Feature-Based Head Pose Estimation For Controlling Movement of

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND ISSN 0976
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)
ISSN 0976 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Special Issue (November, 2013), pp. 08-19 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8896 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
IJECET
IAEME
Feature-based Head Pose Estimation for Controlling Movement of Robot Motion in Real Time
Lovendra Solanki1, Dinesh Soni2, S B Dandin3, J L Raheja4
scholar, Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, INDIA Officer, B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pilani, INDIA 3Dean (CS & IT), B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pilani, INDIA 4Digital Systems Group, Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI)/Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pilani, INDIA
2Technical 1dean.ecee@bkbiet.ac.in, 2dks41896@gmail.com, 3dean.csit@bkbiet.ac.in, 4jagdish@ceeri.ernet.in 1PhD
ABSTRACT: In this paper, we present an approach for making an efficient technique for realtime face orientation information system, to control motor movement which can be efficiently used for humanoid robot through computer vision. The project aims at applications related to Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Our framework does not require any learning or temporal modeling and can be used instantly. The system identifies the orientation of the face movement with respect to the eye region detection and also identifies the changes in face orientation. In addition the algorithm also strives to arrive parallelly, at Haar-classifier based face location and eye pupil detection. It was experimentally found that recognition was improved by inculcating the eye location which is recognized by applying circular Hough Transform on the eye region. Finally we demonstrated its working in an augmented reality application for which the raw data from computer was given to microcontroller to control the movement of geared dc motor as per the movement of face in real time.
KEYWORDS: Haar Features, Classifiers, OpenCV, Gaussian Filter, Canny Edge Detector, Hough
Transform, Microprocessor
I.
INTRODUCTION
Real-time online gesture recognition in HCI (Human Computer Interaction) is beginning to proliferate and promises a great deal of things as it is going to act as an interface between users and the computers in the near future. These systems can make the interaction between different humans (able and disabled) and the computers, more effectively and purposefully. Lots of research work has been done in the past decade on face recognition and eye tracking systems. The main aim of such a system is to recognise the gestures made by users, with their face, eyes and to perform the corresponding tasks, as expected and clearly. Various image processing tools and algorithms are available to accomplish this challenge. This paper harnesses the power of OpenCV libraries which has better performance in terms of speed for efficient functioning of real-time gesture recognition task. This is used to rotate the geared
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India October 18-20, 2013 Page 8
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
motor as per the movement of the face. This feature can be extended to rotate the head movement of the humanoid robot as per the movement of face in real time. .
II.
STATE OF THE ART
Viola and Jones [1] were first to introduce Haar cascade classifiers and use it to the task of face detection. The idea of using cascade of simple classifiers led to the creation of an accurate and computationally efficient detection system. Lienhart et al. [2] improved the Haar cascade classifiers by enlarging the feature pool with the rotated Haar-like features. He additionally tested the influence of various weak classifiers and boosting algorithms on the performance of cascades. Weak classifiers ensembles were also used by Meynet et al. [3] they combined simple Haar cascade classifiers with another parallel weak classifiers ensemble. The Haar Cascade was used to discard easy to classify non-faces. Wilson and Fernandez [4] used cascades trained against other features to extract eyes, a mouth and a nose from the face region. As the processing of a whole face led to many false positives (FP) they proposed the regionalized search approach. This explicitly means the use of the knowledge about a face structure i.e. searching for a left eye in an upper-left, for a right eye in an upper-right, a nose in a central and a mouth in a lower part of the face. Many new algorithms have been developed in recent past for the face and eye detection and tracking using Haar cascade. In the paper by Subramanya et al [5] have proposed a technique that makes use of a binary classifier with a dynamic training strategy and an unsupervised clustering stage in order to efficiently track the pupil (eyeball) in real time. The dynamic training strategy makes the algorithm invariant of lighting condition, their experimental results from a real time implementation show that this algorithm is robust and able to detect the pupils under various illumination