Corrosion Science 51 (2009) 18791881

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Corrosion Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/corsci

Short Communication

Gossipium hirsutum L. extracts as green corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in NaOH solution
Olusegun K. Abiola a,*, J.O.E. Otaigbe b, O.J. Kio a
a b

Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
The corrosion inhibition properties of Gossypium hirsutum L. leave extracts (GLE) and seed extracts (GSE) in 2 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions were studied using chemical technique. Gossypium extracts inhibited the corrosion of aluminium in NaOH solution. The inhibition efciency increased with increasing concentration of the extracts. The leave extract (GLE) was found to be more effective than the seed extract (GSE). The GLE gave 97% inhibition efciency while the GSE gave 94% at the highest concentration. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 9 April 2009 Accepted 21 April 2009 Available online 3 May 2009 Keywords: A. Aluminum A. Gossipium hirsutum L. B. Weight loss C. Alkaline corrosion

1. Introduction Aluminum depends on the presence of natural surface oxide lm for its high corrosion resistance in several media, but alkaline solutions are known to render the oxide lm non-protective; because OH ion dissolves the protective oxide and the aluminum surface establishes a very negative potential, with the formation of aluminate ion [17]. Several workers [4,613] have employed organic and inorganic compounds as corrosion inhibitors to control this oxide lm dissolution and thereby reducing the rate of metal loss in alkaline solutions. Attention has been focused on the corrosion inhibiting properties of plant extracts [1321] because plant extracts serve as incredibly rich sources of naturally synthesized chemical compounds that are environmentally acceptable, inexpensive, readily available and renewable sources of materials and can be extracted by simple procedures. Recently, Sansevieria trifasciata [20] and Ambrosia maritime L. [21] extracts were found to have signicant retarding effect on the dissolution of aluminum in alkaline solutions using chemical technique and that the inhibitive action was due to adsorption of the inhibitor molecules onto the metal surface. Phytochemical analysis [2224] of the extract of cotton plant parts shows that it is rich in naturally synthesized biodegradable organic compounds.

This paper reports the effect of extracts of Gossipium hirsutum L. on the corrosion of aluminium in 2 M NaOH solution using gravimetric technique.

2. Experimental part 2.1. Material preparations The chemical composition and preparation of 3SR aluminum alloy specimens (4 2 0.04 cm) was as described previously [1]. The NaOH was BDH grade, used without further purication and 2 M NaOH solution was employed as the corrodent for this study. Stock solutions of the G. hirsutum L. were prepared as follows: the dried leaves or seeds were blended to powder form; 0.5 g of powder of leaves or seeds was reuxed in 100 ml 2 M NaOH solution for 3 h. The reuxed solution was allowed to stand for 8 h, ltered and stored. The ltrate was diluted with appropriate quantity of 2 M NaOH to obtain inhibitor test solutions of 10, 12, 50 and 52% v/v concentrations. 2.2. Weight loss determination The procedure for weight loss determination was similar to that reported earlier [1]. The coupons were weighed and their initial weight recorded before immersion in 250 ml open beakers containing 200 ml of 2 M NaOH as corrodent and the addition of different concentrations (1052% v/v) of the extract at 30 C. The variation of weight loss was monitored after 2 h immersion per coupon at 30 C. After 2 h, the coupons were taken out, immersed

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +234 803 3360 504. E-mail address: abiolaolusegun@yahoo.com (O.K. Abiola). 0010-938X/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2009.04.016

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O.K. Abiola et al. / Corrosion Science 51 (2009) 18791881 Table 1 Inhibition efciency of Gossipium extracts on Al at 30 C for 2 h immersion period. Concentration (% v/v) Inhibition efciency (%) Seeds 10 12 50 52 62.1 76.54 90.74 94.36 Leaves 81.85 86.12 93.03 97.04

in concentrated (SG 1.42) nitric acid at room temperature, scrubbed with a bristle brush under running water, dried and reweighed. Triplicate experiments were performed in each case at 30 C. Each reading reported is an average of three experimental readings recorded to the nearest 0.0001 g on a Mettler digital analytical balance. Percentage inhibition efciency (%I) was calculated using the following equation

%I wu wg =wu 100

where wu and wg represent the weight losses of aluminum coupon without and with the extract at 30 C, respectively. 3. Results and discussion The data obtained for the corrosion behaviour of aluminum alloy in 2 M NaOH solution containing leave and seed extracts of G. hirsutum L., within the concentration range of 1052% v/v are presented in Fig. 1 and Table 1. The amount of material loss (mg cm2) decreases signicantly with increasing concentration of GLE and GSE extracts, as depicted in Fig. 1. The addition of both extracts resulted in noticeable reduction in the amount of material loss from the aluminum surface in comparison with that of control (2 M NaOH) at 30 C. For example, the weight loss decreased by a factor of 12 and 14 over that of control at 50% v/v concentration for both extracts. This indicates that the two additives inhibit the corrosion of aluminum in 2 M NaOH solutions. The values of inhibitor efciency at different extract concentration are listed in Table 1. The reproducibility of results obtained for the percentage inhibition efciency values for triplicate specimens were precise to 8%. This indicates good reproducibility. Table 1 indicates that Gossipium extracts act as good corrosion inhibitor for the corrosion of aluminum 2 M NaOH solution. The inhibition efciency increases with increasing extracts concentration and the % inhibition efciencies were relatively high in 2 M NaOH solution (97% for GLE and 94% for GSE) at 52% v/v of extract concentration. The Gossipium extract contains tannins, nine different amino acids namely: lysine, cystine, methionine, arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, trytophan, tyrosine and valine. It also contains tannins and about 5% of a polyphenolic aldehyde called gossypol (1,10 ,6,60 ,7,70 -hexahydro-3,3 0 -dimethyl-5,50 -bis(1-methylethyl)2,20 -binaphthalene-8,80 -dicarboxaldehyde) [2224]. The molecular structure of gossypol reveals an aldehyde-type organic compound

with oxygen and two coplanar naphthalene rings and molecular weight of 518.6.

The inhibition properties of G. hirsutum L. may be due to the presence of these organic compounds in the extracts. Organic compounds that contain O, S or N/or combination of the atoms have been reported as corrosion inhibitors for metals in alkaline or acid solutions [1921,25,26,17]. The adsorption of these compounds on the metal surface reduces the surface area that is available for the attack of the aggressive OH ion from the alkaline solution. As seen in Fig. 1, the weight losses decrease with increase in extract concentration due to higher degree of surface coverage as a result of enhanced inhibitor adsorption. Similar view has been expressed by other workers on inhibition of corrosion of aluminum in alkaline or acid solutions by plant extracts [19,20,26].

4. Conclusions The present study shows that Gossypium leaves extract and seeds extract inhibit the corrosion of aluminum in NaOH solution and up to 92% inhibition efciency was obtained at 50% v/v. The leaves extract (GLE) was slightly more effective than the seeds extract (GSE) in reducing the corrosion rate of aluminum in NaOH solutions and the inhibitory action of the extract is ascribed to the adsorption of the phytochemicals in plant. Gossipium extract can be added to alkaline solution as a non-toxic (green) inhibitor. References
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30 25 Weight loss (mg cm )

-2

20 15 10 5 0 0 10

seeds leaves

20 30 40 Concentratin (v/v %)

50

60

Fig. 1. Relation between material loss and extract concentration for Al in 2 M NaOH for 2 h immersion period.

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