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TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Confidential

Session 6 Voice Gateways and Protocols

TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Voice Gateway Protocols


CallManager

PSTN
VoIP Signaling H.323 MGCP H.323 RAS SIP
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Telephony Signaling Analog: FXS/FXO/E&M Digital: T1/E1 PRI T1/E1 CAS


3

Voice Telephony Signaling Protocols


CallManager

PSTN
Telephony Signaling Analog: FXS/FXO/E&M Digital: T1/E1 PRI T1 CAS / E1 R2
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Analog vs. Digital Telephony Signaling Analog


FXS/FXO/E&M

Digital
PBX
PBX

FXO/ E&M FXS FXS

PSTN

Phone Fax Modem

T1 CAS E1 R2 T1/E1 PRI BRI


PSTN

FXS

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Digital Voice Telephony Signaling Types


Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
Signaling information being carried out-of-channel, separate from the voice traffic Most well-known CCS signaling type is ISDN-PRI Both with a dedicated D channel for signaling, T1-PRI has 23 bearer channels for voice and E1-PRI has 31 B channels

Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)


Signaling information being carried in-channel, interleaved with voice traffic Common types are T1-CAS E&M emulation

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Digital Voice Signaling: ISDN-PRI


ISDN Q931 ISDN Q921 T1 Framing

PSTN

! isdn switch-type primary-ni ! controller T1 0/0 framing esf linecode b8zs pri-group timeslots 1-24 ! int s0/0:23 isdn incoming-voice voice isdn switch-type primary-ni ! voice-port 0/0:23 ! dial-peer voice 1 pots destination-pattern 3 direction-inward-dial port 0/0:23 !
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Globally defines ISDN switch type Defines T1-PRI under the T1 controller D-channel (int s0/0:23) and voiceport will be automatically created once pri-group is defined on the T1 controller; D-channel carries the call information such as DNIS (called number) and ANI (calling number) Create pots dial-peer which defines voice call routing rules

Digital Voice Signaling: T1-CAS E&M


T1- CAS

PSTN

E&M Feature Group D: Double wink with the second wink to acknowledge reception of DNIS; FGD supports collection of ANI

Gateway(config-controller)#ds0-group 1 time 1-24 type ? e&m-delay-dial E & M Delay Dial Single wink is sent to the e&m-fgd E & M Type II FGD remote end to signal e&m-immediate-start E & M Immediate Start readiness to receive DNIS; e&m-wink-start E & M Wink Start A.K.A Feature Group B ext-sig External Signaling fgd-eana FGD-EANA BOC side fgd-os FGD-OS BOC side FGD Equal Access North fxo-ground-start FXO Ground Start America; A variant of FGD fxo-loop-start FXO Loop Start which supports sending fxs-ground-start FXS Ground Start of ANI fxs-loop-start FXS Loop Start none Null Signalling for External Call Control
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

T1-CAS E&M Configuration to Support ANI


T1- CAS

PSTN

controller T1 0/0 framing esf linecode b8zs Use first 12 channels ds0-group 1 timeslots 1-12 type e&m-fgd and e&m-fgd to receive ds0-group 2 timeslots 13-24 type fgd-eana inbound calls and ! receive ANI information voice-port 0/0:1 ! voice-port 0/0:2 ! Use last 12 channels and fgddial-peer voice 1 pots eana to send outbound calls incoming called-number . and send ANI direct-inward-dial port 0/0:1 ! Direct-inward-dial used to dial-peer voice 2 pots prevent the gateway from incoming called-number . generating a second dial-tone destination-pattern 9T on inbound calls direct-inward-dial port 0/0:2
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Useful Cisco IOS Debug Commands: T1-PRI/CAS


PRI-Gateway#debug isdn ? all ISDN debug messages api ISDN Application Program Interface(s) cc ISDN Call Control error ISDN error messages events ISDN events mgmnt ISDN management q921 ISDN Q921 frames q931 ISDN Q931 packets standard Standard ISDN debugging messages tgrm ISDN TGRM events CAS-Gateway#debug vpm ? all Enable All VPM debugging dsp Enable dsp message trace (Warning: driver level trace) error Enable dsp error trace overlay Enable DSPware overlay debugging port Debug only on port specified signal Debug signaling services spi Enable session debugging trace tgrm Enable tgrm debugging trunk-sc trunk conditioning voaal2 Debug Voice over AAL2
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10

VoIP Signaling Protocols


CallManager

PSTN
VoIP Signaling H.323 MGCP H.323 RAS SIP
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11