conditions. Schedin and White [6] used OpenCV to load boosted Haar classifier cascades which allows detection of the face and facial features by using hue histogram thresholding via OpenCVs Camshift feature and template matching the proposed method of detection achieves great speed and generality at a slight cost to accuracy. Raheja et al[7] used pattern matching method using PCA algorithm to recognise hand gesture for specified robotic action , they implemented part of their algorithm on an FPGA and rest runs through PC. Their experimental results show that their proposed system can detect hand gestures with 95 % accuracy. Whatever research is done in labs should reach to the common people, therefore, to efficiently use the face and eye tracking feature, various useful applications have been developed and successfully implemented by different researchers over a period of time. Recently, a number of research papers have been published on real time applications in computer vision: Hadid et al [8] have used Haar-like features with AdaBoost for face and eye detection, and Local Binary Pattern (LBP) approach for face authentication in mobile phones in order to increase the safety level in mobile phones. Their experimental results show good face detection performance and average authentication rates up to 96% for faces of 8080 pixels. Miluzzo et al introduced [9] a novel hands free interfacing system capable of driving mobile applications using only the users eyes movement and actions (e.g., wink).They have presented a prototype implementation of EyePhone on a Nokia N810, which is capable of tracking the position of the eye on the display, mapping this position to an application that is activated by a wink. Kateja and Panchal [10] used Haar features for eye detection and a simulator for drowsiness detection system in drivers in order to alert them. The paper by Raajan et al [11] suggests a hybrid gesture recognition system for computer interface and wireless robot control. The robot used in this project is controlled by RF module.
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India
October 18-20, 2013 Page 9
III.
OPENCV & HAAR BASED VIOLA JONES SYSTEM
OpenCV library is a cross-platform library developed by Intel which mainly aims at real time computer vision. This library implements a consequent number of images processing functions and can be modified to implement custom processing methods. OpenCV functions cover a wide panel of domains, some of them are: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Object identification, segmentation and recognition, Face and gesture recognition etc. As we are using Haar based Viola Jones method for face and eye detection let us have a brief idea of how the detection system works. To begin the face detection or any object detection algorithm, first computer is trained by making a data base containing some hundred to thousand faces and non-faces pictures, this is called training a classifier which can classify a face from a non face. When an input image is given the computer identifies if the image contains a face or not by applying certain set filters and rules. From the applications described in section II , most part of the tracking algorithm developed in this first approach is based on Haar-like object detector .These Haar features can be thought of a colvolutional kernel of different shapes and sizes [1] which are superimposed on a persons face for the purpose of facial feature detection , these features have some sort of resemblance with the face features like nose, eyes, mouth etc. used to detect the face or any other feature in the given image . This object detector has been proposed by Paul Viola [1] and later improved by Rainer Lienhart [2]. Since in our project we are detecting the face and eyes, therefore, we will refer only face detection Haar features. In Viola Jones method each given image (say 360X420) is divided into a window of 24X24 pixel size and these Haar features are applied to that window from top left corner to bottom right most corner, so a single feature is applied for almost 100 to 1000 times in a single window. Once a single feature is applied over a window its size is increased from say 1X2 pixel size to 1X4 pixel size and again applies it all over the window. Thus finally we get more than 160,000 features in total for a 24X24 window only ,which are applied all over a single window, but practically to evaluate this huge number of features is incredibly a hard task . The solution to this problem is achieved by using Adaboost algorithm. Adaboosting is done to eliminate redundant features in order to narrow down approximately 160,000 features to couple of thousand features. The passed or good features are arranged in an order through which the given input image 24X24 window has to pass , if at certain stage the input image window fails , it is classified as Non Face and which passes through all the selected Haar classifier are Faces .The complete summary of training the classifier is shown in Fig. 1.
100-1000 different Faces
System
100-1000 different Non Faces
Applying AdaBoost Algorithm & Passing through Cascade
Face Detected
Input
Fig. 1: Viola Jones Face Detection Training System

