ueoscience aspects of shale gas

lelsal ulrganLara
Week 4 - kaplLa SelekLa 8
2012 AAPG Distinguished Lecture
00TLINE
1ermlnology
uenluon of shale
Shale gas belng unconvenuonal play
Ceologlcal occurrence

MaLurlLy eecL on well-logs response
Shale gas prospecL ln lndonesla
What is 'shale' .
Shale ls used Lo dene a clay-slzed rock wlLh good sslllLy.
MusL shale have clay? nC1 ALWA?S.
Clay ls an ulLrane-gralned (<2 mlcromeLer) phylloslllcaLes
!"#$%&' wlLh LeLrahedral crysLal sysLem.
Some examples of 'shale' whlch are organlc-rlch wlLh very
llule clays:
nlobrara formauon (Colorado, uSA): mud and ooze.
MonLerey formauon (Callfornla, uSA): dlaLomaceous mud
rasad, 2012
!"#$$%&%'#(%)* )& ,-#".$/
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,%"(8 $-#".9
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,%"($()*.
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7:4$()*.
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>32#*%'1rich Shale
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CD
rasad, 2012
Piasau, 2u12
Classification of shale.
MosL people begln wlLh some varlanL of a LexLural
classlcauon and Lhen resorL Lo a morass of Lerms varlously
dlrecLed Lo composluon, graln source, deposluonal process,
and dlagenesls". (from kluy Mlllken, 8LC)
Some of Lhe Lerms applled Lo ne-gralned sedlmenLary rocks:
rasad, 2012
Some of Lhe Lerms applled Lo flne-gralned sedlmenLary rocks:
!"#$# &' () *)('#('+' )( '",-# *-,''&.&*,/&)(0
Most people begln wlLh some varlanL of a LexLural
classlflcaLlon and Lhen resorL Lo a morass of Lerms varlously
dlrecLed Lo composlLlon, graln source, deposlLlonal process,
and dlagenesls.
1-&2# .$)3 4&//5 6&--&7#(8 9:;
ClasslflcaLlon of Shales?
11
Some of Lhe Lerms applled Lo flne-gralned sedlmenLary rocks:
!"#$# &' () *)('#('+' )( '",-# *-,''&.&*,/&)(0
Most people begln wlLh some varlanL of a LexLural
classlflcaLlon and Lhen resorL Lo a morass of Lerms varlously
dlrecLed Lo composlLlon, graln source, deposlLlonal process,
and dlagenesls.
1-&2# .$)3 4&//5 6&--&7#(8 9:;
ClasslflcaLlon of Shales?
11
Shale gas as unconventional play
Shale gas ls consldered as unconvenuonal" due Lo Lhe absenL
of convenuonal" elemenLs/processes.
AAC denluon:
.. A peLroleum accumulauon LhaL ls pervaslve
LhroughouL a large area, LhaL ls noL slgnlcanLly aecLed
by hydrodynamlc lnuences.
1ype Source 8srvr CnrLn MgrLn 1rap Seal 1lmlng
Shale
gas
C u C n u n/C n
C8M C u C n u n n
Cas
hydraLe
C u C C u n n
C = convenuonal u = unconveuonal n = none
Lllls, 2010
ueological 0ccuiience
3
What:
Vascular Plants
Cyanobacteria Algae
Where:
Photic Zone
Shallow Bottom
Land
Production of Organic Matter
vascular planLs - cyanobacLerla - algae
assey, 2010
0iganic Nattei Type
assey, 2010
2012 AAPG Distinguished Lecture
Organic Matter Type
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Oxygen Index (OI)
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n

I
n
d
e
x

(
H
I
)
Type I Algal amorphous
Type II Algal/Herbaceous
Type III Woody/coaly
Type IV - Inertinite
(After Tissot and Welte, 1984; Passey et al., 2010)
OGS New Perspectives on Shales July 28, 2010
!"#$%"&' )# )%*+#,-./,-0#1''
Contiols on 0iganic Rich Rock (0RR)
assey, 2010
What uo souice iocks look like
assey, 2010
8
What do Source Rocks look like?
Horizontal Slice Vertical Slice
1

m
m
Algal bodies
Faecal pellets
Mowry Shale Example
Courtesy of Kevin Bohacs
Geology of Organic-Rich Rocks
leces pelleLs
10
3.64
3.79
4.84
3.91
3.63
3.45
2.06
1.57
1.78
4.82
4.47
3.14
3.08
TOC
(wt%)
Exshaw Exshaw
TOC Variability in Exshaw Fm
T0C vaiiability in paiasequence-set
assey, 2010
Lxshaw
lormauon,
WesLern Canada
23
Pierre Shale - Sharon Springs Member
Oral, South Dakota
April 8, 2000
TOC = 2.33 wt%
(sample 4/8/00-10)
TOC = 5.71 wt%
(sample 4/8/00-25)
TOC = 6.09 wt%
(sample 4/8/00-18)
TOC = 3.91 wt%
(sample 4/8/00-24)
Limestone concretions
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TOC wt%
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
f
t
)
Ardmore Bentonite
Cheyenne River
TOC = 10.38 wt%
(sample 4/8/00-20)
Ardmore Bentonite
L
o
w
e
r

