Dissertation Proposal

Libyan American Relations, 1951-1969

Hasan Karayam

Middle Tennessee State University Public History Program

Dissertation Committee: Dr. Amy Sayward, Chair Dr. Rebecca Conard Dr. Brenden Martin Dr. Moses Tesi

Fall-2013

Abstract
My dissertation topic is Libyan-American relations from 1951 until1969, the period from independence until the rise of the regime of Muammar Qaddafi. This dissertation will re-explore and investigate in the past of Libyan-American relations, shedding new light on the topic through public history by using newly created and currently archived oral histories as the key primary sources. This topic has been ignored and neglected in the last four decades. Within Libya, the Qaddafi regime prevented serious historical study through political restrictions, and many primary sources for the period were lost, making interpretation of the era challenging and the need to gather new primary sources urgent. By gathering, preserving, and using oral history, this dissertation will re-explore this period through different kinds of people who were witnesses and are still alive, including politicians, students, employees, activists, and workers to examine the topic in more objectively than many studies that have been written in post-1969 period. Additionally, this dissertation will theorize about the essential need for similar efforts in other nations emerging from authoritarian rule.

My dissertation research motivated me to explore Libyan-American relations, 1951-1969 (the period from independence to the regime of Muammar Qaddafi), which have been ignored in both the written and oral history of Libya. This topic presents monarchical period that recent Libyan and Nasserite historians has attacked because of that governments close relations with West, including Britain and the United States. My dissertation research will focus on LibyanAmerican relations during the monarchical period and how hypothesizes that the current, nationalist argument that portrays the king as a puppet of the west is overdrawn and masks important aspects of these relations specifically and the international relations of the period generally. The oral history interviews that I conducted in Libya as part of my professional residency already point in this interpretative direction. I conducted ten interviews with people who lived as witnesses during the monarchical period. I interviewed different types of people, including politicians, policy-makers, activists, students, writers, and an historian. I conducted these interviews in order to both illuminate the official history and to democratize the history of this period as another avenue for challenging the written history by democratizing the past according to Paul Thompsons theory. My dissertation will address questions about the past relations between Libya and the United States military, politically, and economically. The following are the types of questions that I hope to answer: What were the historical roots of Libyan-American relations in the context of U.S. policy in the Middle East in general and toward Libya in particular? What was the international environment that led the United States to be involved in Libya? What was U.S. policy toward Libya after independence (1951-1957)? How did the United States secure military

bases in Libya? What role did the Cold War play in Libyan-American relations? How did the discovery of oil effect on U.S. interests in and policy toward Libya? How did political developments in Egypt influence Libyan- American relations? In other word, how LibyanEgyptian relations effect Libyan-American relations, especially in terms of U.S. military bases in Libya? By re-exploring and re-examining these questions, my dissertation will analyze and critique national, regional, and international conditions that drove the relations between the two sides and shed light on the U.S. attitude toward Libyan political developments in the context of its international relations with the Middle East as a whole. I have several motivations for choosing this topic; the first one is importance of the topic in itself, which has not been studied in detail or with precision. Most of the studies of this period focus on its disadvantages, especially those written since1969, when the regimes relations with the West led to a distortion of the history of the period of the monarchy. Studies from this time ignored the international conditions that challenged Libya as a new and very weak state, including those larger studies that dealt with Libyan-American relations as only a part or chapter, for example politicized work, Haqeqat Adreas: Wa thaeq Wa Sowar [ the fact Idriss: documents and pictures] by Management Guidance Revolutionary that attacks King Idriss harshly and argues he was backer for British government in order to gain authority over Libya hiding in religious proposes. It addresses Libya independence was a fake but brought under the cover of foreign bases (they mean the United States and Britain).1 The only academic, book-length study that directly deals with Libyan-American relations in the monarchical period is Kadem Kahlan Elkesees Al Seeyasah Alamricia Tejah Libya, 1949-

Management Guidance Revolutionary, Haqeqat Adreas: Wa thaeq Wa Sowar [the fact Idriss: documents and pictures] (Tripoli, Libya: General Establishment for Publishing, 1983).

