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PARENTHESIS Parenthesis can be versatile for writers.

These examples illustrate their uses; use them to enclose the following: Examples, directions, explanations, and clarifications: 1. Retain ampersands when they appear as part of an official name (Barnes and Noble, Ben and Jerrys). 2. At that point, you may want to consult with a professional. (Refer to the resources chapter for a list of tax advisers). 3. Here is a selective glossary of editing and production of items. (Synonyms are in italics; cross-referenced terms are in bold italics). 4. Precede the dollar amount with the initials US only to avoid confusion (in, say, an article about Australia, where the basic unit of currency is also called the dollar). Numerals that confirm a spelled-out number in a contract: 5. The confirmation letter is due within thirty (30) days. Abbreviations (usually) after the first reference to the full version of the term: 6. The countrys import and export levels are regulated by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Note: if the abbreviation is well known or is used again within the next sentence or two after the full name, omit the parenthesized abbreviation immediately after it. Numbers or letters that distinguish items in a run-in list: 7. The constituent parts are (1) the thingamajig, (2) the watchamacallit, and (3) the whatsit. Note: sometimes, only the close parenthesis is used in this format. However, usually, neither numbers nor parentheses are necessary in such cases. Modifying words or phrases, or interjections: 8. The writer will (one hopes) produce well-crafted prose. 9. It turns out that he had (gasp!) told the truth. Translations, pronunciations, or equivalents: 10. She ran from the kuma (bear). 11. Stay at the warung (wah- ROONG) near the mosque. The area code in a phone number or a unit in a mathematical or logical expression: 13. (213) 867-5309

14. a (b+c) = d In-text citations: 15. However, the literature is ambivalent on this issue (Howard, Fine, and Howard 1925; Marx et. al. 1912). Punctuation in parentheses: A full sentence in parentheses is capitalized and is followed by a period preceding the closing parenthesis: Have these resources on hand before you begin. (Items listed in parentheses are desirable but not essential.) A partial sentence in parentheses is not capitalized and is not followed by a period but may precede a question mark or exclamation point: Use a dark, fine-pointed pen (erasable pens allow for neat alteration) or pencil. Now that youre finished (you are finished, arent you?), we will proceed.

Apostrophe () the sign ('), as used: to indicate the omission of one or more letters ina word, whether unpronounced, as in o'er for over, or pronounced, asin gov't for government; to indi cate the possessive case, as in man's; or to indicate plurals of abbreviations and symb ols, as in severalM.D.'s, 3's. Are you uncertain about when to use an apostrophe? Many people have difficulty with this punctuation mark. The best way to get apostrophes right is to understand when and why they are used. There are two main cases click on the links below to find straightforward guidance:

Using apostrophes to show possession Using apostrophes to show omission People are often unsure about whether they should use its (without an apostrophe) or its (with an apostrophe). For information about this, you can go straight to the section it's or its? Apostrophes showing possession

You use an apostrophe to show that a thing or person belongs or relates to someone or something: instead of saying the party of Ben or the weather of yesterday, you can write Bens party and yesterdays weather. Here are the main guidelines for using apostrophes to show possession: Singular nouns and most personal names With a singular noun or most personal names: add an apostrophe plus s: We met at Bens party. The dogs tail wagged rapidly. Yesterdays weather was dreadful. Personal names that end in s

Plural nouns that do not end in -s With a plural noun that doesnt end in s: add an apostrophe plus s: The childrens father came round to see me. He employs 14 people at his mens clothing store. The only cases in which you do not need an apostrophe to show belonging is in the group of words called possessive pronouns - these are the words his, hers, ours, yours, theirs (meaning belonging to him, her, us, you, or them) - and with the possessive determiners. These are the words his, hers, its, our, your, their (meaning 'belonging to or associated with him, her, it, us, you, or them'). See also it's or its? Apostrophes showing omission

