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Project Ideas

BBCIII !ower "upply #it and !$% Companion

The PLD Companion prototyping board transforms the Breadboard Companion power supply kit (BBCIII) into a "omplete "ir"uit#testing pa"kage$ %ith the aidof a PLD, pro&e"t ideas are endless$ This do"ument was written for a wide range ofreaders$ 'or those who ha(e little to no e)perien"e with PLDs, this do"ument will gi(e a breakdown on how to obtain, use and program a PLD$ 'or those who are well a"*uainted with PLDs, this do"ument will gi(e suggestions of how to use the PLD Companion hardware with your e)isting PLDs$

Contents
1. What is a PLD?
A. B. C. D. The Process of Designing a Digital Circuit What you will Need (4) The Pins of a P D (!) The Process of Progra""ing a P D (#) (2)

2. Combinational Logic Projects

A. Par$ing %&ace Pro'le"s ((() B. Binary to )e*adeci"al Decoder ((+) C. %i*teen Character Phrase ((,)

3. Sequential Logic Projects

A. ----.(((( Binary Counter ((#) B. Auto"ated Phrase or Nu"eric Counter ((/)

. !inal Project

(2()

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1& : ,he !rocess of %esigning a %igital Circuit

1. What is a PLD?
". #he Process o$ Designing a Digital Circuit
& !$% is a programmable chip for digital circuits. t stands for Programmable Logi" De(i"e and it allows an entire digital circuits to fit inside of one chip. n order for us to use a !$%' therefore' we ha(e to )now how to design digital circuits. n this section' we will describe the basic concept of a digital circuit and what is in(ol(ed in designing one. *or those who has little to no e+perience with designing a digital circuit' it would be recommended to consult a traditional te+tboo) on digital electronics to augment what is discussed in this document. ,he "cience of -lectronics. %igital published by !earson !rentice /all has some e+cellent material on !$%s in addition to the traditional topics of digital logic. n order to program a !$%' you must answer three (ery important questions. 1. 0hat are my inputs1 2. 0hat are my outputs1 2. /ow is one related to the other1 0hen we go to program a !$%' we will ha(e to identify our inputs and outputs by gi(ing them names and assigning pin numbers to them. ,his way' the !$% )nows where to connect the pins together on the inside of the chip and we )now how to connect the input and output hardware to the outside of the !$%. "econdly' we will ha(e to identify how the inputs and outputs are related so that the !$% )nows how to connect the pins together. 0ith this in mind' e(ery digital circuit we will build will in(ol(e the identification of our inputs' our outputs' and the relationship between the two. 3nce we decide what circuit we wish to build' we will begin by assigning names 4(ariables5 to the inputs and the outputs. ,he ne+t step will in(ol(e building a Truth Table. *rom the truth table' we will de(elop +nsimplified Boolean ,*uations' and from the unsimplified equations' we can 4though it is not necessary5 de(elop -implified Boolean ,*uations. Inputs.-(ery circuit must complete some function. ,he function of a digital circuit will always in(ol(e the manipulation of something that is put into it. nputs are de(ices that we ha(e direct control o(er. *or the purposes of our !$%' our inputs will consist of one or more switches' a regulated cloc) pulse' or both. n any of the cases' each indi(idual input can only be in one of two states 4hence the word digital5' 6off7 or 6on7. ,hese terms can be misleading' so we will usually refer to their states as 818 or 808 and it is up to the designer of the circuit to decide what a 818 or a 808 means for each indi(idual input. *or our purposes' 818 will mean that the switch is in the position closest to the numbers on the dip switch 4595. 3n
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1& : ,he !rocess of %esigning a %igital Circuit

the cloc) pulse' howe(er' though it is alternating between 818 and 808' we will not see much of a difference between the two. *or us' the significance of the cloc) lies in the frequency in which in alternates between these states. ,his frequency 4controlled by the potentiometer on the Breadboard Companion5' will determine the rate at which our sequential logic circuits change states. /utputs."ince e(ery digital circuit manipulates an input' we must at some point interact with this manipulated input. ,his is what an output does. 3utputs are not controlled directly' but determined by the circuit and the inputs. *or our purposes' outputs will always be $-%s or Light ,mitting Diodes. 0e can see the output as a (isible light turning 6on7 or 6off7 4hence the name digital5. ,hough it is ob(ious what 6on7 means for an $-%' it does not necessarily mean 818. ,he reason for this is that 818 is always associated with 5( and' though counterintuiti(e' 5( does not always turn and $-% 6on7. ,o turn an $-% on' you must ha(e a (oltage differen"e of 5( across its two ends. f 5( is applied to both sides' then you ha(e a difference of 0( and the $-% does not turn on. ,herefore' 818 for an output sometimes means 6on7 and sometimes means 6off.7 *or our pro;ects' we will be using either the four red $-%s on the power supply )it or the <=segment display on !$% Companion. Below is a list of how each wor)s. *our $-%s turn 6on7 when 5( is applied to each often referred to as 6acti(e high7 818 means 6on7 808 means 6off7

<=segment %isplayed turn 6on7 when 0( is applied to each often referred to as 6acti(e low7 808 means 6on7 818 means 6off7

Truth Table.& table that describes the relationship between the inputs and outputs. nputs are listed on the left and outputs are listed on the right. "ince it is a digital circuit' the possible states of the inputs are only 818 and 808 and therefore all the possible input states are limited. -ach row of the truth table is a possible state of the inputs and we e+haust all of these possibilities by counting in binary. 0e then fill in the outputs based on what we want the circuit to do. -+amine pro;ect 2&' 6!ar)ing "pace !roblem7 on page 10 for an e+ample of a four input truth table with four outputs. +nsimplified Boolean ,*uations.,hese are algebraic descriptions of what we see in the truth table. ,he equations are written for the outputs and in terms of the inputs. ,his means that you will ha(e an equation for e(ery output that you ha(e.
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1B : 0hat you will Geed

