University of Asia & the Pacific School of Economics

The Impact of Social Entrepreneurship in Human Development Social Economics

Submitted by: Diana ueda

Submitted to: !s" #ovi Dacanay $ April %&$%

I" Introduction
1

1890, in the Principle of Economics, Alfred Marshall said that there are not just three, but four necessities in production: land, labor, capital and organizations hich dri!ing factors are the entrepreneurs" And he as right#entrepreneurs are the inno!ators and creators that stimulate economic gro th" $orrelating entrepreneurship as a factor of economic gro th is not hard to deduce since acti!ities made under certain economic opportunities are the core of entrepreneurship" %efined as the impro!ements in economic acti!ities through inno!ation and change, entrepreneurship is an agent in production, distribution and gro th theories made possible through economic opportunities" &o e!er, being often associated ith profit and capital, entrepreneurs are al a's connected ith greed and selfishness" &o e!er, as the orld turned to be more a are of the social problems it faces and institutions seem to fall short in aiding these problems, entrepreneurs started organizing enterprises that ha!e social dimensions" &ence, it as the start of social entrepreneurship" (ocial entrepreneurship rests from the idea that apart from earning profits, there are sociall' dri!en aspects that also need to be addressed" )n the Philippines, there are a number of social entrepreneurs" *he researcher, therefore, ould li+e to stud' hat social entrepreneurship trul' is and ho such helps in de!elopment" A $ase stud' of $hito Madrigal ,oundation-s Pa'atas resettlement program ould be used b' the researcher" *his foundation resettled hundreds of families from Pa'atas %umpsite to a more safe and secures area on .00/" 0ith famil' earnings coming from trash collecting in the dumpsite, these families need decent emplo'ment or li!elihood" *he foundation has been conducting li!elihood trainings since .00/" 1ne of hich is the bac+'ard planting of nutritious !egetables that impro!ed health of the families" 1n .010, the foundation started a culinar' training for mothers and 'oung omen" (uch training in!ol!es ba+ing and coo+ing lessons" 'ac()round of the Study )n the Philippines, there are a number of social entrepreneurs" *here are some in the housing projects, li!elihood acti!ities, and others in financing" &o e!er, social entrepreneurs in the li!elihood acti!ities are the most common" *hese enterprises often support communit' organizations that create different products depending on the a!ailable resources of the communit'" &o e!er, most of the time, there are no delineated mar+ets for these products" &ence, social entrepreneurs organize suppl' chain in order to secure sustainabilit'" Most often, the' scheme mar+eting strategies, refining the products and suggesting ne designs"1 *herefore, it could be noticed that in the case of de!eloping countries li+e the Philippines here po!ert' is still persistent, social entrepreneurs are geared to ards lessening po!ert'" &o e!er, be'ond the borders of the countr', social entrepreneurship could also mean more than
1

Echodesignlab: %esigning for %e!elopment, http:22 ,ebruar' .01.6"

"echosi"org"ph2programs3echodesignlab"asp 4accessed 5

such" 7(ocial8 encompasses !ar'ing definition, depending on one-s cultural bac+ground" *herefore, around the globe, social enterprises ma' range from health, gender, justice to po!ert'" Si)nificance of the Study *hroughout histor', po!ert' could be defined as more than one-s lac+ of mone'" Amart'a (en defined po!ert' as the lac+ of instrumental freedoms of a person#freedoms that range from economic freedoms, political freedoms, social opportunities, transparenc' guarantees and protecti!e opportunities" (en further suggested that the opposite of freedom is po!ert'" &ence, e9panding the fi!e instrumental freedoms means e9panding human capabilities of a person that ould gi!e him opportunities to direct and mold his o n life means#uplifting the person-s standard and li!ing conditions". *herefore, the state and the societ' are !igilant in protecting and e9panding human capabilities": (uch importance to the state could actuall' be !erified ithin the $onstitution as it does not onl' promote prosperit' and independence, but also ould ant to 7free the people from po!ert'";8 &o e!er, go!ernment could onl' do so much ithout the collaboration of its citizens" &ence, participation of the pri!ate sector is !er' essential" 1ne a' herein the pri!ate sector can participate is through social entrepreneurship" (ocial entrepreneurship is a relati!el' ne flourishing concept that di!erts from the t'pical profit ma+ing entrepreneurship to the philanthropic3li+e entrepreneurship that addresses social needs hich contribute to de!elopment" &ence, stud' in this field is important" *b+ectives and Statement of the Problem *he researcher ould li+e to e!aluate the role of social entrepreneurship in de!elopment" &ence, the follo ing are the researcher-s objecti!es: 1" *o define social entrepreneurship as not just an ethical entrepreneurial acti!it', but as an economic acti!it' that addresses social needs" ." *o e!aluate the impact of social entrepreneurship in human de!elopment <i!en such, the researcher ould li+e to del!e on the follo ing =uestions: 1" enterprise> ." :" Scope of the Study 0hat is social entrepreneurship> $an a foundation =ualif' as a social 0hat is human de!elopment> &o does social entrepreneurship affect human de!elopment>

