Republic of the Philippines NORTH LUZON PHILIPPINES STATE COLLEGE Candon City, Ilocos Sur

CHAPTER 3 --- CELL DIVISION

Cell nucleus (Control Center of the Cell)=contains chromosomes, which bear GENES (the units of information that are passed from generation to generation and determine the characteristics of new organisms

TYPES OF CELL 1. Somatic Cells soma=body - Refers to all body cells except the sex cells - Contain diploid (2n) number of chromosomes - Undergo mitosis 2. Sex Cells - Refers to the gametes, the sperm cell of the male and egg cell of the female - Contain haploid number (n) of chromosomes - Undergo mitosis and meiosis Cell Cycle - The cyclical process of growth and mitosis - Consists of four phases: three stages of interphase (G1, S and G2) and mitotic phase Interphase - Longest phase in the cell cycle of a typical cell - Preparatory stage for mitosis = cell does not rest - Nucleus-clearly visible - Chromosomes-cannot be recognized = irregular and granular form - 3 subdivisions: 1. G1 period longest of the three and is characterized by growth Building of a new protoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles May be as short as few hours or as long as several days 2. S period it is in this period that DNA replication or synthesis occurs in the cell Replication is finished = phase is completed 3. G2 period period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of active mitosis Prepares the cell to undergo mitosis Mitosis somatic cell division A process that produce two daughter cells with the same quantity and quality of chromosomes as the parent cell Karyokinesis = duplication of the nucleus Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm Active during: 1. Embryonic development 2. Growth 3. Repair of Injury 4. Replacement of body covering at molting A. Prophase - Initial stage of mitosis = phase of preparation - Occupies almost 1/3 of mitosis

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Chromosomes at first appear as thin threads and becoming shorter and thicker Each chromosome is visible as 2 chromatids held together by the centromere Chromosomes move toward the equator of the cell Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell Nucleus no longer visible and nuclear membrane starts to disappear Mitotic apparatus are nearly formed = asters and spindle fibers Metaphase Double-stranded chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell (Metaphase plate) Centromeres of each chromosome are attached to the spindle fibers Mitotic apparatus completely formed Nuclear membrane completely disappeared Anaphase The phase of migration Centromeres of each chromosome divide Two sets of single-stranded chromatids (daughter chromosomes) separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell - Cytokinesis begins (formation of cell plate in plant cell wall and cleavage furrow in animal cell) D. Telophase - The phase of reconstruction - Daughter chromosomes finally reached the opposite poles of the cell - Chromosomes begin to become longer, thinner, and less distinct - Centrioles are replicated - Nucleus reappears and new nuclear membrane forms - Mitotic apparatus disappears - Cytokinesis completed resulted into 2 daughter cells with the same quality and quantity of chromosomes as the parent cell MEIOSIS -

A sex cell division A process that produce four daughter cells with haploid number of chromosome as the parent cell Oogenesis egg cell, spermatogenesis sperm cell

Meiosis I 1. Prophase I - Occupies the longest duration of meiosis - Subdivided into 5 stages a. Leptonema replicated chromosomes (leptotene) appear as long slender threads b. Zygonema pairing of homologous chromosomes, the pair is referred to as bivalent or tetrad (zygotene) c. Pachynema chromosomes continue to become shorter and thicker (pachytene); a series of exchange of materials can occur (crossing-over) between specific regions of the homologous chromosomes d. Diplonema the tetrad tends to repel each other (diplotene), the crossing-over has taken place, chiasma, the area of contact between 2 chromatids become distinct e. Diakinesis the bivalents migrate close to the nuclear membrane, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane begins to break down, spindle apparatus begins to form 2. Metaphase I - Synapsed homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell - Spindle apparatus is completely formed and attached to the chromatids near the centrioles - They move the tetrads so that they line up in a plane halfway between 2 centrioles in the equator of the cell 3. Anaphase I - Begins when the spindle fibers pull the tetrads apart, pulling the maternal and paternal chromosomes toward opposite sides of the cell - The whole chromosomes from each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles of the cell

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The centromere of each bivalent do not divide The chromatids (dyads) remain attached at the respective centromere Cytokinesis begins Telophase I The dyads reach the poles of the cell New nuclear membranes may form New nucleolus may form Cytokinesis completed resulting into 2 daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes End of 1st meiotic division

MEIOSIS II - Similar to the events of mitosis - Follows interkinesis, no chromosomes replication between meiosis I and meiosis II 1. 2. 3. 4. Prophase II The centrioles radiate, spindle fibers as they move to opposite sides of the cell The dyads become shorter and thicker Metaphase II The centromeres of each dyad are directed to the equator of the cell Then centromeres divide Anaphase II Single stranded chromosomes (monads) separate and migrate towards the opposite poles of the cell Telophase II The monads reach the poles of the cell New nuclear membranes may form Cytokinesis occurs resulting daughter cells with the same haploid number of chromosomes The chromosomes uncoil and become thinner and invisible again