Jawaharlal Nehru

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Jawaharlal Nehru

Nehru, ca. 1927

1st Prime Minister of India

In office 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 Monarch President Governor General Preceded by Succeeded by King George VI unti! 26 "anuary 195#$ %a&en'ra (rasa' an' )ar*e+a!!i %a'ha,rishnan -ouis Mount.atten /. %a&ago+a!achari Position Created Gu!0ari!a! Nan'a interi1$

Minister for External ffairs of India

In office 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 Preceded by Succeeded by Position Created Gu!0ari!a! Nan'a

!inance Minister of India

In office 2 3cto.er 1952 17 No*e1.er 1959 Preceded by Succeeded by "orn 4. 4. Krishna1achari Morar&i 5esai 14 No*e1.er 1229 A!!aha.a', 6nite' (ro*inces,7ritish In'ia 27 May 1964 age' 74$ Ne8 5e!hi, In'ia In'ian Ka1a!a Nehru In'ira Gan'hi 4rinity /o!!ege, /a1.ri'ge 7arrister 9in'u:A'i 5har1 -ater Atheist$

#ied Nationality S$ouse%s& 'hildren lma mater Profession (eli)ion Si)nature

Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , pronounced [d;a;r!a! neru<; ! No"em#er $$%&'( )ay %*!+ ,) waan .ndian -tate-manwho wa- the fir-t (and to date the lon/e-t0 -er"in/) prime mini-ter of .ndia, from %!( until %*!1 2 leadin/ fi/ure in the .ndian independence mo"ement, Nehru wa- elected #y the 3on/re-4arty to a--ume office a- independent .ndia5- fir-t 4rime )ini-ter, and re0 elected when the 3on/re-- 4arty won .ndia5- fir-t /eneral election in %6'1 2- one of the founder- of the Non0ali/ned )o"ement, he wa- al-o an important fi/ure in the international politic- of the po-t0war era1 He ifre7uently referred to a- Pandit Nehru (8pandit8 #ein/ a 9an-krit and Hindi honorificmeanin/ 8-cholar8 or 8teacher8) and, -pecifically in .ndia, a- Panditji (with 80:i8 #ein/ a -uffi; to the honorific)1 <he -on of a wealthy .ndian #arri-ter and politician, )otilal Nehru, Nehru #ecame a leader of the left win/ of the .ndian National 3on/re-- when -till fairly youn/1 Ri-in/ to #ecome 3on/re-- 4re-ident, under the mentor-hip of )ahatma =andhi, Nehru wa- a chari-matic and radical leader,

ad"ocatin/ complete independence from the >riti-h ?mpire1 .n the lon/ -tru//le for .ndian independence, in which he wa- a key player, Nehru wae"entually reco/ni@ed a- =andhi5- political heir1 <hrou/hout hi- life, Nehru wa- al-o an ad"ocate for Fa#ian -ociali-m and the pu#lic -ector a- the mean- #y which lon/0-tandin/ challen/e- of economic de"elopment could #e addre--ed #y poorer nation-1
'ontents
=hi'e<

1 >'ucation 2 -i?e an' career @ )uccessor 4o Gan'hi 4 In'iaAs ?irst (ri1e Minister 4.1 >cono1ic +o!icies 4.2 >'ucation an' socia! re?or1 4.@ Nationa! security an' ?oreign +o!icy 4.4 Bina! years 5 -egacy 5.1 /o11e1oration 6 Critings 6.1 4o8ar's Bree'o1 7 /riticis1 2 )ee a!so 9 Notes 1# %e?erences 11 >Dterna! !in,s

o o o o o o

[edit]Education Nehru wa- educated in >ritain; at the independent #oy5- -chool, Harrow 9chool and <rinity 3olle/e, 3am#rid/e1 [edit]Life

and career

Nehru wa- /i"en the -in/ular honour of rai-in/ the fla/ of independent .ndia in New Aelhi on 6 2u/u-t %!(, the day .ndia /ained .ndependence1

