REFERAT LB.

ENGLEZA

STUDENT :LEFEGIU CONSTANTIN CATALIN ANUL I E.F.S.

TEMA: The main stages per !rme" #$ a high %&mper &sing e !s#&r$ '!p
The high jump comprises of four phases: approach, take off, flight and landing.

The Approach
Factors to look for in the approach: 2 or 4 stride lead into a checkpoint non take off foot hits this checkpoint followed by a curved to the take off point stride approach

in the last ! to 4 strides the athlete is inclined away from the bar final strides to be fast and hips kept high

Take off
Factors to look for on take off: take off point is appro" #. metres to #.$ metres from the near upright along the bar and out from the bar take off foot is slightly ahead of the athlete%s body take off foot plant is an active flat down and back action take off foot is pointing towards a position halfway between the middle of the bar and the far upright &'#( to 2#() take off foot is in alignment with the take off leg hips are forward inside shoulder is high the trunk is upright and leaning slightly back * not leaning towards the bar

hips are at 4 ( to the bar and the shoulders at +#( there is ,uick and vigorous movement of free limbs the inside shoulder does not drop in towards the bar rotation comes from the non jumping side i.e. the free leg and shoulder pulling across the body the leg nearest the bar is driven up bent and high at the opposite upright, thigh and foot parallel with the ground and lower leg vertical both arms are swung forwards and upwards with the free leg

Flight
-nce off the ground factors to look for in the flight: inside knee stays up at bar level heels are pulled back towards the head &arching the back) knees bent and wide apart arms in a crucifi" position or held by the side head back and looking towards the far back corner of the mat &forces the hips to stay high) once the hips are over the bar the legs are snapped straight from the knees landing on the shoulders

High Jump Drills

.n all drills stress /Trunk upright, hips forward and head high/. 2 0 2#m walking * lifting the heel and stretching the ankle ,uickly 2 0 2#m bouncing ankle e"tension 2 0 2#m bounding arm drill 0 ! or stride vertical jump drill &ankle e"tension, free knee drive, arm action)

Three stride practice jumps, concentrating on specific body parts & to '# jumps).

Training Programs
1 training program has to be developed to meet the individual needs of the athlete and take into consideration many factors: gender, age, strengths, weaknesses, objectives, training

facilities etc. 1s all athletes have different needs a single program suitable for all athletes is not possible. The Fosbury Flop is a style used in the athletics event of high jump. .t was populari2ed and perfected by 1merican athlete 3ick Fosbury, whose gold medal in the '+45 6ummer -lympics brought it to the world%s attention. 7'8 -ver the ne"t few years the flop became the dominant style of the event and remains so today. 9efore Fosbury, most elite jumpers used the straddle techni,ue, :estern ;oll, <astern cut*off or even scissors jump to clear the bar. =iven that landing surfaces had previously been sandpits or low piles of matting, high jumpers of earlier years had to land on their feet or at least land carefully to prevent injury. :ith the advent of deep foam matting high jumpers were able to be more adventurous in their landing styles and hence e"periment with styles of jumping. The approach &or run*up) in the Flop style of high jump is characteri2ed by &at least) the final four or five steps being run in a curve, allowing the athlete to lean into his or her turn, away from the bar. This allows the center of gravity to be lowered even before knee fle"ion, giving a longer time period for the take*off thrust. 1dditionally, on take*off the sudden move from inward lean outwards produces a rotation of the jumper%s body along the a"is of the bar, aiding clearance. >ombined with the rotation around the jumper%s vertical a"is produced by the drive leg &think of an ice skater spinning round on the spot) the resulting body position on bar clearance is laid out supine with the body at ninety degrees to the bar with the head and shoulders crossing the bar before the trunk and legs. This gives the Flop its characteristic /backwards over the bar/ appearance, with the athlete landing on the mat on their shoulders and back. :hile in flight the athlete can progressively arch shoulders, back and legs in a rolling motion, keeping as much of the body as possible below the bar. .t is possible for the athlete to clear the bar while his or her body%s center of mass remains as much as 2# cm below it.728 :hile the 6traddle style re,uired strength in the takeoff knee and could be used by relatively burly athletes &cf. ?aleriy 9rumel), the Flop allowed athletes of a slender build to use their co*ordination to greater effect and not risk the knee injuries which they had previously suffered from other styles. @redominantly, athletes using the Flop use a /A/ shaped approach, where the first three to five strides head in a straight line at ninety degrees to the bar, with the final four to five being run in a curve as noted above. 6ome athletes prefer to run all of their strides in a curveB this is known as a />/ shape approach. This was the approach used by Fosbury himself but can lead to errors and inconsistencies in speed, foot placement, angle of approach and body attitude at take*off.

Fosbury himself cleared the bar with his hands by his sides, whereas some athletes cross the bar with their arms held out sidewards or even above their heads, optimising their mass distribution. 6tudies show that variations in approach, arm techni,ue and other factor can be adjusted to achieve the best performance for each athlete.7!8 For similar reasons noted as drawbacks to the />/ shaped approach the optimal speed of approach in the Flop is not a full out sprint. 6imilarly, increasing the number of strides beyond eight or ten is not recommended unless the athlete has achieved high consistency in the approach and can handle the increased speed. The angle of take*off towards the bar is usually somewhere between fifteen and thirty degrees. The angle must not be too shallow or the jumper jumps too far along the bar, landing on it. .f the angle is too wide, there is not enough time to /lay out/ in the air. The /broken/ leg &which is thrust into the air first at take*off) is always the nearer leg to the bar. Thus someone who uses a left foot take*off &where the left foot transmits the jump force and is the latter to leave the ground) will approach the bar from its right hand side, curving to their left so that the bar approaches their right shoulder. The right leg will drive into the air and the jumper%s body rotates anti*clockwise around the vertical a"is to present their back to the bar in flight. 1s well as driving the leg and hips at take*off, the athlete should drive or even swing their arms into the air, contributing to the upwards momentum.

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