H.323
TDM IP

TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

PSTN

PRI Layer 3 Layer 2 Framing

H.225 and H.245 over TCP

Cisco CallManager

H.323 is a peer-to-peer protocol All PSTN signaling terminates on gateway H.225 and H.245 signaling communications over TCP between gateways and CallManager Media over UDP directly between gateways and IP phones; CCM responsible for call setup/tear-down and capability negotiation only
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

12

H.323 Call Illustration


CallManager
H.225 Setup H.225 Call Proceeding

H323 Gateway

Q.931 Setup

PSTN

Q.931 Call Proceeding H.225 Alert


H.245 Terminal Capa. Set

Q.931 Alert

PSTN
T1-PRI Ring

Ringback

H.245 Master/Slave Deter. H.245 Open Logical Chan. H.245 OLC ACK

User dials 555-1234

H.225 Connect

Q.931 Connect

Offhook
Direct Media Connect b/w IP Phone and Gateway RTP/UDP/IP

Media Over TDM

2001
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

555-1234
13

Basic H.323 Cisco IOS Configuration


Defines T1-PRI as PSTN signaling controller T1 1/0 framing esf linecode b8zs pri-group timeslots 1-24 ! interface Serial1/0:23 isdn switch-type primary-ni isdn incoming-voice voice ! dial-peer voice 1 voip destination-pattern 2... session target ipv4:20.1.1.1 codec g711ulaw dtmf-relay h245-alphanumeric ! dial-peer voice 9 pots destination-pattern 9T direct-inward-dial port 1/0:23 D-channel and its configurations VoIP dial-peer, define H.323 call properties here Destination-pattern for digit matching Session target pointing to IP address of remote H.323 peer: i.e. CallManagers IP addr.

Use g711u codec; default is g729


Enables DTMF relay using H245-alpha; default is disabled Pots dial-peer pointing to the PRI with destination-pattern, pots peers strips explicitly matched digit(s) in destination-pattern
14

TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Confidential

Additional H.323 Cisco IOS Configuration Options


interface loopback 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 h323-gateway voip interface h323-gateway voip bind srcaddr 10.1.1.1 ! voice class h323 1 h225 timeout setup 5 ! voice class codec 1 codec preference 1 g729r8 codec preference 2 g711ulaw ! dial-peer voice 1 voip destination-pattern 2... session target ipv4:20.1.1.1 voice-class h323 1 voice-class codec 1 ! dial-peer voice 2 voip destination-pattern 2... session target ipv4:20.1.1.2 voice-class h323 1 voice-class codec 1 preference 1
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Forces this gateway to use the loopback interface for all H.323 signal and RTP traffic H.225 setup redundancy: try a second VOIP dial-peer if the remote H.323 peer does not response in 5 seconds H.245 codec negotiation flexibility: negotiate to g729 if possible; otherwise g711ulaw is okay too

Try this dial-peer first if 2 is match because it has the highest preference: 0; default preference value, therefore invisible in dial-peer configuration
If the IP host in dial-peer 1 (20.1.1.1) does not response H.225 setup in 5 seconds, try this dialpeer as it has lower preference
15

Cisco CallManager H.323 Gateway Configuration


1

2a

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Cisco CallManager H.323 Gateway Configuration (Cont.)


Continued from CCM H.323 Gateway Configuration Page

2b

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Cisco CallManager H.323 Gateway Configuration (Cont.)


Define a Route Pattern Pointing to the H.323 Gateway 3

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Useful Cisco IOS Verification Commands: H.323


H323-gateway#sh call active voice brief Telephony call-legs: 1 SIP call-legs: 0 H323 call-legs: 1 MGCP call-legs: 0 Total call-legs: 2 131E : 1452845022hs.1 +144 pid:1234 Answer 51234 active dur 00:00:12 tx:671/107360 rx:603/96480 IP 20.1.1.20:19886 rtt:0ms pl:8310/0ms lost:0/1/0 delay:64/64/65ms g711ulaw 131E : 1452845025hs.1 +141 pid:408 Originate 14083132001 active dur 00:00:12 tx:603/96480 rx:672/107520 Tele 1/0:23 (8617): tx:13440/1344/0ms g711ulaw noise:0 acom:19 H323-gateway#sh call active voice <SNIP><SNIP><SNIP><SNIP><SNIP> VOIP: RemoteIPAddress=20.1.1.1 RemoteUDPPort=19886 RemoteSignallingIPAddress=20.1.1.1 RemoteSignallingPort=3139 RemoteMediaIPAddress=20.1.1.20 tx_DtmfRelay=inband-voice
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

i/0:-56/-38 dBm

H323-gateway#sh call active voice <SNIP><SNIP><SNIP><SNIP><SNIP> ReceiveDelay=64 ms LostPackets=0 EarlyPackets=1 LatePackets=0 VAD = enabled CoderTypeRate=g711ulaw CodecBytes=160 CallerName=Ben Ng
19

