TEST 10

Leila is skeptical that most personality traits can be categorized under the Big Five personality traits, so she embarks on a trip around the world to confirm it for herself. Which of the following will Leila most likely observe? A) B) C) Leila notices that most languages she encounters do express the Big Five, but with one or two of the traits differing. Leila records the hundreds of different traits people around the world express, and categorizes them into the Big Five. A native English speaker and a non-native English speaker will disagree on the five personality traits.

D) Travelling to Asia, Leila notices the inability of some cultures to express conscientiousness.

Which of the following correctly outlines a difference between repression and denial? Repression is susceptible to dreams, in which id impulses enter into consciousness, whereas A) denial is susceptible to Freudian slips, in which the individual has no memory following inappropriate conversation. B) C) D) Repression attempts to keep id impulses out of consciousness, whereas denial disguises id impulses once they have reached consciousness. Repression is a defence mechanism utilized by the ego to contend with id impulses, whereas denial is a guilty feeling that results once an individual has acted on immoral id impulses. Repression prevents all id impulses from entering consciousness, whereas denial may unintentionally permit id impulses into consciousness.

In which of the following scenarios are the Freudian defence mechanisms displacement and rationalization best demonstrated? Barry hears from his boss that the presentation that he and his co-worker gave earlier that day A) was awful. Rather than coming to the realization that he, Barry, needs to improve, based on his boss's specific pointers, Barry blames the failure on his co-worker. After becoming frustrated with her husband, Jill yells at her son, who has done nothing wrong. B) When asked by her son why she yelled at him, Jill quickly comes up with the explanation that it is because he didn't take out the trash on time last weekend. Shortly after Jack and Daniel get into an argument about Jack's alcohol abuse, Jack has no C) memory of the event. Jack later explains that he does not have a problem, and that he is only a social drinker. D) Bo is becoming increasingly frustrated with a bully at school. One day, Do returns home and puts his fist through his bedroom wall.

Which of the following is an example of projection? Jean-Paul believes that it is wrong for any company to hold a monopoly on business, yet he A) often shops at Wal-Market, claiming that it is the only place he can shop in order to afford everything he needs for his family. Martina has a number of issues with her boss who treats her as if she is incompetent and B) unable to do her job properly, yet Martina goes out of her way to be nice to her boss and please her with her work. Kasia is extremely frustrated with how her parents behave towards each other; whenever her C) parents have a really bad fight she goes out with her friends and becomes extremely intoxicated. D) Dante had been cheating on his fiance for 3 months when he started to become suspicious that his fiance was actually cheating on him.

Which of the following statements about Maslow's hierarchy of needs is most correct? A) B) C) D) Being unable to hold a steady job or find a stable home would result in remaining at the safety level. A workplace failure, causing your esteem needs to be unsatisfied, would mean you are now stuck at the love and belongingness level. According to Maslow, few individuals satisfy their esteem needs to move on to the selfactualization level. Individuals who are unable to form close relationships with others or connect to a group are likely stuck at the safety level.

Which of the Big Five personality traits would someone score high on if they were intellectually curious, inquisitive and enjoyed reading? A) Agreeableness B) Openness C) Conscientiousness D) Extraversion

According to psychodynamic theory, which of the flowing is true of the 3 psychic structures? A) The ego is responsible for satisfying the needs of the id and the superego. B) Each of the three structures have components that operate in the conscious and unconscious. C) An individual's ego is that which develops from an individual's conscience. D) The Id is selfish and motivates you to seek out pleasure even if it means experiencing pain first.

Individuals who are interested in a large variety of experiences in their life would most likely receive a high score on which of the following Big Five personality traits? A) Agreeableness B) Conscientiousness C) Openness D) Extraversion

Snicklefritz has just received his scores on the NEO Personality Inventory. His results suggest that he is, among other things, warm, dutiful and places value in aesthetics. According to these facets, which traits has Snicklefritz scored high on? A) Openness, Neuroticism, Agreeableness B) Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion C) Agreeableness, Extraversion, Neuroticism D) Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion.

