Topic 1: Cells 1.

1 Cell Theory (3h)

1.1.1 Discuss the theory that living organisms are composed of cells. Skeletal muscle and some fungal hyphae are not divided into cells ut have a multinucleate cytoplasm. Some iologists consider unicellular organisms to e acellular. 3

1.1.!

State that a virus is a non"cellular structure consisting of D#$ or %#$ surrounded y a protein coat.

1.1.3 1.1.+

State that all cells are formed from other cells. &ref . 1.'" (itosis) *.1" (eiosis ,&plain three advantages of using light microscopes. $dvantages include colour images instead of monochrome) a larger field of vie-) easily prepared sample material) the possi ility of e&amining living material and o serving movement.

1 3

Topic 1 Cells

1.1.'

.utline the advantages of using electron microscopes. ! /n comparing electron and light microscopes) the terms resolution and magnification should e e&plained. Scanning and transmission electron microscopes should e mentioned riefly) ut the principles of ho- they -ork need not e discussed.

1.1.0

Define organelle. $n organelle is a discrete structure -ithin a cell) and has a specific function. Compare the relative si2es of molecules) cell mem rane thickness) viruses) acteria) organelles and cells) using appropriate S/ units. $ppreciation of relative si2e is re3uired) molecules (1 nm)) thickness of mem ranes (14 nm)) &ref. 1.+ viruses (144 nm)) acteria (1 5m)) &ref. 1.33 organelles (up to 14 5m)) &ref. 0.+.!) 1.1.3) 1.!.1 most cells (up to 144 5m). The three"dimensional nature6shape of cells should e emphasi2ed.

1.1.1

Topic 1 Cells

1.1.*

Calculate linear magnification of dra-ings. Dra-ings should sho- cells and cell ultra"structure -ith scale ars eg. (agnification could also e stated) eg &!'4.

1.1.7

,&plain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell si2e. 3 (ention the concept that the rate of meta olism of a cell is a function of its mass:volume ratio) -hereas the rate of e&change of materials and energy (heat) is a function of its surface area. Simple mathematical models involving cu es and the changes in the ratio that occur as the sides increase y one unit could e compared.

Topic 1 Cells

1.1.14

State that unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life. (.8,(,#T %,S9/%$T/.# #:T%/T/.# ,;C%,T/.# %,9%.D:CT/.# /%%$T/</=/T> ?%.@TA

1.1.11

,&plain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out speciali2ed functions y e&pressing some of their genes ut not others. 3

1.1.1!

Define tissue) .rgan) organ system. 1

Topic 1 Cells

1.! 9rokaryotic Cells (1h)

1.!.1 Dra- a generali2ed prokaryotic cell as seen in electron micrographs. 1 :se images of acteria as seen in electron micrographs to sho- the structure. The diagram should sho- the cell -all) plasma mem rane) mesosome) cytoplasm) ri osomes and nucleoid (region containing naked D#$).

1.!.!

State one function for each of the follo-ing: cell -all) plasma mem rane) mesosome) cytoplasm) ri osomes naked D#$.

1.!.3

State that prokaryotes sho- a -ide range of meta olic activity including fermentation) photosynthesis and nitrogen fi&ation. 1

Topic 1 Cells

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1.3 ,ukaryotic Cells (3h)

1.3.1 Dra- a diagram to sho- the ultrastructure of a generali2ed animal cell as seen in electron micrographs. 1 The diagram should sho- ri osomes) rough endoplasmic reticulum (r,%)) lysosome) ?olgi apparatus) mitochondrion and nucleus.

1.3.!

State one function of each of these organelles: %i osomes rough endoplasmic reticulum lysosome ?olgi apparatus (itochondrion nucleus.

1.3.3

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Differences should include: naked D#$ versus D#$ associated -ith protein) D#$ in cytoplasm versus D#$ enclosed in a nuclear envelope) no mitochondria versus mitochondria) 14S versus *4S ri osomes. Similarities include: <oth types have

Topic 1 Cells

1.3.+

Descri e three differences et-een plant and animal cells. 1. !. 3.

1.3.'

State the composition and function of the plant cell -all. 1 The composition of the plant cell -all should e considered only in terms of cellulose microfi rils.

1.+ (em ranes (3h)

1.+.1 Dra- a diagram to sho- the fluid mosaic model of a iological mem rane. 1 The diagram should sho- the phospholipid ilayer) cholesterol) glycoproteins and integral and peripheral proteins. :se the term plasma mem rane not cell surface mem rane for the mem rane surrounding the cytoplasm. /ntegral proteins are em edded in the phospholipid of the mem rane -hereas peripheral proteins are attached to its surface. 8ariations in composition related to the type of mem rane) and the functions of cholesterol and glycoproteins) are not re3uired.

Topic 1 Cells

1.+.! ,&plain ho- the hydropho ic and hydrophilic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell mem ranes. 3

1.+.3

=ist the functions of mem rane proteins including hormone inding sites) en2ymes) electron carriers) channels for passive transport and pumps for active transport.

1.+.+

Define diffusion Define osmosis.

.smosis is the passive movement of -ater molecules) across a partially permea le mem rane) from a region of lo-er solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

Topic 1 Cells

1.+.'

,&plain passive transport across mem ranes in terms of diffusion. (ention channels for facilitated diffusion.

1.+.0

,&plain the role of protein pumps and $T9 in active transport across mem ranes.

&ref to 1.1' (chemiosmosis in respiration)) 1.!.+ (chemiosmosis in photosynthesis)) 11.1.+ ( mem rane polarisation in nerves)) 1!.!.' (e&cretion)) 13.!.! (mineral uptake y roots)

Topic 1 Cells

1.+.1 ,&plain ho- vesicles are used to transport materials -ithin a cell et-een the rough endoplasmic reticulum) ?olgi apparatus and plasma mem rane. 3 &"ref."0.+.0" $A= Translation

1.+.* Descri e ho- the fluidity of the mem rane allo-s it to change shape) reak and reform during endocytosis and e&ocytosis. !

Topic 1 Cells

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1.' Cell Division (!h)

1.'.1 State that the cell"division cycle involves interphase) mitosis and cytokinesis. 1

1.'.!

State that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell -hen many iochemical reactions occur) as -ell as D#$ transcription and D#$ replication. 1 &ref" 0.! (D#$ replication)) 0.3 (Transcription)

1.'.3

Descri e the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis 9rophase" reakage of nuclear mem ranes and supercoiling of D#$ to form visi le chromosomes

(etaphase" chromosomes line up along e3uatorial region of cell) attachment of spindle microtu ules to centromeres

$naphase" splitting of centromeres) movement of sister chromosomes to opposite poles as spindle microtu ules shorten

Telophase" uncoiling of chromosomes and reformation of nuclear mem ranes.

Te&t ooks vary in the use of the terms chromosome and chromatid. /n this course) the t-o D#$ molecules formed y D#$ replication are considered to e sister chromatids until the splitting of the centromere at the start of anaphaseB after this they are individual chromosomes. The terms centrosome and kinetochore are not e&pected.

Topic 1 Cells

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1.'.+

,&plain ho- mitosis produces t-o genetically identical nuclei.

1.'.'

.utline the differences in mitosis and cytokinesis et-een animal and plant cells. ! =imit this to the lack of the centrioles in plant cells and the formation of the cell plate.

1.'.0

State that gro-th) tissue repair and ase&ual reproduction involve mitosis.

1.'.1 State that tumours (cancers) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ. 1

Topic 1 Cells

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Topic 1 Cells

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