Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers CHAPTER 11 Composites

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction
!Composite materials are made of two or more distinct materials or phases !This is done to exploit the best properties of each and reduce the effect of the weak properties !We can improve strength, stiffness, fracture resistance, corrosion resistance, attractiveness, temperature susceptibility, thermal properties, etc. !Have been used throughout history for CE applications: straw fibers in mud bricks, plain concrete, reinforced concrete, etc.

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

!Recently: fiber-reinforced polymers !Generally, the constituent materials have significantly different properties !Properties of composite material are significantly different than constituents !Auto and aero industries use high strength composite metals to build lightweight vehicles !Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fibers (cell walls) and lignin (glue)
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Composites Microscopic Macroscopic

Fiber-Reinforced Particle-Reinforced
!Microscopic composites include fibers or particles in sizes up to a few hundred microns !Macroscopic composites have constituents of much larger size, such as aggregate particles and rebars in concrete
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

11.1 Microscopic Composites

Aligned Fibers

Random Fibers

Random Particles

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Microscopic Composites (Cont.)

!Consist of: !!continuous phase or matrix usually polymer (plastic) dispersed or reinforcing phase !The matrix phase
!! !! !!

surrounds, suspends, and binds fibers or particles

transfers load to them !!protects them against environmental attack and damage due to handling !The dispersed phase
!!

generally harder and stiffer than the matrix phase

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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fiber-Reinforced Microscopic Composites

!Fibers dispersed in a matrix such as polymer (plastic) !Fibers have near crystal-sized diameters
!! !!

fewer internal defects

much stronger than the bulk material (e.g., glass fibers are about 300x stronger that glass plates) Whiskers (very thin single crystals, high cost, poor bond) Fibers (glass, carbon and graphite, boron, ceramic, etc.) wires
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!Fibers
!! !! !!

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Particle-Reinforced Microscopic Composites

!Particles dispersed in a matrix phase !Strengthening mechanism
!!

For small particles, particles hinder or impede the motion of dislocations For particles >1 micron, particles act as fillers to improve the properties of the matrix or replace some of its volume (less expensive)
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!!

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Microscopic Composites CE Applications

!Have been used in the last several decades !Common applications
!! !! !!

Structural shapes replacing steel and aluminum Fiber-reinforced polymer rebars

Strengthen and wrap partially damaged columns and bridge supports Fiber-reinforced concrete Entrained air in concrete
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!! !!

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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FiberReinforced Concrete

Flexible FRP Rebars

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11.2 Macroscopic Composites

Reinforced PCC

Plain PCC Asphalt Concrete

Engineered Wood

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11.3 Properties of Composites

Loading Parallel to Fibers

Ec = ! m Em + ! f E f
!X = ! X + ! X c m m f f

Ff Fc

! f Af ! c Ac

E f " Af Ec" Ac

Ef Ec

#f
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Properties of Composites (Cont.)

Ec =
!

Em E f

! m E f + ! f Em
Xm X f

Xc =

!m X f + ! f Xm
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Properties of Composites (Cont.)

Randomly Oriented Fiber Composites

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Properties of Composites (Cont.)

Randomly Oriented Fiber Composites

Ec = ! m Em + K! f E f

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Properties of Composites (Cont.)

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