by Dr.-Ing. Evita H.

Legowo

LEMIGAS Research and Development Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Tokyo, January 2005

AGENDA
Introduction Policy in the development of renewable energy Present Energy conditions Critical issues Challenges National Energy Policy Green Energy Initiative Status and Planning of Biomass Development: Renewable Energy Potential in Indonesia Road Map of Biomass development Institutions involve Progress of research and development Suggestion of possible cooperation among Asian Countries Closing Remarks

INTRODUCTION
Energy has a significant role in a sustainable national development Indonesia has a large potentiality of renewable energy Biomass energy is one of the important renewable energy source Research and development in the field of biomass conversion into energy are aimed at improving the national capacity in mastering science and technology in the context of industrial development related to renewable energy, with the goal, input from renewable energy for national energy demand is 5% in the year of 2020.

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

PRESENT ENERGY CONDITION 1. Fossil Energy reserves is limited, while renewable energy potential is relatively abundant 2. Growth of Final Energy Consumption is relatively high Growth rate (1970-2002) = 8%/year National Energy Consumption Pattern: In 1970 the largest energy consumption is residential sector Since 1984 the largest energy consumption is industrial sector Since 1996 the largest energy consumption is transportation Since 2001 the largest energy consumption is industrial sector 3. Primary Energy Supply is Dominated by Oil Growth rate (1970-2002) = + 10 %/year 4. High Energy Intensity Indonesia: 470 toe/million US$ (price 1995)

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

CRITICAL ISSUES ..(1) High dependency on fossil energy, while its proven reserves is limited Renewable energy potential (biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, etc.) is relatively abundant, however its utilization is still far below it potential, due to:
High investment cost Uncompetitive price Lack of energy industry and services capabilities

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

CRITICAL ISSUES ..(2) Peoples capability to pay is still low High energy intensity Limited of energy infrastructure The role of private in renewable energy business is limited Environmental impact of energy utilization

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

CHALLENGES
How to increase the energy infrastructure How to decrease the dependency on oil by encouraging the use of renewable energy How to provide conducive climate in energy industry How to decrease the energy intensity How to increase the use of energy for productive activities

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY

RESERVES UTILIZATION MANDATE VISION MISSION STRATEGIC PLAN 1.Restructuring Energy Sector - Law No.22/2001 - Law No.20/2002 - Law No.27/2003 - Draft Law Energy Utilization - Draft Law General Mining 2.Market Mechanism (with considering poor people) 3.Implementing Regional Autonomy in Energy Sector 4.Developing Energy Infrastructure 5.Increasing Energy Efficiency (DSM & SSM) 6.Increasing Energy Role of National Energy Industry 7.Increasing Energy Supporting Industry 8.Empowering People in Energy Development

1.Unbalanced of Energy utilization 2.Inefficient and high growth of energy consumption 3.Energy source is used also as raw materials for industry 4.Energy sources as main source of foreign exchange 5.Energy price is not reflected its economic price 6.Energy utilization is closely related to environmental impacts 3.Energy conservation 2.Energy diversification 1.Energy intensification

1.Guaranteeing domestic energy supply 2.Increasing added value of energy Guaranteeing the sustainable energy supply to support national development 3.Managing energy ethically and sustainable way, include preservation of environment function 4.Providing energy equally through out the country 5.Developing local capability

Energy Reserve is Limited

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

PARADIGM SHIFT: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION

Concept/Policy Legislation/Regulation

General Energy Policy 1998

Act of No. 22/ 1999 On Local Government

Act No. 23/ 1997 on Environmental

Bill on Natural Resources

Master Plan on National Energy Conservation (RIKEN) 1995

Master Plan on New and Renewable Energy Utilization (RIPEBAT) 1997

Inputs from the Society

Sustainable Energy Supply and Utilization (Green Energy Initiative2020)

Bill on Energy Utilization *)

Government Regulation
*) in preparation (initiative DPR)

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

OVERVIEW OF GREEN ENERGY INITIATIVE

This concept is an integration of: Maximum utilization of renewable energy (RE) Efficient utilization of energy (renewable energy and fossil fuels) Clean, high performances fossil fuel power plant, and Public awareness of all aspect of energy efficiency (EE) Component of The Sustainable energy supply and utilization System : Suppliers of RE base energy Consumer/energy user Supporting businesses: energy supporting service energy supporting industry