OpenCV can detect face and eyes in real time with 80% precision with Voila-Jones object detection algorithm which uses Haar-cascade classifier [12]. We were able to detect face and eyes in real time with good precision using openCV. We tried to train our own Haar-cascade classifier for detection purpose, but it did not give good results. Therefore, we used public domain cascades in our experiment as it consumes lot of time and is not necessary for our experiment. To detect face, eyes region, and then each eye separately across eyes region, a group of four cascades of classifiers trained specifically for each feature has been chosen: Face: haarcascade_frontalface_alt2 (FA2) Two-eyes: haarcascade_eyes (EP3) A paper by Santana et al [13] lists of all the available public domain classifiers and has also given a comparison among same targets. For each classifier, its ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve was computed applying the original release and some variations obtained reducing its number of stages. Observing the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the resulting ROC curves, it is evident that haarcascade_frontalface_alt2 performs better than other ones thats why we have used it in our experiment.
IV.
ALGORITHM
1. Capture image from camera 2. Store image 3. Convert RGB image to gray 4. Morphological Operations (A). Smoothing with Gaussian Filter (B). Canny Edge Detection 5. Face and Eye region detection 6. Hough Transform for identifying the circle of eyes 7. Sending the eye region coordinate to the output port 8. Controlling movement of servo motor using microcontroller Input Image from Camera RGB to Gray Gaussian Filter Canny Edge Detector Face & Eye Region Applying Hough Fig. 2: Face and Eye Detection System using Haar Cascade
Getting the Eye region coordinates
A. Converting RGB Image to Gray RGB to gray converts RGB images to gray scale by eliminating the hue and saturation information while retaining the luminance. The function used for the conversion is: cvCvtColor(imgeye, gray, CV_BGR2GRAY) B. Smoothing with Gaussian Filter The next step is to apply Gaussian filter to smooth out the image to reduce noise and avoid false circle detection , after applying the filter the image is blurred in order to reduce the noise present in the picture: cvSmooth(gray, gray, CV_GAUSSIAN, 11, 11) C. Canny-Edge Detection to Find the Edges in the Image This is done to reduce the number of features in the image so that eye can be easily detected in the image. CvSeq* faces = cvHaarDetectObjects( img, cascade, storage, 1.1, 2, CV_ HAAR_ DO_ CANNY _ PRUNING, cvSize(40, 40) );
Fig. 3: Applying Canny Edge Detector on Input Image D. Face Detection and Counting The .xml files for the faces are loaded into a cvHaarClassifierCascade datatype variable. A linked list for the face region can be created using cvHaarDetectObjects which returns a CvSeq of the face region. The type-casted points of ROI are extracted with cvGetSeqElem which returns a character pointer from the linked list. This ROI of the image can be highlighted with a square boundary around the face. A feature is added in the program which counts the number of faces detected on the screen in real time.
Fig. 4: Face Detection and Counting
Fig. 5: Face Detection and Counting E. Applying Hough Circle Transform to Detect Eye Pupil Circular Hough Transform relies on equation for circle which is given as: R = (x a) + (y b) Here a and b represent the coordinates for the center, and R is the radius of the circle. The parametric representation of this circle is: x = a + R Cos () y = b + R Sin () Where is the angle of the vector from the origin to this closest point.For simplicity, most CHT programs set the radius to a constant value (hard coded) or provide the user with the option of setting a range (maximum and minimum) prior to running the application. The function CV_HOUGH_GRADIENT traces the circle in the image, which is obviously the eye region. The eye detection step of proposed method firstly detects possible eye center by the Circular Hough Transform. Then it extracts histogram of gradient from rectangular window centered at each eye center. CvSeq*circles=cvHoughCircles(gray,storage,CV_HOUGH_GRADIENT,1,gray->height, 35,25);
The CvCircle function draws the circle around the eye pupil, where radius is taken as 15 and line thickness as 2, if we want filled circle, negative value may be taken, rest of the values are the default values for desired functioning. cvCircle(img,cvPoint(cvRound(p[0]+pt1.x),cvRound(p[1]+pt1.y)),15,CV_RGB(0, 255,0),2,8,0);}
Fig. 6: Eye Detection using Hough Transform At first place we used the eye coordinates to drive the dc motor but, detecting eyes is a difficult track because the eye circle keeps on shifting a bit during the eye searching, therefore, it was better off to use eye region coordinates which provided stable coordinates. We used upper left eye region coordinates to control the servo motor. When the face moves towards the left side, the x coordinate goes below 100 and X1 signal is sent to USB port of the computer, when the x coordinates are greater than 300, X2 signal is given to the output USB port of the computer, and when the coordinates are between 101 to 299 i.e. when the face is in the centre position X3 signal is sent out to USB port.
V.
ELECTRONICS
The output signals X1, X2 and X3 are given to RS-232 serial port which converts the X1,X2 and X3 signal from PC into 8 bit binary number , these 8 bit input signals are given to MAX232 IC (see Fig. 7) which converts input signals into binary signal suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic microcontroller 8051 IC. The microcontroller generates appropriate signals of defined time duration and these signals are then given to L293D which is a dual Hbridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). The motor driver IC acts as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. Binary values generated from microcontroller like, 01 for left rotate, 10 for right rotate and 11 for centre position are given by the microcontroller to the L293D IC, where on receiving the binary value generates a signal which rotates the motor accordingly. We have used Interrupt based serial port activated Kiel compiler for our project, which works as per the algorithm mentioned below:
Fig. 7: Hardware Circuit Diagram

