1(a) Draw a hyperbola when the distance of the focus from the directrix is 70 mm and the eccentricity e is 1.5.

Draw the tangent and normal to the curve at a point P distance 50 mm from the directrix. Procedure 1. Draw a line AB as directrix. 2. From point C on AB draw a line CE perpendicular to AB. Mark the focus point F such that CF = 70 mm. 3. Divide the line CF into 7 equal parts. 4. Mark the vertex D such that CD = 3/2 of CF. 5. Draw a line DG = DF perpendicular to DF(also draw DG1) 6. Draw the line joining C & G and extend it (also CG1) 7. Make a point 1 on the line CE. 8. Draw a line through 1 perpendicular to CE to intersect at 1 on CG, if produced. 9. With F as centre 11 as radius draw an arc , cutting the line 11 at 1(also 11) 10. Similarly mark points 2,3,4 on the line CE and get the points 21,31,41,.and 21,31,41,.. 11. Join all the points by freehand. The curve obtained is HYPERBOLA. 12. Mark the point P on the Hyperbola. Draw the line joining P & F. 13. Draw a line perpendicular to FP till it meets the line AB at Q. Also draw the line joining Q and P. 14. Now the line PQ is the required tangent. 15. Draw a line perpendicular to PQ trough the point P is the resulting normal MN

1(b) Make a free hand sketch of the following three views, of the block shown pictorically in figure. (i) Front View, (ii) Top View (iii) Side View from the right.

Fig. 1(b) Solution

2(a) The projections of a line AB are perpendicular to XY. The end A is in HP and 50 mm infront of VP and the end B is in VP and 40 mm above HP. Draw its projections, determine its true length and the inclinations with the HP and VP.

Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. Mark the points a and a on the projector drawn perpendicular to XY at 50 mm below XY and on XY. Mark the points b and b on the projector drawn perpendicular to XY at 40 mm above XY and on XY. Draw locus(horizontal lines) from b and a Draw the true length in the front view by taking ab as radius with a as centre until it meets the locus of a at the point b1 5. Draw a perpendicular line from b1 until it intersects the locus of b at the point b1. 6. Draw the true length in top view by taking ab as radius with a as centre until it meets the locus of a at the point b2. 7. Join ab1 and ab2 to get the true length in front and top views.

2(b) A square lamina PQRS of side 40 mm rests on the ground on its corner P in such a way that the diagonal PR is inclined at 45 to HP and also apparently inclined at 30 to VP. Draw its projections.

Procedure 1. The plane is inclined to both VP and HP. The required projection should be obtained in 3 stages. 2. In the first stage the square is assumed to be lying on the ground with one of its diagonal sq is perpendicular to XY. 3. In the second stage the plane is tilted about the corner p. So that the surface is inclined at 450 to the HP thus the new elevation is inclined at 450 to XY and the new top view is obtained by drawing projectors. 4. In the third stage final top view is tilted to occupy a new position p1, q1, r1, s1 such that the diagonal q1s1 is incline at 300 to XY. 5. The final front view is projected from this last drawn top view. Draw projectors from p, q, r, s and from p1, q1, r1, s1 to meet at points p1, q1, r1, s1. Join these points to get the final front view. The point p1 is in the XY since the corner is touching the XY plane.

3(a) Draw the projections of a cube of edge 45 mm resting on one of its corners on HP, with a solid diagonal perpendicular to HP.

Procedure 1. Since the solid diagonal is perpendicular to VP, in the first elevation it should be parallel to HP. 2. So draw the base square of the cube in the plan such that all the edges are equally inclined. Get the corresponding elevation. 3. By considering the solid diagonal a3, tilt the plan such that a3 is vertical. Draw the projectors through all the front view points for getting the final plan. For example for getting the point a draw the projector through a in elevation and draw horizontal line through a, intersecting at a. Follow the same step for getting all the other points. 4. To find out hidden edges, the rule is that the line(s) passing through the point(s) nearer to the XY line in one view is / are not visible in the other view. Here point 3 is nearer to the XY line in the final elevation. So in the final plan the edges 23, 34 & 3c are drawn by thick dashed line. Darken all the visible edges by thick continuous line.

3(b) A square pyramid of base 40 mm and axis 70 mm long has one of its triangular faces on VP and the edge of base containing by that face perpendicular to HP. Draw its projections.

