Diversity Factor

From electricalnotes.wordpress.com
Diversity Factor for according to circuit function (IEC 60439): Circuits Function Diversity Factor (ks)

Lighting

0.9

Heating and air conditioning

0.8

Socket-outlets

0.7

Lifts and catering hoist

For the most powerful motor

For the second most powerful motor

0.75

For all motors Diversity Factor for an apartment block: Apartment

0.8

Diversity Factor (ks)

2 To 4

5To 19

0.78

10To 14

0.63

15To 19

0.53

20To 24

0.49

25To 29

0.46

30 To 34

0.44

35 To 39

0.42

40To 40

0.41

50 To Above

0.40

Example: 5 storey apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load. The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA

It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a given installation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this fact is taken into account for estimating purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor / Diversity Factor (ks).

The Diversity factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or subdistribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer, since it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which the individual circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for general application.

Estimating elements of the electrical system

An estimator asked what method to use to calculate the volt-amperes (VA) of a residence. He hoped to use the results as a guide to estimate the elements of the electrical system and wanted the standard method applied. Below, I explain my interpreta-tion of this method to determine the VA and serve as an estimating tool.

Grouping loads The standard calculation requires the loads to be divided as follows: Load 1: General lighting and receptacle and small appliance loads Load 2: Cooking equipment loads Load 3: Special appliance loads Load 4: Dryer load Load 5: Heating load Load 6: Largest motor

General lighting and receptacle loads Table 220.12 in the National Electrical Code considers a residence a listed occupancy at 3 VA per square foot; therefore, the general lighting load is determined by multiplying the square footage. For example, 2,800 square feet times 3 VA is 8,400 VA. Use this total to determine the number of outlets for lighting and general-purpose receptacles. Installing a 20-amp circuit supplied by 120 volts, the 8,400 VA divided by 2,400 VA (20 A 120 V = 2,400 VA) is 3.5, when rounded up requires four 20amp circuits. Five 15-amp circuits would be the minimum required for a 15-amp circuit.

Small appliance loads At least two small appliance circuits per 210.52(A) must be installed to supply receptacle outlets in the kitchen, breakfast room, pantry and dining room. One is needed for the laundry room per 210.52(B). Small appliance circuits are calculated at 1,500 VA each. Therefore, 4,500 VA is added to the general lighting load. These outlets are not to be connected to the circuits supplied by the general-purpose or special ap-pliance circuits.

A demand factor, as permitted in Table 220.42, can be applied to these loads. Depending on the VA, the first 3,000 VA can be calculated at 100 percent and the remaining VA at 35 percent.

Special appliance load Directed circuits usually supply special appliance circuits, which are not connected to the generalpurpose or small appliance circuits. Such loads are water heaters, heating units, ranges, air conditioning units, cooking equipment, motors, etc. For example, 10 kW is transposed to 10,000 VA and used in the calculation to determine the total load in VA.

Fixed appliance loads, such as dishwashers, disposals, water heaters, compactors, etc., are permitted to have a 75 percent demand fac-tor applied to their total VA.

Appliances that are not included when using this demand factor are heating units, air conditioning units, dryers or cooking equipment. When these appliances are removed from the calculation, all other appliances are considered fixed and are eligible for the 75 percent de-mand.

Demand factor As mentioned, a term constantly used in modern design is demand factor, the ratio of the maximum demand of a system (or part of a system) to the connected load on the system (or part of the system). It is always less than 1.

Application of demand factors

LOAD 1: Tables 220.12 and 220.42 may be applied as follows: General-purpose lighting and receptacle loads 2,800 sq. ft. 3 VA = 8,400 VA Small appliance and laundry loads 1,500 VA 3 = 4,500 VA ANSWER: 8,400 VA + 4,500 VA = 12,900 VA Application of demand factors

First 3,000 VA 100% = 3,000 VA Next 9,900 VA 35% = 3,465 VA ANSWER: 3,000 VA + 3,465 VA = 6,465 VA

LOAD 2: Table 220.55, Col. B (65 percent) may be applied as follows: 8,500-VA cooktop and 8,000-VA oven Application of demand factors ANSWER: 8,500 VA + 8,000 VA 65% = 10,725 VA

LOAD 3: Section 220.53 (75 percent rule) may be applied as follows: The fixed appliance load of 13,200 VA consists of a water heater, water pump, disposal, compactor, dishwasher, -microwave and blower motor.

Application of demand factors

ANSWER: 13,200 VA 75% = 9,900 VA

LOAD : Table 220.54 permits a 5,000-VA dryer to be calculated at 5,000 VA.

LOAD 5: Section 220.60 permits the largest between a 10,000-VA heating unit and 5,500-VA air conditioning unit with the smaller load dropped.

LOAD 6: Section 220.50 requires 25 percent for the largest motor (2,600 VA water pump) to be added to the calculation at 650 VA (25% of 2,600 VA = 650 VA).

DETERMINING TOTAL VA Add the VA of 6,465; 10,725; 9,900; 5,000; 10,000; and 650 together, and 42,740 VA is derived. Total amps is 178 (42,740A/240V = 178A)

This procedure can be used to derive the VA to determine the amps for selecting the service elements and aid in estimating wiring methods and equipment.

From Schneider Electrical Guide