Which of the following does NOT correctly describe a study in the textbook that supports personality as a predictor of behaviour? A) B) C) D) Paunonen (2003) found that being rated as more popular causes individuals to receive higher extroversion scores. Matthews et al. (2000) found that individuals high in neuroticism remember threats from the environment better. McCrae and Costa (1985) found that individuals high in openness tend to switch their careers more often. Boggs & Robert (2004) found that individuals high in conscientiousness tend to drink less, smoke less, and drive more carefully.

TEST 11
Chandra is a Hamilton high-school teacher and attends a speed-dating event in hopes of finding an attractive partner. Which of the following suitors will she most likely be attracted to? A) Justin, who she thinks is beautiful and is visiting Hamilton from California. B) Tyler, who she used to go to university with and is now a frequently touring musician. C) Paul, who she sees frequently in the grocery store but never talks to. D) Aaron, who she frequently buys lottery tickets from and chats with occasionally.

Which stream of reasoning used by the individual in each of the following situations best demonstrates the self-serving bias? A) B) C) D) Henri has just lost the most important badminton match of his life, and thinks it is because the strings on his racquet were too loose. Monique has just won the 100-meter dash at her school, and suggests that it was because of her new shoes. Pippi has just lost the final round in the chess tournament, and says that it was because she made a huge mistake on her first move. Pierre has just won the spelling bee at school, and claims that it is because he just got lucky and had very easy words to spell.

Which behaviour best demonstrates both consistency and distinctiveness? A) Olivia always cries to the song True Love, but only if it is while watching her favourite movie. B) Pablo always laughs at clowns when he goes to the circus, and also whenever he sees them on television.

C) Deda only hit her son once when he failed his art class, not when he failed other classes. D) Donatello laughed at his pet turtle for the first time when it tripped and got stuck upside down on its shell.

Which of the following statements describing the fundamental attribution error is most correct? A) The tendency to overvalue dispositional compared to situational influences for others' behaviours.

B) The tendency to overestimate situational causes for other peoples' behaviour but not your own. C) The tendency to assume that you are more capable than other individuals. D) The tendency to perceive yourself more favourably than other individuals.

Which of the following is the correct description of the availability heuristic? A) It is the phenomenon whereby you make a judgment based on how similar one instance is to another.

B) It is the phenomenon whereby you make a judgment based on information accessible to you. C) It is the phenomenon whereby you make a judgment based on how recently you have been exposed to a similar instance.

D) It is the phenomenon whereby you make a judgment based on past experiences.

Which of the following is the correct description of the representativeness heuristic? A) It is the phenomenon whereby you make a judgment based on a comparison to a prototype. B) It is the phenomenon whereby you make a judgment based on how recently you have been exposed to a similar instance.

C) It is the phenomenon whereby you make a judgment based on information accessible to you. D) It is the phenomenon whereby you make a judgment based on fact.

What conclusion was drawn from the study performed by Walster in 1965? A) We tend to like those who like us, especially when our self esteem is low. B) Self esteem of women is generally highly changeable, especially when low. C) Those with high self esteem rated attractiveness lower than those with low esteem. D) Those with low self esteem rated attractiveness higher than those with high esteem.

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error? A) Manpreet thinks she was late because she just happened to get all the red lights. B) Herschel believes he failed his driving test because his instructor took him on an unfair route. C) Divya believes that she got the worst mark in her class because everyone is smarter than her. D) Michel thinks he did well on his test because he had the most time to study.

Which of the following statements is most correct? A) B) C) D) Individuals do not fall victim to the actor-observer effect if they are previously told the individuals' intentions and normal behaviour. The self-serving bias dictates that individuals believe their behaviour is caused by dispositional factors and not situational factors. Individuals often assume that the general population would make the same decision as that individual in a given situation. The fundamental attribution error dictates that individuals will assume the more unfavourable factor has more to do with a stranger's behaviour.