Nehru5- appreciation of the "irtue- of parliamentary democracy, -eculari-m and li#erali-m, coupled with hi- concern- for the poor and underpri"ile/ed, are reco/ni-ed to ha"e /uided him in formulatin/ policie- that influence .ndia to thi- day1 <hey al-o reflect the -ociali-t ori/in- of hi- world"iew1 Hilon/ tenure wa- in-trumental in -hapin/ the tradition- and -tructure- of independent .ndia1 He i- -ometime- referred to a- the 82rchitect of )odern .ndia8+citation needed,1 Hi- dau/hter, .ndira =andhi, and /rand-on, Ra:i" =andhi, al-o -er"ed a- 4rime )ini-ter- of .ndia1 =ita 9ah/al & a writer and :ournali-t who addre--e- i--ue- of femini-m, fundamentali-m, and raci-m, director of pri@e0winnin/ documentary film-, and human ri/ht- acti"i-t & i- hi- /rand0niece1 [edit]Successor

To Gandhi

Bn 6 January %! =andhi:i -aid, 89ome -ay 4andit Nehru and . were e-tran/ed1 .t will re7uire much more than difference of opinion to e-tran/e u-1 We had difference- from the time we #ecame co0worker- and yet . ha"e -aid for -ome year- and -ay now that not Ra:a:i (3hakra"arti Ra:a/opalachari) #ut Nehru will #e my -ucce--or18 +', [edit]India's

first Prime Minister

<een )urti >ha"an, Nehru5- re-idence a- 4rime )ini-ter, now a mu-eum in hi- memory1

Nehru and hi- collea/ue- had #een relea-ed a- the >riti-h 3a#inet )i--ion arri"ed to propo-e plan- for tran-fer of power1 Bnce elected, Nehru headed an interim /o"ernment, which wa- impaired #y out#reak- of communal "iolence and political di-order, and the oppo-ition of the )u-lim Lea/ue led #y )uhammad 2li Jinnah, who were

demandin/ a -eparate )u-lim -tate of 4aki-tan1 2fter failed #id- to form coalition-, Nehru reluctantly -upported the partition of .ndia, accordin/ to a plan relea-ed #y the >riti-h on C June %!(1 He took office a- the 4rime )ini-ter of .ndia on 6 2u/u-t, and deli"ered hi- inau/ural addre-- titled 82 <ry-t With Ae-tiny8
8Lon/ year- a/o we made a try-t with de-tiny, and now the time come- when we -hall redeem our pled/e, not wholly or in full mea-ure, #ut "ery -u#-tantially1 2t the -troke of the midni/ht hour, when the world -leep-, .ndia will awake to life and freedom1 2 moment come-, which come- #ut rarely in hi-tory, when we -tep out from the old to the new, when an a/e end-, and when the -oul of a nation, lon/ -uppre--ed, find- utterance1 .t i- fittin/ that at thi- -olemn moment we take the pled/e of dedication to the -er"ice of .ndia and her people and to the -till lar/er cau-e of humanity18+',

Howe"er, thi- period wa- marked with inten-e communal "iolence1 <hi"iolence -wept acro-- the 4un:a# re/ion, Aelhi, >en/al and other part- of .ndia1 Nehru conducted :oint tour-+citation needed, with 4aki-tani leader- to encoura/e peace and calm an/ry and di-illu-ioned refu/ee-1 Nehru would work with )aulana 2@ad and other )u-lim leader- to -afe/uard and encoura/e )u-lim- to remain in .ndia1 <he "iolence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a cea-efire+citation needed, and DN inter"ention to -top the .ndo04aki-tani War of %!(1 Fearin/ communal repri-al-, Nehru al-o he-itated in -upportin/ the anne;ation of Hydera#ad 9tate1 .n the year- followin/ independence, Nehru fre7uently turned to hidau/hter .ndira to look after him and mana/e hi- per-onal affair-1 Dnder hi- leader-hip, the 3on/re-- won an o"erwhelmin/ ma:ority in the election- of %6'1 .ndira mo"ed into Nehru5- official re-idence to attend to him and #ecame hi- con-tant companion in hi- tra"el- acro-- .ndia and the world1 .ndira would "irtually #ecome Nehru5- chief of -taff1

