Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.

2%& 2'13

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Assessing the Economic Effects of Cape Saint Pauls Wilt Coconut Disease on the People of Nzema East District
)isdo* +uai,u Sc-ool of .usiness Studies& /ar,eting 0epart*ent& 1a,oradi Pol2tec-nic& P# 3o4 25(& 1a,oradi& 5-ana E-*ail of t-e corresponding aut-or6 wisdo*7ui,u82a-oo.co* Abstract 1-e 9ape Saint Pauls )ilt 0isease (9SP)0 & a coconut disease in 5-ana& still -as no antidote. 1-e p-2sical scientists reco**end t-e cutting down of affected trees& good far* -2giene and t-e application of fertili:er to aged far*s& w-ic- t-e far*ers are not prepared to do. Introduction to resistant ;arieties -as also not caug-t up wit- t-e coconut far*ers. 1-e stud2 was underta,en to e4a*ine t-e econo*ic effects of 9SP)0 on t-e li;es of t-e people of t-e N:e*a East 0istrict. <*ong ot-er t-ings& t-e stud2 in;estigated t-e effects of 9SP)0 on far* inco*e le;els& pig production and t-e internall2 generated re;enue 3ase of t-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2. < sa*ple si:e of two -undred and fort2 was considered for t-e stud26 -alf for -ouse-old -eads and t-e ot-er -alf for pig far*ers. 1-e *et-ods of anal2sis e*plo2ed included partial 3udgeting& fre7uenc2 ta3les and grap-s. 1-e stud2 disco;ered a decline in 3ot- far* inco*e le;els and t-e internall2 generated re;enue 3ase of t-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2 32 7'.('= and 22.'>=& respecti;el2. <not-er re;elation was t-e c-ange fro* coconut production to ot-er crops especiall2 food crops. It was also found out t-at t-e 7uantit2 of pigs 3eing reared in t-e area -as reduced 32 a3out !'=. Keywor s! N:e*a East 0istrict& far*ers& inco*e& coconut& cape saint pauls wilt disease& 9SP)0 "# $ntro uction 1-e coconut pal*& Cocos nucifera L. wit- its tall& slender and unifor*l2 t-ic, ste* and *assi;e crown witlarge nu*3er of lea;es& 3earing 3unc-es of nuts in t-eir a4ils is one of t-e *ost 3eautiful and useful trees in t-e world. It is t-e ?tree of life@ as it can produce products for food& s-elter and energ2 to far* -ouse-olds& and ;arious co**ercial and industrial products. 9oconut first appeared along t-e coast of 5-ana fro* Aa 9ote d I;oire in t-e earl2 twentiet- centur2 (9-ild& 1>7% . It is 3elie;ed t-at t-e first coconut plantation in 5-ana was esta3lis-ed 3etween <tua3o and <noc-ie in t-e N:e*a East 0istrict& %5,* awa2 fro* <4i*& 32 t-e t-en 5old 9oast 0epart*ent of <griculture in 1>21(<ggre2& 1>(7 . 1-e 9ape Saint Paul@s )ilt 9oconut disease was first seen in t-e Bar East of t-e countr2 in 1>32& at 9ape Saint Paul& close to t-e Caincope region in 1ogo& w-ere t-e disease was also seen at t-e ti*e. #;er 1''&''' coconut pal*s were ,illed at t-e site (/ariau et al& 1>>( . <ccording to t-e* t-e disease reappeared so*e t-irt2 2ears later& 3ut in t-e west of t-e countr2 at 9ape 1-ree Point. 5reen and #fori (1>>! o3ser;ed t-at 3etween 1>(! and 1>!3 9SP)0 -ad spread to co;er a greater portion of t-e eastern part of <n,o3ra Di;er and 3etween 1>!! and 1>>2& it was o3ser;ed around Se,ondi-1a,oradi. 1-e out3rea, of t-e disease was detected at <santa& a ;illage of a3out 1.5 ,ilo*etres west of <n,o3ra Di;er on Elu3o-/pata3a -ig-wa2 in 1>>%& and at <*pain 1% ,ilo*etres west of <n,o3ra Di;er in 1>>5. In 1>!(& t-e disease Eu*ped so*e (' ,ilo*etres east to 9entral Degion& near t-e ;illage of <2ensudu& w-ere a ;er2 large focus de;eloped wit-in a few 2ears. S-ortl2 afterwards& a large nu*3er of foci of ;ar2ing si:es appeared t-roug-out t-e 9entral Degion& (/ariau et al,1>>( . 1-e disease -as pro3a3l2 ,illed around a *illion pal*s in t-e central and western regions of sout-ern 5-ana. <ccording to Sangare (1>>2 & 9SP)0 -as deci*ated a large area of coconuts in )estern and 9entral Degions& w-ic- are t-e *ain coconut producing areas of 5-ana.