-ach output depends on the state of the inputs and that is why the output is written as the dependent (ariable and the inputs as the independent (ariables. -(ery time an output is 818' we need to write a product e+pression for that scenario. ,his product e+pression must include which inputs are 818 and which inputs are 808 for that particular row. 0e complete the equation by 6adding7 up all the product e+pressions. Below is a e+ample of a simple circuit. nputs a b 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 3utput x 0 1 0 1 aDb meaningE 6a is one and b is one7 CaDb meaningE 6a is Aero and b is one7

+ F CaDb > aDb

+nsimplified Boolean ,*uation

meaningE 6+ will be one when a is Aero and b is one or when a is one and b is one7 ,hough the notation 4i.e. 8>8 instead of 8?85 is not one that you would find in te+tboo)s' it is the synta+ for the software we will be using. -implified Boolean ,*uation.,here are many ways to simplify a Boolean -quation' none of which are necessary if using a !$%. ,he software we will use to program our !$%s will automatically simplify the equations for us and' e(en if it did not' most of our unsimplified circuits would still fit inside of a single !$%. Most of the pro;ects listed in this document gi(e both the unsimplified and the simplified forms of the boolean equations. *or those who wish to practice their simplification techniques or for those who ;ust want to deal with simpler equations' the simplified forms are listed. *or our e+ample circuit' the simplified equation would be )0b@ if you re=e+amine the truth table' you will see that e(ery time b is one' ) is one' and e(ery time b is Aero' ) is Aero. Consult a te+tboo) on digital electronics for a brea)down on how the simplification process wor)s.

%. What &ou 'ill (eed

n this section' you will find a list of e(erything you need in order to program !$%s and use them in designing digital circuits. &ll of the pin numbers and algebraic synta+ gi(en in the pro;ects of this document will be in terms of the items listed in this section. ,hough most information should be accurate' the
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1B : 0hat you will Geed

listed prices are sub;ect to change. #eep in mind that there are many hardware and software options beyond those listed here. n order to )eep it simple for the beginner' we will list only one option for e(ery item needed. Hpon e+perience and continued e+posure with !$%s' many may choose to go with manufacturers not listed in this section. 0hat is suggested here is only meant to be a starting point for those who do not )now where to begin. PLD1 ,he !$% Companion prototyping board was designed to be compatible with a number of !$%s' including ones that are smaller and cheaper than the one listed below. /owe(er' for the purposes of this document' we will loo) at only one. ,he !$% listed below has 22 inputs and 10 outputs and is electrically erasable' which means it can be reprogrammed many times o(er. Produ"t1 I&$ 22(10 2anufa"turer1 $attice %here. www.;ameco.com ame"o Part 31 2J1K< Pri"e1 L2.JJ Programmer. Mou will need to buy or ha(e access to a !$% programmer. ,he one listed below is relati(ely ine+pensi(e 4as far as programmers go5' easy to use' and offers a wide range of programming capabilities. Produ"t1 -mp=11 2anufa"turer1 Geedhams -lectronics %here. www.needhams.com Pri"e1 L22B.J5 Programming -oftware1 Below is a software pac)age that will be needed to program our !$%s. t is free to download if you register. ,ype in the web address below' clic) on 6Negister to %ownload7' and follow the instructions from there. Produ"t1 0inCH!$ 2anufa"turer1 &tmel Corporation %here. http.OOwww.atmel.comOproductsO!$%O clic) on 6tools and software7 clic) on 60inCH!$7 clic) on 6Negister to %ownload7 Pri"e1 *ree

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1C : ,he !ins of the !$%

C.#he Pins o$ the PLD

,o begin with' it might be helpful to discuss' at some le(el' what is inside of a !$% and' more specifically' what is inside of the I&$ 22(10. ,he word 6I&$7 stands for 6Ieneric &rray of $ogic.7 ,his name is a result of an array of possible connections which can be made within the chip. ,hese connections will logically connect your inputs to your outputs. ,he 622(107 tells us that this chip has 22 inputs and 10 outputs. "ince there are only 2B pins on the chip' we might deduce' and accurately so' that some of the inputs are also outputs. n fact' there are 12 e)"lusi(e inputs' 0 e)"lusi(e outputs' and 10 pins that can act as inputs and outputs. *igure 1.1 gi(es a diagram of the general pin assignments on the I&$ 22(10.

1O n 2O n 2O n BO n 5O n KO n <O n QO n JO n 10O n 11O n 12OInd

2BO9dd 22O3utO 22O3utO 21O3utO 20O3utO 1JO3utO 1QO3utO 1<O3utO 1KO3utO 15O3utO 1BO3utO 12O n

n n n n n n n n n n

1Ocloc) 2O"1 2O"2 BO"2 5O"B KO$1 <O$2 QO$2 JO$B 10OInd 11OInd 12OInd

2BO9dd 22Onone 22Oa 21Of 20Ob 1JOgO$1 1QOcO$2 1<OeO$2 1KOdO$B 15Onone 1BOnone 12Onone

Figure 1.1 %iagram of !in function on I&$ 22(10

Figure 1.2 %iagram of -lectrical Connections on !$% Companion

f you could loo) inside the chip 4technical documents are a(ailable at www.;ameco.com5' you will see that e(ery output pin has a 8%8 flip flop associated with it. 0hen designing sequential counters' it is necessary to use these 8P8 outputs as the inputs of our logic. *or this reason' it is especially necessary that the outputs wrap bac) into the circuit internally to be reused as inputs. *or this reason and others' all 10 output pins can and will be used as input pins as well. *igure 1.2 is a diagram of the specific connections that are made between the Breadboard Companion power supply )it and the !$% Companion prototyping board. Mou will notice that pin 1 is where the cloc) enters the !$%. ,hough the cloc) is itself an input' pin 1 is the only pin that can attach to the cloc) inputs of the 8%8 flip flops. f we are going to ha(e a cloc)' it must go into pin 1. n the same way' the switches from the power supply are fi+ed to the input pins 2=5 and the $-%s are fi+ed to pins K=J and pins 1K=1J. Because the $-%s are primarily intended to be outputs' we will be using pins 1K=1J for some of our circuits in which we need four $-%
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1% : ,he !rocess of !rogramming a !$%

