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Classical Approaches
Scientific
General
Administrative
Quantitative Viewpoint
Applies quantitative techniques to management
Emphasis on importance of understanding human behavior & motivating & encouraging employees toward achievement
Early Behaviorists
Scientific Management
Emphasized scientific study of work methods to improve productivity of individual workers Proponents: Frederick W. Taylor Frank & Lillian Gilbreth Proponents: Hugo Munsterberg, Elton Mayo
Management Science
Focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making
Operations Management
Focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organizations products or services more effectively
Administrative Management
Concerned with managing the entire organization Proponents: Henry Taylor Max Weber
Scientific Management
Scientific Management:
emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers
Two of its chief proponents were Frederick W. Taylor, & Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
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Scientific Management
Credit for Scientific Management goes to Frederick Taylor who was hired by Midvale Steel company in the US in 1878. Taylor discovered that production and pay were poor ,inefficiency and waste were prevalent ,and most companies had unused potential . He concluded that management decisions were unsystematic and no efforts were made to determine the best means of production
Scientific Management
The Taylor introduced Scientific Management (he is called the Father of Scientific Management ) which recommended the application of scientific methods to analyze work and to determine the methods to complete the tasks efficiently
Scientific management
Study jobs systematically with a view to improving the way tasks are performed Select the best employees for the various jobs. Train the employees in the most efficient methods Offer incentives (higher wages) to the most able employees and use piece-rate system of payment to encourage greater effort. Use rest pauses to combat fatigue Entrust to supervisor the task of ensuring that employees are using the prescribed methods
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Scientific Management The ideas of scientific Management dramatically increased productivity across all industries ,and they are still important today.
Administrative Management
Administrative Management:
concerned with managing the total organization
Among the pioneering theorists were Henry Fayol & Max Weber
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Organizing
You arrange tasks, people, & other resources to accomplish the work
Controlling
You monitor performance, compare it with goals and take corrective action as needed
Leading
You motivate, direct & otherwise influence people to work hard to achieve the organizations goals
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Labor is divided with clear definitions of authority and responsibility. Positions are organized in a hierarchy of authority ,with each position under the authority of a higher one
Rules and regulations determine and standardize behavior Administrative acts and decisions are recorded in writing Management is separate from ownership in any organization.
Classical bureaucracy
Max Weber, 1947
Hierarchy of authority Rights and duties are attached to the various positions Division of labour Rules and procedures Documentation in which info is recorded in written form Technical competence Separation of ownership from control
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Hawthorne studies
The Hawthorne project involved three sets of studies
Illumination Studies
Illumination Studies
Illumination studies constituted the first set of experiments and took place between 1924 and 1927 Experiment -Lighting was decreased Result-The researches concluded that factors other than lighting were at work
Experiment
The first study was conducted by a group of engineers seeking to determine the relationship of lighting levels to worker productivity. Surprisingly enough, they discovered that worker productivity increased as the lighting levels decreased
Quality Control
Strategy for minimizing errors by managing each state of production Proponent: Walter Stewart
Quality Assurance
Focuses on the performance of workers urging employees to strive for zero defects
Joseph M. Juran
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Outputs
The products, services, profits, losses, employee satisfaction or discontent, and the like that are produced by the organization
Transformational Processes
The organizations capabilities in management and technology that are applied to converting inputs to outputs
Feedback
Information about the reaction of the environment to the outputs that affect the 40 inputs
Contingency approach The contingency approach sometimes called the situational approach says that organizations are different ,face different situations ,and require different ways of managing.
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Contingency approach
A good way to describe contingency If this is the way my situation is then this is the best way for me to manage in this situation This approach is intuitively logical because organizations and even units within the same organization differ-in terms of size ,goals , work activities.
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Contingency approach
The Primary value of the contingency approach is that it stresses that there are no simplistic or universal rules for managers to follow
Quantitative Approach
The Quantitative approach evolved from mathematical and statistical solutions developed for military problems during word war II. After the war was over , many of these techniques used for military problems were applied to business
Quantitative Approach One group of military officers ,nicknamed the whiz kids joined Ford Motor Company in the mid 1940s and immediately began using statistical methods and Quantitative models to improve decision making
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