2 3

Amart'a (en, %e!elopment as ,reedom, 4?andom &ouse, @A:19996, :83;0" )bid" 4 198B $onstitution, Article )), (ection 9"

*he researcher ill e!aluate the impact of social entrepreneurship in human de!elopment using four missing data studied in multidimensional po!ert' approach such as economic ellbeing, bodil' ellbeing, ps'chological ellbeing and empo erment" / Moreo!er, a case stud' of $hito Madrigal ,oundation-s 4$M,6 Pa'atas li!elihood program ould be used b' the researcher" II" evie, of elated -iterature

Social Entrepreneurship Coseph (chumpeter defined entrepreneurs as agents ho stir gro th in the econom' b' creating ne products, or method of production, and b' putting up ne mar+ets or industries" %eemed important in economic gro th, entrepreneurs pro!ide stabilit' in the econom'" &o e!er, being profit oriented, often, entrepreneurs are associated ith greed" &o e!er, as the orld turned to be more a are of the social problems it faced and institutions seem to fall short in aiding these problems, entrepreneurs started organizing enterprises that ha!e social dimensions#and it as the start of social entrepreneurship" *he ord Dsocial entrepreneurship- ma'be a ne l' coined ord, ho e!er, such concept is far from being ne to the orld" )n fact, e!en at the late .0 th centur', there ere some institutions hich practiced the concept of social entrepreneurship" )n the late 1900s, theor' of hospital conditions as de!eloped b' ,lorence @ightingale"5 &o e!er, the ord social entrepreneurship as onl' coined on 19B. b' Ean+s hich too+ notice that social problems could also be aided b' managerial practices" &ence, on 19B0s and 1980s, there as some increasing rele!ant researchers in social entrepreneurship" &o e!er, it as onl' on 1990s hen the subject became more popular and !arious too+ interest on it"B *herefore, for the past ten 'ears, attention to ards social entrepreneurship has been gro ing" Farious !entures ere formed, support group institutions ere built, and academic research ere ritten" &o e!er, e!en ith the increasing attention to ards social entrepreneurship, still, there is no unif'ing definition of hat trul' is social entrepreneurship" According to some, social entrepreneurship is an initiati!e of non3profit organizations hich are in need of additional re!enues in order to fill the gaps due to the lac+ of go!ernment, indi!idual and other pri!ate funding" Also, others see social entrepreneurship as initiati!es of indi!iduals in order to help in a certain social problem" Moreo!er, some researchers !ie it as enterprises that are sociall' responsible in the practice of commercial businesses"8

(abina Al+ire, *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, 1P&) 0or+ing Paper @o" 00 4Ma' .00B6: 8" 6 Erigett &oogendoorn, et" al" 0hat %o 0e Gno About (ocial Entrepreneurship: An Anal'sis of Empirical ?esearch, )nternational ?e!ie of Entrepreneurship 8, no".: B." 7 )bid" 8 )bid"