With personal names that end in -s: add an apostrophe plus s when you would naturally pronounce an extra s if you said the word out loud: He joined Charless army in 1642. Dickens's novels provide a wonderful insight into Victorian England. Thomas's brother was injured in the accident. Note that there are some exceptions to this rule, especially in names of places or organizations, for example: St Thomas Hospital If you arent sure about how to spell a name, look it up in an official place such as the organizations website. With personal names that end in -s but are not spoken with an extra s: just add an apostrophe after the -s: The court dismissed Bridges' appeal. Connors' finest performance was in 1991. Plural nouns that end in s With a plural noun that already ends in -s: add an apostrophe after the s: The mansion was converted into a girls school. The work is due to start in two weeks time. My duties included cleaning out the horses stables.

An apostrophe can be used to show that letters or numbers have been omitted. Here are some examples of apostrophes that indicate missing letters: Im - short for I am hell - short for he will shed short for she had or she would pick n mix - short for pick and mix its hot - short for it is hot didnt - short for did not It also shows that numbers have been omitted, especially in dates, e.g. the Berlin Wall came down in the autumn of 89(short for 1989). Its or its? These two words can cause a lot of confusion: many people are uncertain about whether or not to use an apostrophe. These are the rules to remember: its (without an apostrophe) means belonging to it: The dog wagged its tail. Each case is judged on its own merits. its (with an apostrophe) means it is or it has: Its been a long day. Its cold outside. Its a comfortable car and its got some great gadgets. Apostrophes and plural forms<br >

The general rule is that you should not use an apostrophe to form the plurals of nouns, abbreviations, or dates made up of numbers: just add -s (or -es, if the noun in question forms its plural with -es). For example: euro pizza apple euros pizzas apples (e.g. The cost of the trip is 570 euros.) (e.g. Traditional Italian pizzas are thin and crisp.) (e.g. She buys big bags of organic apples and carrots.) (e.g. Local MPs are divided on this issue.) (e.g. The situation was different in the 1990s.)

are used to enclose words, phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs

Brackets [ ] are used to enclose bits of information, facts, figures, corrections that are meant to be set apart Slash / The slash (/) is also known as forward slash, stroke, oblique. The slash, sometimes called the virgule, is commonly used in three situations: to indicate an alternative between two words, to clarify and join two words, or to indicate line separation when quoting poetry

MP 1990

MPs 1990s

GAME/QUESTIONS I. Quotation Marks 1. Quotation marks enclose the exact words of a person or speaker. Note: Do not use quotation marks around a paraphrase or a summary of the author's words. US v. Ah Chong Due to the heavy growth of vines along the front of the porch, the room was very dark, and the defendant, fearing that the intruder was a robber or a thief, leaped to his feet and called out, If you enter the room, I will kill you. 2. Place periods and commas inside quotation marks. Lorna Pesca vs. Zosimo Pesca The appellate court said: "The burden of proof to show the nullity of marriage lies in the plaintiff and any doubt should be resolved in favor of the existence and continuation of the marriage and against its dissolution and nullity." 3. Place question marks or exclamation points inside the quotation marks if they punctuate the quotation only. US v. Ah Chong He sat up in bed and called out twice, Who is there?

It's very important to remember this grammatical rule. There are one or two cases in which it is acceptable to use an apostrophe to form a plural, purely for the sake of clarity: you can use an apostrophe to show the plurals of single letters: I've dotted the i's and crossed the t's. Find all the p's in appear. you can use an apostrophe to show the plurals of single numbers: Find all the number 7s. These are the only cases in which it is generally considered acceptable to use an apostrophe to form plurals: remember that an apostrophe should never be used to form the plural of ordinary nouns, names, abbreviations, or numerical dates.

DEFINITION Quotation Marks are used to show the beginning and end of a quotation or a title of a short work

II.

Brackets [ ] 1. Use brackets to clarify or add to an original quote. Put words that are being added to an original quote within brackets. Note: Always put the changes in brackets, not parentheses. This tells your readers exactly how you have altered the original.