P
i
e
r
r
e

M
e
m
b
e
r
S
h
a
r
o
n

S
p
r
i
n
g
s

M
e
m
b
e
r
Sequence Stratigraphy of Organic-Rich Rocks
T0C vaiiability in paiasequence-set
assey, 2010
lerre Shale - Sharon Sprlngs Member Cral, SouLh uakoLa
22
Summary of Organic Rich facies Distribution
MFS
Sequence Stratigraphy of Organic-Rich Rocks
0iganic-iich Facies Bistiibution
assey, 2010
ueochemistiy Chaiacteiistic of Shale uas
8ased on orlgln - wheLher lL ls Lhermogenlc or blogenlc
generaLed.
LlLher Lhermogenlc or blogenlc shale gas always posses:
Cll-rone kerogen (Lype ll)
lracLures crlucal for producuon
Cas sLored as adsorbed on organlc mauer, and free ln shale
maLrlx pore space and fracLures

1hermogenlc gas
1CC greaLer Lhan 2
1hermal maLurlLy hlgher Lhan
oll wlndow
Cas from kerogen and
posslbly resldual oll

8logenlc gas
1CC greaLer Lhan 3
1hermal maLurlLy below oll
wlndow
Cas from meLhanogenesls
Lllls, 2010
Geochemical Properties of Gas Shales
Modified from Hill and Nelson, 2000
ueochemistiy Chaiacteiistic of Shale uas
Lllls, 2010
44
44
Field-emission SEM imaging applied to rock surfaces specially prepared
by Ar-ion-beam milling. Imaging reveals that many nano-pores in the Barnett
shale occur within organic matter (Reed et al., 2008)
Rob Reed (BEG)
Nicio-poiosity in shale
assey, 2010
Natuiity Effect of Well-Log Response
assey, 2010
25
Immature Source Rock (Ro<-0.5) Mature Source Rock (Ro=1.0)
Matrix Matrix
Mature Mature
Source Source
Organic Matter
HC HC
Water Water
Matrix Matrix
Immature Immature
Source Source
Organic Matter
Water Water
Maturity Impact on Log Response
(After Passey et al., 1991)
AlogR Souice Rock Analysis
16
16
Porosity log response in organic-rich rocks:
Sonic Log
- Transit time (T) increases in organic-rich rocks.
- Log is commonly run, correctable for common
borehole problems and is available for most vintage
wells.
Common threshold for source potential is TOC > 1.5 wt%
Density Log
- Bulk density (
b
) decreases in organic-rich rocks.
- Log is common but is a pad tool and therefore has
issues in rugose boreholes.
Neutron Log
- Neutron porosity (
N
) increases in organic-rich rocks
- Commonly run today but less so on older wells.
Bottom Line: All porosity logs respond to organic
matter as if it were additional porosity. We tend
to use the sonic log since it is most commonly
available and less sensitive to borehole condition
logR Source Rock Analysis
"#$%& '#(
- 1ranslL ume (A1) lncreases ln organlc-rlch
rocks.
- Log ls commonly run, correcLable for
common borehole problems and ls
avallable for mosL vlnLage wells.

)*$+%,- '#(
- 8ulk denslLy (p
b
) decreases ln organlc-rlch
rocks.

.*/,0#$ '#(
- neuLron poroslLy (n) lncreases ln
organlc-rlch rocks
- Commonly run Loday buL less so on older
wells.