Useful Cisco IOS Debug Commands: H.323


H323-gateway#debug CAPACITY Enable NXE Enable RAS Enable all Enable h225 Enable h245 Enable preauth Enable cch323 ? Call Capacity debugging trace NXE transport debugging trace RAS State Machine debugging trace all CCH323 debugging traces H225 State Machine debugging trace H245 State Machine debugging trace CCH323 preauth debugging trace

H323-gateway#debug h245 ? asn1 H.245 ASN1 Library events H.245 Events


H323-gateway#debug voip ccapi ? error CCAPI error legs inout CCAPI Funtion in (enter) and out (exit) H323-gateway#csim start <destination-pattern-you-wish-to-test>
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20

Proctor Case Studies V: H.323 Gateway #1


Lab Sample Question
Configure R1 as a H.323 Gateway for the CallManager. Make sure IP phones can send/receive calls to/from PSTN. 2001 CallManager 20.1.1.1 R1 PRI

PSTN

Candidates Problem Statement


I can place outbound calls through R1 to the PSTN, however, I cant receive calls from the PSTN. I ran debug voip ccapi inout on R1, and I see the VoIP call leg disconnects with a cause code of 0x1B, which is Destination Out of Order. BTW, I can ping between CCM and R1 all day.
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Proctor Case Studies V: H.323 Gateway #1 (Cont.)


Candidates R1 Config and debug voip ccapi inout
interface loopback 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 h323-gateway voip interface h323-gateway voip bind srcaddr 10.1.1.1 ! Interface fastethernet 2/0 ip address 20.1.1.254 255.255.255.0 ! dial-peer voice 1 voip destination-pattern 2... session target ipv4:20.1.1.1 codec g711ulaw dtmf-relay h245-alphanumeric ! dial-peer voice 9 pots destination-pattern 9T direct-inward-dial port 1/0:23

Debug:
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

Jun 20 08:01:26.929: //812/xxxxxxxxxxxx/CCAPI/cc_api_call_disconnected: (vdbPtr=0x63B5CD70, callID=0x32C, cause=0x1B, rawmsg=0x0)


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22

Proctor Case Studies V: H.323 Gateway #1 (Cont.)


Candidates CCM H.323 Gateway Configuration

TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

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Proctor Case Studies V: H.323 Gateway #1 (Cont.)


Failure reason: H.323 gateway sourced H.225 call setup from an interface which is unknown to CCM
interface loopback 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 h323-gateway voip interface h323-gateway voip bind srcaddr 10.1.1.1 ! Interface fastethernet 2/0 ip address 20.1.1.254 255.255.255.0 ! dial-peer voice 1 voip destination-pattern 2... session target ipv4:20.1.1.1 codec g711ulaw dtmf-relay h245-alphanumeric R1#debug cch323 h225 Jun 20 08:00:37.977: Jun 20 08:00:37.981: Jun 20 08:00:37.981: Jun 20 08:00:37.981: Jun 20 08:00:37.981: Jun 20 08:00:37.985: state H225_REQ_SETUP
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

cch323_run_h225_sm: Setup ccb 0x63ABFD80 callID 0x32B ======= PI in cch323_h225_generic_send_setup = 0 Send infoXCap 128 src address = 10.1.1.1 of h225SetupRequest dest address = 20.1.1.1 of h225SetupRequest H.225 SM: received event H225_EVENT_CONN_LOST while at

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24

Proctor Case Studies VI: H.323 Gateway #2


Lab Sample Question
Configure R1 as a H.323 Gateway for the CallManager. Make sure IP phones can send/receive calls to/from PSTN. 2001 CallManager 20.1.1.1 R1 PRI

PSTN

Candidates Problem Statement


I can place outbound calls through R1 to the PSTN, however, I cant receive calls from the PSTN. debug voip ccapi inout says that the VoIP call leg disconnected with a cause code of 0x1, which is Unallocated/Unassigned number. BTW, I can ping between CCM and R1 all day.
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25

Proctor Case Studies VI: H.323 Gateway #2 (Cont.)