A. Algorithm 1. If 01 is received, the coordinates are less than 100, move motor anticlockwise for 2 seconds, and set the Left Flag(LF)=1. 2. If 10 is received, coordinates are more than 300, move motor clockwise for 2 seconds, and set Right Flag(RF) =1. 3. If 11 is received, then check both flags If LF is set, move motor clockwise, otherwise move motor anticlockwise. The flow chart (see Fig. 8) gives the complete pictorial view of the algorithm. Start
LF & RF Flag=0
Get coordinate from PC
Are Coordinates<100 Coordinates>300
No
Yes Set Flag Is LF = set 10=Clockwise Rotate Motor 01=Anti-Clockwise Call Delay No
Yes
Is Count=0 No Yes Stop Fig. 8: Flowchart for Motor Driving

VI.
RESULT
We have successfully implemented an algorithm which can detect eye pupil using Hough transform and with the help of eye region coordinates we are able to move the geared dc motor as per the movement of eye region which eventually signifies the face movement. This can be used to rotate the face of the humanoid robot in real time according to the movement of a person standing in front of a camera. The code for face and eye detection, is written in C++ on Code Block IDE (Integrated Development Environment) using OpenCV image processing librates. The program to control the motor by 8085 microprocessor is written in C language using Kiel compiler.
Fig. 9: Complete setup
Left Rotate
Fig. 10: Left Rotate