outputs. ,hough a design possibility' it is not recommended to use the $-%s as additional inputs and for that reason we will ne(er use pins K=J. !ins 1K=22 are fi+ed to the $-% segments of the <=segment display and their indi(idual assignments are gi(en both on the board and in the diagram. *inally' to comply with smaller and cheaper !$%s' pins 10 and 11 ha(e been grounded in addition to pin 12. *or the purposes of this document' howe(er' we will not use pins 10 or 11. Hpon loo)ing at the output pins 1K=1J' you will notice that they attach to both the <=segment display and the four $-%s of the Breadboard Companion. Hnfortunately' we will not be able to split this output into two separate outputs for any gi(en circuit. ,his means that we must choose' for any gi(en circuit' whether we want to use the <=segment display or the four $-%s of the Companion to be our outputs for that circuit. *or this reason' if we choose to use $1=$B for our outputs' we need to ignore the <=segment display and if we choose to use the <=segment display we need to ignore $1= $B. ,hough it appears confusing at first' it allows for a large number of circuits to be designed and tested with minimal hardware requirements.

D. #he Process o$ Programming a PLD

n this section' we will attempt to outline the process of programming a !$% in as concise and as straightforward a manner as possible. 0e will assume that the inputs' outputs' and equations for our pro;ect are )nown' we ha(e all of the equipment necessary' and all of our software is installed. -tep 4.%inC+PL1 3nce you ha(e obtained the equations for a particular pro;ect' the first step will always in(ol(e entering them into 0inCH!$. "tart 0inCH!$' then go to 6*ile==RGew==R!ro;ect7. Mou will be as)ed to enter information about the pro;ect. ,wo fields are e+tremely important. 6Game7 and 6%e(ice7. ,he 6Game7 is going to be the name of your file 4choose whate(er name you li)e' but try to )eep it relati(ely simple5 and the 6%e(ice7 will be 6g22(107. Hpon entering these two fields' hit 63#7 and you will be as)ed for the number of your inputs' the number of your outputs and the number of pinnodes. *or the I&$22(10' the number of pinnodes will always be Aero. %o not worry if you enter any of these fields incorrectly' you can always change them later on. -ntering all of the initial information gi(es you a template for writing your program 4see !ar)ing "pace !roblem -+ample below5. ,he template can be edited by simply retyping the information on the screen. ,he template is di(ided up into B sections. pro;ect info' inputs' outputs' and white space. Project Info: &s long as the 6Game7 and the 6%e(ice7 are filled out from the initial prompts' you will not ha(e to edit the pro;ect info.

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1% : ,he process of programming a !$%

Inputs: Mou will need to identify your pin numbers for each input you intend on using and assign a (ariable for each as well 4see e+ample below5. Outputs: Mou will need to identify your pin numbers for each output you intend on using and assign a (ariable for each as well. White Space: Below the 6output7 section of the template you will find white space. ,he reason why this is referred to as a section of the template is because this is where you write your equations. Mou should write an equation for e(ery defined output. 0hen writing your equations' use the following synta+. &G% 3N 4?5 G3, -nd of -quation ==R D ==R > ==R C 4precedes (ariable5 ==R @

&n e+ample of a completed program is gi(en below. Parking Space Problem E ample:
Name PartNo Date Revision Designer Company "ssem#!y $o ation Devi e Parking ; 00 ; 5/15/2005 ; 01 ; Engineer ; Faith Christian High S hoo! ; None ; ; g22v10 ; %/ %/ %/ %/ %/ %/ %/ %/

/% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &NP'( P&NS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%/ P&N 2 ) P1 ; /% P&N * ) P2 ; /% P&N + ) P* ; /% P&N 5 ) P+ ; /% /% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ,'(P'( P&NS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%/ P&N 1- ) "1 ; /% P&N 1. ) "2 ; /% P&N 1/ ) "* ; /% P&N 10 ) "+ ; /% "+ "* "2 "1 ) ) ) ) P+1P*1P21P1; P*1P21P1 2 P+1P*1P2; P21P1 2 P*1P2 2 P+1P*; P1 2 P2 2 P* 2 P+;

-tep 5.Programming the PLD with the &ede" file1 3nce the program template has been filled out correctly' it is time to compile the program and obtain a ;edec file. Compiling a program allows the software to chec) and see if it )nows what you are as)ing it to do. t will chec) and ma)e sure all the synta+ ma)es sense and is in order. & successful
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1% : ,he process of programming a !$%

compilation does not mean your circuit will wor)' it ;ust means the software understands what you are as)ing it to do. Mou compile your program by clic)ing on 6Nun==R%e(ice %ependent Compile7 from the menu bar. f the program compiles' then you should see a ;edec file 4i.e. !ar)ing.;ed5 in a window on the right hand side of your screen. f it does not compile' then you need to edit the incorrect synta+' sa(e the changes' and try to compile again. f your program compiles correctly' but you do not see a ;edec file in the window on your right' then it is probably due to one of two problems. *irst' and most common' chec) and see if the de(ice is labeled as 6g22(107 under the program information. f it has the default 6(irtual7' then you will not get a ;edec file. f this is your problem' then simply ma)e the change and try again. f this is not your problem' go to 63ptions==RCompiler7 from the menu bar' clic) on the 6Ieneral7 tab and then chec) the bo+ mar)ed 6S-%-C name F !$% name7. /it 63#7 and try the compilation again. Gow that you ha(e created a ;edec file 4it will probably be under the c.OwincuplOwicupl directory5' you will need to import it into the -mp=11 programming software. !lace your !$% into the -mp=11 4loo) at the picture on the programmer to see how5 and loc) it into place. Ma)e sure your -mp= 11 is connected to your computer' then start the -mp=11 programming software. Mou will need to do the following. 1. "elect the -mp=11 programmer 2. "elect the !$%. a. $attice is the manufacturer b. I&$22(10 is the de(ice c. Module M2& will need to be inserted into the -mp=11 2. -rase the !$% B. $oad your ;edec file. a. Clic) on 6edit buffer7 b. Clic) 6open *ile7 and select the ;edec file you want to import c. -+it the buffer editor 5. Clic) 6program7 f' for some reason' the !$% fails to program successfully' chec) and see if the !$% is oriented correctly in the programmer and repeat the steps outlined abo(e. 3nce the !$% is programmed' you may insert it into the !$% Companion prototyping board and see if your digital circuit really wor)s. -tep 6.Troubleshooting1 ,here are many reasons why a programmed !$% may not be wor)ing. t might be a hardware problem' a software problem' or a problem in the equations themsel(es. &s with any troubleshooting' the )ey is to isolate the problem.

