Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.

13' 2#13

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Agronomic Traits and Physiology of Maize at Various Levels of Water Application

1. 2. 3. 4. ". (a)atiningsih *u+ali 1' 2,S.-.Sito. ul 1'3 Su/arto 1'4 -0h.Sri 1u/iastuti 1'" 2octoral Progra. on 3griculture' 4acult) of 3griculture' 5ni6ersit) of 1rawi7a)a' -alang' 8ast Ja6a' In/onesia 2e art.ent of 3grotechnolog)' 4acult) of 3griculture' State 5ni6ersit) of *orontalo' *orontalo' In/onesia 2e art.ent of 3griculture' 4acult) of 3griculture' 5ni6ersit) of 1rawi7a)a' -alang' 8ast Ja6a' In/onesia 2e art.ent of Soil Science' 4acult) of 3griculture' 5ni6ersit) of 1rawi7a)a' -alang' 8ast Ja6a' In/onesia 2e art.ent of 3grotechnolog)' 4acult) of 3griculture' State 5ni6ersit) of Sura9arta' Solo' In/onesia , 8-.ail of the corres on/ing author: ha)atiningsih63;)ahoo.co.

Abstract -ai<e culti6ation in *orontalo Regenc) is co..onl) /one in /r) lan/' an/ this has .a/e water as the .ain li.iting factor for the e=cellent growth of the lant' as the lant often e= eriences water stress. 0his stu/) was con/ucte/ to e=a.ine the agrono.) traits an/ h)siolog) of h)+ri/ an/ co. osite .ai<e on 6arious water a lication le6els. 0he stu/) was /one using a S lit Plot 2esign in each with three re etitions. 0he .ain lots were for four /ifferent le6els of water a lication: without water (3#!' once water a lication (31!' twice water a lication (32!' an/ three-ti.e water a lication (33!. 0he su+- lots were for the .ai<e 6arieties' which consiste/ of two le6els na.el) h)+ri/ .ai<e 6ariet) 1isi-2 (&1! an/ co. osite .ai<e 6ariet) 1is.a (&2!. 0he results of the stu/) show that three-ti.e water a lication has hel e/ increasing the height of the lants' the /r) weight of the lants' as well as the /r) weight of grains. Plants without water su l) showe/ a /ecrease in the /r) weight of the grains as .uch as 36> co. are/ to the lants with three-ti.e water a lication. 0hree-ti.e water a lication .etho/ on 1isi-2 6ariet) showe/ the highest result an/ no water a lication on 1is.a 6ariet) showe/ the lowest result. ?ater stress has cause/ ro/uction of 1is.a 6ariet) 22> lower than 1isi-2 6ariet). 0he h)siolog) anal)ses show that @%2 intercellular on 1is.a 6ariet) is higher than 1isi-2 6ariet)' )et the rate of hotos)nthesis' trans iration' an/ water efficienc) on +oth 1is.a an/ 1isi-2 6ariet) are not /ifferent. Key words water a lication' 6ariet)' hotos)nthesis !" #ntroduction 0he go6ern.ent of *orontalo ro6ince through their agro olitan -ai<e-1ase/ Plan has esta+lishe/ the rogra. ai.ing at ro/ucing one .illion tons of .ai<e (9nown as rosta tan7ung!' )et the target of that one .illion has not +een achie6e/ u to these /a)s. -eanwhile' the /e.an/ of .ai<e has 9e t increasing' +oth the /o.estic /e.an/ an/ the international /e.an/. *orontalo Regenc) as the ilot ro7ect area of .ai<e culti6ation in *orontalo Pro6ince owns AA'"AA ha of /r) lan/ otential for .ai<e culti6ation an/ a ro=i.atel) 3$'133 ha of the lan/ ha6e not +een culti6ate/ (3non).ous' 2#11!. -ai<e culti6ation in *orontalo is usuall) /one in rainfe/ /r) lan/' an/ is ne6er /one in wet lan/Ban/ as such' the ro+le. of lac9 water su l) ersists. 2rought is /efine/ as insufficient a.ount of water su l) causing the /ecrease in lant ro/uction ((atta' 2#13! or ga s +etween the a.ount of water su l) an/ the a.ount of water nee/e/ +) the lants (1lu.' 2#11!. 2rought is an a+iotic stress which nee/s such great attention in far.ing (Jaleel et al. 2##$' @a<ares et al.' 2#11! an/ is consi/ere/ as a significant en6iron.ental factor affecting the growth an/ ro/uction of lants (Cra.er /an 1o)er' 1$$"D 3rco6er/e et al., 2#11!. 2rought' in a//ition' has also long +eco.e the .ost crucial ro+le. ha. ering the growth an/ ro/ucti6it) le6els of lan/ ecos)ste. lants in .an) arts of the glo+e es eciall) in ari/ an/ se.i-ari/ areas (Eu' et al, 2#1#!. ?ater stress affects h)siological' +ioche.ical' an/ .or hological acti6ities of the lants' which finall) results in hin/rance in their growth an/ /e6elo .ent. Plants res on/ Fuic9l) to water le6el changes +) a/a ting their .or hological' h)siological' cellular' an/ .olecular rocesses in arallel (@a<ares et al.' 2#11!. -oreo6er' water stress is 6er) har.ful for lants since it can /ecrease their ro/uction an/ threaten their e=istence in the nature (@a<ares et al., 2#11D Jaleel et al. 2##$!. 0he effects of water stress /e en/ on the hases of the stress (Ra.esh an/ -aha/e6aswa.)' 2###!. 0he accurac) of water su l) an/ a lication in accor/ance with the rate of growth of .ai<e is crucial. 0he erio/s of .ai<e growth reFuire suita+le water su l) le6el. 0he growth hases consist of initial growth hase (aroun/ 1"-2" /a)s!' 6egetati6e hase (2"-4# /a)s!' flowering hase (1"-2" /a)s!' grain filling hase (3"-4" /a)s!' an/ .aturit) hase (1#-2" /a)s! (43%' 2##1!. -ai<e is relati6el) tolerant to shortage of water /uring 6egetati6e hase ( hase 1! an/ .aturit) hase ( hase 4!' +ut is so 6ulnera+le to water shortage /uring flowering hase an/ grain filling hase. ?ater shortage /uring the 6egetati6e hase ( hase 1! a/ .aturit) hase ( hase 4! /oes not +ring so .uch effect to ro/ucti6it) le6el (43%' 2##1!. 2ra.atic /ecrease in ro/ucti6it) .a) ha en