Nehru5- -tudy in <een )urti >ha"an1

[edit]Economic

olicies

Nehru pre-ided o"er the introduction of a modified, .ndian "er-ion of -tate plannin/ and control o"er the economy1 3reatin/ the 4lannin/ commi--ion of .ndia, Nehru drew up the fir-t Fi"e0Eear 4lan in %6 , which charted the /o"ernment5- in"e-tment- in indu-trie- and a/riculture1 .ncrea-in/ #u-ine-- and income ta;e-, Nehru en"i-a/ed a mi;ed economy in which the /o"ernment would mana/e -trate/ic indu-trie- -uch a- minin/, electricity and hea"y indu-trie-, -er"in/ pu#lic intere-t and a check to pri"ate enterpri-e1 Nehru pur-ued land redi-tri#ution and launched pro/ramme- to #uild irri/ation canal-, dam- and -pread the u-e of fertili@er- to increa-e a/ricultural production1 He al-o pioneered a -erieofcommunity development programs aimed at -preadin/ di"er-e cotta/e indu-trie- and increa-in/ efficiency into rural .ndia1 While encoura/in/ the con-truction of lar/e dam- (which Nehru called the 8new temple- of .ndia8), irri/ation work- and the /eneration of hydroelectricity, Nehru al-o launched .ndia5- pro/ramme to harne-- nuclear ener/y1 For mo-t of Nehru5- term a- prime mini-ter, .ndia would continue to face -eriou- food -horta/e- de-pite pro/re-- and increa-e- in a/ricultural production1 Nehru5- indu-trial policie-, -ummari-ed in the .ndu-trial 4olicy Re-olution of %6*, encoura/ed the /rowth of di"er-e manufacturin/ and hea"y indu-trie-,+C, yet -tate plannin/, control- and re/ulation- #e/an to impair producti"ity, 7uality and profita#ility1 2lthou/h the .ndian economy en:oyed a -teady rate of /rowth, chronic unemployment amid-t wide-pread po"erty continued to pla/ue the population1 [edit]Education

and social reform

Jawaharlal Nehru wa- a pa--ionate ad"ocate of education for .ndia5children and youth, #elie"in/ it e--ential for .ndia5- future pro/re--1 Hi/o"ernment o"er-aw the e-ta#li-hment of many in-titution- of hi/her learnin/, includin/ the 2ll .ndia .n-titute of )edical 9cience-, the .ndian .n-titute- of <echnolo/y and the .ndian .n-titute- of )ana/ement1 Nehru al-o outlined a commitment in hi- fi"e0year plan- to /uarantee free and compul-ory primary education to all of .ndia5- children1 For thi- purpo-e, Nehru o"er-aw the creation of ma-- "illa/e enrollment pro/ramme- and the con-truction of thou-and- of -chool-1 Nehru al-o launched initiati"e-uch a- the pro"i-ion of free milk and meal- to children in order to fi/ht malnutrition1 2dult education centre-, "ocational and technical -choolwere al-o or/ani-ed for adult-, e-pecially in the rural area-1 Dnder Nehru, the .ndian 4arliament enacted many chan/e- to Hindu law to criminali@e ca-te di-crimination and increa-e the le/al ri/ht- and -ocial freedom- of women+!,+6,+*, +(, 1 2 -y-tem of re-er"ation- in /o"ernment -er"ice- and educational in-titution- wa- created to eradicate the -ocial ine7ualitie- and di-ad"anta/e- faced #y people- of the -cheduled ca-teand -cheduled tri#e-1 Nehru al-o championed -eculari-m and reli/iouharmony, increa-in/ the repre-entation of minoritie- in /o"ernment1 [edit]National

securit! and forei"n olic!

See also: Role of India in Non !ligned "ovement Nehru led newly independent .ndia from %!( to %*!, durin/ it- fir-t yearof freedom from >riti-h rule1 >oth the Dnited 9tate- and the Dnion 9o"iet 9ociali-t Repu#lic competed to make .ndia an ally throu/hout the 3old War1 Bn the international -cene, Nehru wa- a champion of pacifi-m and a -tron/ -upporter of the Dnited Nation-1 He pioneered the policy of non0 ali/nment and co0founded the Non02li/ned )o"ement of nationprofe--in/ neutrality #etween the ri"al #loc- of nation- led #y the D191 and the D19191R1 Reco/ni-in/ the 4eople5- Repu#lic of 3hina -oon after itfoundin/ (while mo-t of the We-tern #loc continued relation- with the Repu#lic of 3hina), Nehru ar/ued for it- inclu-ion in the Dnited Nationand refu-ed to #rand the 3hine-e a- the a//re--or- in their conflict with Forea1+$, He -ou/ht to e-ta#li-h warm and friendly relation- with 3hina