Candidates R1 Config and debug voip ccapi inout
interface loopback 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! Interface fastethernet 2/0 ip address 20.1.1.254 255.255.255.0 ! dial-peer voice 1 voip destination-pattern 2... session target ipv4:20.1.1.1 codec g711ulaw dtmf-relay h245-alphanumeric ! dial-peer voice 9 pots destination-pattern 9T direct-inward-dial port 1/0:23

Debug:
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

Jun 20 08:20:21.223: //812/xxxxxxxxxxxx/CCAPI/cc_api_call_disconnected: (vdbPtr=0x63B5CDBB, callID=0x332, cause=0x1, rawmsg=0x0)


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26

Proctor Case Studies VI: H.323 Gateway #2 (Cont.)


Candidates CCM H.323 Gateway Configuration

Gateways Calling Search Space could not reach IP phones Partition, therefore, CallManager rejected the call with a cause code of 0x1, which is Unallocated /Uassigned number

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MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol)


Media Gateway (MG) contains simple endpoints, which can be either analog voice-ports (FXS/FXO/E&M) or digital (T1-PRI/T1-CAS) voice trunks
Call intelligence of these endpoints are provided by Media Gateway Controller (MGC) or Call Agent (CA), in our case, the Cisco CallManager Master/Slave relationship between MGC/CA and MG

MGCP messages are sent over IP/UDP between MGC and MGsignaling plane
Voice traffic is carried over IP/RTPdata plane
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28

MGCP Endpoints
Endpoints are voice ports on a MGCP gateway
Analog Endpoint Identifier
AALN/S1/SU0/0@MGCP-GWY.cisco.com: the endpoint is voice port 1/0/0 on a gateway with hostname of MGCP-GWY and domain name of cisco.com

Digital Endpoint Identifier


S1/ds1-0/1@MGCP-GWY.cisco.com: the endpoint is b-channel #1 on T1 controller 1/0 on a gateway with hostname of MGCP-GWY and domain name of cisco.com

TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

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MGCP Messages (UDP Port 2427)


End Point Configuration Create Connection Modify Connection
Delete Connection Notification Request Notify Audit Endpoint Audit Connection

EPCF CRCX MDCX

(CA EP) (CA EP) (CA EP)

DLCX(CA <-> EP) RQNT (CA EP) NTFY (CA EP) AUEP (CA EP) AUCX (CA EP) RSIP (CA EP)

Restart In Progress

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MGCP FXS Call Flow Explained


CallManager
(2) RQNT R: L/hu,D/[0-9*#] S:dl {dial-tone, send digit map} (3) {Digit:} (4) RQNT R: L/hu, D/[0-9*#] S: {Turn off dial-tone} (6) CRCX {create connection} Turns on ring tone . . (7) Ack with local RTP addr/port NTFY O: 4

MGCP Gateway
(1) {Stn. Off-hook} NTFY O: L/hd

(5) {Digit(s)...} NTFY O: 5

(8) MDCX {modify connection, sends remote peer RTP info}


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MGCP: PRI Backhaul


TDM IP

TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

PSTN

PRI Layer 3 Layer 2 Framing

Q.931 Backhaul over TCP MGCP over UDP

Cisco CallManager
Call Signaling

Framing and Layer 2 signaling terminates at the gateway Q.921 status and Q.931 signal backhauled to the Cisco CallManager MGCP 0.1 with Cisco CallManager only MGCP messages over UDP, port 2427 PRI Backhaul messages over TCP, port 2428
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32

Cisco IOS MGCP PRI Backhaul Configuration


hostname GW1 ! mgcp mgcp call-agent 20.1.1.2 ! ! ccm-manager redundant-host 20.1.1.1 ccm-manager mgcp ! controller T1 1/0 linecode b8zs framing esf pri-group timeslots 1-24 service mgcp ! interface Serial1/0:23 no ip address no logging event link-status isdn incoming-voice voice isdn bind-l3 ccm-manager ! dial-peer voice 101 pots application mgcpapp port 1/0:23
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Must match Domain Name on MGCP Gateway page on CCM Enables MGCP process globally Defines Primary Call-agent: the IP address of primary CCM Defines secondary call-agent MGCP version 0.1 with CCM Defines on the T1 controller that the PRI ports will be serviced by MGCP Under D-channel, binds L3 (Q.931) to call manager Defines MGCP as the call application under pots dial-peer
33

Additional Cisco IOS MGCP Configuration Options


GW1(config)#ccm-manager ? application application specific config MGCP download configuration download-tones Enable Tone Download from TFTP server fallback-mgcp Enable Fallback from MGCP to H.323 mode if no CallManager is available fax Enable fax protocol for MGCP mgcp Enable CallManager Application MGCP mode music-on-hold Enable multicast Music-on-hold redundant-host Redundant host list switchback Configure switchback options for rehoming to higher-order CallManager

GW1(config)#mgcp bind ? control bind only MGCP control packets media bind only media packets

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MGCP: Cisco CallManager Configuration


1

2
Must match with hostname and IP domain-name (if applicable) on the IOS gateway

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MGCP: Cisco CallManager Configuration (Cont.)