Researchers investigating different diseases are trying to convince the public to donate to their respective cause. Which of the following will people likely find most severe, encouraging them to donate to that cause? A) Lou Gherigs Disease, a common term that many people will likely have previously heard. B) C) Gluten-Induced Enteropathy, a medical term for Celiac Disease which is commonly known as being a serious condition. Cerebrovascular Accident, a little known medical term for Stroke which is an established medical condition.

D) Male Pattern Baldness, the plain terminology for a recently established condition.

TEST 12
Which of the following best exemplifies the normative function? A) B) C) D) Dianna does not understand why traffic is moving so slowly on the highway, and decides to change to what appears to be a faster lane. Melinda is nervous about her first formal dinner and asks her sister what outfit she should wear to make a good impression for this sophisticated occasion. Timothy purchases a new Apple computer because he has had troubles with his previous computers. Jeffrey notices what appears to be an emergency vehicle with its lights flashing and turns to his wife to determine what's going on.

Jeffrey is an artist who has just created an unusual t-shirt design that may not appeal to everyone. While it does not resemble other popular designs, he would still like to get to use to promote further sales. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following marketing schemes would lead to Jeffrey receiving the most positive ? A) Paying the first ten individuals $5 to take a t-shirt and provide .

B) Charging $20 per t-shirt with Jeffrey's design, allowing him to make a profit. C) Giving the first ten t-shirts away for free in hopes of better reviews. D) Charging $5 per t-shirt with Jeffrey's design, informing customers it?s to cover the cost of the t-shirt only.

Julia is jogging along a beach and notices somebody ahead of her lying on the ground motionless. In which of the following scenarios is Julia the most likely to provide help to the non-moving person? A) Julia is jogging along the beach during a busy day and is not trained in first aid. B) Julia is jogging along the beach alone during the day and is not trained in first aid. C) Julia is jogging along the beach alone during the day and is trained in first aid. D) Julia is jogging along the beach during a busy day and she is trained in first aid.

Jesse is debating whether or not he should buy himself a nice convertible car. At a party, he asked a group of friends if he should save the money to pay for his upcoming wedding or spend it now on a nice car. If the group initially leaned slightly more towards the car than the wedding, which of the following is most likely to happen? A) Jesse will buy himself a decent car and save some money for the wedding. B) Jesse will buy himself a nice car and not save any money for his upcoming wedding. C) Jesse will save all of his money for the wedding and not buy himself a car. D) Jesse will spend some money on the wedding and then save afterwards for a nice car.

Which of the following statements about the comparative function is most correct? A) It is used as a comparison for what a normal course of action would be. B) It is used in situations where the appropriate course of action is unclear. C) It is used to determine appropriate behaviour based on social norms. D) It is used when you compare your behaviour to others' to see if it's the same.

According to the web module, what kind of communicator should be chosen to teach abstinence to high school students? A) A middle-aged model who knows little about abstinence. B) A very attractive student who knows little about abstinence. C) An expert in the field who has 35 years of experience. D) An unattractive young adult who happens to be an expert

Which of the following is true of group decision-making? A) Group decisions will tend to be polarized, that is they will come to more extreme decisions. B) Group decisions will tend to be polarized, that is they will come to more reserved decisions. C) Group decisions will tend to be polarized, that is they will come to riskier decisions. D) Group decisions will tend to be polarized, that is they will come to less extreme decisions.

What is the normative function? A) It is the role of the group in setting behavioural standards based on fear of ostracism. B) It is our individual function within a group whereby we set a social norm. C) It is the desire of all individuals to fit in with what the majority is doing. D) It is our fear of being ostracized for dressing or acting in an outlandish manner.

According to group polarization, in which of the following situations might a group decision be riskier than those of the individuals? A) None of the individual decisions are cautious or risky. B) One individual's decision is extremely risky. C) The individuals' initial decisions are somewhat risky. D) The individuals' initial decisions are generally reserved.

William will be most likely to help which of the following individuals? A) David, who is unable to lift and carry a large box of books to the library. B) Amina, who is lost on campus because she was given the wrong map. C) Melissa, whose computer battery has died because she forgot her charger. D) Mendel, who recently had is wallet stolen from his back pocket.