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1% : ,he !rocess of !rogramming a !$%

!ar"#are$,he hardware is the most li)ely candidate for a problem if the programmed chip gi(es no response whatsoe(er. 415 Ma)e sure the !$% is correctly inserted into the !$% Companion. 425 ,ry using a different !$% and ma)e sure it is oriented in the -mp=11 correctly while programming. 425 f this is your first time testing a !$% with the !$% Companion prototyping board' test the soldered connections as it suggests in the 7ssembly Instru"tions for the !$% Companion 4a(ailable on our website5. Soft#are$,his is another possible place for error if there is no response out of the !$%. /owe(er' if the !$% is doing something' but nothing close to what was attempted to be programmed' then it might be a software problem. 415 Nepeat the programming process' ma)ing sure that the program has compiled successfully. 425 Chec) the modification time of the ;edec file and ma)e sure it is new. 425 Change the name of the ;edec file 4but lea(e the .;ed e+tension5 so that there will be no mi+=up with old ;edec files. E%uations$,hough equations determine the entire function of the !$%' this is the most li)ely problem if most of the circuit is wor)ing' but some of it is not. 415 f the circuit is beha(ing erratically' re=chec) the pin numbers and pin assignments' ma)ing sure the pin numbers are on the left and assignments on the right. 425 f only one $-% is not beha(ing as it should' chec) the equation associated with that particular $-% output. Gow that you ha(e the tools needed to successfully program a !$%' it is time to tac)le some pro;ects.

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2& : !ar)ing "pace !roblem

2. Combinational Logic Projects)Ideas $or %%CIII Po'er Su++l& ,its

". Par-ing S+ace Problem
Problem: &n indi(idual has B par)ing spaces outside of hisOher apartment comple+. ,his indi(idual wants to )now when two ad;acent spaces are open as heOshe does not want anyone to par) ne+t to their car. 4Gormally' this person par)s at the end of a large par)ing lot to a(oid any scrapes or scratches5. ,his indi(idual proceeds to set up pressure switches in the par)ing spaces and has a logic indicator in their apartment building. ,hey want one logic indicator to acti(ate if two ad;acent spaces become open' another logic indicator to acti(ate if three ad;acent spaces become open' a third if all spaces are open and a fourth if one space is open 4in case they choose to ris) it5. &ruth &able: Inputs !B !2 !2 !1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Outputs &B &2 &2 &1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:
! ! ! ! G 2 F !1 G 2 F !2 G B F !2 G 5 F !B

Inputs: !ar)ing "pace 1 : !1 !ar)ing "pace 2 : !2 !ar)ing "pace 2 : !2 !ar)ing "pace B : !B Outputs: 3nly 3ne "pace 3pen : &1 ,wo or More &d;acent "paces 3pen : &2 ,hree or More &d;acent "paces 3pen : &2 *our &d;acent "paces 3pen : &B
8ote1 /utputs will display on the four L,Ds of the power supply kit

Outputs:
! ! ! !

G 1J F &1 G 1Q F &2 G 1< F &2 G 1K F &B

7n e)ample of how to enter this pro&e"t into %inC+PL is gi(en on page 9

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2& : !ar)ing "pace !roblem

+nsimplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

&B F !BD!2D!2D!1@ &2 F C!BD!2D!2D!1 > !BD!2D!2DC!1 > !BD!2D!2D!1@ &2 F C!BDC!2D!2D !1 > C!BD!2D!2DC!1 > C!BD!2D!2D!1 > !BDC!2D!2D!1 > !BD!2DC!2DC!1 > !BD!2DC!2D!1 > !BD!2D!2DC!1 > !BD!2D!2D!1@ &1 F C!BDC!2DC!2D!1 > C!BDC!2D!2DC!1 > C!BDC!2D!2D!1 > C!BD!2DC!2DC!1 > C!BD!2DC!2D!1 > C!BD!2D!2DC!1 > C!BD!2D!2D!1 > !BDC!2DC!2DC!1 > !BDC!2DC!2D!1 > !BDC!2D!2DC!1 > !BDC!2D!2D!1 > !BD!2DC!2DC!1 > !BD!2DC!2D!1 > !BD!2D!2DC!1 > !BD!2D!2D!1@

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

&B F !BD!2D!2D!1@ &2 F !2D!2D!1 > !BD!2D!2@ &2 F !2D!1 > !2D!2 > !BD!2@ &1 F !1 > !2 > !2 > !B@

*""itional Projects: ,hin) of pro;ects that sol(e problems. &ny circuit with no more than four inputs and four $-% outputs can be done in this way. Be creati(eC

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2B : Binary to /e+adecimal %ecoder

%. %inar& to .e/adecimal Decoder

Problem: %esign a decoder that translates binary into its he+adecimal equi(alent. ,he binary input will come from the B digital switches and the he+adecimal output will be sent to the common anode' <=segment display. &ruth &able: 0e are wor)ing with a Common 7node DisplayEthis means that a 607 in the truth table will turn the $-% segment 6on7. Inputs "B "2 "2 "1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Outputs a b c d e f g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 B 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 K 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 < 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Outputs: a b a c f b d g e e c f d g P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:
! ! ! ! G 2 F "1 G 2 F "2 G B F "2 G 5 F "B