<eorge %ees, +no n to be the father of social entrepreneurship, offers a definition that is rooted in the notion of entrepreneurship b' Coseph (chumpeter" &e defined social entrepreneurship as an acti!it' that ans ers societies- problems through 7combination of resources and persons"98 Moreo!er, he further e9plained that social entrepreneurship put 7public !alue, pursue ne opportunities, inno!ate and adapt, act boldl', le!erage resources the' don-t control, and e9hibit a strong sense of accountabilit'"108 &ence, social enterprise is not just confined in enterprise hich earns profit through philanthropic acti!ities" <i!en the definition of %ees, social entrepreneurs could also include !arious entities and indi!iduals hich bring positi!e solution to a communit', imparting !alues and responsibilit', through an enterprise that do not see+ profit" *hose ho handle and o n @on3<o!ernment 1rganizations 4@<16 hich offers the same sentiments could also be classified as social entrepreneurs" @<1s are institutions of different interests that operate outside the base of the go!ernment" More famous e9amples of this are partnerships, !entures cooperati!es, and corporations that could further be di!ided to profit and non3profit" Social Entrepreneurship in the Philippines Cust as hat has been mentioned earlier, in the Philippines, social enterprises are more associated ith enterprises hich acti!ities center social dimensions along profit objecti!es" 1ne of the more famous social enterprises is Rags2Riches 4?ags to ?iches6" )t is a business enterprise started b' students from Ateneo de Manila Hni!ersit' and some alumni from %e Ia (alle Hni!ersit'" )t is composed of a fe omen from Pa'atas ho used to sell rags hich the' regularl' sca!enge from the dumpsite" Eefore joining Rags2Riches, these omen onl' earn P 1 per rag" Moreo!er, there ere moments that middlemen ould not pa' their rags ith a lot of e9cuses" (ince the' do not ha!e an' other choice, the' still let the middlemen sell their rugs" Hpon joining Rags2Riches, these omen no ea!e at least eight rugs or bags per da' earning P 1,000 per ee+"11 Aside from such, Hapinoy is another e9ample" )t has been one of the most a arded social enterprises in the countr'" According to one of its o ners, Mr" Eam A=uino, hat seperates Hapinoy from other social enterprises is b' tapping one of the uni=ue features of ,ilipino culture" )t is a social enterprise that sets up or e9tends a sari3sari store#a retail po er ith mar+et share of B0J" Micro Fenture )nc" 4MF)6, a microfinance corporation hich o ns Hapinoy, pro!ides the capital" Each sari3sari store is able to earn through cheaper access of goods pro!ided b' the compan'-s $ommunit' (tore that acts li+e a distributor"1.
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%a!id Eornstein K (usan %a!is, (ocial Entrepreneurship: 0hat E!er'one @eeds to Gno , 419ford Hni!ersit' Press, @e Aor+:.0106, 1" 10 )bid" 11 *ina Arceo3%umlao, Pa'atas3based ?ags.?iches ins H( enterprise a ard, Philippine %ail' )n=uirer, http:22ne sinfo"in=uirer"net2in=uirerheadlines2nation2!ie 2.0080/0:31:;./.2Pa'atas3based3?ags.?iches3 ins3H(3 enterprise3a ard 4accessed April 1, .01.6" 12 A (ari3sari (tore crusade, Manila *imes, http:22 "manilatimes"net2inde9"php2sunda'3times2the3sunda'3times3 magazines2;/:53bam3a=uinos3hapino' 4accessed April 1, .01.6"

<a ad Galinga 4<G6, on the other hand, has been defined as a social enterprise e!en if, initiall', its goal is ithout profit objecti!es" 1riginall', its program started from building houses for the beneficiaries ithout an' monetar' return" @e!ertheless, the program remains self3 sustaining that made it =ualif' as a social enterprise" *he houses are built in partnership ith them b' ma+ing sure that the' ill ha!e a share in building such houses" *oda', <G also ma+es sure that the communities are self3sustaining through its <Gnomics program" )t ensures that families ill ha!e sources of li!ing b' either eas' access to dignified emplo'ment or b' li!elihood programs in the communit'" Human Development Approach (ocial entrepreneurship, e!en ith !ar'ing definitions, cannot be mista+en that its main goal is human de!elopment" *he concept of human de!elopment as introduced b' Mahbub ul &a=, a Pa+istani economist" )t as conceptualized b' ul &a= ith big influence from the or+s of Amart'a (en" )n %e!elopment as ,reedom, (en e9plained that de!elopment is deeper than the increase of per capita income or <ross %omestic Product 4<%P6" According to him, de!elopment is the 7e9panding of the freedom of a person"1:8 (ince po!ert' is defined as the unfreedom that sla!es a person, therefore, de!elopment is the process to unsla!e the person from po!ert'" Moreo!er, according to (en, freedom is the abilit' of a person to lead his o n life to the +ind of life he !alues"1; &ence, Hnited @ations, defined human de!elopment as 7the process of enlar)in) people.s choices and enhancin) human capabilities 4the range of things people can be and do6 and freedoms, enabling them to: li!e a long and health' life, ha!e access to +no ledge and a decent standard of li!ing, and participate in the life of their communit' and decisions affecting their li!es"1/8 *he traditional a' of measuring human de!elopment is through the &uman %e!elopment )nde9 4&%)6" )t measures income, life e9pectanc' and education" &o e!er, it has been further established that human de!elopment is not onl' confined on those three measures"15 Another measure that could be used to assess human de!elopment is the multi3dimensional po!ert' anal'sis" Ii+e the &%), such is also founded in the ideas of Amart'a (en" &o e!er, unli+e the &%), it further measures important dimensions in life such as 7mental ellbeing, empo erment, political freedom, social and communit' relations, ine=ualit', or+ conditions, leisure, political and economic stabilit', and the en!ironment"1B8 Moreo!er, these dimensions are also consistent ith Foices of the Poor#a stud' conducted b' 0orld Ean+ 40E6 on 1999" Foices of the Poor consulted poor people in .:
13 14