3

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Useful Cisco IOS MGCP Verification Commands


GW1#sh ccm-manager backhaul config-download download-tones fallback-mgcp hosts music-on-hold redundancy <CR> ? Backhaul Info Automated Config download Info XML Downloadable Tones MGCP CM fallback Hosts Info Music on hold Info Redundancy Info

GW1#sh mgcp ? connection endpoint nas profile statistics

Display Display Display Display Display

MGCP connection endpoints eligibile for MGCP management MGCP data channel information MGCP profile MGCP statistics

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Useful Cisco IOS MGCP Verification Commands


GW1#sh isdn stat Global ISDN Switchtype = primary-ni ISDN Serial1/0:23 interface dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = primary-ni L2 Protocol = Q.921 L3 Protocol(s) = CCM-MANAGER Layer 1 Status: ACTIVE Layer 2 Status: TEI = 0, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED Layer 3 Status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Active dsl 0 CCBs = 0 The Free Channel Mask: 0x8000003F Number of L2 Discards = 2, L2 Session ID = 30 Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0

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38

Useful Cisco IOS MGCP Debug Commands


GW1#debug mgcp ? all Enable all MGCP debug trace errors MGCP errors events MGCP events media MGCP media nas MGCP nas (data) events packets MGCP packets parser MGCP parser and builder src MGCP System Resource Check CAC voipcac MGCP VOIP CAC

GW1#debug ccm-manager ? backhaul CallManager config-download CallManager errors CallManager events CallManager music-on-hold CallManager

backhaul debug Automated config debug errors events music-on-hold

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39

Proctor Case Studies VII: MGCP Gateway #1


Lab Sample Question
Configure R1 as a MGCP Gateway for CallManager. If the primary CCM goes down, make sure all endpoints on the MGCP gateway re-registers to the backup CCM. Also ensure IP phones can send/receive calls to/from PSTN.
Primary CCM 20.1.1.1 Backup CCM 20.1.1.2

2001

R1

PRI

PSTN

Candidates Problem Statement


I verified that my MGCP gateway worked, I even tested all inbound and outbound calls, why did I not receive points?
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40

Proctor Case Studies VII: MGCP Gateway #1 (Cont.)


Could you identify the mistake from the snippet of this show ccm-manager command?
R1#sh ccm-manager MGCP Domain Name: R1 Priority Status Host ============================================================ Primary Registered 20.1.1.1 First Backup None Second Backup None Current active CallManager: Backhaul/Redundant link port: Failover Interval: Keepalive Interval: 20.1.1.1 2428 30 seconds 15 seconds

Candidate Missed the Following Command


R1(config)#ccm-manager redundant-host 20.1.1.2
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41

Proctor Case Studies VIII: MGCP Gateway #2


Lab Sample Question
Configure R1 as a MGCP Gateway for CallManager. If the Primary CCM goes down, make sure all endpoints on the MGCP gateway re-registers to the Backup CCM. Also ensure IP phones can send/receive calls to/from PSTN.
Primary CCM 20.1.1.1 Backup CCM 20.1.1.2

2001

R1

PRI

PSTN

Candidates Problem Statement


My MGCP gateway is showing registered in sh ccm-manager and all my endpoints are also showing registered in sh mgcp endpoint. But I cant place or receive calls, is there something wrong with the PSTN?
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

42

Proctor Case Studies VIII:


MGCP Gateway #2 (Cont.)
Could you identify the mistake from the snippet of this show ccm-manager command?
L3 Protocol(s) should say ccm-manager; Candidate did not have the isdn bind-l3 ccm-manager command under the D-channel interface

R1#sh isdn stat Global ISDN Switchtype = primary-ni ISDN Serial1/0:23 interface dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = primary-ni L2 Protocol = Q.921 L3 Protocol(s) = primary-ni Layer 1 Status: ACTIVE Layer 2 Status: TEI = 0, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED Layer 3 Status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Active dsl 0 CCBs = 0 The Free Channel Mask: 0x8000003F Number of L2 Discards = 2, L2 Session ID = 30 Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0