"

Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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when .ai<e e= eriences water shortage es eciall) /uring flowering hase' that is the hase where tassels an/ sil9s a ear an/ /uring fertili<ation ( hase 2!' that causes /ecreasing nu.+ers of grains /ue to hin/ere/ see/ filling as the result of /esiccate/ sil9s or co+sD while water shortage /uring the see/ filling or see/ for.ing ( hase 3! .a) cause /i.inution on the si<e of grains lea/ing to low ro/ucti6it) (Cra.er' 1$A2D 43%' 1$A$D 1aneti an/ ?esgate' 1$$2!. -ai<e e= eriences water stress /uring the flowering hase of see/ filling hase shows 3#-6#> /ecrease in its ro/uction co. are/ to nor.al con/ition (no water shortage!' while .ai<e e= eriences water stress /uring the flowering hase until har6esting ti.e shows 1"-3#> /ecrease in its ro/uction co. are/ to nor.al con/ition (no water shortage! (1an<iger et al.' 2###!. ?ater stress ha ening to .ai<e /uring /a)s "#-6# will cause /ecrease in ro/ucti6it) as .uch as A#>' an/ if the water stress ha ens on /a)s 6#-A#' the /ecrease in ro/ucti6it) is a ro=i.atel) 6#>D these all are /ue to the fact that on /a)s "#-A# .ai<e un/ergoes flowering hase' co+ for.ing' an/ see/ filling (Cra.er' 1$$"D 1aneti an/ ?esgate' 1$$2!. -ai<e +elongs to lants with .e/iu. le6el of water use. -ai<e nee/s "##-8## .. of water' /e en/ing on the cli.ate' as to gain .a=i.u. ro/ucti6it) (Purseglo6e' 1$A2D Cra.er' 1$A2!. 0he le6els of water a lication an/ rainfall +ring such great influence to .ai<e ro/ucti6it). In one lanting season' .ai<e nee/s aroun/ 2-" ti.es of water a lication (3Fil' 2##A!. 0he water a lication on .ai<e in irrigate/ far.s with li.ite/ water su l) an/ rain-fe/ far.s is nor.all) /one four ti.es' that is when .ai<e is 1"' 3#' 4"' an/ 6# /a)s ol/' as to increase the ro/ucti6it) of the .ai<e itself (-unan/ar' 2#1#!. -ai<e ro/ucti6it) is /eter.ine/ +) the le6el of water su l)' as well as its a+ilit) to con/uct hotos)nthesis. -ai<e +elongs to @4 categor) of lants' that is for lants ha6ing high hotos)nthesis efficienc) /ealing with the use of @%2' water' an/ sun light (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!. Sun ra/iation at 4##-A## n. wa6elengths hol/s such crucial role in hotos)nthesis rocess. 0he ra/iation +elongs to 6isi+le ra/iation or is wi/el) 9nown as P3R ( hotos)nthetic acti6e ra/iation!(0ai< an/ Gieger' 1$$8D (all an/ Rao' 1$$$!' an/ a ro=i.atel) A#> of P3R infiltrates into the .eso h)ll an/ is a+sor+e/ +) chloro last' that is chloro h)ll an/ carotenoi/ (Harcher' 2##3!. 0he a+ilit) of lants to con/uct hotos)nthesis can +e e=a.ine/ +) .easuring the e=change rate of car+on /io=i/e (@8R! on cano ). 0he @8R 6alue is .easure/ +ase/ on the rate of @%2 entering the sto.ata. Sto.atal closure /ue to increase/ sto.atal resistance as the effect of water shortage affects @8RD if water stress ha ens then .eso h)ll resistance will increase /ue to er.anent /a.age in the hotos)nthetic a aratus(*ar/ner' 2##8!. 0he rate of hotos)nthesis an/ /r) .atter accu.ulation of lants generall) show a linear relationshi with the water content in the lant +o/) (3riffin' 2##2!. 0he /ecrease in hotos)nthesis efficienc) /ue to water stress is closel) relate/ to the +ioche.ical rocess an/ en<).e acti6ities in c)to las.' since hotos)nthesis is a h)/rol)sis rocess that reall) /e en/s on water ((ar7a/i an/ Iah)a' 1$88!. Sto.atal closure can hin/er hotos)nthesis' an/ in the long run this can sto the rocess since the /iffusion of@%2 fro. the at.os here to the lants is o+structe/ causing a /ecrease in the assi.ilate results an/ low lant weight (Salis+urr) an/ Ross 1$$"D 3riffin' 2##3!. 1ase/ on the afore- resente/ e= lanation' this stu/) was then ai.e/ at e=a.ining the agrono.ic traits an/ h)siolog) of h)+ri/ .ai<e 6ariet) 1isi-2 an/ co. osite .ai<e 6ariet) 1is.a at /ifferent le6els of water a lication. $" %esearch Method 0he stu/) was con/ucte/ in 1ulila &illage' 0elaga Su+-2istrict' *orontalo Regenc). 0his 6illage is locate/ J1# . asl. 0he stu/) was carrie/ out fro. %cto+er 2#11 until Januar) 2#12 using a S lit Plot 2esign. 0he .ain lots were for four /ifferent le6els of water a lication: without water (3#!' once water a lication (31!' twice water a lication (32!' an/ three-ti.e water a lication (33!. 0he su+- lots were for the .ai<e 6arieties' which consiste/ of two le6els na.el) h)+ri/ .ai<e 6ariet) 1isi-2 (&1! an/ co. osite .ai<e 6ariet) 1is.a (&2!. 8ach co.+ination was treate/ three ti.es' which .eans that the e= eri.ental grou consiste/ of 24 lots. 0he 6aria+les stu/ie/ were the growth of the .ai<e an/ the ro/ucti6it)' which consiste/ of: 1. 0he height of .ai<e (c.!: .easure/ fro. the groun/ le6el u to the ti of lea6es (lea6es are straightene/ u arallel to stal9!. 2. 0he nu.+er of lea6es: the lea6es counte/ were the green ones an/ the erfectl) o ene/ ones. 3. 2r) weight of the lant (g!' which was ta9en fro. the lant +o/) (roots' stal9s' an/ lea6es without co+s or grains! ut in the o6en for 48 hours at 8## @ until the) reache/ constant weight. 4. 0he weight of /r) grains (g! ". 0he weight of 1## grains (g! 0he /ata was anal)<e/ using anal)sis of 6ariance (4-test! with le6el of significance of ">. If significant effect a eare/ to ha en on treat.ent or real interaction' then 2uncanKs -ulti le Range 0est (2-R0! with L

Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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"> woul/ also +e /one to e=a.ine the /ifference in treat.ent ((anafiah' 2#11!. 2ata anal)ses were all con/ucte/ using -icrosoft 8=cel rogra.. Han/ culti6ation was /one a wee9 +efore lanting' the soil was cleane/ fro. root re.nants an/ wee/s. 0hen' e= eri.ental lots si<e/ 3.A" = 2.2 . were .a/e as .an) as 24 lots. -ai<e was lante/ with s acing of A" = 2# c.' with /istance +etween re licates of 1 .' an/ with lot /istance of "# c.. 2rainage was +uilt aroun/ the lots with the /e th of 3# c.. 0he see/s were lante/ at the /e th of " c. fro. the groun/ surface' an/ each hole was lante/ with two see/s. 3 /a) +efore lanting' the e= eri.ental lots were watere/ until it reache/ the saturation oint. ?hen the see/s ha/ grown into s rout' one see/ was ta9en fro. each hole an/ that each hole hel/ onl) one s rout to grow. ?ater was a lie/ three ti.es' when the lants were 1"' 3#' an/ 4" /a)s ol/ after the lanting /ate. 0he a.ount of water a lie/ to each lot was 41."# liter' un/er the assu. tion that the .ini.u. water nee/e/ +) .ai<e in is " l .-1/a)-1. 5rea (N!' SP 36 (P!' an/ C@l (C! fertili<ers were gi6en when the .ai<e was lante/' an/ were ut in the lines on the right an/ left of the lots. 0he /istance +etween the lots an/ the lines of fertili<ers was aroun/ 1# c.' an/ the /e th of the lines was " c.. 0here were si= lines for each lot. 0he a.ount of fertili<ers use/ was 3# 9g haM1 N or 4.2 g urea for each line' A." 9g ha-1 P or 3 g SP-36 for each line' an/ "# 9g haM1 or 6 g C@l for each line. 0he see/s that faile/ to grow were su+stitute/ on /a) A after the lanting /ate. ?ee/ing was /one three ti.es' when the lants were 14' 28' an/ 42 /a)s ol/. @ontrol on est attac9 was .a/e suita+le with the le6el of the attac9. (ar6esting ti.e ca.e when the co+s of the .ai<e were h)siologicall) .ature/' .ar9e/ with the +rown color of the co+s an/ the /r)ness' as well as the )ellow color of the lea6es. 0he .easure.ent on the hotos)nthesis rate was esti.ate/ with @8R' trans iration rate was s).+oli<e/ as 8 an/ intercellular @%2 was s).+oli<e/ with @i. -easure.ent was /one using Portable Photosyntetic System Hi-64## (Hicor Inc. Hincoln' Ne+ras9a' 5S3! +ase/ on the .anual of Hi-64## Photos)intetic S)ste. (3non).ous' 2##A!. @8R' 8 an/ @i were all .easure/ at P3R #' "#' 1##' 2##' 4##' 8##' 1"## an/ 2### N.ol..-2.s-1. @8R' 8 an/ @i .easure.ent was /one /uring the tasseling hase +) la.ina the sa. les of the lea6es (full) .ature an/ health) lea6es' lea6es nu.+er 3 or 4 fro. the ti s of the ro/s!. 0hese lea6es were cla. e/ on the hea/ censor of the Porta+le Photos)ntetic S)ste. Hi-64##. %+ser6ation was /one fro. 8 3- until 2 P-. 0he /ata of @8R' 8 an/ @i was then recor/e/ in the Porta+le 2ata 3nal)<er' a art o/ the Porta+le Photos)ntetic S)ste. Hi-64##. 0he relationshi .o/el +etween @8R' 8 an/ @i an/ P3R was esti.ate/ +) using an a roach ro ose/ +) 0hornle) (1$A6! e. lo)ing -icrosof 8=cel software. 0he /ata was resente/ in gra hs' showing relationshi +etween @8R an/ P3R' 8 an/ P3R' an/ @i an/ P3R. 3ll the /ata was anal)se/ using regression anal)ses e. lo)ing -icrosot 8=cel software. &" %esults and 'iscussion &"! Agronomic Traits 0he le6els of water a lication influence/ the height of the lants' the /r) weight of the lants' an/ the weight of /rie/ grains' +ut the) /i/ not influence the nu.+er of lea6es as well as the weight of 1## grains. 0woti.e water a lication or three-ti.e water a lication resulte/ in +etter growth an/ ro/ucti6it) of the lants than one-ti.e water a lication. No water a lication cause/ lants to e= erience water stress lea/ing to low ro/ucti6it). 0he result of /ata anal)sis using 2-R0 on the height of lants' the nu.+er of lea6es' the weight of /rie/ lants without co+s' the weight of /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains on /ifferent water a lication is resente/ in 0a+le 1. 0a+le 1. 0he a6erage of the height of lants' the nu.+er of lea6es' the weight of /rie/ lants without co+s' the weight of /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains on /ifferent water a lication (eight of The number The weight of The weight of The weight Levels of Water plants of leaves+! dried plants dried grains of !,, grains Application )cm* )in piece* without cobs )g* )g* )g* No water 1 ti.e 2 ti.es 3 ti.es 162.6$ a 1A4.34 a 1$#."A + 1$4.41 + 13.33 a 13.83 a 13.8A a 14.#6 a 6".6A a A3.83 a+ 82.3$ +c 84."" c $8.2# a 126.#1 + 1"#.86 c 1"2.26 c 31.A3 a 31.8" a 31.$8 a 31.$8 a