de-pite the in"a-ion of <i#et in %6G, and hoped to act a- an intermediary to #rid/e the /ulf and ten-ion- #etween the communi-t -tate- and the We-tern #loc1 )eanwhile, Nehru had promi-ed in %!$ to hold a ple#i-cite in Fa-hmir under the au-pice- of the D1N1 #ut, a- 4aki-tan failed to pull #ack troop- in accordance with the DN re-olution and a- Nehru /rew increa-in/ly wary of the D1N1, he declined to hold a ple#i-cite in %6C1 He ordered the arre-t of the Fa-hmiri politician 9heikh 2#dullah, whom he had pre"iou-ly -upported #ut now -u-pected of har#ourin/ -eparati-t am#ition-; >ak-hi =hulam )ohammad replaced him1 Hi- policy of pacifi-m and appea-ement with re-pect to 3hina al-o came unra"eled when 3hina anne;ed 2k-ai 3hin, the re/ion of Fa-hmir ad:oinin/ <i#et in %*' that led to the 9ino0.ndian war1

Jawaharlal Nehru (ri/ht) talk- to 4aki-tan prime mini-ter )uhammad 2li >o/ra (left) durin/ hi- %6C "i-it to Farachi1

Nehru wa- hailed #y many for workin/ to defu-e /lo#al ten-ion- and the threat of nuclear weapon-+%,1 He commi--ioned the fir-t -tudy of the human effect- of nuclear e;plo-ion-, and campai/ned cea-ele--ly for the a#olition of what he called 8the-e fri/htful en/ine- of de-truction18 He al-o had pra/matic rea-on- for promotin/ de0nucleari-ation, fearin/ that a nuclear arm- race would lead to o"er0militari-ation that would #e unafforda#le for de"elopin/ countrie- -uch a- hi- own+ G,1 .n %6* he had critici-ed the :oint in"a-ion of the 9ue@ 3anal #y the >riti-h, French and .-raeli-1 9u-picion and di-tru-t cooled relation- #etween .ndia and the D191, which -u-pected Nehru of tacitly -upportin/ the 9o"iet

Dnion1 2cceptin/ the ar#itration of the DF and World >ank, Nehru -i/ned the .ndu- Water <reaty in %*G with 4aki-tani ruler 2yu# Fhan to re-ol"e lon/0-tandin/ di-pute- a#out -harin/ the re-ource- of the ma:or ri"er- of the 4un:a# re/ion1 [edit]#inal

!ears

Nehru with Jo-ip >ro@ <ito and =amal 2#del Na--er, >rioni, $ July %6*1

Nehru with 2-hoke Fumar 9en and>idhan 3handra Roy

Nehru had led the 3on/re-- to a ma:or "ictory in the %6( election-, #ut hi- /o"ernment wa- facin/ ri-in/ pro#lem- and critici-m1 Ai-illu-ioned #y intra0party corruption and #ickerin/, Nehru contemplated re-i/nin/ #ut continued to -er"e1 <he election of hi- dau/hter .ndira a- 3on/re-4re-ident in %6% arou-ed critici-m for alle/ed nepoti-m+citation needed,,