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Registration, Authentication, Status (RAS)


Established between H.323 endpoint and gatekeeper
Gateway initializes with full registration to gatekeeper Gateways sends lightweight registration, based on negotiated time-out, similar to keep-alive

Unreliable transportuses UDP


Gateway could depend on gatekeeper to
e.164 address resolution

Call Admission Control

TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

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44

RAS Communication Messages


GRQ/GCF/GRJ (discovery)
Unicast or multicast, find a gatekeeper

RRQ/RCF/RRJ (registration)
Endpoint alias/IP address binding, endpoint authentication

ARQ/ACF/ARJ (admission)
LRQ/LCF/LRJ (location)
Inter-gatekeeper communication

BRQ/BCF/BRJ (bandwidth modifications) DRQ/DCF/DRJ (disconnect)


Call termination
TECCIE-3001 13799_05_2007_c2

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45

RAS Gatekeeper Registration Illustrated


H.323 Gateway Learns of Gatekeeper via Static Configuration

Gatekeeper

RRQ
Hello: I am Registering My Name or E.164 Address (Gateway A)

RRQ

RCF

RCF

Hello: I am Registering My Name or E.164 Address (Gateway B)

Gateway A

IP QoS WAN
UDP Transport Port 1719 RRQRegistration Request RRJRegistration Reject RCFRegistration Confirm

Gateway B

RASRegistration Admission and Status

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RAS Call Admission Illustrated


Gatekeeper A (Zone A)
ARQ (Admission Request) I Have a Call for 408-555-1234

ARQ
ACF

IP QoS WAN
H.323 Call Set-Up

Gateway A

Gateway B

ACF (Admission Confirm) Yes You Can, Use G/W B IP Address X.X.X.X
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Gatekeeper Inter-zone Communication


Zone A
Gatekeeper A
LRQ LCF

Zone B
Gatekeeper B

ARQ

ACF

IP WAN
H.225 Call Setup H.225 Connect

ACF

ARQ

RTP
Gateway A Gateway B

Phone A
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Phone B
48

RAS Call Flow: Putting It Together


Gateway A GK A
GK RRQ/RCF Set-Up ARQ ACF LRQ LCF

GK B
GK

Gateway B

RRQ/RCF

Set-Up
Call Proceeding ARQ ACF Alerting/Connect

H.245 Master/Slave
H.245 Cap Exchange H.245 OLC Media (RTP)

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Directory Gatekeeper Call Flow Illustrated


Directory-Gatekeeper
GK

IP Network
GK

LCF

GK

ACF ARQ ARQ H.225 Fast Start H.225 Fast Connect RTP Gateway A Gateway B ACF

Phone B Phone A
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Cisco IOS Gatekeeper: Common Terms


Zone: A collection of nodes for routing calls (can be H.323 clients, Cisco CallManager clusters, or H.323 Gateways); configure on gatekeepers and gateways/endpoints Zone Prefix: A unique number string configured on and used by gatekeepers to associate a dialed number to a zone Tech Prefix: A unique number string typically configured on gateways and presented to gatekeepers during registration; tech prefixes are then used by gatekeepers to group endpoints of the same type together; tech-prefix to gateway association could also be manually configured on GK

Default Technology: Configured on gatekeepers for default routing of any unresolved E.164 addresses to gateways that registered with a specific tech prefix

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GK Address Resolution on ARQ


1) Tech Prefix match N 2) Zone Prefix match? Y N N Y Hop-off Tech Prefix? N Strip Tech Prefix Is arq reject-unknown-prefix set? Y Send ARJ Y Send LRQ

target-zone = matched zone

target-zone = local zone

3) Is target-zone local? Y

Send LRQ

4)Was a Tech Prefix found in Step 1? N 5) Is target address registered? N 6) Is a default Tech Prefix set?
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Find local GW with Tech Prefix N

Send ACF

Send ARJ Y Send ACF Select local GW with Tech Prefix Send ARJ N
52

Send ACF

Y N

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GK Address Resolution on LRQ


1) Tech Prefix match N 2) Zone Prefix match? Y target-zone = matched zone N Y N Hop-off Tech Prefix? Strip tech prefix Is lrq reject-unknown-prefix set? Y Send LRJ Y target-zone = hopoff zone

N
N

N Is lrq forward-queries set? Y

Send LRJ Send LRQ

3) Is target-zone local? Y

Find local GW with Tech Prefix Y N

Send LCF

4) Was a Tech Prefix found in Step 1? N Is target address registered? N Y Is a default Tech Prefix set?
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Send LRJ Y Send LCF Y Send LCF

