ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

ACIDS Release H
+
ions (protons) in aqueous solution
Hydrochloric HCl > H
+
(aq)

+ Cl(aq) MONOPROTIC 1 replaceable H
Nitric HNO
3
> H
+
(aq) + NO
3
(aq) MONOPROTIC 1 replaceable H
Sulphuric H
2
SO
4
> 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) DIPROTIC 2 replaceable Hs
Ethanoic CH
3
COOH(aq) CH
3
COO(aq) + H
+
(aq) A WEAK ACID
BASES React with acids by accepting H
+
ions (protons) to form salts
carbonates K
2
CO
3
MgCO
3
CuCO
3
hydrogencarbonates NaHCO
3
metal oxides MgO ZnO CuO
metal hydroxides NaOH KOH Ca(OH)
2
ammonia NH
3
ALKALIS SOLUBLE BASES which release OH (hydroxide ions) in aqueous solution
Soluble metal oxides Na
2
O + H
2
O(l) > 2Na
+
(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Soluble metal hydroxides NaOH > Na
+
(aq) + OH(aq)
sodium hydroxide
KOH > K
+
(aq) + OH(aq)
potassium hydroxide
Aqueous ammonia NH
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) NH
4
+
(aq) + OH(aq)
SALTS Formed from the reaction between acids and bases
hydrochloric acid makes CHLORIDES
nitric acid makes NITRATES
sulphuric acid makes SULPHATES / HYDROGENSULPHATES
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SALT FORMATION
Formation A salt is produced when the H
+
ion of an acid is replaced by...
a metal ion or the ammonium ion NH
4
+
Water of
crystallisation loosely bonded water molecules attached to salts
CuSO
4
.5H
2
O FeSO
4
.7H
2
O Na
2
CO
3
.10H
2
O
the water can be driven off by heating
e.g. CuSO
4
.5H
2
O(s) > CuSO
4
(s) + 5H
2
O(l)
HYDRATED copper(II) sulphate ANHYDROUS copper(II) sulphate
BLUE CRYSTALS WHITE POWDER
PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Hydrochloric acid is a typical acid; in dilute aqueous solution HCl > H
+
(aq) + Cl(aq)

Hydrogen chloride is a colourless gas; it is a poor conductor of
electricity because there are no free electrons or ions present. It
has no action on dry litmus paper because there are no
aqueous hydrogen ions present.
In water, the covalent hydrogen chloride molecules dissociate
into ions. The solution now conducts electricity showing ions are
present. For each hydrogen chloride molecule that dissociates
one hydrogen ion and one chloride ion are produced. The
solution turns litmus paper red because of the
presence of the H
+
(aq) ion.
Appearance Bonding and formula Conductivity Dry litmus
hydrogen chloride colourless gas covalent molecule HCl(g) poor no reaction
hydrochloric acid colourless soln. aqueous ions HCl(aq) good goes red
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SUMMARY
Acids react with...
metals to give a salt + hydrogen
oxides of metals a salt + water
hydroxides of metals a salt + water
carbonates a salt + water + carbon dioxide
hydrogencarbonates a salt + water + carbon dioxide
ammonia an ammonium salt
The dissociation of hydrogen chloride
into ions when put in water
THE REACTIONS OF ACIDS
Metals magnesium + hydrochloric acid > magnesium chloride + hydrogen
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) > MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)

Mg(s) + 2H
+
(aq) + 2Cl(aq) > Mg
2+
(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + H
2
(g)
cancel ions Mg(s) + 2H
+
(aq) > Mg
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Basic
Oxides copper(II) oxide + hydrochloric acid > copper(II) chloride + water
CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) > CuCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)

Cu
2+
O
2-
(s) + 2H
+
(aq) + 2Cl(aq) > Cu
2+
(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
cancel ions O
2-
+ 2H
+
(aq) > H
2
O(l)
Alkalis sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid > sodium chloride + water
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) > NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
Na
+
(aq) + OH(aq) + H
+
(aq) + Cl(aq) > Na
+
(aq) + Cl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
cancel ions H
+
(aq) + OH(aq) > H
2
O(l)
Carbonates calcium + hydrochloric > calcium + carbon + water
carbonate acid chloride dioxide
CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) > CaCl
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
Ca
2+
CO
3
2-
(s) + 2H
+
(aq) + 2Cl(aq) > Ca
2+
(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
cancel ions CO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
(aq) > CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
Hydrogencarbonates H
+
(aq) + HCO
3
> CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
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Q.2 Write balanced equations for the reactions between...
a) zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid
b) zinc and dilute sulphuric acid
c) magnesium oxide and dilute sulphuric acid
d) zinc oxide and dilute nitric acid
e) potassium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid
f) potassium hydroxide and dilute sulphuric acid
g) magnesium carbonate and dilute sulphuric acid
h) ammonia solution and dilute hydrochloric acid
i) ammonia solution and dilute sulphuric acid
Q.1 Write the formulae for...
a) zinc chloride b) zinc sulphate
c) magnesium sulphate d) magnesium nitrate
e) aluminium sulphate f) potassium carbonate
g) ammonium chloride h) ammonium sulphate
Q.3 Calculate the percentage of water (by mass) in the following hydrated salts;
a) CuSO
4
.5H
2
O
b) Na
2
CO
3
.10H
2
O