MC0086 - Digital Image Processing Sem-6 Q1. Explain any two fields that use digital image processing.

Answer: Two fields that uses the digital image processing are:Gamma - Ray Imaging Ma or uses of imaging !ased on gamma ra"s include nuclear medicine and astronomical o!ser#ations$ In nuclear medicine% the approach is to in ect a patient with a radioacti#e isotope that emits gamma ra"s as it deca"s$ Images are produced from the emissions collected !" gamma ra" detectors$ Images of this sort are used to locate sites of !one patholog"% such as infections or tumors$ &nother ma or modalit" of nuclear imaging called positron emission tomograph" 'P(T)$The principle is the same as with *-ra" tomograph"$ +owe#er% instead of using an e,ternal source of *-ra" energ"% the patient is gi#en a radioacti#e isotope that emits positrons as it deca"s$ -hen a positron meets an electron% !oth are annihilated and two gamma ra"s are gi#en off$ These are detected and a tomographic image is created using the !asic principles of tomograph"$ - Ray Imaging *-ra"s are among the oldest sources of (M radiation used for imaging$ The !est .nown use of *-ra"s is medical diagnostics% !ut the" are also used e,tensi#el" in industr" and other areas li.e astronom"$ *-ra"s for medical and industrial imaging are generated using an *-ra" tu!e% which is a #acuum tu!e with a cathode and anode$ The cathode is heated% causing free electrons to !e released$ These electrons flow at high speed to the positi#el" charged anode$ -hen the electrons stri.e a nucleus% energ" is released in the form of *-ra" radiation$ The energ" 'penetrating power) of the *-ra"s is controlled !" a #oltage applied across the anode% and the num!er of *-ra"s is controlled !" a current applied to the filament in the cathode$ &ngiograph" is another ma or application in an area called contrast enhancement radiograph"$ This procedure is used to o!tain images 'called angiograms) of !lood #essels$ & catheter 'a small% fle,i!le% hollow tu!e) is inserted% for e,ample% into an arter" or #ein in the groin$ The catheter is threaded into the !lood #essel and guided to the area to !e studied$ -hen the catheter reaches the site under in#estigation% an *-ra" contrast medium is in ected through the catheter$ This enhances contrast of the !lood #essels and ena!les the radiologist to see an" irregularities or !loc.ages$

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Q!. Explain the properties and uses of electromagnetic spectrum. Answer: The different t"pes of radiation in the (M spectrum% in decreasing order of wa#elength: Radio: This is the same .ind of energ" that radio stations emit into the air for "our !oom !o, to capture and turn into "our fa#orite Mo3art% Madonna% or 4ustin Tim!erla.e tunes$ 5ut radio wa#es are also emitted !" other things such as stars and gases in space$ 6ou can use it to learn what the" are made of$ "icrowa#es: Microwa#es in space are used !" astronomers to learn a!out the structure of near!" gala,ies% and our own Mil." -a"7 Infrared: 8ur s.in emits infrared light% which is wh" we can !e seen in the dar. !" someone using night #ision goggles$ In space% I9 light maps the dust !etween stars$ $isi%le: This is the part that our e"es can see$ :isi!le radiation is emitted !" e#er"thing from fireflies to light !ul!s to stars also !" fast-mo#ing particles hitting other particles$ &ltra#iolet: The Sun is a source of ultra#iolet 'or ;:) radiation% !ecause it is the ;: ra"s that cause our s.in to !urn7 Stars and other <hot< o! ects in space emit ;: radiation$ -rays: 6our doctor uses them to loo. at "our !ones and "our dentist to loo. at "our teeth$ +ot gases in the ;ni#erse also emit *-ra"s$ Gamma-rays: 9adioacti#e materials 'some natural and others made !" man in things li.e nuclear power plants) can emit gamma-ra"s$ 5ig particle accelerators that scientists use to help them understand what matter is made of can sometimes generate gamma-ra"s$

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MC0086 - Digital Image Processing Sem-6

Q'. Explain different (hotographic process models. Answer: )elow are different photographic process model: "onochromatic (hotography The most common material for photographic image recording is sil#er halide emulsion% depicted$ In this material% sil#er halide grains are suspended in a transparent la"er of gelatin that is deposited on a glass% acetate or paper !ac.ing$ If the !ac.ing is transparent% a transparenc" can !e produced% and if the !ac.ing is a white paper% a reflection print can !e o!tained$ -hen light stri.es a grain% an electrochemical con#ersion process occurs% and part of the grain is con#erted to metallic sil#er$ & de#elopment center is then said to e,ist in the grain$ In the de#elopment process% a chemical de#eloping agent causes grains with partial sil#er content to !e con#erted entirel" into metallic sil#er$ =e,t% the film is fi,ed !" chemicall" remo#ing une,posed grains$ The photographic process descri!ed a!o#e is called a non-re#ersal process$ It produces a negati#e image in the sense that the sil#er densit" is in#ersel" proportional to the e,posing light$ & positi#e reflection print of an image can !e o!tained in a two-stage process with nonre#ersal materials$ >irst% a negati#e transparenc" is produced% and then the negati#e transparenc" is illuminated to e,pose negati#e reflection print paper$ The resulting sil#er densit" on the de#eloped paper is then proportional to the light intensit" that e,posed the negati#e transparenc"$ *olor (hotography Modern color photograph" s"stems utili3e an integral tripac. film% to produce positi#e or negati#e transparencies$ In a cross section of this film% the first la"er is a sil#er halide emulsion sensiti#e to !lue light$ & "ellow filter following the !lue emulsion pre#ents !lue light from passing through to the green and red sil#er emulsions that follow in consecuti#e la"ers and are naturall" sensiti#e to !lue light$ & transparent !ase supports the emulsion la"ers$ ;pon de#elopment% the !lue emulsion la"er is con#erted into a "ellow d"e transparenc" whose d"e concentration is proportional to the !lue e,posure for a negati#e transparenc" and in#ersel" proportional for a positi#e transparenc"$ Similarl"% the green and red emulsion la"ers !ecome magenta and c"an d"e la"ers% respecti#el"$ Color prints can !e o!tained !" a #ariet" of processes$ The most common techni?ue is to produce a positi#e print from a color negati#e transparenc" onto non-re#ersal color paper$ In the esta!lishment of a mathematical model of the color photographic process% each emulsion la"er can !e considered to react to light as does an emulsion la"er of a monochrome photographic material$