Select local GW with Tech Prefix N N


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Send LRJ
53

Cisco IOS GK Configuration Example


Enter into gatekeeper configuration mode gatekeeper zone local SJ cisco.com zone local SF cisco.com Define local zone names Defines remote zone names and IP address Define local and remote zone prefixes Any gateways registered with a technology prefix of 1# are gateways of last resort if a called number is not resolved by gatekeepers existing call routing rules Allow up to four g711 (128x4=512) in local Zone and four g729 (16x4=64) to Remote Zones
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zone local DAL cisco.com


zone remote RTP cisco.com 172.16.14.130 1719 zone prefix SJ 1408* zone prefix SF 1415* zone prefix RTP 1919* zone prefix DAL 1972* gw-type-prefix 1#* default-technology bandwidth interzone default 512 bandwidth remote 64 no shutdown

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Cisco CallManager Configurations for Gatekeeper


1

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Cisco CallManager Configurations for Gatekeeper (Cont.)


3

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Cisco IOS GK Verification Commands (I)


GK#show gatekeeper ? calls Display circuits Display clusters Display endpoints Display gw-type-prefix Display performance Display servers Display status Display zone Display current gatekeeper call status current gatekeeper circuits gatekeeper cluster info all endpoints registered with this gatekeeper Gateway Technology Prefix Table gatekeeper performance data gatekeeper servers info current gatekeeper status zone information

GK#show gatekeeper zone prefix ZONE PREFIX TABLE ================= GK-NAME E164-PREFIX ----------------SJ 1408* SF 1415* RTP 1919* DAL 1972*
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Cisco IOS GK Verification Commands (II)


GK#show gatekeeper endpoint GATEKEEPER ENDPOINT REGISTRATION ================================ CallSignalAddr Port RASSignalAddr Port Zone Name --------------- ----- --------------- ----- --------20.1.1.1 61042 20.1.1.1 58267 SJ H323-ID: GK-ICT_1 Voice Capacity Max.= Avail.= Current.= 0 20.1.1.2 56628 20.1.1.2 54461 SJ H323-ID: GK-ICT_2 Voice Capacity Max.= Avail.= Current.= 0 20.30.1.254 1720 20.30.1.254 51112 SJ H323-ID: H323-Gateway-1 Voice Capacity Max.= Avail.= Current.= 0 Total number of active registrations = 3

Type ---VOIP-GW VOIP-GW VOIP-GW

Flags -----

CCM servers in a cluster register to gatekeeper using the Device name configured on the CCM Trunk page; for purpose of having a unique H323-ID for each server in the cluster, CCM attaches _1, _2, _3, etc., to the end of the configured Trunk Device Name

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Cisco IOS GK Debug Commands


To see gatekeeper number matching logic, use debug gate main 5: Note: This is a hidden command
GK#debug gate main 5 *Mar 8 18:30:08.577: gk_rassrv_arq: arqp=0x81B89578, crv=0x14, answerCall=0 *Mar 8 18:30:08.581: gk_dns_query: No Name servers *Mar 8 18:30:08.581: rassrv_get_addrinfo: (19725552000) Tech-prefix match failed. *Mar 8 18:30:08.581: rassrv_get_addrinfo: (19725552000) Matched zone prefix 1972 and remainder 5552000 *Mar 8 18:30:08.601: gk_rassrv_arq: arqp=0x81AA488C, crv=0x8014, answerCall=1

To see RAS messages and information contained within, use debug h225 asn1:
*Mar 7 21:03:57.339: RAS INCOMING PDU ::= value RasMessage ::= admissionRequest : destinationInfo dialedDigits : "19725552000" ip 'AC10F279'H port 4042 bandWidth 1280 callReferenceValue 14 gatekeeperIdentifier {"SJ"} } *Mar 7 21:03:57.355: ARQ (seq# 11652) rcvd
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SIP Basics
SIP is Session Initiation Protocol
SIP is a peer-to-peer protocol defined in RFC 3261 SIP is human readable; (ASCII text-based; aids debugging)

Uses UDP as well as TCP, flexibly connecting users independent of the underlying infrastructure
SIP is extensible; (unrecognized headers are ignored)

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SIP Components
User Agents (UA)
User Agent Client (UAC)originates SIP requests User Agent Server (UAS)terminate SIP requests EndpointsIP phones, SoftPhones, gateways