Inputs: $east "ignificant Binary Bit : "1 Middle Night Binary Bit : "2 Middle $eft Binary Bit : "2 Most "ignificant Binary Bit : "B

0 & 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 b 0 C 1 d 0 1 *

Outputs:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! G 22 F a G 21 F f G 20 F b G 1J F g G 1Q F c G 1< F e G 1K F d

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2B : Binary to /e+adecimal %ecoder

+nsimplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a F C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2D"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"2D"1@ b F C"BD"2DC"2D"1 > C"BD"2D"2DC"1 > "BDC"2D"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2D"1@ c F C"BDC"2D"2DC"1 > "BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2D"1@ d F C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > C"BD"2D"2D"1 > "BDC"2DC"2D"1 > "BDC"2D"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2D"1@ e F C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BDC"2D"2D"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > C"BD"2DC"2D"1 > C"BD"2D"2D"1 > "BDC"2DC"2D"1@ f F C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BDC"2D"2DC"1 > C"BDC"2D"2D"1 > C"BD"2D"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"2D"1@ g F C"BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BD"2D"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"2DC"1@

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a F C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2D"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"2D"1@ b F C"BD"2DC"2D"1 > "2D"2DC"1 > "BD"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"1@ c F C"BDC"2D"2DC"1 > "BD"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2@ d F C"2DC"2D"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "2D"2D"1 > "BDC"2D"2DC"1@ e F C"BD"1 > C"BD"2DC"2 > C"2DC"2D"1@ f F C"BDC"2D"1 > C"BDC"2D"2 > C"BD"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"2D"1@ g F C"BDC"2DC"2 > C"BD"2D"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"2DC"1@

*""itional Projects: ,ry building many different types of 6decoders7. ,ry counting down in binary as the inputs count up@ try to count by 28s in binary as the inputs count by 18s@ count out the date' or any other sequence of numbers that you li)e.

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 1B

2C : "i+teen Character !hrase

C.Si/teen Character Phrase

Problem: %esign a circuit that displays a phrase of your choice on the <=segment display. ,heir will be 1K characters in the phrase and their order will be dictated by the binary input of the four digital switches.

&ruth &able: 0e are wor)ing with a Common 7node DisplayEthis means that a 607 in the truth table will turn the $-% segment 6on7. ,he phrase chosen for this pro;ect is 6good bad and ugly7. n order for it to fit into 1K states' we had to cut out the last space. Inputs "B "2 "2 "1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 g 1 o 0 o 1 d 0 1 b 0 & 1 d 0 1 & 0 n 1 d 0 H 1 g 0 $ 1 y Outputs a b c d e f g 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Inputs: $east "ignificant Binary Bit : "1 Middle Night Binary Bit : "2 Middle $eft Binary Bit : "2 Most "ignificant Binary Bit : "B Outputs: a b c d e f g a f g e d c b

P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:

! ! ! ! G 2 F "1 G 2 F "2 G B F "2 G 5 F "B

Outputs:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! G 22 F a G 21 F f G 20 F b G 1J F g G 1Q F c G 1< F e G 1K F d

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 15

2C : "i+teen Character !hrase

+nsimplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a F C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BDC"2D"2DC"1 > C"BDC"2D"2D"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > C"BD"2DC"2D"1 > C"BD"2D"2D"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2D"2DC"1 > "BDC"2D"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2D"1@ b F C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BDC"2D"2DC"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > C"BD"2DC"2D"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2D"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2DC"1@ c F C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2DC"1@ d F C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > C"BD"2D"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"2D"1 > "BDC"2D"2DC"1@ e F C"BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2DC"2D"1 > "BD"2D"2D"1@ f F C"BDC"2DC"2D"1 > C"BDC"2D"2DC"1 > C"BDC"2D"2D"1 > C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > C"BD"2D"2D"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2D"2DC"1 > "BDC"2D"2D"1@ g F C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2DC"1@

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a F "2D"1 > C"BD"1 > "BDC"1 > C"BDC"2D"2 > "2DC"2DC"1@ b F C"BD"2DC"2 > C"BDC"2D"1 > "BD"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"1 > C"2D"2DC"1@ c F C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2DC"1@ d F "BDC"2DC"2 > C"BD"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"1@ e F C"BDC"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"1 > C"2DC"2DC"1@ f F "BDC"2D"2 > "BDC"2DC"1 > C"BD"2D"1 > C"BDC"2D"1 > C"BDC"2D"2 > C "BD"2DC"2DC"1@ g F C"BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BDC"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2DC"2DC"1 > "BD"2D"2DC"1@

*""itional Projects: &ny phrase that can be written on a <=segment display can be done. #eep in mind that some letters do not wor) so well or not at all 4i.e. 6+75. ,he challenge comes in finding a meaningful phrase that uses only the letters a(ailable and is the appropriate number of characters in length. ,his pro;ect can be fun as it gi(es the designer a chance to personaliAe their circuit.

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 1K

2& : 0000=1111 Binary Counter

3. Sequential Logic Projects)Ideas $or the %%CIII Po'er Su++l& ,it

". 000011111 %inar& Counter
Problem: %esign a circuit that automatically counts in Binary from 0000 to 1111 on the four logic indicators of the Breadboard Companion power supply )it. ,he frequency of the cloc) pulse will dictate the speed of this counting circuit. &ruth &able: ,he 6P7 output of the %=flip flops will be what dri(es the lights that count in binary. /owe(er' these 6P7 outputs will also wrap bac) into the circuit and feed the logic we need to determine the ne+t state. *or this reason' we will identify the input of our logic as 6P7 and the output of our logic as 6%7. 0e will identify 6P7 as representing the present state of our counter and 6%7 as representing the ne+t state. 0e are writing equations for 6%7 because we want to write equations for the ne+t state and in terms of the present state. Now State PB P2 P2 P1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Next State %B %2 %2 %1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:
! G 1 F cloc)

