EFFECT OF SURFACE TENSION (1) A needle or a shaving blade floats on water (2) Insects can walk over the

surface of water without getting wet. (3) Dry shaving brush is spread out in nature (4) Small liquid drops assume spherical in shape. (5) A roaring sea can be made calm by pouring liquids (6) Mosquito breeding can be made calm by spraying DDT EXCESS PRESSURE ON CURVED LIQUID SURFACE

(1)

(2) (3)

When liquid surface is plane force due to surface Tension acts tangentially to liquid surface in opposite d rh. Hence resultant force on the molecule M is zero. Pressure on liquid side = Pressure on vapour side Convex liquid surface:Concave Spherical Surface:Hence for a curved liquid surface pressure on its concave side is greater than pressure on convex side.

(1)

EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE AIR BUBBLE IN LIQUID Consider an air bubble of radius R inside of a Liquid having surface tension S. Let P2 and P1 Be the pressure within air bubble is P2 P1. In order to find cross pressure inside air bubble we consider forces acting on one half of the air bubble as shown in figure. The three forces acting on hemisphere are. (1) Force due to surface tension around the rim towards right side. Fr = (2R) S (2) Pressure P1 outside also exerts a force to right side acting r to flat area of hemisphere.

force due to P1 = F1 = (R2)P1

(3) Force due to pressure P2 inside the bubble is F2 F2 = P2 (R2) At equilibrium, F2 = F1 + (2R) S 2 R (P2 P1) = (2R) S P2 P1 = (2) EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE A SOAPBUBBLE :F2 = F1 + (4R) S 2 (R ) [P2 P1] = 4 RS P2 P1 = (3) EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE THE LIQUID DROP (P2 P1) = ANGLE OF CONTACT When a solid body in the form of a tube or plate is immersed in a liquid, the surface of the liquid near the solid is in general curved. The angle between tangent to the liquid surface and the solid surface at the point of contact inside the liquid is called angle of contact. Measures of liquid is concave when angle of contact () is less than 90o and its convex when > 90o. Angle of contact decreases on adding impurities to liquid. Angle of contact increases with increase in temperature. CAPILLARITY Capillary means hair like; a tube of very small diameter is called capillary tube. When a glass capillary tube open at both ends is dipped vertically in water, water in the tube rises above the level of water in the vessel as shown in figure, in case of mercury liquid is depressed in the tube below the level.

This rise or fall of liquid in a narrow tube is called capillarity or capillary action.

EXPRESSION FOR CAPILLARY RISE Capillary action is result of both adhesion and surface tension. Consider a capillary tube held vertically in a liquid (water) when has a concave meniscus , there will be an excess pressure on concave side of liquid air interface. Since pressure just below the meniscus is less than the pressure just above by 2s/R, here capillary tube is open to atmosphere, hence pressure on upper side of meniscus is atmospheric pressure P and pressure just below the meniscus is P 2S/R as shown in the figure.

Since pressure at all points in the same level of liquid must be same, the liquid is pushed up on the tube the rising of liquid in the capillary tube stops at contains height h. In this position the pressure of liquid column of height h becomes equal to

hg = cos = hg = h=

R=

R radius of liquid meniscus ; angle of contact ; density of liquid; r radius of capillary tube

1) 2)

3) 4)

Speed case 1) < 90 h + ve Accessed 2) > 90 h - ve depression PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CAPILLARY Oil rises in the cotton wicks of lamps through the small capillaries between threads. Due to capillary action water rises to the surface of fields is gets evaporated. If soil is made loosely ploughing, the effective diameters of the capillaries in the soil are increased. This prevents rise of water from the lower layers to the surface. Water comes out of an earthen pot through small pores by capillary action. Writing nib is split in the middle so that fine capillary is formed in it. When it is dipped in ink, the ink rises in the capillary.