1957 [American policy toward Libya, 1949-1957].2 He examines U.S. foreign policy toward Libya in monarchical period but only until 1957, when the Libyan oil was discovered, and not all of the monarchical period. He argues U.S. policy toward Libya was completely depended on its interests in Libya to keep effects of communism away and not for freedom people or Libya independence as they had marketed through the United Nations. He takes the previous studies (I will explain some of them later) as a guide for his argument about Libyan relations with the United States. Despite his argument, Elkesee explains most of issues in terms of U.S. policy toward Libya, but his study is still incomplete; he did not study relations after the discovery of oil and the political developments in the 1960s that played a crucial role in changing Libyan foreign policy toward the United States as well as he dealt with the topic from one side. Majid Khadduris Modern Libya: A Study in Political Development dealt with Libyan foreign policy toward western and Arab countries. he addresses the foreign aid and treaties Libya negotiated with other nations, including the United States. Khadduri argues that Libyan foreign policy toward the West in general and the United States in particular was to maintain its independence, friendship and shred interests, because the West helps the King and Libyans to liberate Libya from Italian colonization and gain independence although the West did that for its interests.3 Other published works on Libyan- American relations have been written by literary writers or amateur historians and generally speak of these relations only as parts or chapters of larger works. For example, the works of Sami Al Hakim, an Egyptian journalist and author, has
2

Kadem Kahlan Elkesee, Al Seeyasah Alamricia Tejah Libya 1949-1957 [American policy toward Libya, 1949-1957] (Tripoli, Libya: Center for Libyan Archives and Historical Studies, 2003) 3 Majid Khadduri, Modern Libya: A Study in Political Development (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).

written about Libyan-American relations within a Nasserite, pan-Arabist framework. As a result, in his books, he harshly criticizes the monarchy, which he describes as an agent and puppet of the West. His argument about the monarchical period and its foreign policy was influenced by his nationalism as a journalist and therefore his assessment of Libyan foreign policy was exaggerated. This caricatured assessment, especially about Libyan foreign policy toward the United States, has persisted in the post-1969 period.4 Similarly, the work of Mohamed Abdel Razigh Mana was also highly influenced by Nassirism and takes an anti-American approach to the study of U.S.-Arab relations in general and in discussing U.S.-Libyan relations in particular.5 These are also some political studies that dealt with Libyan-American relations, but most of them focus on the period after 1969 and discuss Libyan-American relations during the 19511969 period simply as small parts of or introductions to their larger studies. For example, Sayyad Ottmans work examines Libyan-American relations from 1940 to 1992. With its primary focus on Gaddafis foreign policy toward the west, the first chapter portrays U.S. motives in the monarchical period as focused on oil access and military bases.6 The primary sources for this dissertation can be divided into two types. The first set comes largely from National Archive of the United States, including published series such as the Foreign Relations of the United States series, that present various historical materials, including

Sami Al Hakim, Ha Dehi Libya [This is Libya] Cairo, Egypt: Anglo Library, 1965); Sami Al Hakim, Istiqlal Libya [Independence of Libya], (Cairo, Egypt: Anglo Library, 1968); Sami Al Hakim, Haqiqat Libya [Libyas truth], (Cairo, Egypt: Anglo Library, 1970); and Sami Al Hakim, Muahadat Libya Maa Britaniya Wa Amrikah [Libyan Agreements with Britain and the United States], (Cairo: Dar Elmarifa, 1964). 5 Mohamed Abdel Razigh Mana, Dawafah Elthawrah Elibiah [motivations of the Libyan revolution], (Beirut, Lebanon: Asian Agency Press, 1969). 6 Sayyad A. Ottman, El-Alakat El-Libiya El-Amricia 1940-1992 [Libyan American Relations 1940-1992], (Egypt, Cairo: Center of Arab Civilization Press, 1994).