Typically an endpoint or a SIP User Agent (UA) can function as both a UAC and UAS Servers (optional and logical SIP component)
Proxy server Redirect server

Registrar server/location server

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SIP Components
SIP Servers/ Services
Where is this name/phone#? 3xx Redirection They moved, try this address

Registrar

Redirect

Location Database

REGISTER Here I am

SIP Proxy

INVITE I want to talk to another UA

Proxied INVITE Ill handle it for you

SIP User Agents

SIP User Agents

SIP-GW
62

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SIP Message Overview


A SIP message is either an request from a client to a server, or an response from a server to a client
Some examples of request messages are: Invite, ACK, BYE, CANCEL, OPTIONS, and REGISTER

The response messages consist of status-line with various status codes (1xx, 2xx, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx, 6xx)

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SIP Requests from RFC 3261


INVITEA user or service is being invited to participate in a multimedia session ACKConfirms that a client has received a final response to an INVITE request BYETerminates an existing session; can be sent by any user agent (in a multiparty session) CANCELCancels pending requests; does not terminate sessions that have been accepted OPTIONSQueries the capabilities of servers REGISTERRegisters the user agent with the registrar server of a domain

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SIP Responses
Description 1xx Informational: Request received, continuing to process request Success: Action was successfully received, understood and accepted Redirection: Another SIP Element needs to be contacted n i order to complete the request Examples 100 Trying 180 Ringing 181 Call is b eing forwarded 183 Session progressing 200 OK 202 Acceptable 300 Multiple choices 301 Moved permanently 302 Moved temporarily 401 Unauthorized 406 Not acceptable 407 Proxy authentication required 486 Busy here 487 Request terminated 488 Not acceptable here 502 Bad gateway 503 Service unavailable 600 Busy everywhere 603 Decline

2xx 3xx

4xx

Client Error: Request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled at this server

5xx 6xx

Server Error: Server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request Global Failure: Request is invalid at any server

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SIP Endpoint-to-Endpoint Signaling Without a Server


UA 1 (Alice) Assumes User Agents Know Each Others IP Address UA 2 (Bob)

Signal Plane

180 Ringing 200 OK (contains answer) ACK

Signaling (UDP, TCP, SCTP, or TLS over TCP)

RTP

Media Plane

RTCP

Media (UDP)
RTP
RTCP

3 Mandatory Packets for Establishment Handshake INVITE 200 OK ACT


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CallManager SIP Trunk


Provides voice connectivity to SIP from H.323, SCCP, CTI/QBE, and MGCP voice devices
Must use a software MTP or transcoder functioning as an MTP

Does not support video


DTMF is relayed using RFC2833 SIP trunk does not register with proxy/registrar server

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CCM SIP Trunk DTMF Support


RFC 2833 defines a dynamic in-band payload type for DTMF tones
By adding this requirement to an MTP, and making SIP calls use MTP, DTMF relay between in-band and out-of-band digits are accomplished This payload type is negotiated between Cisco CallManager and SIP endpoints via the SIP messages and is passed to MTP during media establishment

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CCM SIP Trunk RFC 2833 DTMF Relay

SIP

skinny SCCP

MTP Resource Is Pre-allocated


S/W MTP

SIP

Media Stream

1 2
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SW MTP Is Instructed out of Band to Send RTP Packets with Payloads that Indicated DTMF Digits; (not in Band Audio: DTMF Signaling Packets in the Media Stream Packets)

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CCM SIP Call Flow


SCCP Phone CCM MTP
S/W MTP

SIP Proxy/ Endpoint

SCCP: number Dialed

SCCP:OpenReceiveChannel SCCP:OpenReceiveChannelAck INVITE w/SDP 180 Ring

100 Trying
200 OK w/SDP

SCCP Ringback

ACK
CCM Establishes Media
RTP Stream #1 RTP Stream #2

SCCP onhook CCM Tears Down Media BYE 200 OK


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CCM SIP Trunk Configuration

SIP Trunk

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CCM SIP Trunk Configuration (Cont.)

Logical Name

Required for RFC 2833 IP Address, FQDN Or DNS SRV Default SRV Port Default port number(1024-65535) TCP or UDP Preferred Codec for SIP
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Summary: Voice Gateway and Signaling


Be Familiar with the Following About Voice Gateways Telephony signaling configuration: FXS/FXO, T1/E1PRI, T1-CAS, E1-R2 VoIP signaling configuration: H.323, MGCP, RAS, SIP VoIP signaling redundancy and fail-over options

Verification and debugging of telephony and VoIP call legs

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