Amart'a (en, %e!elopment as ,reedom, :83;0" )bid" 15 &uman %e!elopment Approach, &uman %e!elopment ?eports, http:22hdr"undp"org2en2humande!2origins2 4accessed March /, .01.6" 16 (abina Al+ire, *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, 1P&) 0or+ing Paper @o" 00, 1" 17 )bid"

countries in order to understand their perspecti!e in 7ill3being and ellbeing, problems and priorities, institutional relationships and gender"188 )t is, then, a or+ that summarized the ties bet een po!ert' and ill3being" )t is defined as 7ha!ing a bad life"198 )t further includes 7material lac+ and ant 4of food, housing and shelter, li!elihood, assets and mone'6L hunger, pain and discomfortL e9haustion and po!ert' of timeL e9clusion, rejection, isolation and loneliness, etc" .08 &ence, it has been an issue on ho to diminish such illbeing and e9pand ellbeing in order to attain dignified standard li!ing and condition"

III"

Theoretical /rame,or(

)ndicators of Multi3%imensional Po!ert'.1 hich as deepl' inspired b' the concept of de!elopment b' Amart'a (en ill be used b' the researcher as a frame or+" )n %e!elopment as ,reedom, Amart'a (en, e9plained that de!elopment is deeper than the increase of per capita income or gross domestic product" According to him, de!elopment is the 7e9panding of the freedom of a person"..8 (ince po!ert' is defined as the unfreedom that sla!es a person, therefore, human de!elopment is the process to unsla!e the person from po!ert'" (uch process in!ol!es e9panding human capabilities of a person through e9panding some instrumental freedoms mentioned earlier".: *hese instrumental freedoms could further translated through e9panding some indicators of Multi3%imensional Po!ert' that ranges from material, spiritual, mental and social ell3being, producti!it', securit' and empo erment".; As in the case of this research, material ell3being, mental ell3being, bodil' ell3being, and empo erment ill be used" Also, social entrepreneurship defined b' <eorge %ees ill also be follo ed in the research" <eorge %ees, +no n to be the father of social entrepreneurship, defined social entrepreneurship as an acti!it' that ans ers societies- problems through 7combination of resources and persons that in!ol!es public !alue, pursue ne opportunities, inno!ate and adapt, act boldl', le!erage resources the' don-t control, and e9hibit a strong sense of accountabilit'"./8 I0"
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1onceptual /rame,or(

Garen Eroc+, 7)t-s @ot 1nl' 0ealth that Matters M )t-sPpeace of Mind *oo8: A ?e!ie of Participator' 0or+ on Po!ert' and )llbeing, )nstitute of %e!elopment (tudies, 7)t-s @ot 1nl' 0ealth that Matters M )t-sPeace of Mind *oo8: A ?e!ie of Participator' 0or+ on Po!ert' and )llbeing, 0orld Ean+, http:22siteresources" orldban+"org2)@*P1FE?*A2?esources2::/5;.311.;11/10.9B/21///1993 11.;1:8B;.:102ngore!"pdf 4accessed April 1, .0116" 19 )bid"
20

Patrice Engel K Maureen Elac+, The Effect of Poverty on 1hild Development and Educational *utcomes2 Annals of the 3e, 4or( Academy of Science2 $2 $$56 7#uly %&&89:%::" 21 (abina Al+ire, *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, 1P&) 0or+ing Paper @o" 00 4Ma' .00B6: 8" 22 Amart'a (en, %e!elopment as ,reedom, :83;0" 23 )bid" 24 (abina Al+ire, *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, 8" 25 Erigett &oogendoorn, et" al" 0hat %o 0e Gno About (ocial Entrepreneurship: An Anal'sis of Empirical ?esearch, )nternational ?e!ie of Entrepreneurship 8, no".: B1311."

