0* = (m$ 2 m0*v (0 kg 0 m/s* 2 (.kg )- m/s* = (0 kg 2 . kg*v - kg m/s )0- kgm/s = 3 kg v )0# kg m/s = 3 kg v

v = )0#/3 v =)0." m/s The velocity of the trolley is 0." m/s left Explosion Example ! Troley of mass 0 kg and trolley of mass . kg are attached together. 0 kg trolley contains a spring loaded piston% held in place by a pin. When the pin is realeased. 0 kg trolley moves left &ith a velocity of 0 m/s. 'ind the velocity of . kg trolley that moves right.

Total momentum before = Total momentum after (m$ 2 m0*v (0 k 2 . kg* # .u0 u0 u0 # = (m$u$* 2 (m0u0* = ( 0 kg )0 m/s* 2 (. kg = ()- kg m/s* 2.u0 == -/. = #..4 m/s u0*

5elocity of the trolley is #..4 m/s right. Newtons !ird Law #f o%&ect ' exerts a force on o%&ect ( then o%&ect ( will exert an e)ual %ut opposite force on o%&ect '* +To e!er, action there is an e)usl %ut opposite reaction-

Centre of Mass The mass of an o%&ect acts as if it is concentrated at a single point called the centre of mass +centre of gra!it,-* 'or regular object centre of mass is same as the geometrical centre 'or object to be in e6uilibrium and to be stable the &eight acting vertically through the centre of mass must pass through the base.

! is stable% 7 is unstable% 8 is neutral "ctivit#: 9sing a lamina% a pin and a plumb line find centre of mass of a rectangle &ith length $# cm and &idth 3 cm.

:ractice ;uestions $uestion %

$uestion &

$uestion '

$uestion (

$uestion 5

$uestion 6 ! trolley of mass 0 kg rests ne t to trolley of mass . kg on a flat table. When a spring loaded piston on one trolley is realeased% the trolleys are pushed apart. The lighter trolley travels at . m/s. a* What is the momentum of each trolley< b* What is the velocity of the heavier trolley< c* What is the total momentum of the trolleys< d* What average force push the trolley apart if they took #." s to separate completely<

$ueation ) ! $. kg mass travelling to the right at " m/s collides &ith a - kg mass travelling to the left at " m/s.

a* What is the momentum of each mass< What is their total momentum< b* If the masses stick together &hen they collide% &hat is their final velocity< c* Is this velocity to the left or right< $uestion * !n object of mass $# kg collides &ith stationary object of mass " kg. a* If the objects stick together and move for&ard at a velocity of - m/s &hat &as the original velocity of the moving object. $uestion + ! hard ball of mass #."# kg% travels along a stright line &ith aspeed of $." m/s. It hits a fi ed sheet of metal and rebounds back along the same path &ith the same speed. a* 8alculate the average force e terted on the metal during the collisiono if the ball remains to contact &ith the metal for $# milliseconds. $uestion %, !narro& of mass #.$ks is shot into an apple of mass #.0kg &hich is resting on top of a &all. !t the moment of impact the arro& is travelling hori=ontally at $" m/s. 8alculate the common speed immediately after the impact. $uestion %% ! stationary gun of mass "# tonnes fires a shell of mass $##kg &ith a velocity .## m/s% 8alculate the intial velocity of the recoil of the gun. ( $ tonne = $### kg*

$uestion %& ! coal truck of mass "### kg and travelling at " m/s couples &ith sattionary truck and they travel off together at #." ms)$. What &as the mass of the truck &hich &as stationary before the impact< $uestion %& ! snooker ball 7 makes impact &ith an identical stationary ball 8. 7efore impact 7 has velocity of 0 m)$ and it foll&s along the same path &ith a velocity of #.0 m)$. 8alculate the velocity of 8 after impact. $uestion %' a* >efine ,e&ton+s second la& and third la& of motion. b* What is momentum<