Procedure 1. Draw the elevation of the solid first, a triangle with one edge bc perpendicular to HP. Mark the apex o and draw the slant edges. 2. Get the corresponding plan of height 70 mm. 3. Now tilt the plan such that one triangular face oc(b) in VP that shows the final plan. 4. Get the corresponding final elevation.

4(a) A vertical cylinder 40 mm diameter is cut by a vertical section plane making 30 to VP in such a way that that the true shape of the section is a rectangle of 25 mm and 60 mm sides. Draw the projection and the true shape of the section.

Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Draw the top view of the cylinder, which is a circle of diameter 40 mm. The corresponding elevation of the height 60 mm is drawn. As the cutting plane is perpendicular to HP and it is seen as a line in the plan. So the cutting plane is drawn in the plan inclined at 30 to VP in such a way that that the true shape of the section is a rectangle of 25 mm and 60 mm sides. Give all the notations for all the cutting points. The cutting parts are projected to the respective top face and base on the elevation of the cylinder. The points are connected in order and hatched (it is a rectangle (1234), which is the apparent section of the solid. To get the true shape draw X1Y1 line parallel to the cutting plane and projectors perpendicular to X1Y1 through all the cutting points. The points of the true shape are marked on the projectors by taking the distances from the elevation (for e.g. for point 11 get the height of 1 with respect to XY and mark the same w.r.to X1Y1) Join all the cutting points in sequence and hatch it to get the true shape.

4(b) A rectangular pyramid 60 mm x 50 mm and height 75 mm is resting on its base on HP with its longer base edge parallel to VP. It is sectioned by a plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 65 to HP and passing through the mid-point of the axis. Develop the lateral surfaces of the cut pyramid.

Procedure 1. Draw the projections of the pyramid with the given data. 2. Draw the section plane in the elevation, perpendicular to VP, inclined at 60 to HP and meets the midpoint of the axis. Give notations for all the cutting points. 3. Here no slant edge shows the true length in the elevation, because all are inclined with VP in plan. To find the true slant length, make one edge ob parallel to VP and obtain ob1. Project b 1 to the elevation and get b1. Join o b1 that gives the true slant length. 4. To draw the full development of the pyramid draw an arc with O as centre and radius equal to o b1. On it cut four arcs with radius equal to the base side and join all these with O. Also join these points by line segments that complete the full development, which is nothing but four isosceles triangles. 5. To get the cutting points in the development transfer these first on to the true slant line by drawing horizontal lines. To obtain 1 on the development set the length A1=a1. Follow the same to get the remaining points on to the development. 6. Join these points in sequence.

5(a) A cylinder of diameter of base 60 mm and height 70 mm rests with its base in HP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 to HP cuts the cylinder such that it passes through a point on the axis 50 mm above the base. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated cylinder showing the cut surface.

Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Draw the projection of the cylinder showing the section with the given data. Draw the plan and elevation of the cylinder showing the section plane with the given data. Enclose the circle in plan in a box pqrs. Now draw the box in isometric. Using four centre method construct the isometric circle in the box PQRS. Locate points a, b, c, d, e, f, g & h on the isometric circle. Now to get the top face in isometric through P & R draw vertical lines equal to 70 mm. 6. Through all the base points draw perpendicular lines and on which mark the points 1, 2, 3 by taking the heights of the same with respect to XY in the elevation. Join all the points in the sequence by free hand and darken only the extreme generators in isometric. 7. Follow the same to get the other cutting points in the section plane in isometric. 8. Join all the points in sequence by free hand darken only the visible portion of the base and also darken only the extreme generators.

5(b) Draw the perspective view of a square prism base side 20mm height 35mm resting on its base on the ground with a rectangular face parallel to the picture plane. The axis of the prism is 25mm behind the picture plane and 25mm to the right of the eye. The eye is 50mm in front of picture plane and 50mm above the ground.

Procedure 1. Draw the PP line, the plan of the object abcd with a base side ab parallel to and 25mm above PP. Draw the GP at convenient distance from PP and draw the elevation of the object with the base on GP. 2. Draw the central plan line CP 25mm to the right to the eye on it mark S,S. 3. Join the plan points with S and mark the intercepts with PP. Join elevation points with S and get the perspective of all points. 4. Project the intercepts a1, b1, c1, d1 to the line connecting the edges of the front view with the S. 5. Join these points in proper sequence to get the perspective.