Social Entrepreneurship

Human De elopment

Social needs through enterprise

!aterial "ell#$eing $odil% "ell#$eing

Ha ing more access to income Ha ing more access or ha ing more 'no&ledge on health% (ood

!ental "ell#$eing Empo&erment

Ha ing more harmon%) meaning and alue Ha ing more opportunities to direct o&n li(e

0"

!ethodolo)y

)n order to +no the participation of social entrepreneurship in bringing in de!elopment, the researcher ill e!aluate $hito Madrigal ,oundation 4$M,6 through its culinar' training program in Pa'atas, Nuezon $it'" A preliminar' inter!ie as conducted in order to +no the current scenario of the culinar' training program" *he culinar' training program is a one 'ear program that pro!ides free training in coo+ing, ba+ing and bartending" (uch program aims to ma+e the trainees read' to ta+e the *E(%A @$3)) assessment in commercial coo+ing and bread and pastr' production" *his program has nine trainees#B females and . males# ho are recent high school graduates from Custice $ecilia Munoz Palma &igh (chool located at Mola!e (t", Earangga' Pa'atas E", Nuezon $it'" *he preliminar' inter!ie sho s that these students are all satisfied ith the training program the' recei!ed from the foundation" Eight out of nine inter!ie ed said that among the lessons the' learned, the' ere fond most of ba+ing" (ome of the dishes the' ere taught ere Oclair, crPme puff, s iss roll, coo+ies, etc" 1n the other hand, se!en ere fond of coo+ing herein the' ere taught ho to coo+ chic+en lollipop, cordon blue, orange chic+en etc" *he' ere also taught ho to garnish and four of them ere fond of such lessons" Moreo!er, t o ere fond of bartending herein the' ere taught ho to mi9 different !arieties of juices and li=uors" (ome of the trainees are no able to help in their parent-s small food businesses b' coo+ing dishes such as spaghetti and pansit that could be sold to their neighbors and some ere able to impart hat the' learned to their other famil' members" Moreo!er, most of the trainees ould ant to ha!e their respecti!e small businesses in the future so as to help their families" &ence, ith the researcher-s aim of e!aluating the participation of social entrepreneurship in de!elopment, the researcher ould li+e to further e!aluate the impact of the culinar' training program in the li!es of the trainees" )mpact anal'sis ill, then, be used" )mpact is defined as the change characterized b' the difference from the original problem situation" )mpact anal'sis ill be achie!ed through further inter!ie s of the trainees" Nuestions are all geared to ards obser!ation of the original situation, changes and increased opportunities pro!ided b' the training" *hese =uestions are classified in accordance to the indicators of Multi3 %imensional Po!ert' such as material ell3being, bodil' ell3being, mental ell3being and
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empo erment" *he ans ers of the trainees ill be e!aluated if hether or not the training program brought impact to their li!es" *he follo ing are the =uestions: )ndicator Material ell3being Nuestions Eefore the training program, are 'ou able to help increase famil' income in some a'> )f 'es, b' ho much> 0ith the training program, are 'ou able to help increase famil' income in some a'> )f 'es, b' ho much> Eefore the training program, are 'ou familiar ith food that are nutritious> %o 'ou usuall' ser!e such +ind of food in 'our famil'> )f 'es, hat are these> 0ith the training program, ha!e 'ou identified more +ind of nutritious food> %o 'ou no ser!e more nutritious food at home> $an 'ou cite some nutritious dishes 'ou no ser!e at home> Eefore the training program, hat are the !alues 'ou possessed> %o 'ou thin+ such !alues are assets of a person> 0ith the training program, aside from being able to learn coo+ing, ba+ing and garnishing, did 'ou also learn and gro in more !alues> &o > Eefore the training program, hat are the professional possibilities 'ou considered> %o 'ou thin+ that the training program helped 'ou e9pand 'our opportunities in finding a job or in creating a li!elihood> &o >

Eodil' ell3being

Mental ell3being

Empo erment

0I"

esults and Analysis

<eorge %ees, +no n to be the father of social entrepreneurship, offers a definition that is rooted in the notion of entrepreneurship b' Coseph (chumpeter" &e defined social entrepreneurship as an acti!it' that ans ers societies- problems through 7combination of resources and persons".58 Moreo!er, he further e9plained that social entrepreneurship put 7public
26

%a!id Eornstein K (usan %a!is, (ocial Entrepreneurship: 0hat E!er'one @eeds to Gno , 419ford Hni!ersit' Press, @e Aor+:.0106, 1"

