Introduction to Computer

CORRECT POSTURES
Here are some correct postures which should be used while using a computer to reduce stress and other ill effects.

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Introduction to Computer

What is Computer? History of Computers Components of a Computer system. Operating System

9:AT IS CO-PUTER;
A device that receives Input !ata" performs #rocessing and produces the Output information".
)( "!

:ISTOR4 O< CO-PUTERS

Often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices.$ach generation of computer is characteri%ed #$ by a ma&or technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate' resulting in increasingly smaller' cheaper' and more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

<irst 2eneration ( '6.%('6+&# =acuum Tubes

(he first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory' and were often enormous' ta)ing up entire rooms.

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Introduction to Computer

*ery e+pensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity' generated a lot of heat' which was often the cause of malfunctions. ,elied on machine language to perform operations' and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape' and output was displayed on printouts. (he -.I*AC and $.IAC computers are e+amples of first/generation computing devices. (he -.I*AC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client' the -.S. Census 0ureau in 1231.

Second 2eneration ( '6+&('6&*# Transistors

(ransistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. (he transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube' allowing computers to become smaller' faster' cheaper' more energy/efficient and more reliable than their first/ generation predecessors. (hough the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that sub&ected the computer to damage' it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second/generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

Second 2eneration Cont>

Second/generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic' or assembly' languages' which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High/level programming languages were also being developed at this time' such as early versions of CO0O4 and 5O,(,A.. (hese were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory' which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

Third 2eneration ( '6&.('6)'# Integrated Circuits

(he development of the integrated circuit was the hallmar) of the third generation of

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Introduction to Computer

computers. (ransistors were miniaturi%ed and placed on silicon chips' called semiconductors' which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. -sers interacted with third generation computers through )eyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system' which allowed the device6 to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

<ourth 2eneration ( '6)'(Present# -icroprocessors

(he microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers' as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. (he Intel 7887 chip' developed in 1291' located all the components of the computer / from the central processing unit and memory to input:output controls / on a single chip. In 12;1 I0< introduced its first computer for the home user' and in 12;7 Apple introduced the <acintosh. <icroprocessors also moved out of the realm of des)top computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful' they could be lin)ed together to form networ)s' which eventually led to the development of the Internet. 5ourth generation computers also saw the development of =-Is' the mouse and handheld devices.

<i$th 2eneration ( Present and ?e"ond#

5ifth generation computing devices' based on artificial intelligence' are still in development' though there are some applications' such as voice recognition' that are being used today.

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Introduction to Computer

(he goal of fifth/generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self/organi%ation.

CO-PUTER CO-PO@E@TS
A computer system consists of> Hardware Software <otherboard C#- #rocessor" Hard !is) 5loppy !is) Compact !is) C!" <emory ?ey 0oard <onitor Other #eripherals

:ARA9ARE
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards' hard drives' and ,A<. $+ternal hardware devices include monitors' )eyboards' mice' printers' and scanners

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Introduction to Computer

When we discuss the hardware there are computer@s repairing and other installation and partitioning of the drives and also involves the repairing of mother board.

SO<T9ARE
(he programs that ma)es the computer system usable. Communicate with the Computer System. !ivided into > Operating System. Application Software.

-OT:ER?OARA
Contains the <icroprocessor and control devices. Communication channel on the motherboard is called 0-S 0us is used for communicating with the different devices of a computer system. Speed of 0-S is another important factor for the measurement of computer speed.

CE@TRAB PROCESSI@2 U@IT (CPU!

A chip located on the motherboard that performs all the operations of the computer. C#- referred as the brain of the computer because it administers the functions of other components of a computer system. C#- also performs all instruction as lay down in the software program or entered by the user.

:ARA AISC
(he permanent storage media. (he hard dis) drive is the Adata centerA of the #C. Hard dis) is the most important of the various types of permanent storage media. (he storage capacity of the modern hard dis) ranges from B8 to 1=igabytes.

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Introduction to Computer

Wor)s both as an input and output device. In a #C it is identified normally by the drive 4etter C>. <ade up of the magnetic material.