People vs. Genosa The information charged appellant (Genosa) with parricide as follows: Fracture, open, depressed, circular located at the occipital bone of the head, resulting [in] laceration of the brain, spontaneous rupture of the blood vessels on the posterior surface of the brain, laceration of the dura and meningeal vessels producing severe intracranial hemorrhage.
2.

case, if he shall have consented or pardoned the offenders. [Emphasis ours].


5.

Use brackets in changing the capitalization of a word or if the quotation does not include a capital letter. People of the Philippines vs. Yatar Art. 2199 states that, [e]xcept as provided by law or by stipulation, one is entitled to an adequate compensation only for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved.

Use brackets as parentheses within parentheses. The order is opening parenthesis, opening bracket, closing bracket, closing parenthesis. Chi Ming Tsoi vs. CA To prevent collusion between the parties is the reason why, as stated by the petitioner, the Civil Code provides that no judgement annulling a marriage shall be promulgates upon a stipulation of facts or by confession of judgement (Arts. 88 and 101 [par.2]) and the Rules of Court prohibit such annulment without trial (Sec.1, Rule 19). III. People vs. Coloma The number of persons killed in homicide on the occasion of attempted robbery is immaterial. (People vs. Coloma, 222 SCRA 255 [1993])
6.

Use brackets with ellipsis. Cebu Portland Cement Company vs. Municipality of Naga, Cebu, et.al. According to plaintiff-appellant: "On this score alone, the sale [...], was illegal as it was not made on the time stated in the notice."

Slash / 1. Use a forward slash to separate a numerator from a denominator in a numerical fraction. Note: Do not place a space before or after the slash in a fraction. Apiag vs. Cantero That both parties have agreed voluntarily, the Second Party will get ONE FOURTH (1/4) of the retirement that the First will receive from the GSIS, and the rest of it will be for the First Party. 2. Use a forward slash to separate the month, day, and year, in an informal representation of a date. Note: Do not place a space before or after the slash in a date. People vs. Sultan G.R. No. 132470 04/27/2000 3. Use a forward slash with certain abbreviations. People vs. Genosa The information charged appellant (Genosa) with parricide as follows: Blisters at both extremities, anterior chest, posterior chest, trunk w/ shedding of the epidermis. 4. Use a forward slash to abbreviate the word per. Note: Do not place a space before or after the slash in an abbreviation.

3.

Use brackets surrounding sic and italicize it. Note: The Latin term sic is used to indicate that something written is intentionally left in the original form, which may be incorrect. Apiag vs. Cantero That complainant Maria Apiag has been living together with another man during her public service as public school teacher and have begotten a child, name [sic] Manuel Apiag and respondent promised [sic] the Honorable Court to furnish a complete paper regarding this case in order to enlighten the Honorable (Court) that, he who seek [sic] justice must seek justice with cleab [sic] hand.

4.

Use brackets when a word has been italicized or underlined within quoted language that was not italicized or underlined in the original. Note: "Italics mine" or "emphasis added" would be other acceptable phrases. People of the Philippines vs. Schneckenburger The offended party cannot institute criminal prosecution without including both the guilty parties, if they are both alive, nor, in any