Bigure 1.1 Signs and S2*pto*s of 9ape Saint Paul@s )ilt 0isease

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.2%& 2'13

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1-e s2*pto*s of cape Saint Paul wilt disease are ;er2 si*ilar fro* one countr2 to anot-er. 1-e first sign of t-e disease is pre*ature nut fall& starting wit- t-e oldest nuts. <t t-e sa*e ti*e& t-e spi,e lets of t-e inflorescences still inside t-e spat-es 3egin to 3lac,en. Fellowing of t-e lea;es rapidl2 spreads upwards& leading to t-e gradual deca2 and t-en t-e deat- of t-e coconut pal*& generall2 wit-in a 2ear of t-e first s2*pto*s (see fig. 1.1 . 1.2 1-e Pro3le* state*ent 1-e coconut pal* since its introduction into t-e N:e*a East 0istrict in1>23 -as 3een t-e *aEor cas- crop of t-e far*ing co**unities in t-e district pro;iding food& drin,& s-elter and raw *aterials for 3ot- do*estic and industrial uses. Its lucrati;e nature -as o;er t-e 2ears& enticed *an2 people fro* elsew-ere to *igrate to t-e N:e*a East 0istrict. It is essentiall2 a crop of t-e s*all land-older w-o o3tains cas- for t-e purc-ase of necessities of life 32 t-e sale of coconut and coconut products. 1-e pig industr2 in t-e 0istrict depends on t-e coconut industr2 for feed in t-e for* of c-aff and copra ca,e and 3uilding *aterials for t-e construction of st2. 1-e industr2 ser;es as a source of inco*e for t-e 2out- w-o weed t-e far*s& collect t-e nuts& crac, t-e nut& and process t-e oil& dri;ers w-o con;e2 t-e oil to t-e *ar,eting centers and traders w-o sell t-e oil and ot-er coconut products. 1-e N:e*a East 0istrict asse*3l2 also deri;es a su3stantial a*ount of re;enue fro* t-e sale of coconut products. <ll was well wit- t-e coconut industr2 until t-e 9ape Saint Paul wilt disease struc, t-e region in t-e 1>('@s in a town called 9ape 1-ree Point. Bar*ing co**unities in t-e district t-at were to t-e east of t-e <n,o3ra Di;er were t-e first to succu*3 to t-e disease. 1-e disease& -owe;er& crossed t-e <n,o3ra Di;er in 1>>% ra,ing -a;oc along its course. Gnli,e ot-er plant diseases w-ic- reduce output& t-e 9SP)0 stops production and -ence total loss of re;enue. 1-e disease -ad defied all atte*pts at control leading to untold -ards-ips on t-e people. E;en t-oug- researc-ers -a;e 3een conducting researc- into t-e root cause of t-e disease& little is understood a3out t-e econo*ic effects of t-e disease on t-e li;es of t-e people. 1-e professed 3enefits deri;ed fro* t-e coconut industr2 and t-e gloo*2 future portra2ed 32 rapid decline of t-e industr2 32 t-e 9ape Saint Paul wilt disease *oti;ated t-is stud2 into t-e econo*ic effects of 9ape Saint Paul wilt disease in t-e N:e*a East 0istrict. 