ARCHITECTURE OF DUAL CORE

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INTEL DUAL CORE

1.8-3.0 GHz 32 -64 bit 291 million transistors 45nm process 800 MHz FSB 10-65w TDP 143 mm2dye size Socket LGA 775

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Intel Dual-Core Processing Runs two independent processor cores in one physical package at the same frequency. Features up to 2 MB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side Bus.

Intel Wide Dynamic Improves execution speed and efficiency, delivering more instructions per clock cycle. Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneously. Execution
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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Cpu core

Two cores sharing one bus interface

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Cache
Cache is a relatively small block of very fast memory. The data and instructions stored in cache are those that are most recently or most frequently used. Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions. Level 1 is fastest, followed by Level 2

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What is L1 and L2?

Level-1 and Level-2 caches
The cache memories in a computer Much faster than RAM L1 is built on the microprocessor chip itself. L2 is a seperate chip L2 cache is much larger than L1 cache ALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS SMALLER DUE

TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE

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Architecture
The component of CPU include,
CU: Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of

the processor. ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations.(+, -, x, /, >,<, =) FPU: Floating Point Unit. Performs division and large decimal operations. Cache Memory: Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs. I/O Unit: Input Output unit. The gateway for the processor. Register : Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function.
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Basic Architecture
FPU

ALU

CPU Bus

Control Unit

Cache IO Unit
Register

Internal Buses
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Processing

Secondary Storage

Input

Processing

Output

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The CPU
The CPU interacts(affects) closely with memory (primary storage).

CPU

Memory, however, is not part of the CPU.

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Memory

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Parts of the CPU

The CPU consists of a variety of parts including:

Control unit
Control Unit

ALU

Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) Registers

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Registers
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The Control Unit

Directs the other parts of the computer system to execute(perform) stored program instructions.

Control Unit

The control unit communicates with the ALU and memory.

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The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)

performs mathematical operations as well as logical operations.

ALU

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Mathematical Operations

The ALU can perform four kinds of mathematical calculations:

addition subtraction multiplication division

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Logical Operations
The ALU can perform logical operations. Logical operations can test for these conditions(position): Equal-to (=) Less-than (<) Greater-than (>)

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Equal-to Condition
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares two values to determine if they are equal.

If Then
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Less-than Condition
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares values to determine if one value is less than another.

If Then
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<
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Greater-than Condition
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares values to determine if one value is greater than another.

If

Then
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>
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Registers

are temporary storage areas for data or instructions.

Registers
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Data held temporarily in registers can be accessed at greater speeds than data stored in memory.

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Executing Program Instructions

Before the CPU can execute a program, program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device.
Secondary Storage

Input

Processing

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Executing Program Instructions

Once the necessary data and instructions are in memory, the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction:

Fetching Decoding Executing Storing

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CPU

Memory
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Fetching Instructions
Control Unit
ALU

The control unit fetches (gets) the instruction from memory.

Registers

Memory
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Decoding(solve) Instructions
The control unit decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU.
Control Unit ALU

Registers

Memory
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Executing Arithmetic/Logic Operations

Control Unit
ALU

The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data.

Registers

Memory
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Storing Results
The ALU stores the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register.
Control Unit Registers ALU

Memory
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Executing Program Instructions

Secondary Storage

Control Unit

ALU

Eventually, the control unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage.

Registers Memory Output

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Instruction Time
The time it takes to fetch an instruction and decode it is called instruction time.

Control Unit

Control Unit

ALU

+
Memory

Memory

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Execution Time
The time it takes to execute an ALU operation and then store the result is called execution(perform) time.

ALU

ALU

Registers

Memory

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Memory Locations and Addresses

The control unit can find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address.
Control Unit

Memory
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Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address.

Memory
Each location has a unique address.

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Symbolic Addresses
The choice of the location in memory is arbitrary (determination).

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%
Addresses can only hold one number or word.
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Memory
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Data Representation
The system in which all computer data is represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system.

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Binary System
The binary system has only two digits to represent all values.
This corresponds to the two states of a computers electrical system on and off.

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Off/On Switches
The computer can represent data by constructing combinations of off or on switches.

off

or

on

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Zero or One?
The binary system can also be represented by the digits zero and one.

or

Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary system.
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The Bit
one bit two bits three bits

Each 0 or 1 in the binary system is called a bit.

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The Byte
A group of 8 bits is called a byte.

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One Character of Data

Each byte represents one character of data (a letter, digit, or special character).

= J
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WORKING DUAL-CORE
Intel DUAL-Core Processor
Intel Core 1
Shared L2 Cache

Intel Core 2

Die 1

Die 2

FSB bottleneck

I/O Chipset

->GETTING DATA FROM RAM (MEMORY) ->DATA GOES TO I/Q DEVICES ->DATA SHARED BY TWO CORES ->FSB (FRONT SIDE DATA BUS)WHICH IS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO MEMORY

other I/O links

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Hyper threading
A technology developed by Intel that enables

multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion. Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once.

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Intel DUAL CORE

core 1 core 2 core 1 Core 2

data

1MB L2

1MB L2

2 MB (Cache)

!
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The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard, built 945/955 core logic. If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard, the system simply won't bootneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged. It simply won't work.

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Why multicore?
New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies?

Dual-core CPU
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Quad-core CPU
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 Difficult to make single-core

clock frequencies even higher Deeply pipelined circuits(term): heat problems Many new applications are multithreaded General(common) trend in computer architecture

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 Editing a photo while recording a TV show

through a digital video recorder Downloading software while running an anti-virus program Anything that can be threaded today will map efficiently to multi-core

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 Multi-core chips an important new trend in computer architecture Several new multi-core chips in design phases likely to gain importance

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Microprocessor Speeds
Microprocessor speeds can be measured in a variety of ways: Megahertz MIPS Megaflops Fsb

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Megahertz
One measure of microprocessor speed is megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per
second. gigahertz(billions

of cycles per

second).

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MIPS
Another measure of microprocessor speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second.

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Megaflops
Megaflops, or one million floating-point operations per second, is still another measure of microprocessor speed.

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FSB
Front Side Bus (FSB(: Measured in megahertz (MHz), the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory. The faster this is, the better the performance will be.

The Front Side Bus operates at a speed which is a percentage of the CPU clock speed. The faster the speed at which the Front Side Bus allows data transfer, the better the performance of the CPU.

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Bus Lines
A bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths. A bus is like a mode of transportation for data.
Bus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the bus over

which data can travel+--

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Bus Width(wide)
The amount of data that can be carried at one time is bus width (wider = more data).

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Processor Manufacturers
Intel (Integrated Electronics) AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)

VIA
Cyrix

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Processor Types
Two types: 1. Socket type 2. Slot type. Pin arrangement in the Socket type processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA). Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC).

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Types of Processors

PGA

SECC
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Intel Dual core

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Celeron DUAL CORE

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LGA 775 socket

IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE, CORE 2 DUO,CORE 2 QUAD. EACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET.

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Via nano as similar to dual core

VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET . THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD (SOUTH BRIDGE) IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)

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IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE ,CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUAD IT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1) IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
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Socket
Known as the LGA 1366 or Socket B

Contact points

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FOR ANY QUERY CONTACT ROCK.GAME007@GMAIL.COM

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Thank for your time and patience

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