Vallacar Transit Inc. vs. Jocelyn Catubig According to PO2 Elnas, the bus was running fast, at a speed of 100 kilometers/hour, when it collided with the motorcycle which was trying to overtake a truck. 5. Use a forward slash to separate alternatives. Note: Do not over-use the slash to indicate "or". It can suggest laziness on the part of the writer. Santos vs. CA Wherefore, this Court declares the marriage between Grace J. Garcia and Rederick A. Recio solemnized on January 12, 1994 at Cabanatuan City as dissolved and both parties can now remarry under existing and applicable laws to any and/or both parties. People of the Philippines vs. Schneckenburger No logical difference can indeed be perceived between prior and subsequent consent, for in both instances as the offended party has chosen to compromise with his/her dishonor, he/she becomes unworthy to come to court and invoke its aid in the vindication of the wrong. For instance, a husband who believers his wife another man for adultery, is as unworthy, if not more, as where, upon acquiring knowledge of the adultery after its commission, he says or does nothing. OTHER USES of [] / 1. Quotation marks set off the titles of magazine articles, poems, reports, and chapters within a book. 2. Place question marks or exclamation points outside the quotation marks if they punctuate the entire sentence. Example: What made her say, Its over? 3. Use brackets to show the pronunciation of a word. 4. Use brackets in changing a pronoun to make the material fit into the sentence. Enclose that changed letter or word(s) within brackets. Example: Espinoza charged her former employer with "falsification of [her] coaching record." 5. Use forward slash to clarify and join two words. The slash serves to emphasize the relationship between the two words it unites. Example: The student/full-time mother attended the University of Houston.

Li vs. CA and Valenzuela As a result of the trial court's decision, defendants filed an Omnibus Motion for New Trial and for Reconsideration, citing testimony in Criminal Case O.C. No. 804367 (People vs. Richard Li), tending to show that the point of impact, as depicted by the pieces of glass/debris from the parties' cars, appeared to be at the center of the right lane of Aurora Blvd. 6. Use a forward slash to indicate line breaks in quotations of less than four lines of poetry. Example: In one of his most famous sonnets, Sonnet 116, Shakespeare reveals his philosophy on lasting love: Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, / But bears it out even to the edge of doom (11-12). DASH and HYPHEN I. Definition Dash - a dash signals a sudden break in the structure or thought of a sentence (Forlini, et al, 2004: 352). It is symbolized by (--). Hyphen - hyphens are used to join certain numbers and parts of words, to join some compound words, and to divide words at the ends of lines (Forlini, et al, 2004: 360). It is symbolized by a (-). N.B. The hyphen is distinctively shorter than a dash. Make sure to make your hyphens half as long as your dahes!

II. Proper Usage of Dahes According to Forlini, et al (2004: 352), there are five main uses of a dash. These are: 1. To indicate an abrupt change of thought ex. Reading the full text of a case helps get all the facts of a case -by the way, did you find the cases needed in the internet? 2. To set off interrupting ideas dramatically ex. He was able to memorize all aggravating circumstances you may find this hard to believe in fifteen minutes. 3. To set off a summary statement ex. Determination and a positive outlook in life if you have these, you may succeed in everything you do. 4. To set off words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentence with additional but not essential information.

ex. Two aggravating circumstances insult to public authority and recidivism were appreciated in this case.

ex. a strong-willed aunt an up-to-date design a well-deserved award

5. To set off a parenthetical expression when it is long, already punctuated, or especially dramatic. ex. The heat there was a lack of ventilation in the classroom has made it harder to concentrate on the exam. III. Proper Usage of Hyphens Hyphens are mainly used with numbers, word parts, and words (Ibid). 1. Numbers ex. twenty-one years old thirty-seven acres two-thirds majority one-half inch

c. Compound Verbs ex. To double-track To sun-dry Note: Not all compound words are to be used with a hyphen. When you are not really sure if you need to use a hyphen, just check the dictionary.

Comma Rule 1 To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more. Example: My $10 million estate is to be split among my husband, daughter, son, and nephew. Omitting the comma after son would indicate that the son and nephew would have to split one-third of the estate. Rule 2 Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between them. Examples: He is a strong, healthy man. We stayed at an expensive summer resort. You would not say expensive and summer resort, so no comma. Rule 3 Use a comma when an -ly adjective is used with other adjectives. NOTE: To test whether an -ly word is an adjective, see if it can be used alone with the noun. If it can, use the comma. Examples: Felix was a lonely, young boy. I get headaches in brightly lit rooms. Brightly is not an adjective because it cannot be used alone with rooms; therefore, no comma is used between brightly and lit. Rule 4 Use commas before or surrounding the name or title of a person directly addressed.