Note: figures followe/ +) sa.e letters on the sa.e colu.n /i/ not /iffer significantl) 2-R0 "> 0he /ecrease on the height of lants ha ene/ in line with the /ecrease in the a.ount of water a lie/. 0he /ecrease in water a lication fro. three ti.es into two ti.es an/ finall) one ti.e cause/ a /ecrease in ro/ucti6it) as .uch as 2>' 1#>' an/ 16>. ?ater shortage results in i. aire/ cell /i6ision an/ elongation A

Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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since the flow of water is o+structe/Bthus' water cannot run fro. =)le.s into the growing cells (Iang et al., 2##$!.?ater shortage can hin/er the growth of the lants in for. of /isru tion in the height of lants an/ the wi/th of lea6es' as well as the growth of the re ro/ucti6e organs' co. are/ to the nor.al growth of lants when water is not li.ite/ (1an<iger' 2##6!. 0he le6els of water a lication /i/ not affect the nu.+er of lea6es (0a+le 1!. Plants e= eriencing water stress an/ lants ha6ing nor.al su l) of water /o not show /ifference in the nu.+er of lea6es. 0his is in accor/ance with the argu.ent +) Iang et al. (1$$3! stating that .ai<e un/ergoing water stress (-1# +ar! an/ .ai<e without water stress (-3 +ar! in their 6egetati6e an/ re ro/ucti6e hases in /ifferent seasons /o not show an) significant /ifference in the nu.+er of lea6es +ut in the wi/th of lea6es. 0he /r) weight of .ai<e was affecte/ +) the le6els of water a lication (0a+le 1!. -ai<e with the three-ti.e water a lication showe/ the highest /r) weight an/ .ai<e without an) water a lication showe/ the lowest /r) weight. ?ater stress /ecrease/ the /r) weight of .ai<e as .uch as 22> (in situation where water stress ha ens! co. are/ to the nor.al con/ition (in situation where water a lication is /one three ti.es!. ?ater stress causes the /isclosure on sto.ata an/ .a9es a /ecrease on a+sor tion rate of @%2. (ence' the rocess of hotos)nthesis is hin/ere/ +ecause of a /ecrease on assi.ilate results an/ causes low weight of the lants (Salis+urr) /an Ross 1$$"D 0e<ara et al.'2##2' 3riffin' 2##3!. 0he le6els of water a lication affecte/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' +ut not the weight of 1## grains. 0he /rie/ grains fro. the lots with three-ti.e water a lication or two-ti.e water a lication were hea6ier than those fro. the lots with onne-ti.e water a lication or no water a lication. ?ater stress /ecrease/ the weight of /rie/ grains as .uch as 36> (in situation where water stress ha ens!. 0his result is su orte/ +) the fin/ings of Iang et al. (1$$3! stating that water stress as .uch as -8 +ar an/ -1# +ar causes /ecreasing weigth of /rie/ grains as .uch as 2#> an/ 4#>. ?ater stress can lea/ into low ro/uction since the ass).ilate translocation or hotos)ntates of lant organs' such as see/ filling' is o+structe/ an/ influences on the lant results ((ar7a/i an/ Iah)a' 1$88!. &ariet) is also a factor /eter.ining the /r) weight of lants an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' +ut it /oes not affect the height of lants' the nu.+er of lea6es' an/ the weight of 1## grains (0a+le 2!. 0he /r) weight of 1isi-2 6ariet) was significantl) /ifferent fro. the /r) weight of 1is.a 6ariet)' in which the /r) weight of 1isi-2 6ariet) was 13> higher than the /r) weight of 1is.a 6ariet). 0he sa.e result also a lie/ to the weight of the /rie/ grains' in which 1isi-2 6ariet) ha/ higher weight of /rie/ grains' as .uch as 26>' the weight of /rie/ grains of 1is.a 6ariet). 0his was cause/ +) genetic /ifferences +etween +oth 6arieties. ()+ri/ .ai<e 1isi2 6ariet) has genetic a+ilit) to ro/uce two co+s of .ai<e in a single lant (prolific) so it .a) result on higher ro/uction than 1is.a co. osite 6ariet) with a single co+. It resonates well with Su/7ana et al., (1$$1! stating that generall) the +est h)+ri/ .ai<e ro/uces higher results than free ollen .ai<e 6ariet). It occurs as the efficienc) of hotos)nthesis fro. so.e lants has +een increase/ through +ree/ing (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!. 0a+le 2. 0he a6erage height of lants' nu.+er of lea6es' /r) weight of lants' weight of /rie/ grains' an/ weight of 1## grains for 1isi-2 6ariet) an/ 1is.a 6ariet) 'ry weight Weight of Weight of -umber of (eight of without cobs dried grains !,, grains Variety plants leaves+! )piece* )g* )g* )g* )cm* 1is.a 1isi-2 1A8.#1 a 182.$$ a 13."2 a 14.#3 a A1.36 a 81.86 + 111.$6 a 1"1.A# + 31.$$ a 32.#6 a