assey, 2010
26
logR Separation and Interpretation
Oil Oil
Water Water
T T sec/ft sec/ft
Oil Oil
Water Water
logR = 1 logR = 1
Gas Gas
or or
Oil Oil
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
II
JJ
KK
LL
MM
Non Source Non Source
Low Reservoir Low Reservoir
Immature Source Immature Source
LOM < 7 LOM < 7
Reservoir Reservoir
Non Source Non Source
Mature Source Mature Source
LOM 7 LOM 7 12 12
High Reservoir High Reservoir
Non Source Non Source
Overmature Overmature
Source Source
LOM > 12 LOM > 12
Coaly Coaly
Coals Coals
Non source Non source
Tight Tight
150 100 50
0.1 1 10
Zone 0 GR 200 Sonic (---) Resistivity () Interpretation
Matrix Matrix
Immature Immature
Source Source
Organic Matter
Water Water
Solid
Water Water
Non Source Non Source
Matrix Matrix
Matrix Matrix
Mature Mature
Source Source
Organic Matter
HC HC
Water Water
( Migration)
( Possible Migration )
( HC generated in OM )
Matrix Matrix
Overmature Overmature
Source Source
HC HC
Water Water
Organic Matter
logR Separation and Interpretation
AlogR Nethou anu Inteipietation
assey, 2010
Shale uas in Inuonesia
LSuM, 2010
Why develop shale gas ln Lhls counLry?
uemand for convenuonal oll and gas ls progresslvely lncrease
Abundance of shale gas resources assoclaLed wlLh convenuonal
oll and gas
LsumaLed shale gas reserve: 374 1SCl, compared Lo C8M: 433
1Cl, and naLural gas: 334 1SCl
!"#"$%&' )* +#+&,' -#. !"#+&-/ &+$)0&1+$ !"#"$%&' )* +#+&,' -#. !"#+&-/ &+$)0&1+$
."&+1%)&-%+ ,+#+&-/ )* )"/ -#. ,-$ ."&+1%)&-%+ ,+#+&-/ )* )"/ -#. ,-$
!"#"$%&'"() %+ ,-.$" /., 0%'&.1" )% 0%(#"()2%(.$ /.,
MESDM 250111
Shale gas potential foimation map
!"#"$%&' )* +#+&,' -#. !"#+&-/ &+$)0&1+$ !"#"$%&' )* +#+&,' -#. !"#+&-/ &+$)0&1+$
."&+1%)&-%+ ,+#+&-/ )* )"/ -#. ,-$ ."&+1%)&-%+ ,+#+&-/ )* )"/ -#. ,-$
INDONESIA SHALE GAS POTENTIAL INDONESIA SHALE GAS POTENTIAL
KLASAFET
FORMATION
MESDM25012011
LSuM, 2010
Stiatigiaphic summaiy of Sumatia anu
}ava basins
!"#"$%&' )* +#+&,' -#. !"#+&-/ &+$)0&1+$ !"#"$%&' )* +#+&,' -#. !"#+&-/ &+$)0&1+$
."&+1%)&-%+ ,+#+&-/ )* )"/ -#. ,-$ ."&+1%)&-%+ ,+#+&-/ )* )"/ -#. ,-$
Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Summary of Sumatra and Java basins Summary of Sumatra and Java basins
MESDM 250111
Source : Netherwood (2000)
LSuM, 2010
Nesozoic - Cenozoic Shales
!"#"$%&' )* +#+&,' -#. !"#+&-/ &+$)0&1+$ !"#"$%&' )* +#+&,' -#. !"#+&-/ &+$)0&1+$
."&+1%)&-%+ ,+#+&-/ )* )"/ -#. ,-$ ."&+1%)&-%+ ,+#+&-/ )* )"/ -#. ,-$
SYSTEM SYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL
SERIES
INTERNATIONAL
SERIES
GULF COAST
BASIN
GULF COAST
BASIN
WEST COAST WEST COAST
INTERNATIONAL
STAGES
INTERNATIONAL
STAGES ROCKIES ROCKIES
WESTERN
CANADA
WESTERN
CANADA
Monterey
Montana
EagIeford
Lewis, Montana,
CoIorado,
Mancos, Pierre
WaItman
SUMATRA SUMATRA JAVA JAVA
EAST
INDONESIA
EAST
INDONESIA
Baong,
Kariorang,
Sihapas,
Pendopo,
TaIang Akar,
Pematang
Banuwati,
TaIang Akar,
Kudjung,
Ngimbang
BaIikpapan,
KIamogan,
Sirga,
Tangjung,
Mesozoic-Cenozoic Shales
MESDM25012011
HaynesviIIe
CoIorado
EagIeford
Mancos, Pierre
Montney
PearsaII
Bossier
Source : Robson (1987)
Summaiy
1he Lermlnology of 'shale' ln shale gas means self-sourclng
naLural gas organlc-rlch rock.
SedlmenL lnpuL, orlglns, and LCu of shales deLermlne Lhe
1CC.
CrossploL among well logs can be used Lo predlcL 1CC
lndlrecLly.
lndonesla has huge poLenual for shale gas uullzauon.
my source rock ls now my reservolr rock!