2. Word Parts a. When using a prefix ex. mid-October pro-Marcos

b. When using words with the prefixes all-, ex-, self-, and words with the suffix -elect. ex. self-explanatory ex-President all-powerful President-elect Note: There are certain prefixes that are often found before proper nouns and proper adjectives. They include the following: ante-, anti-, mid-, post-, pre-, pro-, and un-. 3. Words Use a hyphen to combine two or more words. a. Compound Nouns ex. brother-in-law secretary-treasurer jack-of-all-trades

b. Compound Adjectives

Examples: Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me? Yes, Doctor, I will. NOTE: Capitalize a title when directly addressing someone. Rule 5a Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year. Example: Kathleen met her husband on December 5, 2003, in Mill Valley, California. Rule 5b If any part of the date is omitted, leave out the comma. Example: They met in December 2003 in Mill Valley. Rule 6 Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state in a document. If you use the two-letter capitalized form of a state in a document, you do not need a comma after the state. NOTE: With addresses on envelopes mailed via the post office, do not use any punctuation. Examples: I lived in San Francisco, California, for 20 years. I lived in San Francisco, CA for 20 years. Rule 7 Use commas to surround degrees or titles used with names. Commas are no longer required around Jr. and Sr. Commas never set off II, III, and so forth. Example: Al Mooney, M.D., knew Sam Sunny Jr. and Charles Starr III. Rule 8 Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentence flow. Example: I am, as you have probably noticed, very nervous about this. Rule 9 When starting a sentence with a weak clause, use a comma after it. Conversely, do not use a comma when the sentence starts with a strong clause followed by a weak clause. Examples: If you are not sure about this, let me know now. Let me know now if you are not sure about this. Rule 10 Use a comma after phrases of more than three words that begin a sentence. If the phrase has fewer than three words, the comma is optional.

Examples: To apply for this job, you must have previous experience. On February 14 many couples give each other candy or flowers. OR On February 14, many couples give each other candy or flowers. Rule 11 If something or someone is sufficiently identified, the description following it is considered nonessential and should be surrounded by commas. Examples: Freddy, who has a limp, was in an auto accident. Freddy is named, so the description is not essential. The boy who has a limp was in an auto accident. We do not know which boy is being referred to without further description; therefore, no commas are used. Rule 12 Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction-and, or, but, for, nor. You can omit the comma if the clauses are both short. Examples: I have painted the entire house, but he is still working on sanding the doors. I paint and he writes. Rule 13 Use the comma to separate two sentences if it will help avoid confusion. Examples: I chose the colors red and green, and blue was his first choice. Rule 14 A comma splice is an error caused by joining two strong clauses with only a comma instead of separating the clauses with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a period. A runon sentence, which is incorrect, is created by joining two strong clauses without any punctuation. Incorrect: Time flies when we are having fun, we are always having fun. (Comma splice) Time flies when we are having fun we are always having fun. (Run-on sentence) Correct: Time flies when we are having fun; we are always having fun. OR Time flies when we are having fun, and we are always having fun. (Comma is optional because both strong clauses are short.) OR Time flies when we are having fun. We are always having fun. Rule 15 If the subject does not appear in front of the second verb, do not use a comma. Example: He thought quickly but still did not answer correctly.

Rule 16 Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations shorter than three lines. Examples: He actually said, "I do not care." "Why," I asked, "do you always forget to do it?" Rule 17 Use a comma to separate a statement from a question. Example: I can go, can't I? Rule 18 Use a comma to separate contrasting parts of a sentence. Example: That is my money, not yours. Rule 19 Use a comma when beginning sentences with introductory words such as well, now, or yes. Examples: Yes, I do need that report. Well, I never thought I'd live to see the day Rule 20 Use commas surrounding words such as therefore and however when they are used as interrupters. Examples: I would, therefore, like a response. I would be happy, however, to volunteer for the Red Cross. Rule 21 Use either a comma or a semicolon before introductory words such as namely, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they are followed by a series of items. Use a comma after the introductory word. Examples: You may be required to bring many items, e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. OR You may be required to bring many items; e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. Ellipsis Marks Use ellipsis marks when omitting a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage. NOTE: To create ellipsis marks with a PC, type the period three times and the spacing will be automatically set, or press Ctrl-Alt and the period once.