Note: figures followe/ +) sa.e letters on the sa.e colu.n /i/ not /iffer significantl) 2-R0 "> 0here was an interaction +etween the le6els of water a lication an/ 6arieties as shown +) the the height of lants' nu.+er of lea6es' /r) weight' weight of the /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains (0a+le 3!.

Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 #$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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0a+le 3. 0he interaction of water a lication on the 6aria+les of lant height' nu.+er of lea6es' /r) weight' weight of /rie/ grains' an/ weight of 1## grains. Levels of (eight of -umber of 'ry weight Weigh of Weight of Weight Water plants leaves+! without dried !,, grains Variety Application )cm* )piece* cobs )g* grains )g* )g* No water 1 ti.e 2 ti.es 3 ti.es 1isi-2 1is.a 1isi-2 1is.a 1isi-2 1is.a 1isi-2 1is.a 161.$8 a 163.4# a 1A3.4# + 1A".26 +c 188.43 / 1$2.A# / 2#8.14 e 2#8.14 e 13."3 a+ 13.11 a 14.11 a+ 13.62 a+ 14.44 + 13.6A a+ 14.## a+ 13.6A a+ 66.$2 a+ 64.41 a AA.#3 c A#.63 + 8".1$ / A#.A8 c $8.31 e A$.6# + 11#.31 + 86.#8 a 13A."6 c 114.46 + 1A4."1 / 11A.2$3+ 184.42 / 13#.#2 c 31.A4 a+ 31.A3 a+ 31."4 a 32.16 a+ 32.36 a+ 31.6# a 32.34 a+ 32.A6 +

Note: figures followe/ +) sa.e letters on the sa.e colu.n /i/ not /iffer significantl) 2-R0 "> 0he highest /r) weight was for 1isi-2 1isi 6ariet) with three-ti.e ti.e water a lication' whereas the lowest /r) weight was for 1is.a 6ariet) with no water a lication. 0he sa.e .atter .atter also ha ene/ to the weight of the /rie/ grains' in which the highest weight of /rie/ grains was for 1isi-2 1isi 6ariet) with three-ti.e ti.e water a lication' whereas the lowest weight of /rie/ grains was for 1is.a 6ariet) with no water a lication. 0he water stress st con/ition cause/ 1is.a 6ariet) to ha6e lower ro/ucti6it)' as .uch as 22>' co. are/ to 1isi-2 1isi 6ariet). 0his was cause/ +) h)+ri/ .ai<e 1isi-2 2 6ariet) has a /ee rooting for o6erco.ing lac9 of water (3non).ous' 2#1#!. 0he a+ilit) of lants in o6erco.ing g waters stress /e en/s on the a+ilit) of lant organs an/ tissues to tolerate water stress (4itter an/ (a)' 2##2! &"$ Physiological Traits @8R of the 1is.a 6ariet) an/ 1isi-2 1isi 2 6ariet) increase/ in line with the increase in P3R fro. # to 2###N.ol @%2 .-2s-1. 0he increase in P3R was followe/ +) the increase in @8R with the relati6el) sa.e atterns. 0he relationshi +etween @8R an/ P3R of 1is.a 6ariet) an/ 1isi-2 1isi 2 6ariet) can +e seen in 4igure 1.