1-ese concerns gi;e rise to t-e following 7uestions6 1. )-at -as 3een t-e effect of 9SP)0 on t-e far* inco*e le;els of affected -ouse-oldsH 2. )-at -as 3een t-e effect of 9SP)0 on t-e 0istrict <sse*3l2@s re;enue 3aseH 3. )-at -as 3een t-e effect of 9SP)0 on pig production in t-e stud2 areaH 2. Research Methodology In assessing t-e effect of t-e 9ape Saint Paul wilt disease on t-e far* inco*e le;els& partial 3udgeting approacwas e*plo2ed to ascertain t-e c-ange in far* inco*e le;els as result of t-e c-ange in t-e far* enterprise. Partial 3udgeting is a planning and decision-*a,ing fra*ewor, used to co*pare t-e costs and 3enefits of alternati;es faced 32 a far* 3usiness. It focuses onl2 on t-e c-anges in inco*e and e4penses t-at would result fro* i*ple*enting a specific alternati;e. 1-us& all aspects of far* profits t-at are unc-anged 32 t-e decision can 3e safel2 ignored (.uc,et& 1>!1 . In in;estingating t-e effects of 9SP)0 on t-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2& trend anal2sis was e*plo2ed to e4a*ine trend of coconut re;enue fro* 1>>'-2''7 to deter*ine an2 c-ange t-at *ig-t -a;e occurred as a result of 9SP)0. Bre7uenc2 ta3les and a grap- of real ;alues of coconut re;enue were plotted against t-e nu*3er of 2ears. In e4a*ining t-e effects of t-e disease on pig production in t-e N:e*a East 0istrict& t-e difference in t-e nu*3er of pigs for t-e periods 1>>'-1>>> and 2''7 were co*puted and statisticall2 tested. 1-e student t- test was used to test if t-ere was an2 significant difference in t-e *ean nu*3ers for t-e periods under consideration. Bre7uenc2 ta3le was& -owe;er& used to co*pute t-e ;alues. 1-e co*position of feed for t-e pigs for t-e periods 1>>'-1>>> and 2''7 were co*puted using fre7uenc2 ta3le. %#&esults An Discussions 1-e o;erall effect of t-e 9SP)0 on t-e internall2 generated re;enue 3ase of t-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2& effect of 9SP)0 on pig production in t-e 0istrict and t-e effect of 9SP)0 on far* inco*e le;els of coconut far*ers are discussed 3.2 1-e Effects of 9SP)0 on t-e Internall2 5enerated De;enue .ase on t-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2 1-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2 deri;es its re;enue fro* two *ain sourcesI t-ese are *ade up of 3otinternal and e4ternal sources of re;enue. 1-e internall2 generated sources include rates& lands& licenses& rent& in;est*ents& -ealt- and feesJfines. 1-e e4ternal sources also include stool lands& ceded re;enue and co**on fund. Kowe;er& a*ong t-e internall2 generated re;enue sources feesJ fines is t-e *aEor source of re;enue to t-e <sse*3l2& contri3uting a3out %'= to t-e internall2 generated re;enue of t-e N:e*a East district <sse*3l2. 9oconut is a su3- ite* under fees J fines as indicated in t-e 1rial .alance of N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2 (NE0<& 2''7 .