The Three-dot Method There are many methods for using ellipses. The three-dot method is the simplest and is appropriate for most general works and many scholarly ones. The three- or four-dot method and an even more rigorous method used in legal works require fuller explanations that can be found in other reference books. Rule 1 Use no more than three marks whether the omission occurs in the middle of a sentence or between sentences. Example: Original sentence: The regulation states, "All agencies must document overtime or risk losing federal funds." Rewritten using ellipses: The regulation states, "All agencies must document overtime..." NOTE: With the three-dot method, you may leave out punctuation such as commas that were in the original. Example: Original sentence from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Rewritten using ellipses: "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth...a new nation, conceived in liberty..." Rule 2 When you omit one or more paragraphs within a long quotation, use ellipsis marks after the last punctuation mark that ends the preceding paragraph. 1. SEMICOLON

A. DEFINITION: A semicolon is a punctuation mark used to connect two ideas which are somehow similar. A punctuation mark used to chiefly in a coordinating function between major sentences elements (as independent clauses of a compound sentence. B. FUNCTIONS OF A SEMICOLON: 1. In formal writing, semicolons are used to connect two independent clauses which are related somehow. Examples: Im looking for my book; where do you suppose I put it?

2. Semicolon is used to separate ideas, short clauses in a list after another punctuation: a. After a colon Example: Please do the following assignments for homework: read pages 15-17 and 20-23 in your math textbook; finish the outline for your Canada: a short story essay, finish reading The Giver, but dont start writing the essay yet. b. When COMMAS are used Example: This conference has people who have come Boise, Idaho, Los Angeles, California, and Nashville, Tennessee. PURPOSE: To clarify ideas for the reader 3. If there is a conjunctive adverb(transitions) linking two independent clause, use a semicolon Some conjunctive adverbs: Moreover Nevertheless However Otherwise Therefore Then Finally Likewise Consequently 2. COLON A. DEFINITION: A punctuation mark used chiefly to direct attention to matter that follows. B.FUNCTIONOF A COLON 1. A colon can be used to separate two independent clauses when: a. The second clause is DIRECTLY related to the first clause. b. When the EMPHASIS is on the second clause. *Note: while you can also use a semi-colon or period between two independent-yetrelated clause, the colon is little bit softer than the period, but a little harder than the semi-colon.

Examples: 1. Maggie wears a brimmed cap at all times: strong light often gives her a headache. 2. Im looking for a copy of wind in the willows: one of my students wants to read it. 2. Use a colon to FURTHER EXPLAIN the first sentence (clause/ idea) with quotation. Example; The author of Touched, Jane Straus, wrote in the first chapter. Georgia went back to her bed and stared at the intricate patterns of burned moth rings in the translucent glass of the overhead light. Her father has in the hyper mode again where nothing could calm him down. Hed been talking non-stop for a week about remodeling projects, following her around the house as she tried to escape his chatter. 4. Other uses: a. Ratios, time Examples: 1. Johns ratio of carbohydrate intake to protein is 3:1 2. 11:30 A.M., Tuesday, August 31, 2013 b. City and Publisher in Bibliography Ex: New York: Norton, 1999 c. Titles and Subtitles Ex: Jillian enjoys reading the book Taste bud Heaven: Homemade meals for the distinguished palette. d. Salutation of a letter Example: To Whom It May Concern: 3. Colons are use d to make lists. Example: Heres the grocery list: eggs, milk, juice, bread and fruit.

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