4igure1. 0he relationshi +etween @8R an/ P3R of 1is.a 6ariet) an/ 1isi-2 2 6ariet) on /a) "$. 0he lines in the figure show the esti.ation on the .o/el of relationshi +etween @8R an/ P3R 1is.a 6ariet) resulte/ in @8R.a= 4A N.ol @%..-2.s-P' while 1isi-2 2 6ariet) resulte/ in @8R.a=43 N.ol @%..-O.s-P. P. 0he hotos)nthesis rate of 1is.a an/ 1isi-2 1isi 2 6ariet) /i/ not show an) significant /ifference' +ut 1is.a 6ariet) ten/e/ to ha6e higher hotos)nthesis rate than 1isi-2 1isi 2 6ariet). *ar/ner et al. (2##8! state that .an) stu/ies re ort /ifferent @8R 6alues 6alues a.ong 6arieties in the sa.e s ecies of cro s as .an) as two until three ti.es of @%2 a+sor tion +etween the lowest sa. le an/ the highest sa. le. 0he lea6es of @-4 @ cro s li9e .ai<e /o not show an) saturate/ rates un/er or e6en o6er full sunlight' an/ the) the) can ha6e .a=i.u. hotos)nthesis rate twice .ore than the hotos)nthesis rate on @-3 @ 3 s ecies on each .a=i.u. te. erature (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!. If the lea6es a+sor+ .ore ra/iation energ) than what the) nee/' the e=cess energ) .ust +e thrown awa)' one e of which is through trans iration. 0rans iration rate is /eter.ine/ +) the wi/th an/ the structure of the lea6es' sto.ata' an/ en6iron.ental factors. Sto.ata la) such an i. ortant role in the trans iration rocessD $

Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 #$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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.an) stu/ies re6eal that trans iration rate /ecreases when .ore sto.ata are close/ (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!. 0he relationshi of the 8 an/ P3R of 1is.a 6ariet) an/ 1isi-2 1isi 2 6ariet) can +e seen in 4igure 2.

4igure 2. 0he relationshi of the 8 an/ P3R of 1is.a 6ariet) an/ 1isi-2 1isi 6ariet) on /a) "$. 0he line in the figure show the esti.ation on the .o/el of relationshi +etween 8 an/ P3R. 1is.a an/ 1isi-2 2 6ariet) showe/ si.ilar 8 atterns.0he .a=i.u. trans iration rate (8.a=! of 1is.a 6ariet) was A." ..ol (2% .-2s-1' while for 1isi-2 1isi was a/alah A.2 ..ol (2% .-2s-1D )et' there was not an) significant /iffference +etween these two 6alues. 8 increase/ in line with the increase in P3R. 0his is su orte/ +) the results of re6ious stu/ies showing that light has such great influence o6er sto.ata' a art fro. its role in the rocess of hotos)nthesis. It is assu.e/ that light wor9s in .eso h)ll cells an/ sen/s signals to guar/ cell. In a//ition' .ore intense light will increase te. erature which will cause sto.ata to o en e6en wi/er (although in so.e e s ecies the high te. erature of 3#-3"# @ si. l) causes sto.ata to close!' an/ the /isclosure on sto.ata will lea/ into increasing trans iration an/ it can e= el heat (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"! an/ .a9es it ossi+le for roots to a+sor+ water (Sugito' 2##$!. $!. -an) factors affecting the closure an/ /isclosure of sto.ata' +ut the .ost i. ortant factor is light' as well as water. 0he closure an/ /isclosure of sto.ata +ring effect that is .uch .ore i. ortant to the total trans iration rate than the nu.+er an/ si<e s of sto.ata (*ar/ner et al, 2##8!. Photos)nthesis can +e e= resse/ as a function of @i (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!. @i increases in line with P3R' +ut to the certain e=tent' that is o ti.u. P3R le6el' will not increase @i concentration (4igure 3!. @i .a= of 1is.a 6ariet) was significantl) /ifferent fro. the @i .a= of 1isi-2 1isi 2 6ariet). @i .a= of 1is.a 6ariet) was A46 N.ol @%2 .ol-1' while @i .a= of 1isi-2 1isi 6ariet) was A#6 N.ol @%2 .ol-1 .

4igure 3. 0he relationshi of @i (CO2 intraseluler) an/ P3R on 1isi-2 2 an/ 1is.a 6ariet) on /a) "$. 0he lines in the figure show the esti.ation on the .o/el of relationshi +etween P3R an/ @i. 0he eficienc) on water usage on .ai<e can +e .easure/ +) co. aring @8R an/ 8. 0he ratio of @8RQ8 on 1is.a 6ariet) was 6.3" N.ol @%2Q ..ol (2%' while on 1isi-2 6ariet) was ".$A N.ol @%2Q ..ol (2%D this .eans that there was not an) significant /ifference in the ratios of @8RQ8 +etween those two 6arieties of .ai<e on other wor/s' the two 6arieties ha6e the sa.e water usage efficienc) le6el.