!alue, pursue ne opportunities, inno!ate and adapt, act boldl', le!erage resources the' don-t control, and e9hibit a strong sense of accountabilit'".B8 &ence, social enterprise is not just confined in enterprise hich earns profit through philanthropic acti!ities" <i!en the definition of %ees, social entrepreneurs could also include !arious entities and indi!iduals hich bring positi!e solution to a communit', imparting !alues and responsibilit', through an enterprise that do not see+ profit" )n de!eloping countries here po!ert' seems to be a huge problem, social entrepreneurs act as third part' that gi!es the needs according to the preferences of the communit' that contributes to the communit'-s human de!elopment" ,or the poor, gaining freedom indi!iduall' is something the' could not accomplish" *he' need collecti!e efforts in order to attain such freedom" 1ften, these collecti!e efforts are seen through political organizations, unions, !illege cooperati!es, etc".8 Aside from the need of collecti!e efforts to attain freedom, another instance that could aid in gaining more freedom is the inter!ention of a third part'" ,or de!eloped countries and elfare states, such inter!ention comes from the go!ernment" &o e!er, for de!eloping countries ith go!ernments that do not ha!e enough resources to aid failing mar+ets, inter!ention comes from the pri!ate sector" *herefore, those ho handle and o n @on3<o!ernment 1rganizations 4@<16 hich offers the same sentiments could also be classified as social entrepreneurs" @<1s are institutions of different interests that operate outside the base of the go!ernment" $hito Madrigal ,oundation 4$M,6, for instance, is a non3stoc+ and non3profit corporation that pro!ides !arious philanthropic acti!ities in fe parts in the countr' here po!ert' is soaring" )t pro!ides feeding programs and li!elihood projects in some parts of Eicol and Fisa'as" 1n .00B, it started constructing the Pa'atas Ii!elihood $enter" Pa'atas, Nuezon $it' is an infamous dumpsite area here mountains of garbage ha!e alread' accumulated" People started settling on the area and had li!ed through sca!enging garbage for the past decades" *he objecti!e of the foundation is to empo er the communit' b' e9panding their capabilities through li!elihood trainings so as not to be constrained to mere garbage sca!enging along the dumpsite" 1n .010, a li!elihood program that offers culinar' arts training to fresh high school graduate from Custice $ecilia Munoz Palma &igh (chool in Pa'atas had commenced" (uch training en!isions its graduates to ta+e and pass the @$. certificate e9am of *E(%A" *he program in!ol!es culinar' training, !alues formation and English proficienc'" (t" Paul Hni!ersit' as tapped to teach coo+ing, ba+ing and bartending hereas !olunteers from ,P*) 4,oundation for Professionals *raining )nc"6 ere tapped to gi!e !alues formation" Also, as part of the training, the' are assigned to create micro3business that could gi!e them additional income hile still preparing for the @$. certificate e9am" Also, an internship in the hotel and restaurant industr' is pro!ided before the' finish the training program"

27 28

)bid" Peter E!ans, $ollecti!e $apabilities, $ulture and Amart'a (en-s %e!elopment as ,reedom, (tudies in $omparati!e )nternational %e!elopment, :B @o" . 4.00.6:/53/B"

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)n the first batch of the training program, there ere 11 trainees" All of hom had passed the *E(%A @$. $ertificate E9am" Also, a micro3business set up in Custice $ecilia Munoz Palma &igh (chool has been set up for them to earn e9tra income" )n the coming 'ear, the foundation had ta+en in ;/ ne trainees" 0ith the objecti!e of the research to see hether or not the foundation made impact on human de!elopment, the researcher had sur!e'ed nine 496 culinar' arts trainees" *he sur!e' =uestions ere patterned to ans er four important dimensions#material ellbeing, bodil' ellbeing, mental ellbeing and empo erment".9 1ut of nine inter!ie ed, t o ere able to use their s+ills b' earning additional income as the' help out in their families- small businesses" Eoth ere able to help b' earning e9tra income of P;00 per da' and P1/0 per da' respecti!el'" Material ellbeing is defined as ha!ing enough income through or+ in order to pro!ide ade=uate food and assets" :0 * o trainees ere able to utilize the techni=ues and s+ills taught b' the culinar' training" 1ther students, on the other hand, had the chance to utilize such as the' started selling food in the canteen of $ecilia Munoz Palma &igh (chool" 0ith just a capital of P.0,000 pro!ided b' the foundation, the trainees no sell $hinese snac+s such as siomai and siopao hich the' regularl' bu' from Einondo" *he sauce, ho e!er, are made b' the trainees" Also, for special occasions such as $hristmas and Falentines %a', the trainees ere able to sell coo+ies and bro nies ba+ed b' them" *herefore, there as an increase in material ellbeing for the trainees" Eodil' ellbeing is defined as 7a health' and strong bod'" :18 Moreo!er, it is a basic need for it is not just 7a sense of ph'sical ellbeing in itself, but as a precondition for being able to or+":.8 A communit' near the dumpsite pro!ides an unhealth' en!ironment for the residents" *herefore, its residents should tr' to guard their health#most that the' can do is to eat health' food" (e!en out of nine families of the trainees ser!e nutritious food e!en before the start of the culinar' training" Moreo!er, being e9posed to such training made them realize the importance of nutritious food that some of them ere e!en thin+ing of selling such nutritious food in their o n business in $ecilia Munoz Palma &igh (chool" *he trainees and their parents, along ith other residents of Pa'atas, $M,, through !olunteers from ,oundation of Professionals *raining )nc" 4,P*)6, the' ere able to learn ho to coo+ cheap but health' dishes that ould suit e!en the tastes of the 'ounger children":: &ence, all of them became more a are of the importance of health' nutritious food that does not need to be e9pensi!e" Mental ellbeing, more popularl' +no n as ps'chological ellbeing, is the 7inter o!en ith other dimensions of ellbeing":;8 )t is e9pressed as peace, harmon', happiness and freedom from an9iet'":/ )t is also recognized that ps'chological ellbeing, for man', includes spiritual life and religious obser!ance" *he !alues formation classes gi!en b' !olunteers from ,P*)
29 30