althou/h actually Nehru had di-appro"ed of her election, partly #ecau-e he con-idered it -macked of 8dyna-ti-m8; he -aid, indeed it wa- 8wholly undemocratic and an unde-ira#le thin/8, and refu-ed her a po-ition in hica#inet+ ,1 .ndira her-elf wa- at lo//erhead- with her father o"er policy; mo-t nota#ly, -he u-ed hi- oft0-tated per-onal deference to the 3on/re-Workin/ 3ommittee to pu-h throu/h the di-mi--al of the 3ommuni-t 4arty of .ndia /o"ernment in the -tate of Ferala, o"er hi- own o#:ection-+ ,1 Nehru #e/an to #e fre7uently em#arra--ed #y her ruthle--ne-- and di-re/ard for parliamentary tradition, and wa- 8hurt8 #y what he -aw a- an a--erti"ene-- with no purpo-e other than to -take out an identity independent of her father+ ,1 2lthou/h the 4ancha 9ila (Fi"e 4rinciple- of 4eaceful 3oe;i-tence) wathe #a-i- of the %6! 9ino0.ndian treaty o"er <i#et, in later year-, Nehru5forei/n policy -uffered throu/h increa-in/ 3hine-e anta/oni-m o"er #order di-pute- and Nehru5- deci-ion to /rant a-ylum to the Aalai Lama1 2fter year- of failed ne/otiation-, Nehru authori@ed the .ndian 2rmy to anne; =oa from 4ortu/al in %* 1 9ee li#eration of =oa1 While increa-in/ hipopularity, Nehru recei"ed critici-m for optin/ for military action1 .n the %*' election-, Nehru led the 3on/re-- to "ictory yet with a dimini-hed ma:ority1 Bppo-ition partie- ran/in/ from the ri/ht0 win/ >haratiya Jana 9an/h and 9watantra 4arty, -ociali-t- and the 3ommuni-t 4arty of .ndia performed well1 .n a matter of month-, the #order di-pute- with 3hina turned into open conflict1 Nehru a--umed that a- former "ictim- of imperiali-m (.ndia #ein/ a colony it-elf) they -hared a -en-e of -olidarity, a- e;pre--ed in the phra-e 8Hindi03hini #hai #hai8 (.ndian- and 3hine-e are #rother-)1 He wadedicated to the ideal- of #rotherhood and -olidarity amon/ de"elopin/ nation-1 Nehru, credulou-ly, did not #elie"e that one fellow 9ociali-t country would attack another; and in any e"ent, he felt -ecure #ehind the impre/na#le wall of ice that i- the Himalaya-1 >oth pro"ed to #e -e"ere mi-calculation- of 3hina5- intention- and military capa#ilitie-1 Followin/ report- of hi- intention to confront 3hine-e occupation of the di-puted area-H-ummari-ed in a memora#le -tatement that he had a-ked the 2rmy to 8throw them (3hine-e) out8 0 3hina launched a pre0empti"e attack1
+ ',

4u#lic "iewin/ of Nehru5- #ody, which lie- in -tate, %*!

.n a matter of day-, a 3hine-e in"a-ion of northea-tern .ndia e;po-ed the weakne--e- of .ndia5- military a- 3hine-e force- came a- far a-2--am1 Widely critici-ed for hi- /o"ernment5- in-ufficient attention to defence, Nehru wa- forced to -ack the defence mini-ter Fri-hna )enonand -eek D191 military aid1 Nehru5- health #e/an declinin/ -teadily, and he waforced to -pend month- recuperatin/ in Fa-hmir throu/h %*C1 9ome hi-torian- attri#ute thi- dramatic decline to hi- -urpri-e and cha/rin o"er the in"a-ion of .ndia #y the 3hine-e, which he percei"ed a- a #etrayal of tru-t1+ C, Dpon hi- return from Fa-hmir in )ay %*!, Nehru -uffered a -troke and later a heart attack1 He died in the early hour- of '( )ay %*!1 Nehru wa- cremated in accordance with Hindu rite- at the 9hanti"ana on the #ank- of the Eamuna Ri"er, witne--ed #y hundred- of thou-and- of mourner- who had flocked into the -treet- of Aelhi and the cremation /round-1 [edit]Le"ac!

Nehru5- -tatue in 2ldwych,London1

2- .ndia5- fir-t 4rime mini-ter and e;ternal affair- mini-ter, Jawaharlal Nehru played a ma:or role in -hapin/ modern .ndia5- /o"ernment and political culture alon/ with -ound forei/n policy1 He i- prai-ed for creatin/ a -y-tem pro"idin/ uni"er-al primary education, reachin/ children in the farthe-t corner- of rural .ndia1 Nehru5- education policy i- al-o credited for the de"elopment of world0cla-- educational in-titution- -uch a- the 2ll .ndia .n-titute of )edical 9cience- + !,,.ndian .n-titute- of <echnolo/y, + 6, and the .ndian .n-titute- of )ana/ement1
ENehru 8as a great 1an... Nehru ga*e to In'ians an i1age o? the1se!*es that I 'onAt thin, others 1ight ha*e succee'e' in 'oing.E : )ir Isaiah 7er!in=16<