1#

Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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0he highest a.ount of /rie/ grains was for 1isi-2 6ariet) although 1is.a 6ariet) ha/ higher @i than 1isi-2 6ariet). 0here .an) factors affecting the final ro/uct. 0he low /rie/ grains ro/uce/ .a) /ue to the low /i6ision of /rie/ .aterials into the total a.ount of grains. See/ filling is also /eter.ine/ +) the ratio of the original source of the lants' an/ also /e en/s on the genot) e an/ en6iron.ent con/ition (4ischer an/ Pal.er' 1$$6!. ." /onclusion 1. 0hree-ti.e water a lication on .ai<e has i. ro6e/ the height of the lants' the /r) weight of the lants' an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains of the lantsD )et' it /oes not i. ro6e the nu.+er of lea6es an/ the weight of 1## grains. ?ater stress /ecreases the a.ount of /rie/ grains as .uch as 36> co. are/ to the nor.al situation (no water stress!. 2. 2ifference in 6arieties affects the /r) weight of .ai<e an/ the weight of the /rie/ grainsD )et' it /oes not affect the height of the lants' the nu.+er of lea6es' an/ the weight of 1## grains. 1isi-2 6ariet) shows higher /r) weight an/ weight of the /rie/ grains' as .uch as 13> an/ 26> res ecti6el)' co. are/ to 1is.a 6ariet). 3. Interaction of three-ti.e water a lication on 1isi-2 6ariet) shows the highest results on the height of the lants' the /r) weight' an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' whereas the lowest results were for 1is.a 6ariet) with no water a lication. ?ater stress cause/ a /ecrease on the /r) weight of the lants an/ the /r) weight of the grains res ecti6el) as .uch as 32> an/ 4#> on 1isi-2 6ariet) an/ a /ecrease as .uch as 2#> an/ 33> on 1is.a 6ariet). (ence there was a 6ariet) ten/enc) that 1is.a 6ariet) was .ore tolerant than 1isi-2 6ariet). 4. 0he h)siological traits such hotos)nthesis rate' trans iration an/ the efficienc) of water usage on 1isi-2 6ariet) an/ 1is.a ha/ no significant /ifference. 1ut in ter.s of @i 6aria+le' the @i of 1is.a 6ariet) was significantl) higher than 1isi-2 6ariet). (owe6er' it /i/ not increase the results of 1is.a 6ariet). Ac0nowledgement 0he author woul/ li9e to than9 State 5ni6ersit) of *orontalo for the /octoral scholarshi in 5ni6ersit) of 1rawi7a)a an/ to 2irectorate *eneral 2IC0I for the scholarshi trough the 1PPS rogra.. *ratitu/e is also sent to all the contri+uting arties ha6ing hel e/ in the rocess of the stu/). %eferences 3non).ous' 2##A. ?or9 Instructionsof 5seHi-64## Porta+le Photos)inthesis S)ste.. (Instruksi Kerja Pen unaan !i"#$%% Portable Photosyinthesis System!.Ha+orator) ofPlantPh)siolog). 1rawi7a)a 5ni6ersit). -alang. 3non).ous' 2#11. *orontaloin thefigure. 1PS*orontalo Pro6ince(&orontalo 'alam (n ka. )a'an Pusat Statistik Pro*insi &orontalo!. MMMMMM2#11. 8ssentialit)?aterfor*rowthan/Pro/uctionof -ai<e(+sensialitas (ir ba i Pertumbuhan 'an Pro'uksi ,anaman -a un !. www.<ie.ensagro+isnis.+logs ot.co. 3Fil' -.' I.5. 4ir.ans)ah /an -. 39il. 2##A. @ro ?ater -anage.ent for -ai<e (Pen elolaan (ir ,anaman -a un !. In@orn' Pro/uction8ngineeringan/2e6elo .ent. @enterfor 4oo/ @ro sResearch an/2e6elo .ent'1ogor' .21$-23A. 3rco6er/e *. 1.' 1.-. Ro/rigues' -. 4. Po. elli an/ -. *. Santos. 2#11. ?ater Relations an/ So.e 3s ects of Heaf -eta+olis. of -atropha curcas Ioung Plants un/er 0wo ?ater 2eficit He6els an/ Reco6er). 1ra<. J. Plant Ph)siol.' 23(2!: 123-13#. 3riffin. 2##2. ?aterstressan/Plant Hife (Cekaman (ir 'an Kehi'upan ,anaman!.Pu+lishing5nit1rawi7a)a 5ni6ersit)'-alang. MMMMM 2##3. 1asic@li.atolog)(.asar Klimatolo i!. Pu+lishing5nit1rawi7a)a 5ni6ersit)'-alang. 1aneti' P an/ -.8. ?esgate. 1$$2. ?ater 2eficit 3ffects Rece ti6it) of -ai<e Sil9s. @ro Sci. 33: 2A$-282. 1an<iger' -.' S. -ugo' an/ *.%. 8/.ea/es. 2###. 1ree/ing for 2rought 0olerance in 0ro ical -ai<e @on6ensional 3 roach an/ @hallenges to -olecular 3 roaches. In: Ri+aut' J. -. an/ 2. Polan/ (8/s!. -olecular 3 roaches for the *enetic I. ro6e.ent of @ereals for Sta+le ro/uction in ?ater Hi.ite/ 8n6iron.ents' 3 Strategic Planning ?or9sho (el/ at @I--I0' 8l 1atan' -e=ico' 21-2" June 1$$$' -e=ico 24 @I--I0' .6$-A2. 1an<iger' -.' P. Seti.ela' 2. (o/son an/ &. 1inigana6ile' 2##6. 1ree/ing for i. ro6e/ a+iotic stress tolerance in .ai<e a/a te/ to southern 3frica. 3gric. ?ater -anage.' 8#: 212-224. 1lu.' 3. 2#11. 1ree/ing for ?ater-Hi.ite/ 8n6iron.ents. 2%I 1#.1##AQ$A8-1-441$-A4$1-4M1' R S ringer ScienceS1usiness -e/ia' HH@ 2#1. /oi:1#.1#$3Q7=+Qert#16