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Q+. ,efine and explain ,ilation and Erosion concept. Answer: -ith dilation% an o! ect grows uniforml" in spatial e,tent$ @enerali3ed dilation is e,pressed s"m!olicall" as @' % .) A >' % .) B +' % .) -here >' % .)% for 0 C % .C = is a !inar"-#alued image &nd +' % .) for % 0 C % .C D% -here D is an odd integer% is a !inar"-#alued arra" called a structuring element$ >or notational simplicit"% >' %.) and +' %.) are assumed to !e s?uare arra"s$ @enerali3ed dilation can !e defined mathematicall" and implemented in se#eral wa"s$ The Min.ows.i addition definition is

It states that @' %.) is formed !" the union of all translates of >' %.) with respect to itself in which the translation distance is the row and column inde, of pi,els of +' %.) that is a logical 0$ Erosion -ith erosion an o! ect shrin.s uniforml"$ @enerali3ed erosion is e,pressed s"m!olicall" as @ ' % .) A >' % .) B + ' % .) -here +' %.) is an odd si3e D E D structuring element$ @enerali3ed erosion is defined to !e

The meaning of this relation is that erosion of >' %.) !" +' %.) is the intersection of all translates of >' %.) in which the translation distance is the row and column inde, of pi,els of +' %.) that are in the logical one state$ >ig$ 0 illustrates this$ >ig$ 1 illustrates generali3ed dilation and erosion$

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Q-. .hich are the two /uantitati#e approaches used for the e#aluation of image features0 Explain. Answer: Image 1eature E#aluation There are two ?uantitati#e approaches to the e#aluation of image features: 0$ Protot"pe performance 1$ >igure of merit$ In the protot"pe performance approach for image classification% a protot"pe image with regions 'segments) that ha#e !een independentl" categori3ed is classified !" a classification procedure using #arious image features to !e e#aluated$ The classification error is then measured for each feature set$ The !est set of features is% of course% that which results in the least classification error$ The protot"pe performance approach for image segmentation is similar in nature$ & protot"pe image with independentl" identified regions is segmented !" a segmentation procedure using a test set of features$ Then% the detected segments are compared to the .nown segments% and the segmentation error is e#aluated$ The pro!lems associated with the protot"pe performance methods of feature e#aluation are the integrit" of the protot"pe data and the fact that the performance indication is dependent not onl" on the ?ualit" of the features !ut also on the classification or segmentation a!ilit" of the classifier or segmenter$ The figure-of-merit approach to feature e#aluation in#ol#es the esta!lishment of some functional distance measurements !etween sets of image features such that a large distance implies a low classification error% and #ice #ersa$ >augeras and Pratt ha#e utili3ed the 5hattachar""a distance figure-of-merit for te,ture feature e#aluation$ The method should !e e,tensi!le for other features as well$ The 5hattachar""a distance '5-distance for simplicit") is a scalar function of the pro!a!ilit" densities of features of a pair of classes defined as where , denotes a #ector containing indi#idual image feature measurements with conditional densit" p ', F S0)$0010

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Q2. Explain a%out the Region 3plitting and merging with example. Answer: Det 9 represent the entire image region$ -e ma" #iew segmentation as a process that partitions 9 into n su! regions% 90% 91% G% 9n such that +ere% P '90) is a logical predicate o#er the points in set and is the null set$ Condition 'a) indicates that the segmentation must !e completeH that is% e#er" pi,el must !e in a region$ Condition '!) re?uires that points in a region must !e connected$ Condition 'c) indicates that the regions must !e dis oint$ Condition 'd) deals with the properties that must !e satisfied !" the pi,els in a segmented region I for e,ample A T9;( if all pi,els in ha#e the same gra" le#el$ >inall"% condition 'e) indicates that regions and are different in the sense of predicate P$ Su!-di#ide an image into a set of dis oint regions and then merge andJor split the regions in an attempt to satisf" the conditions stated a!o#e Det 9 represent the entire image and select predicate P$ 8ne approach for segmenting 9 is to su!di#ide it successi#el" into smaller and smaller ?uadrant regions so that% for ant region% 90$ P'90) A T9;($ -e start with the entire region$ If P'9) A >&DS(% then the image is di#ided into ?uadrants$ If P is >&DS( for an" ?uadrant% we su!di#ide that ?uadrant into su! ?uadrants% and so on$ This particular splitting techni?ue has a con#enient representation in the form of a so called ?uad tree 'that is% a tree in which nodes ha#e e,actl" four descendants)$ The root of the tree corresponds to the entire image and that each node corresponds to a su!di#ision$ In this case% onl" was su! di#ided further$ If onl" splitting were used% the final partition li.el" would contain ad acent regions with identical properties$ This draw !ac. ma" !e remedied !" allowing merging% as well as splitting$ Satisf"ing the constraints of section a!o#e re?uires merging onl" ad acent regions whose com!ined pi,els satisf" the predicate P$ That is% two ad acent regions and are merged onl" if A T9;($

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