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.2%& 2'13

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1a3le 3.1 <;erage relati;e contri3ution of coconut re;enue to t-e internall2 generated re;enue of t-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2(real a*ount 2''7 BeesJBines De;enue 5enerated 1>>'-1>>> 2'''-2''7 5KL = 5KL = /ar,et tolls !5!%5.'' %2.27 1171'>.2! 5'.'! Pounding !!3.(2 '.%% 1>%!.!5 '.!! Aorr2 par, 7(22.2' 3.75 %55(2.5( 1>.%! 9attle owner 31.!3 '.'2 %%(.%> '.1> 9oconut (5%'2.31 32.2' 23(%(.11 1'.11 9-arcoalJfirewood 272!>.>7 13.%% 11'2>.%7 %.17 9e*eter2 %7.25 '.'2 3%(3.51 1.3! Entertain*ent 12(.(% '.'( 115.3! '.'5 /arriageJdi;orce (7.3> '.'3 1(7>.33 '.72 BoodstuffJot-ers 71!1.%2 3.5% 7275.52 3.11 <,petes-ie !('(.>7 %.2% 2157>.21 >.23 1otal 2'31'%.(1 1'' 233!55.71 1'' Source6 <ppendi4 1 1a3le 3.1 indicates t-at for t-e period 1>>'-1>>>& coconut contri3uted 32.2'= to t-e feesJ fines aspect of t-e internall2 generated re;enue of t-e <sse*3l2 and occupied an en;ia3le position of second wit- *ar,et tolls recording %2.27= and topping t-e list. 9urrentl2& coconut contri3ution to feesJ fines of t-e internall2 generated re;enue -ad dropped to 1'.11= indicating 22.'>= reduction and -ad also dropped to t-e t-ird position. 'able %#( Nominal an &eal amount of coconut re)enue from "**+ to (++, 9PI 0eflator 9PI 0eflator Deal <*ount No*inal <*ount 1>>7M1'' 2''7M1.'' 2''7 Fear 1>>' 3>7.52 1>.!% '.'%>(2 !'11.2> 1>>1 %'5.21 21.(2 '.'5%'7 7%>%.17 1>>2 %55.!' 23.!7 '.'5>7' 7(3%.!% 1>>3 %!!.22 2>.!2 '.'7%5! (5%(.23 1>>% >27.%1 37.5% '.'>3!> >!77.57 1>>5 1'(%.%% ('.>' '.15231 (>!!.(2 1>>( 1'!>.25 !2.(> '.2'(!' 52(7.17 1>>7 125'.!% 1''.'' '.25''> 5''1.5! 1>>! 12(5.%5 11>.7( '.2>>51 %225.'7 1>>> 1%2(.'! 13'.>1 '.327%' %355.77 2''' !'(.2% 1%5.(2 '.3(%1> 2213.7> 2''1 1222.'! 17>.%2 '.%%!72 2723.%! 2''2 >73.5( 212.'3 '.53'27 1!35.>7 2''3 1'(>.5( 2(%.%3 '.((132 1(17.31 2''% 3('(.(1 3'!.35 '.7711( %(7(.!( 2''5 351(.7! 3(1.52 '.>'%1% 3!!>.(% 2''( 2>!7.!! 3>!.(> '.>>(!7 2>>7.2( 2''7 3(>1.!' 3>>.!5 1.''''' 3(>1.!' Source6 <ppendi4 1 1-e real ;alues of coconut re;enue o;er t-e past 2ears -a;e generall2 3een dwindling e;er since t-e 9SP)0 in;aded coconut far*s in t-e N:e*a East 0istrict as depicted 32 ta3le 3.2. 1-e reduction in coconut re;enue 32 22.'>= coupled wit- t-e fact t-at coconut re;enue still counts a*ong t-e top t-ree re;enue ite*s on t-e re;enue c-art i*plies t-at t-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2 could lose a su3stantial a*ount of re;enue if an antidote to t-e disease is not found. 1-e rate of de;elop*ent of t-e district could also 3e ad;ersel2 affected since t-e asse*3l2 would 3e co*pelled to rel2 on t-e 0istrict <sse*3l2 9o**on Bund& w-ic- is usuall2 released 7uarterl2 and often& dela2ed as opposed to t-e internall2 generated re;enue& w-ic- is *ore regular and -and2 to deal wit- i**ediate de;elop*ental proEects.

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.2%& 2'13

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3.2 Effects of 9SP)0 on Bar* Inco*e Ae;els 1a3le 3.3 Net Effect of Enterprise Su3stitution 32 coconut far*ers (2''7 prices Aosses 5ains 5KL <ddition to cost due to <ddition to inco*e due to replace*ent crops6 replace*ent crops6 .anana (2> -a 1!>3(.5' .anana (2> -a 555%1.5' 9assa;a (1(2 -a 9assa;a (1(2 -a (3>37.5' Plantain (>7 -a Plantain (>7 -a 27%!>.'' Pepper ((> -a Pepper ((> -a 21>'7.25 1o*ato (7> -a 1o*ato (7>-a 21('2.5' #il pal* (31 -a #il pal* (31 -a 1otal 2'>%1%.25 1otal

5KL

2'>15.5' ('225.'' 7%555.'' 2>%('.'' 2(357.5' 11%15.'' 222>2!.''