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@T<ares' 1.E' 4. 3. %rtega' H. 4. 8lenes' an/ R.-e/rano. 2#11. 2rought tolerance in cro lants. 3.. J. Plant Ph)siol. "' 241U2"6. 43%' 1$A$. Iiel/ Res onse to ?ater. 4oo/ an/ 3griculture %rgani<ation of the 5nite/ Nations. Ro.e. 43%' 2##1. @ro ?ater -anage.ent U -ai<e. Han/ an/ ?ater 2e6elo .ent 2i6ision (www.fao.org!. . 3-8. 4ischer' C.S. /an 3.4.8. Pal.er. 1$$6. Jagung 0ro i9. .alam: 4isiologi 0ana.an 1u/i/a)a 0ro i9. 8/itor: P.R. *ol/sworth) /an N.-. 4ischer' 3lih 1ahasa: 0ohari. *-5 Press. (al. 281-31$. 4itter' 3.(. an/ R.C.-. (a). 2##2. 8n6iron.ental Ph)siolog) of Plants. 3 r/.8/. 3ca/e.ic Press. Hon/on. *ar/ner' 4.P.' R.1. Pearce an/ R.H. -itchell. 2##8. Ph)siolog) of @ro Plants. 0ranslate/ +) (erawati Susilo' 5I-Press' Ja9arta. (anafiah' C.3. 2#11. 0he /esign of8= eri.ent' 0heor)an/3 lications (/ancan an Percobaan, ,eori 'an (plikasi!.0he thir/e/ition. Ra7a *rafin/o Persa/a. Ja9arta. P .26#. (ar7a/i S.S. /an S. Iah)a. 1$88. 8n6iron.entalStressPh)siolog)(0isiolo i Stres !in kun an!. P35 1iote9nologi Institut Pertanian 1ogor. 1ogor. (atta' -. 2#13 2ehi/rinan/ theroleof the2rought (.ehi'rin 'an Perannya terha'ap Cekaman Kekerin an!. htt :QQe.hatta.wor/ ress.co.Q2#13Q#4Q2#Q/ehi/rin-/an- erann)a-terha/a -ce9a.an-9e9eringanQ (all' 2.%. an/ C.C.Rao. 1$$$. Photos)nthesis. Si=th e/.@a.+ri/ge 5ni6. Press. Hon/on. P . 214. Jaleel @. 3.' P. -ani6annan' 3. ?ahi/' -. 4arooF' (. J. 3l-Ju+uri' R. So.asun/ara. an/ R. Panneersel6a.. 2##$. 2rought Stress in Plants: 3 Re6iew on -or hological @haracteristics an/ Pig.ents @o. osition. International Journal of 3griculture V 1iolog). ISSN Print: 1"6#U8"3#D ISSN %nline: 1814U$"$6. htt :QQwww.fs u+lishers.org Cra.er' P.J. 1$A2. Plant an/ Soil ?ater relationshi . 3 -o/ern S)nthesis. Re rinte/ in In/ia 3rrange.ent with -c *raw-(ill' Inc'New Ior9. Cra.er P.J' 1o)er J.S. 1$$". ?ater Relations of Plants an/ Soils. San /iego: 3ca/e.ic Press. P .4$" Harcher' ?. 2##3. Ph)siolog)cal Plant 8colog). 8co h)siolog) an/ Stress Ph)siolog) of 4unctional *rou s. 4 th. 8/. S ringer. 1erlin. P . "13. -unan/ar' 2.8. 2#1#. 1ioethanolPotentialan/Photos)nthesisrate&arieties@orn(Gea .a)s! on2rought(Potensi )ioetanol 'an !aju 0otosintesis 1arietas -a un (2ea mays) pa'a Cekaman Kekerin an!. 5ni6ersit) of 1rawi7a)a. -alang. Purseglo6e'J.? 1$A2. 0ro ical @ro s -onocot)le/ons 1. Hog.an' Hon/on. Ra.esh' P.' -. -aha/e6aswa.). 2###. 8ffect of 4or.ati6e Phase 2rought in 2ifferent @lasses of Shoots' Shoots -ortalit)' @ane 3ttri+utes' Iiel/ an/ Wualit) of 4our Sugarcane @ulti6ars. Journal of 3grono.) an/ @ro Science.18" (4! : 24$-2"1. Salis+ur)' 4.1.' an/ @.?. Ross. 1$$". Plant Ph)siolog). 4 th. 8/. 0er7e.ahan 2iah R. Hu9.an /an Su.ar)ono. I01. 1an/ung. Su/7ana' 3.' 3. Rifin an/ -. Su/7a/i. 1$$1. -ai<e (-a un !. 1uletin of 8ngineering. No. 4. 4oo/ @ro Research Institute. 1ogor. 42 . Sugito' I. 2##$. Plant 8colog) ( +kolo i ,anaman!. 51 Press. -alang. 0ai<' H. an/ 8. Geiger. 2##2. Plant Ph)siolog). Sun/erlan/: Sinauer 3ssociates. P .6$#. 0hornle)' J.(.-. 1$A6. -athe.atical -o/el an/ Plant Ph)siolg). 3ca/. Press. Hon/on. $". Iang' -.' @.4.-in-Jen 3ng' (.?ei--in' 1$$3. *rowth an/ Iiel/ Res onse of -ai<e (Gea .a)s H.! to soil water /eficits. 8ffect of ?ater 2eficit 0i.ing an/ Strength. Jour. 3gric. Res. @hina 42 (2!: 1A3-186. Eu' GG' *S. Ghou'an/ (.Shi.i<u. 2#1#. Plant Res onses to 2rought an/ Rewatering" Plant Signal 1eha6. JuneD "(6!: 64$U6"4.

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