)bid" %eepa @ara'an, et al", Foices of the Poor: $r'ing 1ut ,or $hange, 19ford Hni!ersit' Press, Iondon:.000, .;" 31 )bid, .5" 32 )bid" 33 )f the famil' members, especiall' the children, do not ant to eat !egetables, !olunteers thought them to mince the !egetable in order to hide it" 34 %eepa @ara'an, et al", Foices of the Poor: $r'ing 1ut ,or $hange, 19ford Hni!ersit' Press, :B3:8" 35 )bid"

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consists of classes on !irtues" And since majorit' of the trainees are $atholic, such classes are deepl' grounded on the $atholic doctrine" )t, then, ser!ed as a !enue for the trainees to understand the importance of !irtues that help them li!e peace and freedom from an9iet'" Most of them learned the importance of lo!e for <od, order and being hard or+ing in one-s profession" Also, before the culinar' training program ith their respecti!e high school diploma, all of them ere thin+ing of see+ing immediate emplo'ment either as saleslad' or ser!ice cre in malls" &o e!er, upon finishing the culinar' training program, their capabilities e9panded that the' can choose more alternati!es in loo+ing for jobs#more so that jobs in the hotel and restaurant industr' are the jobs that the the' ha!e been anting to enter" &ence, the culinar' training program empo ered the trainees b' being able to gi!e them brea+ in entering their chosen industr'" 0II" 1onclusion

<eorge %ees simpl' defined social entrepreneurship as an enterprise that imparts responsibilit' and !alues through combination of resources and persons in order to ans er problems in the societ'" )t rests from the idea that apart from earning profits, there are sociall' dri!en aspects that also need to be addressed" )ndeed, it is a liberating definition that sets social entrepreneurship apart from the common percei!ed notion that such is contained onl' to profit3 oriented enterprises using social and ethical acti!ities" *herefore, e!en those ho handle and manage non3profit @<1s li+e $M, could be classified as social entrepreneurs as the' help communities to attain certain basic needs" H@, adopting the concept of Amart'a (en, defined human de!elopment as the e9pansion of person-s choices, human capabilities and freedom in order to uplift li!ing standards and conditions" *he culinar' arts training program has been an effecti!e a' of increasing human de!elopment in the communit'" Hsing the multi3po!ert' dimension approach, it could be said that such training program e9panded the bodil', mental, and economic ell3being of the trainees" Moreo!er, it also had empo ered them" Economic ell3being increased as the trainees used the s+ills learned in the training program in order to earn income for their families" Eodil' ell being, on the other hand, increased as the trainees became more a are of the importance of nutritious food that are not costl'" Mental ellbeing as increased through the appreciation and putting into actions the lessons learned from the !alues formation the trainees recei!e ee+l'" *rainees ere, then, empo ered more as the' learned ne +no ledge and s+ills, and as their choices of emplo'ment e9panded" 0III" ecommendation