<BOPP4 AISCS
A circular piece of thin' fle+ible magnetic media encased in a sCuare or rectangular wallet. A portable medium used for storing computer data' readable by a computer with a floppy dis) drive. Capacity of dis) is 1.B <0 .ot a reliable bac)up media 5loppy !is)s ContD (hese dis)s are )nown as floppy dis)s or dis)ettes" because the dis) is fle+ible. <ainly come in E.3 inches and 3.B3 inches diameter with the storage capacity of 1.B<0 and 1.7<0 respectively. Also come in high capacity dis) of 188 and B88 <0

CO-PACT AISC (CA!

Another type of mass storage medium comes in C! ,ead Only and C! ,ewritable formats.

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Introduction to Computer

-ses infrared technology to read and write data. Stores about F38 to ;38 <0 of data A new technology called !*! comes with 9 =0 to 19 =0 of data. Stores data in multiple layers.

-E-OR4
Also called as the ,A< ,andom Access <emory". Another memory is ,O< ,ead only <emory" is also called 0OIS <easured is 0ytes -nits of memory". One byte is eCual to ; bits bit is smallest addressable unit in computer" 18B7 bytes are eCual to 1/?bytes 18B7 ?bytes eCual to 1 <0 <ega bytes" 18B7 <0 <ega 0yte" eCual to 1 =0 =igabytes" 18B7 =0 =igabytes" eCual to 1 (0 (erra byte" -se for temporary data storage. (he program or application to be e+ecuted by the computer is stored temporarily in the ,A<.

CE4?OARA
An input device. A typical )eyboard has four basic types of )eys> 1. (yping )eys

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Introduction to Computer

B. E. 7.

.umeric )eypad 5unction )eys Control )eys

-O@ITOR
An output device that displays the all the messages and result of the processing. Connected to the *ideo card on the motherboard through the cable <onitor are of two types C,( Standard flat screen monitor generate heat and consume electricity eCual to one B8G (*" 4C! 4iCuid crystal display generate no heat and consume 1B volts only and also less space" (he computer sends a signal to the video card' telling it what character' image or graphic to display. (he video card converts that signal to a set of instructions that tell the display device monitor" how to draw the image on the screen. (he image you see on the monitorHs screen is made up of thousands of tiny dots called pi+els.

-OUSE
An input device that translates movements on a hori%ontal surface into movements of a pointer on the computer screen.

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Introduction to Computer

(he main goal of any mouse is to translate the motion of your hand into signals that the computer can use.

PERIP:ERAB AE=ICE
A device that is connected to the computer through the bus. .ot part of the central computing machinery. $+amples are mouse' monitor' hard drives' C!s' )eyboards' printers etc.

-ICROSO<T 9I@AO9S
One of the leading operating system developed by <icrosoft Corp. Consists of =raphical -ser Interface =-I" that displays a des)top which is a rectangular area that lets you view and use specific computer feature through the help of icons. Another operating system is 4inu+

AESCTOP
Wor)ing environment of the windows Operating system. (he screen displayed at the start up of the windows operating system.

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Introduction to Computer

AESCTOP CO-PO@E@TS
(he des)top contains Start 0utton Icons (as) bar Start 0utton Clic) the mouse on this button to view and navigate through all the programs of the windows (he little pictures on the des)top. Iou can clic) on these icons to access programs and files etc.

ICO@S
(he most common icons are of <y Computer. ,ecycle 0in.

-4 CO-PUTER
<y Computer stores information about your computer system. It contains icons which give you access to your dis) drives. It also provides access to the Control #anel also accessible via the Start <enu"' where you can ad&ust settings for your system.

REC4CBE ?I@
(his is the eCuivalent of the wastepaper bin in your office. Contains the deleted files.

TASC ?AR

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Introduction to Computer

(his is the long strip at the bottom of the screen. -sed to switch bac) and forth between opened files.

CO@TROB PA@EB

Contains speciali%ed tools that are used to change the way Windows loo)s and behaves. Some of these tools help you ad&ust settings li)e !ate and (ime' .etwor) Connections etc. Other tools help you set up Windows so that your computer is easier to use. (o open Control #anel' clic) Start' point to Settings' and then clic) Control #anel using the mouse.

<OBAERS An ob&ect that can hold multiple files or documents. (hey are also )nown as the directories. <IBES
A collection of information that a computer uses. It is always in a particular format. 5or e+ample' if you created a <icrosoft Word document' the file is saved so that <icrosoft Word can open and read it. 5iles are made up of the 5ile name' and the $+tension. (he file name is the first part of the 5ile. (his name can be up to B33 characters long in Windows and is set by the user. It should be descriptive of what the particular file or document consists. (he e+tension is the second part of the name of the 5ile. It is three characters long and tells the computer to associate the file with a particular program.