TEST 13
A psychologist that measures various aspects of their patient's actions, but never uses any introspective tools would likely be following which tradition? A) Behaviorist B) Dualist C) Reductionist D) Structuralist

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a type I error? A) B) C) D) After analyzing the results of her experiment, Sioban determines that the antimicrobial chemical triclosan does not disrupt pregnancy in mice, when in fact it does. Meagan has bipolar disorder, but her psychiatrist has incorrectly diagnosed her and says she does not. Dr. Wilson diagnoses Sandra with depression, when she in fact does not qualify as clinically depressed. Aleksy calculates a p-value of 0.1, but his experimental and control populations are actually different.

Which of the following is a key difference between reacquisition and acquisition? A) B) C) D) The conditioned response in reacquisition is more intense than the conditioned response in acquisition. The contingency is formed much faster in reacquisition than in acquisition as a result of retained learning. Reacquisition occurs after a contingency has been erased, whereas acquisition is the formation of a new contingency between two stimuli. The conditioned response is spontaneously recovered in reacquisition, whereas the conditioned response must be learned in acquisition.

Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) B) C) D) Chaining operates on the idea of reinforcing a response with the opportunity to perform the next response. Chaining and autoshaping both lead to a sequence of behaviours that appear complex, but are in fact a consecutive series of simple tasks. Thorndike's puzzle box operated on the notion of shaping, although autoshaping would be more efficient. Autoshaping is an automatic reflex response when the subject knows about the reinforcer and modifies their behaviour for the reinforcement.

Which of the following best exemplifies perceptual narrowing? A) B) C) D) Within a group of 14 eight-month old native English-speaking babies, 10 were not able to discriminate between Chinese phonemes. At 2 years of age, Tamika goes from having an expressive vocabulary of 200 to an expressive vocabulary of 400. 6 month old babies who had their mothers speak to them in exaggerated pitches were better able to discriminate phonemes of any language than non-exposed babies. In the first year of life, baby Karolina begins to make non-linguistic noises that act as the foundation for her future specialized language abilities.

Which of the following observations would be problematic for Piaget's theory? A) Long before his seventh birthday, Michel had mastered the object permanence. B) Even after his first birthday, Michel would cry as soon as his parents left the room. C) D) After doing his math homework, Michel watched a cartoon. Michel did not understand why he had to tilt the screen so Justine could see the image from the same angle. Michel did not get along with his sister until he was seven, mainly because Michel began to see things from his cousin's perspective now.

John works in the stationary department of a store and is often asked where specific items (e.g. pens, pencils, rulers) are located. One day while eating dinner at a busy restaurant, he momentarily loses focus of his conversation as he overhears another customer ask for a pen. How can this phenomenon best be explained? A) The word pen broke through Broadbent's single filter model of attention. B) The word pen broke through Triesman's dual filter model of attention. C) He was talking to his friend who has a deep voice, and a woman said the word pen. D) The word pen was consciously attended to by the spotlight model of attention.

Which of the following is true with regard to Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic approach to personality? A) Sports and fine art are the result of sublimated libido. B) The ego resides with equal parts in the conscious and the preconscious. C) The unconscious is divided into the collective and the personal. D) The only way to protect the conscious ego from feelings of anxiety is to keep unacceptable id impulses out of consciousness entirely.

Xena is in an argument with her father about why she got a speeding ticket the night before. Which of the following best demonstrates the fundamental attribution error? A) B) C) Xena argues that this is the only time she's been caught for speeding, and that she can usually get away with it. Xena's father does not get angry with her, assuming that she was speeding because of an emergency. Xena's father argues that this ticket shows how irresponsible of a driver she always is, and takes the car keys from her.

What was one of the findings of the Milgram experiment? A) The obedience results were applicable to real world situations such as nursing. B) An individual will not obey a command unless it is given in a prestigious location. C) Proximity of the learner to the experimenter is an important factor in obedience. D) An individual will tend to obey another who possesses power in a particular situation.