&a!ing the training program commenced for just o!er a 'ear, it still has man' to impro!e in order to attain more efficienc'" *he culinar' training program could pattern the preparations it conducts for the *E(%A @$. E9am to other institutions" ,P*), a non3profit organization hich gi!es education to financiall' challenged female students through its !arious technical3!ocational schools in the Philippines, has high rate of students passing *E(%A assessment e9ams" *hese tech3!oc schools accept internal and e9ternal students" )nternal students are students ho li!e
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ithin the school-s residence and ho or+ in other residences ,P*) caters" 1n the other hand, e9ternal students are students ho do not li!e ithin the school-s residence" According to Ms" Mar'anne ?uiz of ,P*), the students prepare themsel!es in ta+ing an' *E(%A e9ams" ,or internal residents, the students practice three times a ee+ b' putting in the menu the needed dishes students must be able to coo+ or ba+e during the e9am" E9ternal students, on the other hand, practice the coo+ing or ba+ing of the needed dishes in the school-s facilities ith materials and ingredients being pro!ided b' the students themsel!es" &ence, it ould be good for $M, to pattern to ,P)* the a' it prepare students to ta+e the e9am" *he foundation can practice the students thrice a ee+ in coo+ing or ba+ing the needed dishes in the e9am" (ince, self3sustainabilit' is important for social enterprises, the coo+ed or ba+ed dishes could then be sold" Although it does not ha!e an' partner institution that ould automaticall' bu' the products, it can, first, ad!ertise itself in the internet b' creating an online shop" An online shop does not necessaril' translate to online transaction bet een the bu'er and the sellerL rather, it acts li+e a mar+eting tool that ould lead to personal meet up ith the bu'er":5

eferences 198B $onstitution, Article )), (ection 9" A (ari3sari (tore crusade, Manila *imes, http:22 "manilatimes"net2inde9"php2sunda'3 times2the3sunda'3times3magazines2;/:53bam3a=uinos3hapino' 4accessed April 1, .01.6" Al+ire, (abina *he Missing %imensions of Po!ert' %ata: An )ntroduction, 1P&) 0or+ing Paper @o" 00 4Ma' .00B6: 8" Arceo3%umlao, *ina, Pa'atas3based ?ags.?iches ins H( enterprise a ard, Philippine %ail' )n=uirer, http:22ne sinfo"in=uirer"net2in=uirerheadlines2nation2!ie 2.0080/0:3 1:;./.2Pa'atas3based3?ags.?iches3 ins3H(3enterprise3a ard 4accessed April 1, .01.6" Eornstein, %a!id K %a!is, (usan, (ocial Entrepreneurship: 0hat E!er'one @eeds to Gno , 419ford Hni!ersit' Press, @e Aor+:.0106, 1" Eroc+, Garen, 7)t-s @ot 1nl' 0ealth that Matters M )t-sPpeace of Mind *oo8: A ?e!ie of Participator' 0or+ on Po!ert' and )llbeing, )nstitute of %e!elopment (tudies, 7)t-s @ot 1nl' 0ealth that Matters M )t-sPeace of Mind *oo8: A ?e!ie of Participator' 0or+ on Po!ert' and )llbeing, 0orld Ean+,
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*he Philippines: A Ieader in (ocial (truggle ith 1nline ?etail, Manila Eulletin, http:22 "mb"com"ph2articles2://5112the3philippines3a3leader3in3social3struggles3 ith3online3retail 4accessed March :1, .01.6"

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http:22siteresources" orldban+"org2)@*P1FE?*A2?esources2::/5;.3 11.;11/10.9B/21///199311.;1:8B;.:102ngore!"pdf 4accessed April 1, .0116" Echodesignlab: %esigning for %e!elopment, http:22 echodesignlab"asp 4accessed 5 ,ebruar' .01.6" "echosi"org"ph2programs3

Engel, Patrice K Elac+, Maureen, The Effect of Poverty on 1hild Development and Educational *utcomes2 Annals of the 3e, 4or( Academy of Science2 $2 $$56 7#uly %&&89:%::" E!ans, Peter $ollecti!e $apabilities, $ulture and Amart'a (en-s %e!elopment as ,reedom, (tudies in $omparati!e )nternational %e!elopment, :B @o" . 4.00.6:/53/B" &oogendoorn, Erigett et" al" 0hat %o 0e Gno About (ocial Entrepreneurship: An Anal'sis of Empirical ?esearch, )nternational ?e!ie of Entrepreneurship 8, no".: B." &uman %e!elopment Approach, &uman %e!elopment ?eports, http:22hdr"undp"org2en2humande!2origins2 4accessed March /, .01.6" *he Philippines: A Ieader in (ocial (truggle ith 1nline ?etail, Manila Eulletin, http:22 "mb"com"ph2articles2://5112the3philippines3a3leader3in3social3struggles3 ith3 online3retail 4accessed March :1, .01.6"

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