Inputs: Cloc) pulse

Outputs: $east "ignificant Bit : P1 Middle Night Bit : P2 Middle $eft Bit : P2 Most "ignificant Bit : PB
8ote1 /utputs will display on the four L,Ds of the power supply kit

Outputs:
! ! ! ! G 1J F P1 G 1Q F P2 G 1< F P2 G 1K F PB

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 1<

2& : 0000=1111 Binary Counter

+nsimplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

PB.d F CPBDP2DP2DP1 > PBDCP2DCP2DCP1 > PBDCP2DCP2DP1 > PBDCP2DP2DCP1 > PBDCP2DP2DP1 > PBDP2DCP2DCP1 > PBDP2DCP2DP1 > PBDP2DP2DCP1@ P2.d F CPBDCP2DP2DP1 > CPBDP2DCP2DCP1 > CPBDP2DCP2DP1 > CPBDP2DP2DCP1 > PBDCP2DP2DP1 > PBDP2DCP2DCP1 > PBDP2DCP2DP1 > PBDP2DP2DCP1@ P2.d FCPBDCP2DCP2DP1 > CPBDCP2DP2DCP1 > CPBDP2DCP2DP1 > CPBDP2DP2DCP1 > PBDCP2DCP2DP1 > PBDCP2DP2DCP1 > PBDP2DCP2DP1 > PBDP2DP2DCP1@ P1.d F CPBDCP2DCP2DCP1 > CPBDCP2DP2DCP1 > CPBDP2DCP2DCP1 > CPBDP2DP2DCP1 > PBDCP2DCP2DCP1 > PBDCP2DP2DCP1 > PBDP2DCP2DCP1 > PBDP2DP2DCP1@

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

PB.d F CPBDP2DP2DP1 > PBDCP2 > PBDCP2 > PBDCP1@ P2.d F CP2DP2DP1 > P2DCP2 > P2DCP1@ P2.d F P2DCP1 > CP2DP1@ P1.d F CP1@

*""itional Projects: "equential circuits are fun because they are 6automated7 and because they can be designed to count in any order. ,hey are identical to combinational logic circuits e+cept no one has to flip any switches. ,ry designing circuits that count down in binary' count odd numbers in binary' count out your phone number in binary 4as long as there are no repetiti(e digits5' or ;ust ha(e the lights flash in some sequential order.

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 1Q

2B : &utomated !hrase or Gumeric "equence

%. "utomated Phrase or (umeric Sequence

Problem: ,hough phrases and numeric combinations abound' we will design a circuit that automatically counts down in %ecimal on the <=segment %isplay from 6Q7 to 607 and then repeat. &ruth &able: ,his circuit will be similar to the last in which we will write equations for the 6ne+t state7 and ma)e them depend on the 6present state7. ,he only difference being the number and type of output $-%s we are wor)ing with. Nemember' we are wor)ing with a Common 7node DisplayEthis means that a 607 in the truth table will turn the $-% segment 6on7.

Inputs: Cloc) pulse Outputs: a b a c f b d g e e c f d g

Now State (q) a b c d e f g

Next State (d) a b c d e f g

Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 < 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 K 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 K 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 B 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 B 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:

! G 1 F cloc)

Outputs:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! G 22 F a G 21 F f G 20 F b G 1J F g G 1Q F c G 1< F e G 1K F d

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 1J

2B : &utomated !hrase or Gumeric "equence

+nsimplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a.d F CaDbDCcDCdDeDCfDCg > CaDCbDcDCdDCeDfDCg@ b.d F CaDCbDCcDdDeDfDg > CaDbDCcDCdDCeDCfDCg@ c.d F CaDCbDCcDCdDeDfDCg@ d.d F CaDCbDCcDCdDCeDCfDCg > CaDbDCcDCdDeDCfDCg > CaDCbDcDCdDCeDfDCg@ e.d F CaDCbDCcDCdDCeDCfDCg > CaDbDCcDCdDCeDCfDCg > CaDbDCcDCdDeDCfDCg > aDCbDCcDdDeDCfDCg > CaDCbDcDCdDCeDfDCg@ f.d F CaDCbDCcDCdDCeDCfDCg > aDCbDCcDdDeDCfDCg > CaDCbDCcDCdDeDfDCg > C aDCbDcDCdDCeDfDCg@ g.d F CaDCbDCcDCdDCeDCfDCg > CaDCbDcDCdDCeDfDCg > aDCbDCcDdDeDfDg@

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

"implification is insignificant.

*""itional Projects: Hsing a method similar to this one' the number and types of circuits possible are (irtually boundless. &ny phrase of letters or numbers can be designed to display in an automated sequence on the <=segment display. /owe(er' there are a few limitations to consider.

,heoretically' 2< characters can be displayed in any one sequence. /owe(er' you will run out of &G% gates on the !$% before you reach this long of a phrase. f using the I&$ 22(10' the equations that your phrase requires cannot e+ceed 10 &G% gates for the a $-% segment' 12 &G% gates for the f and d segments' 1B &G% gates for the b and e segments' and 1K &G% gates for the g and " segments. -ach character that you use in your phrase or numeric sequence must be unique. ,his is because the ne+t output depends on the present one' and thus no two states 4characters5 can be identical. ,hird' because all of the output pins will default to 607 when first powered up' all phrases must begin with the number 6Q7. /owe(er' though they must begin with this number' they do not ha(e to return to it. &side from the initial run' 6Q7 does not ha(e to be in the repetiti(e sequence.

!ossible circuits might include the date of your birth' your street address' a phrase of your choice' or your 6mother8s maiden name.7 ,his pro;ect is wide open for creati(ity.