diplomatic correspondences from and to the United States, treaties, agreements, contracts, reports, and memorandum a. To understand the role of the United Nations, especially in Libyas independence, I will utilize the yearbook of the United Nations. There are also manuscripts and printed materials in Arabic from the 1950s and 1960s plus the oral history interviews that I conducted during my residency year as well as a memoirs of policymakers: Mustafa Bin Halim, Prime Minister, 1953-1957; Mohamed Osman Said, Prime Minister, 1960-1963; and Wahbi Ahmed Albouri, Foreign Minister of Libya, 1957-1958, 1965-1966, and Libyan ambassador in the United Nations, 1963 and the first Libyan Petroleum Minister, 1959-1960. The series of Alem Almarifa [The world of knowledge] is an important source about Libyan-American relations. It is a periodical issued in Arabic at the American military base; Wheelus Field. It covered the news of the base and any issue related to Libyan-American relations in that time. The second type of primary source is oral history, including the ten interviews that I conducted during my residency year in the Archive of Oral History at the Libyan Center for Archives and Historical Studies. This type of source will play an important role in the dissertations argument. I will pursue oral history in the United States, to get the other side of perspective on the topic, that will be conducted with people who participate in the relation in that time, including ambassadors, employees in embassies and veterans in U.S military bases. For the secondary sources, although Libyan American historiography is generally lacking and was subject to political restrictions, there are some exceptions written by Libyan refugees (opponents of Gaddafi regime) in Europe and the United States. For example, Mohamed Yousef Al-Magariafs Libya Bain Al-Madi Wal-Hadir: Safhat Min Al-Tarikh Al Siyasi [Libya between

past and present]7 discusses political and economic developments in Libya during the monarchical period in four volumes. The author was an eye-witness in some events in the 1960s as a university student in Libya. Al-Magariaf examines Libyan-American relations in some chapters in the fourth volume to detail the impact of Libyan foreign policy on the government. He argues that the United States was beyond the revolution of 1969 and had some suspicious activities to remove the King instead of Gaddafi. He investigates the motivations of the revolution in 1969 that ended the authority of the legal state instead of authoritarian rule. My dissertation will be depend on oral history as a primary source that will play an important role in my investigating and re-exploring the history of Libyan-American relations. So, my professional residency year project and potential oral history projects will be the core of primary sources in the dissertation. On the other hand, oral history that I will use would teach different interpretations about the topic because it was ignored or discriminated in the previous history official history of monarchal Libya. The dissertation will be as field study through oral history and compare them especially by removing political restriction that made oral history of monarchal period had been silent for more than four decades.

Mohamed Yousef Al-Magariaf, Libya Bain Al-Madi Wal-Hadir: Safhat Min Al-Tarikh Al Siyasi [Libya between past and present], 4 vols. (Cairo, Egypt: Wahba Book Shop, 2006).

Outline Chapter One: Historiography of Libyan-American relations Chapter Two: Historical roots of Libyan-American relations Beginnings of the U.S. Presence in the Middle East The Libyan-American War and Relations in the 19th century The Early 20th Century and World War II U.S. Policy toward the Middle East after the War U.S. Policy toward Libya after the War The American position toward the Italian Colonies: The Potsdam, Paris, and London Conferences The Libyan Question in the United Nations Chapter Three: Libyan-American Relations, 1951-1957 The U.S. Attitude toward Political Developments in the New State Bilateral Military Treaties: - The Temporary Agreement of 1951 - The Wheelus Base Agreement of 1954 - The Military Agreement of 1957 U.S. Aid to Libya U.S. Economic Aid under the Point Four Program in 1952 The Eisenhower Doctrine: Richards Mission Libyan-American Committee Reconstruction, 1955 Chapter Four: An Evaluation of U.S. Interests after 1957 The Discovery of Oil and its Effects on Relations U.S. Oil Concessions and Companies Libyan-American Relation in the 1960s Chapter Five: Changing of Libyan Foreign Policy toward the United States Influence of Nassrism tide toward U.S existence in Libya Abdel Nassers Speech in 1964 Calling for Expulsion of U.S. Bases in Libya Negotiations of Evacuation Chapter Six: Factors Influencing Libyan-American Relations Diplomatic Relations with the Soviet Union in 1955 The Suez Crisis The 1957 War

The Setback of 1967 Anglo-American Competition

Chapter Seven: Oral History Theory and Practice The History of Oral History in Libya Oral History in a Country Emerging from Authoritarian Rule The Essential Partnership between Archives and Oral History The Challenges and Opportunities of Conducting Oral History after Regime Change The Specific Challenges of Conducting Oral History in Post-Qaddafi Libya Chapter Eight: Conclusion Role of Oral History in Understanding Libyan-American Relations Results of Research Future Directions for Research

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