Center
Fig. 11: Center
Right Rotate
Fig. 12: Right Rotate
VII.
LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER DIRECTION
The main limitation of the proposed method is that it is unable to model the head pose estimation in yaw and pitch angles which are the vital head movements, the proposed algorithm works only when the face moves horizontally in front of the camera. In future work can be done to overcome this shortcoming. Though the proposed algorithm can be implemented for real time control of computer screen for various applications, many real time
applications can be made for the blind and physically handicapped persons and gesture recognition in human beings. Face detection and counting algorithm is an additional component which can be used to monitor and count the number of persons present in a specified region. We can further use the data by transmitting the output information online through Bluetooth or radio frequency for analyzing the data from a far-off place. This is a very simple face/eye tracking using OpenCV and only Viola Jones face detection framework. Basically, the idea is to use face / eye tracking to create an immersive 2D experience to control the motor movement. This is of course a very early prototype and can be improved further.
VIII.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was being carried out at Aditya Birla Training & Research Centre, BKBIET Campus, Pilani, INDIA. Authors would like to thank Dr. P S Bhatnagar, Director, BKBIET, Pilani for providing research facilities and for his active encouragement and support.
REFERENCES
[1] Violas P, Jones M Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. In: Proceedings of CVPR 1:511-518,(2001); 2004. [2] Lienhart R, Kuranov A, Pisarevsky V Empirical Analysis of Detection Cascades of Boosted Classifiers for Rapid Object Detection. Technical report, Microprocessor Research Lab, Intel Labs, 2002. [3] Meynet J, Popovici V, Thiran J Face Detection with Mixtures of Boosted Discriminant Features. Technical report, EPFL,2005. [4] Wilson P, Fernandez J Facial feature detection using Haar classifiers. J.Comput. Small Coll. 21:127-133, 2006. [5] Subramanya Amarnag, Raghunandan S. Kumaran and John N. Gowdy; Real Time Eye Tracking For Human Computer Interfaces, 2003. [6] George Arceneaux IV, Allison Katherine Schedin, Andrew John Willson White Real Time Face and Facial Feature Detection and Tracking, 2010. [7] Jagdish Lal Raheja, Radhey Shyam, G. Arun Rajsekhar and P. Bhanu Prasad (2012). RealTime Robotic Hand Control Using Hand Gestures, Robotic Systems - Applications, Control and Programming, Dr. Ashish Dutta (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-941-7, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/25512. [8] A. Hadid, J. Y. Heikkila, O. Silven & M. Pietikainen Face and Eye Detection for Person Authentication in Mobile Phones, 2007. [9] Emiliano Miluzzo, Tianyu Wang, Andrew T. Campbell, EyePhone: Activating Mobile Phones With Your Eyes , 2011. [10] Manoj Kateja , Krunal Panchal Drowsy Driver Detection System: A Novel Approach Using Haar Like Features , 2012. [11] N. R. Raajan, R. Krishna Kumar, S. Raghuraman, N. Ganapathy Sundaram, T. Vignesh;Eyehand Hybrid Gesture Recognition System for Human Machine Interface;International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), 2013. [12] Onindita Afrin, Mahabub Hassan, Mohona Gazi Meem: An eye-controlled system: An eye control system using OpenCV, Brac University, 2012.
[13] M. Castrillon-Santana, a, O. Deniz-Suarez, Deniz L. Anton-Canals Canals and J. Lorenzo-Navarro; Lorenzo Face and Facial Feature Detection Evaluation, International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications(VISAPP) Funchal, Portugal, 2008.
BIOGRAPHY
Lovendra Solanki has received his M.E degree from M B M Engineering College, Jodhpur. He has 20 years of teaching experience in the field of Electronics Engineering. He is the author of 3 books on Digital Electronics and 6 research papers. Currently he is Associate Professor Profes at B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pilani and pursuing Ph.D from Singhania University, Jhunjhunu. He may be reached at dean.ecee@bkbiet.ac.in dean.ecee@bkbiet.ac.in. h Soni is currently working as Technical Officer at B K Birla Mr. Dinesh Institute of Engineering & Technology. He has carried out more than 100 projects at Aditya Birla training & Research Centre, Pilani out of which 15 projects were supervised for students coming from France and Thailand, these projects were majorly performed on ARM7, Atmel, PIC microcontroller and 8051 80 processors. His project was adjusted Second best in India by Microsoft in their prestigious Imagine Cup-2012. Cup He may be reached at dks41896@gmail.com. Shridhar B. Dandin is presently working as Dean Computer Science at BKBIET-Pilani, Pilani, completed his Engineering graduation in Computer Science from Karnataka University. He has completed Masters degree from DOEACC and MS in Software Systems from BITS-Pilani. Pilani. His research field includes Analysis of diverse algorithms in the field of System Programming with Mathematical Mathematical Modules. He has vast and dedicated teaching experience of 20 years at various levels like Diploma, Graduation and Masters in Engineering Engineering and Technology. His subjects of interest at these levels are Design and Analysis of Algorithms, Advanced Data structures, Distributed Systems, Real Time Systems and Object-Oriented Oriented Programming. He has authored 8 books and 5 research researc papers. He is Professional fessional Member of ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) and Fellow, Life Member of IETE (Institute of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers). He may be reached at shridhar.dandin@bkbiet.ac.in. shridhar.dandin@bkbiet.ac.in Dr. J L Raheja has received his M.Tech from IIT T Kharagpur and PhD degree from Technical University Munich, Germany. At present he is Senior Principle Scientist, Digital Systems Group, in Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchResearch Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), ERI), Pilani, Rajasthan .He has published more than 90 papers in international journals. His area of interest is Cartographic Generalization, Digital Image Processing and Human Computer Interface.

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND ISSN 0976

6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)

STATE OF THE ART

October 18-20, 2013 Page 9

OPENCV & HAAR BASED VIOLA JONES SYSTEM

Applying AdaBoost Algorithm & Passing through Cascade

Fig. 1: Viola Jones Face Detection Training System

Getting the Eye region coordinates

Fig. 4: Face Detection and Counting

October 18-20, 2013 Page 13

Fig. 7: Hardware Circuit Diagram

Get coordinate from PC

Are Coordinates<100 Coordinates>300

Is Count=0 No Yes Stop Fig. 8: Flowchart for Motor Driving

Fig. 9: Complete setup

Fig. 10: Left Rotate

Fig. 11: Center

Fig. 12: Right Rotate

LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER DIRECTION

October 18-20, 2013 Page 17

October 18-20, 2013 Page 18

October 18-20, 2013 Page 19

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