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 20

B : *inal !ro;ect

. !inal Project)Idea $or the %%CIII Po'er Su++l& ,it

Sequential2Combinational *amboree
Problem: %esign a circuit that runs through four different phrases' depending which switch on the dip switch is acti(ated. ,he circuit will include four combinational logic circuits and one 2=bit counter. ,he 2=bit counter will dri(e the phrases. ,he acti(ation of each phrase will depend on the acti(ation of one of the four digital switches. ,his pro;ect will in(ol(e fi(e sub=pro;ects and will require a !$% with 10 outputs. . 6#bit Counter,he first circuit we will build is a 2=bit counter. ,his will be the counter that will dri(e our combinational logic circuits. ,his counter is )ind of li)e an in(isible hand flipping through the switches of a combinational logic circuit. 0e will build this counter on output pins 22' 1B' and 15 of our !$% so that the pins that dri(e the <=segment display will remain free. &ruth &able: Nefer to 2& of this hand=out as a reminder of how to build a sequential' binary counter. *or the sa)e of simplicity' we will only list the simplified boolean equations. Now State P2 P2 P1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Next State %2 %2 %1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs: Outputs:
! G 1 F cloc) ! G 22 F P2 ! G 15 F P2 ! G 1B F P1

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

P2.d F P2DCP2 > CP2DP2DP1 > P2DP2DCP1@ P2.d F P1DCP2 > CP1DP2@ P1.d F CP1@
Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 21

B : *inal !ro;ect

. 'irst Phrase.,hough any phrase with eight states will wor)' we will choose to count 0=< in decimal on the <=segment display. 0e must use eight states as our 2=bit counter is flipping the switches for us and it is already programmed. "ince the pre=programmed counter is 6flipping our switches7' P1=P2 will act as our inputs. &lso' we plan on implementing other phrases into this circuit' so we need to ma)e this first phrase dependent on the flip of a manual switch 4"15. &ruth &able: *or the sa)e of simplicity' we will only list the simplified boolean equations. Inputs "1 P2 P2 P1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Outputs a b c d e f g P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:
! ! ! ! G 2 F "1 G 22 F P2 G 15 F P2 G 1B F P1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 B 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 < 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Outputs:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! G 22 F a G 21 F f G 20 F b G 1J F g G 1Q F c G 1< F e G 1K F d

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a b c d e f g F F F F F F F "1DCP2DCP2DP1 > "1DP2DCP2DCP1@ "1DP2DCP2DP1 > "1DP2DP2DCP1@ "1DCP2DP2DCP1@ "1DCP2DCP2DP1 > "1DP2DCP2DCP1 > "1DP2DP2DP1@ "1DP1 > "1DP2DCP2@ "1DP2DP1 > "1DCP2DP1 > "1DCP2DP2@ "1DCP2DCP2 > "1DP2DP2DP1@

8ote1 This "ir"uit will not work without the "ounter in Part I$ If you want to implement these two "ir"uits together only, skip to Part :I to find out how$ If you want to implement the entire pro&e"t, go on to Part III$

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 22

B : *inal !ro;ect

.-e"ond Phrase.,hough any phrase with eight states will wor)' we will choose to count down from se(en to Aero in %ecimal on the <=segment display. $i)e the last circuit' we will use the 2=bit counter to dri(e our combinational logic. ,o )eep this combinational circuit distinct from the other ones' we will ma)e it dependent on the flip of a manual switch 4"25. &ruth &able: *or the sa)e of simplicity' we will only list the simplified boolean equations. Inputs "2 P2 P2 P1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Outputs a b c d e f g 0 < 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 K 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 B 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:
! ! ! ! G 2 F "2 G 22 F P2 G 15 F P2 G 1B F P1

Outputs:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! G 22 F a G 21 F f G 20 F b G 1J F g G 1Q F c G 1< F e G 1K F d

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a b c d e f g F F F F F F F "2DCP2DP2DP1 > "2DP2DP2DCP1@ "2DCP2DCP2DP1 > "2DCP2DP2DCP1@ "2DP2DCP2DP1@ "2DCP2DCP2DCP1 > "2DCP2DP2DP1 > "2DP2DP2DCP1@ "2DCP1 > "2DCP2DP2@ "2DCP2DCP1 > "2DP2DCP1 > "2DP2DCP2@ "2DP2DP2 > "2DCP2DCP2DCP1@

8ote1 This "ir"uit will not work without the "ounter in Part I$ If you want to implement some "ombination of the first three "ir"uits together, skip to Part :I of this pro&e"t to find out how$ If you want to implement the entire pro&e"t, go on to Part I:$

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 22

B : *inal !ro;ect

9.Third Phrase.,hough any phrase with eight states will wor)' we will choose the phrase 6go -ag$-"7 to display on the <=segment display. Because we need eight states' we will s)ip the space between the words. $i)e the last circuit' we will use the 2=bit counter to dri(e our combinational logic. ,o )eep this combinational circuit distinct from the other ones' we will ma)e it dependent on the flip of a manual switch 4"25. &ruth &able: *or the sa)e of simplicity' we will only list the simplified boolean equations. Inputs "2 P2 P2 P1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Outputs a b c d e f g P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:
! ! ! ! G B F "2 G 22 F P2 G 15 F P2 G 1B F P1

0 g 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 o 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 &0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 g 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 $ 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 - 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 " 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Outputs:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! G 22 F a G 21 F f G 20 F b G 1J F g G 1Q F c G 1< F e G 1K F d

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a b c d e f g F F F F F F F "2DCP2DP1@ "2DCP2DP1 > "2DP2DCP1 > "2DP2DP2@ "2DP2DCP2DP1 > "2DP2DCP1@ "2DCP2DP2DP1@ "2DP2DP2DP1 > "2DCP2DCP1@ "2DCP2DCP2DP1@ "2DP2DCP2DP1@

8ote1 This "ir"uit will not work without the "ounter in Part I$ If you want to implement some "ombination of the first four "ir"uits together, skip to Part :I of this pro&e"t to find out how$ If you want to implement the entire pro&e"t, go on to Part :$