CREATI@2 @E9 <OBAER

A new folder is displayed with the default name' @eD <older' selected.

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Introduction to Computer

(ype a name for the new folder' and then press $.($,.

COP4I@2 <IBES A@A <OBAERS

Clic) <y Computer Icon Select the drive or folder you want to wor) with. Clic) the file or folder you want to copy. On the Edit menu' clic) Cop". Open the folder or where you want to copy. On the Edit menu' clic) Paste.

AEBETI@2 <IBES A@A <OBAERS

Clic) <y Computer Icon Select the drive or folder you want to wor) with Clic) the file or folder you want to delete by pressing the !elete )ey.

9ABBPAPER
Iou can change the wallpaper on des)top.

S:UT AO9@
Stands 0y (urn off ,estart

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Introduction to Computer

PRO?BE- @O3 %'

,un Show the run window" Window J ," Search Window J S" Create .ew Icon' Create Short cut' Create 5older' #roperties Icon : 5older. ,ename icon : folder !elete Icon : 5older Arrange Icons Copy and paste Icon : 5older Ad&ust !ate and time on tas) bar.

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Introduction to Computer

,ecycle 0in <y Computer.

STARTI@2 T:E PAI@T

Open the paint through the start option

TITBE ?AR
(itle bar is the top bar of the window. Windows title bar can contain the program and file name. (he also contain the close' resi%e and minimi%e buttons.

CO@TROB -E@U
Control menu is and icon the upper left corner of a window the resi%e' move or closer a window.

-I@I-IEE ?UTTO@
A minimi%e button is the left most button in the upper right corner of a window clic)ing the button which has a line symbol' cause the window to be reduced to an icon in the tas) bar.

RESTORE ?UTTO@
(he restore button is the middle in the upper right corner of a window clic)ing the button' which has a double window symbol' m causes the window to be the reduced from full screen to its original si%e' this is a toggle button> its appears either the ma+imi%e are resi%e button.

-AFI-IEE ?UTTO@
(he ma+imi%e button is the middle button on the upper right corner of a window clic)ing the button' which has a single window symbol' causes the window to be ma+imi%ed are resi%ed button.

CBOSE ?UTTO@

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Introduction to Computer

(he close button is the right most buttons in window title bar clic)ing the button which has an K symbol.

-A@U ?AR
(he menu bar is the rectangular area under the title bar that display menu items contain drop / !own list of commands and functions.

:ORIEO@TAB SCROBB ?AR

(he hori%ontal scroll bar appears at the bottom of a window' moving the scroll bo+ or clic)ing in the scroll bar displays ad&oining portion of the window.

=ERTICAB SCROBB ?AR

(he vertical scroll bar appears at the right side of a window' moving the scroll bo+ or clic)ing in the scroll bar displays ad&oins portions of the windows.

ARA9I@2 TOOB ?AR

A tool bar is of buttons that are used to perform the drawing functions.

COBOR PBATE
A color plate used to fill the color any drawing in paint.

STATUS ?AR
(he status bar displays information about the currently selected function.

PRO?BE- @O3 %5
<ile
.ew Ctrl J ." Open Ctrl J O"

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Introduction to Computer

Save Ctrl J S" Save as #rinter preview #age Setup #rint Ctrl J #" Set as Wallpaper (itled" Set As Wallpaper Centered" $+it

Edit
-ndo Ctrl J L" ,epeat Ctrl J I" Cut Ctrl J K" Copy Ctrl J C" #aste Ctrl J *" Clear selection !el" Select All Ctrl J A" Copy to #aste 5rom

PRO?BE- @O3 %*
=ieD
(ool 0o+ Ctrl J ("

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Introduction to Computer

Color 0o+ Ctrl J 4" Status 0ar (e+t (oolbar Loom .ormal Si%e 4arge Si%e Custom Show the custom window"

PRO?BE- @O3 %.
Image
5lip ,otate show the flip and rotate window" Ctrl J ," Stretch : S)ew show the flip and rotate window" Ctrl J W" Invert Ctrl J I" Attributes Ctrl J $" Clear Image Ctrl J Shift J ."

PRO?BE- @O3 %+
$dit color Show the edit color window"

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Introduction to Computer

ASSIGNMENT NO. 01

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Assignment No.02

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Introduction to Computer

Assignment No.03

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