Inco*e forgone due to loss of %(7 -ectares of coconut far*6

9ost sa;ed due to loss of coconut far*6 322&(3(.(( Aa3our cost Kar;esting cost 1otal Net loss 7'%55.'' 1'>'5.3% !13('.3% 2277(2.57 %>((25.>1

1otal Source6 <ppendi4 2

532'5'.>1

1otal

1-e partial 3udget w-ic- was used to assess t-e effect of t-e 9SP)0 on far* inco*e le;els of affected -ouse-olds s-owed a net loss of far* inco*e of 5KL227&7(2.57 (see ta3le 3.3 e4plaining w-2 e;er2 single -ouse-old in t-e stud2 area -ad a coconut far* and t-e *ain reason w-2 coconut is t-e *aEor cas- crop of t-e stud2 area. 1-e partial 3udget results also s-owed t-at all t-e respondents of t-e sur;e2 -a;e deplo2ed t-eir coconut far*s to ot-er crops instead of re-a3ilitating t-e diseased far*s wit- t-e -23rid ;ariet2. 1-e i*plication is t-at eit-er t-e far*ers -a;e lost interest in coconut culti;ation as a result of t-e /inistr2 of Bood and <griculture ina3ilit2 to find an antidote to t-e 9ape Saint Paul wilt disease w-ic- -ad rendered al*ost all t-e coconut trees in t-e stud2 area intoN electric polesN or t-e una;aila3ilit2 of t-e -23rid ;ariet2 for planting. 1-e food crops w-ic- t-e far*ers -a;e su3stituted for t-e coconut plantation as a result of t-e 9SP)0 -a;e *ade t-e far*ers worse off since t-e food crops are not generating enoug- inco*e to ena3le t-e far*ers reali:e t-e *a4i*u* inco*e t-e2 were -it-erto deri;ing fro* coconut. 1-e s-ift fro* coconut (cas- crop to food crops culti;ation could also den2 t-e far*ers of ;er2 ;ital collateral. 1-is is 3ecause a3out >5= of t-e respondents said t-e2 -a;e used t-eir coconut far*s to source funds fro* oil processors. 3.3 1-e Effects of 9SP)0 on Pig Production in t-e 0istrict. 1a3le 3.% 1otal *ont-l2 co*position of feed 3efore t-e 9ape Saint Paul )ilt 0isease (1>>'-1>>> and now (2''7 .efore (1>>' - 1>>> Now (2''7 Beed co*ponents +uantit2 Percentage +uantit2 (tonnes Percentage (tonnes 9ontri3ution 9ontri3ution 9oconut c-aff 2!.' (3.' 3.5 (1.7 )-eat 3ran 2.! (.3 '.5 !.! Bis- *eal (local 13.% 3'.' 1.(7 2>.5 1otal %%.2 1''.' 5.(7 1''.' Source6 <ppendi4 3 Pig far*ers in t-e stud2 area rel2 e4tensi;el2 on coconut c-aff as t-e *ain feed co*ponent for t-eir pigs. 1-e proportion of coconut c-aff in t-e co*position of pig feed for t-e periods& 1>>'-1>>> and 2''7 -as significantl2 re*ained t-e sa*e. 9oconut c-aff constitutes a3out a little o;er ('= for t-e two periods under consideration as depicted 32 ta3le 3.%. 1-e fact t-at t-e proportion of coconut c-aff in t-e co*position of pig feed constitutes a greater proportion of pig feed could lead to t-e collapse of t-e pig industr2. It is& t-erefore& not surprising w-en