Nehru i- credited for e-ta#li-hin/ a wide-pread -y-tem of affirmati"e action to pro"ide e7ual opportunitie- and ri/ht- for .ndia5- ethnic /roup-, minoritie-, women, -cheduled ca-te- and-cheduled tri#e-+ (,+ $,1 Nehru5pa--ion for e/alitariani-m meant that he put the -tate to work to try and end wide-pread practice- of di-crimination a/ain-t women and depre--ed cla--e-+ %,, thou/h with limited -ucce-- in hi- lifetime1 Ne"erthele--, Nehru5- -tance a- a unfailin/ nationali-t led him to al-o implement policie- which -tre--ed commonality amon/ .ndian- while -till appreciatin/ re/ional di"er-itie-1 <hi- pro"ed particularly important a- po-t0 .ndependence difference- -urfaced -ince >riti-h withdrawal from the -u#continent prompted re/ional leader- to no lon/er relate to one another a- allie- a/ain-t a common ad"er-ary1 While difference- of culture and, e-pecially, lan/ua/e threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru e-ta#li-hed pro/ram- -uch a- the National >ook <ru-t and the National Literary 2cademy which promoted the tran-lation of re/ional literature#etween lan/ua/e- and al-o or/ani@ed the tran-fer of material- #etween re/ion-1 .n pur-uit of a -in/le, unified .ndia, Nehru warned, 8.nte/rate or peri-h18+'G, [edit]$ommemoration

Jawaharlal Nehru on a %$%D99R commemorati"e -tamp1

Nehru hand- out -weet- to children inNon/poh

.n hi- lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru en:oyed an iconic -tatu- in .ndia and wawidely admired acro-- the world for hi- ideali-m and -tate-man-hip1 Hi#irthday, ! No"em#er, i- cele#rated in .ndia a- #hacha Nehru(#hildren$s %ay) in reco/nition of hi- lifelon/ pa--ion and work for the welfare, education and de"elopment of children and youn/ people1 3hildren acro-.ndia remem#er him a- #hacha Nehru (Dncle Nehru)1 Nehru remain- a popular -ym#ol of the 3on/re-- party which fre7uently cele#rate- himemory1 3on/re-- leader- and acti"i-t- often emulate hi- -tyle of clothin/, e-pecially the &andhi cap, and hi- manneri-m-1 Nehru5- ideal- and policie- continue to -hape the 3on/re-- party5- manife-to and core political philo-ophy1 2n emotional attachment to hi- le/acy wain-trumental in the ri-e of hi- dau/hter .ndira to leader-hip of the 3on/re-party and the national /o"ernment1

)any documentarie- a#out Nehru5- life ha"e #een produced1 He ha- al-o #een portrayed in fictionali-ed film-1 <he canonical performance ipro#a#ly that of Ro-han 9eth, who played him three time-: in Richard 2tten#orou/h5- %$' film &andhi, 9hyam >ene/al5- %$$ tele"i-ion -erie- 'harat (k )hoj, #a-ed on Nehru5- *he %iscovery of India, and in a 'GG( <I film entitled *he +ast %ays of the Raj1+' , .n Fetan )ehta5film Sardar, Nehru wa- portrayed #y >en:amin =ilani1 Nehru5- per-onal preference for the-herwani en-ured that it continue- to #e con-idered formal wear in North .ndia today; a-ide from lendin/ hi- name to a kind of cap, the Nehru :acket i- named in hi- honour due to hi- preference for that -tyle1 Numerou- pu#lic in-titution- and memorial- acro-- .ndia are dedicated to Nehru5- memory1 <he Jawaharlal Nehru Dni"er-ity in Aelhi i- amon/ the mo-t pre-ti/iou- uni"er-itie- in .ndia1 <he Jawaharlal Nehru 4ort near the city of )um#ai i- a modern port and dock de-i/ned to handle a hu/e car/o and traffic load1 Nehru5- re-idence in Aelhi i- pre-er"ed a- the Nehru )emorial )u-eum and Li#rary1 <he Nehru family home- at 2nand >ha"an and 9wara: >ha"an are al-o pre-er"ed to commemorate Nehru and hifamily5- le/acy1 [edit]%ritin"s