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 2B

B : *inal !ro;ect

9. 'ourth Phrase.,hough any phrase with eight states will wor)' we will choose the phrase 6S3/n C33$7 to display on the <=segment display. Because we need eight states' we will s)ip the space between the words. $i)e the last circuit' we will use the 2=bit counter to dri(e our combinational logic. ,o )eep this combinational circuit distinct from the other ones' we will ma)e it dependent on the flip of a manual switch 4"B5. &ruth &able: *or the sa)e of simplicity' we will only list the simplified boolean equations. Inputs "B P2 P2 P1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Outputs a b c d e f g P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs:
! ! ! ! G 5 F "B G 22 F P2 G 15 F P2 G 1B F P1

0 S 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 /1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Outputs:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! G 22 F a G 21 F f G 20 F b G 1J F g G 1Q F c G 1< F e G 1K F d

0 0 0 1 0 0 1

0 C 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 $ 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

a b c d e f g F F F F F F F "BDCP2DCP1 > "BDP2DP2DP1@ "BDP2DCP2DCP1 > "BDP2DP2DP1@ "BDP2DCP2DCP1 > "BDP2DP2DP1@ "BDCP2DP2@ 0@ "BDCP2DCP2DCP1@ "BDP2 > "BDCP2 > "BDP1@

8ote1 This "ir"uit will not work without the "ounter in Part I$ ;o on to Part :I to find out how to implement all or some of these "ir"uits together$

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 25

B : *inal !ro;ect

9 .'inal Implementation.$isted Below are the final pin numbers you will need and final' simplified equations to ma)e the complete pro;ect wor). -ach equation for the $-% segments are really four sub=equations. -ach sub= equation of each equation is 6enabled7 by the switch that goes with its corresponding &G% gate4s5. f you want to implement only two combinational logic circuits' then only use "1 and "2 and delete all of the gates that ha(e "2 and "B in them. P'( Pin )umbers: Inputs: Outputs:
! ! ! ! ! G 1 F cloc) G 2 F "1 G 2 F "2 G B F "2 G 5 F "B ! ! ! ! !

G 22 F P2 G 22 F a G 21 F f G 20 F b G 1J F g

! ! ! ! !

G 1Q F c G 1< F e G 1K F d G 15 F P2 G 1B F P1

Simplifie" ,oolean E%uations:

P2.d F P2DCP2 > CP2DP2DP1 > P2DP2DCP1@ P2.d F P1DCP2 > CP1DP2@ P1.d F CP1@ a F "1DCP2DCP2DP1 > "1DP2DCP2DCP1 > "2DCP2DP2DP1 > "2DP2DP2DCP1 > "2DCP2DP1 > "BDCP2DCP1 > "BDP2DP2DP1@ b F "1DP2DCP2DP1 > "1DP2DP2DCP1 > "2DCP2DCP2DP1 > "2DCP2DP2DCP1 > "2DCP2DP1 > "2DP2DCP1 > "2DP2DP2 > "BDP2DCP2DCP1 > "BDP2DP2DP1@ c F "1DCP2DP2DCP1 > "2DP2DCP2DP1 > "2DP2DCP2DP1 > "2DP2DCP1 > "BDP2DCP2DCP1 > "BDP2DP2DP1@ d F "1DCP2DCP2DP1 > "1DP2DCP2DCP1 > "1DP2DP2DP1 > "2DCP2DCP2DCP1 > "2DCP2DP2DP1 > "2DP2DP2DCP1 > "2DCP2DP2DP1 > "BDCP2DP2@ e F "1DP1 > "1DP2DCP2 > "2DCP1 > "2DCP2DP2 > "2DP2DP2DP1 > "2DCP2DCP1@ f F "1DP2DP1 > "1DCP2DP1 > "1DCP2DP2 > "2DCP2DCP1 > "2DP2DCP1 > "2DP2DCP2 > "2DCP2DCP2DP1 > "BDCP2DCP2DCP1@ g F "1DCP2DCP2 > "1DP2DP2DP1 > "2DP2DP2 > "2DCP2DCP2DCP1 > "2DP2DCP2DP1 > "BDP2 > "BDCP2 > "BDP1@

8ote1 f no switches are acti(ated' then an 6Q7 will show up on the display. ,his is because all of the output pins default to a low when none of the switches are pressed. ,o get rid of this' include the &G% gate <-4=<-5=<-6=<-> with e(ery $-% equation. ,his will cause the output pins to go to a high when no switches are pressed' thus turning off e(ery $-% segment.
Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 2K

B : *inal !ro;ect

*""itional Projects: t might be possible to include fi(e or more combinational logic circuits into this design. ,he limiting factor will be in the number of &G% gates your simplified circuits require. ,he number of &G% gates on a !$% is not infinite and is fi+ed depending on which output pin we are tal)ing about. !in 22 4$-% segment a5 has the fewest number of &G% gates at 10 and pins 21 and 1K 4f and d5 are a close second at 12. f you want to add more than B combinational logic circuits to your o(erall pro;ect' then you would ha(e to include a two digit switch combination with each &G% gate. *or e+ample' your first combinational logic circuit may require "1 to be on and "2 to be off@ therefore' <-5=-4 would ha(e to be included in each &G% gate for that particular circuit. f e(ery &G% gate included a two bit 6enabling7 across four possible switches' this would ma)e distinct 2B combinational logic circuits. t might be ob(ious at this point' but still worth stating' the number and di(ersity of pro;ects a(ailable with nothing more than the Breadboard Companion' !$% Companion' and a !$%. t is quite possible' perhaps e(en preferable' to learn the basics of designing digital electronic circuits with a (ery minimum amount of hardware. Because most introductory combinational and sequential logic circuits are quite feasible on a standard !$%' the ma;ority of the design industry wor)s with programmable logic' and because !$% prices continue to decrease' it becomes questionable whether traditional breadboarding with discrete components is worth the time and frustration that often accompanies it. -ither way' the !$% Companion was designed to ma)e the field of digital electronics increasingly accessible for those who are interested.

Copyright 2005 by Breadboard Companion. May be reproduced in limited quantities for educational purposes only. www.breadboardcompanion.com 2<