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.2%& 2'13

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>'= of t-e respondents attri3uted t-e drastic reduction in t-e nu*3er of pigs to t-e una;aila3ilit2 of coconut c-aff 3ecause t-e coconut c-aff is ;irtuall2 free. )-at *a,es t-e situation *ore distur3ing is t-e fact t-at >5= of t-e pig far*ers are also coconut far*ers w-o rear pigs to supple*ent t-eir far* inco*es. 1a3le 3.5 Nu*3er of pigs 3efore 9SP)0 (1>>'-1>>> and now (2''7 12pe of pig No. of Pigs Percentage 9-ange .efore Now (1>>'-1>>> (2''7 Piglet 1'(1 1!% !3 Sow (73 121 !2 .oer 7>' 131 !3 1otal 252% %3( !3 Source6 <ppendi4 3 1a3le 3.5 depicts a little o;er !'= c-ange in t-e nu*3er of pigs for t-e periods 1>>' to 1>>> and 2''7. In order to esta3lis- w-et-er t-ere was a significant difference 3etween t-e *ean nu*3er of pigs in t-e 1>>'@s and 2ear 2''7& t-e t- test was e*plo2ed. 1a3le 3.( Desults of t-e t-test of *ean nu*3ers of pigs per annu* for t-e periods (1>>'-1>>> and (2''7 9ategor2 of pigs /ean no. of pigs per No. of df 1-statistics annu* co*pared #3ser;ations Period No. Piglets 1>>'-1>>> 1'(1 12' 11> 15.>72(33'3 2''7 1!% Sows 1>>'-1>>> (73 12' 11> 1!.315'3%73 2''7 121 .oers 1>>'-1>>> 7>' 12' 11> 1!.1!712>>5 2''7 131 Source6 <ppendi4 3 t- cal O t- critical. Desults as s-own in ta3le 3.( indicate t-at for a two-tailed test& t-e critical t-;alues are 1.>!' and 1.(5! at 5= and 1'= significant le;els& respecti;el2. 1-e t-statistics calculated ;alue 3eing co*pared wit- t-e ta3ulated critical t-;alues s-ows t-at t-ere is a significant difference 3etween *eans of t-e nu*3er of pigs for t-e periods 1>>'-1>>> and 2''7 as t- calculated is greater t-an t- critical. -# Conclusions 1-e coconut industr2 since its introduction into t-e N:e*a East 0istrict -as 3een t-e *aEor cas- crop for far*ers in t-e district. 1-e de*ise of t-is industr2 would not onl2 affect t-e coconut far*ers 3ut t-e entire econo*2 of N:e*a East 0istrict. 9oconut far*ers w-o out of frustration -a;e gone into food crop production are worse off t-an 3efore. 9oconut far*ers@ reliance on pig production as a *eans of supple*enting t-e -ouse-olds@ inco*e is in danger as t-e una;aila3ilit2 of coconut c-aff -as led to a drastic reduction in t-e nu*3er of pigs. 9oconut re;enue also contri3utes su3stantiall2 to t-e internall2 generated re;enue of t-e N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2. 1-e collapse of t-e coconut industr2 could affect de;elop*ental proEects in t-e district if t-e situation is not i**ediatel2 re*edied. &eferences <ggre2-Sa*& ). 5. (1>(7 & 9o**ercial $egeta3les in 5-ana6 5-ana far*er >(% 6 15%-155 .uc,et& /. (1>!1 <n Introduction to Bar* #rgani:ation and /anage*ent 9-ild& D. (1>7% & 9oconut& /ac*illan N.F. 5reen S. C. and #fori& 9. (1>>! & 9ape Saint Paul@s )ilt 0isease& Kistor2 of #ccurrence& G. C. /ariau& 0.& 0er2& S.C.& Sangare <.& NP9-o F.P. and P-ilippe D. (1>>( & 9oconut let-al 2ellowing disease and planting *aterial tolerance. Plantations, Dec-erc-e& 0Q;eloppe*ent 3 (2 6 1'5-11'. NE0< (2''1 & N:e*a East 0istrict <sse*3l2@s Bour Fear 0e;elop*ent Plan (2''1-2''5 Sangare (1>>2 & $egeta3le Bi3reI Aeonard Kilt& N. F.

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