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

FLOW OF THOUGHT: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION (GREEN ENERGY INITIATIVE
ENERGY UTILIZATION ENERGY SOURCES RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCERS TECHNOLOGY/EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT CONSUMERS PUBLIC AWARENESS IN ENERGY EFICIENCY

SEKTORAL SOLAR ENERGY

SOLAR

OCEAN ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL

HYDRO POWER

WIND ENERGY BIOMASS

COLLECTOR FOTOVOLTAIK MODUL OTEC FUEL CELL GENERATOR TURBINE HYDRO WIND STEAM GAS STEAM COMBUSTION MOTOR

Calor

HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY TRANSPORT

ELECTRICITY

Lighting

COMMERSIAL BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION

Mechanic
REGIONAL REGIONAL GOV

CHEMICAL CONVERTION

GAS AND LIQUID FUEL

FOSSIL (NON RENEWABLE) OIL, COAL & GAS

CLEAN TECHNOLOGY

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

VISION AND MISSION OF GREEN ENERGY INITIATIVE Vision :

Clean, reliable, affordable, and secure energy supply and use provided through transparent and participatory processes to a more informed consumer

Mission :
1. Maintaining the sustainable security of Supply 2. Maximizing the utilization of renewable energy 3. Encouraging the utilization of clean and efficient technology 4. Encouraging the creation of energy economizing culture 5. Improving the mastery of green energy technology that is reliable, safe, environmentally friendly, and efficient 6. Realizing the even distribution of the societys welfare

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

POLICY OF GREEN ENERGY INITIATIVE

Focus of Policies: Investment policy Incentive Policy Energy Price Policy Standardization and certification Policy on Improvement of Human Resources Information System Policy Research and Development Policy Prioritizing R&D issues related to: Renewable energy technology Efficient energy technology Clean energy technology Use of local content Institutional Policy

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

THE STRATEGY OF GREEN ENERGY INITIATIVE

Determining energy price in accordance with the economic aspect Encouraging the development of green energy infrastructure Prioritizing the use of local renewable energy Applying energy saving principles in energy management Applying clean energy technology Applying energy energy saving lifestyle Improving the role of stakeholders in the utilization of green energy Improving cooperation at the national, regional, and international levels especially in the context of information access, financing, and transfer of technology Encouraging the use of domestic services and goods in the field of green energy Improving the quality of human resources in the field of green energy Improving green energy supporting activities in the country Improving the societys to energy

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

GREEN ENERGY PLAN

SHORT TERM: Review existing regulations Introduce efficient generation: co-generation, performances improvement Encourage and financially support R & D in RE and EE Involve all stakeholders in RE and EE policy and regulation development Prepare Bill on Energy Utilization which covers: energy resources management renewable energy utilization renewable energy supply renewable energy business efficient energy use: - energy efficient technology (supply and demand side) - public awareness of the benefit of energy saving stimulation for players: incentive and , investment facilities standards, energy pricing, and environmental protection supervision LONG TERM: Enforcement of Renewable Obligation for Electric Utilities Enforcement of Commitment for Energy Efficiency supply and demand side) Introduce Levy on Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Institute and enforce national fuel quality standards for mobile and stationary sources

POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERG

(SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION)

GREEN ENERGY NETWORKS

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

The Indonesian Energy Society (MEI)

Secretariat General

Inspectorate General

Directorate General of Geology and Mineral Resources *)

Directorate General of Electricity and Energy Utilization

Green Energy Society The Indonesian Renewable Energy Society (METI) The Society on Energy Efficiency (FK-MHE)

Energy Research Agencies

Green Utility Partners

Renewable energy Organizations and Foundations

Energy Efficiency Organizations and Foundations

*) The Regulator for Up-Stream Geothermal

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMENT

Renewable Energy Potential in Indonesia Road Map of Biomass Development Institutions involve Progress of Research and Development

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA

Potential Hydro Power Geothermal Mini/Micro hydro Biomass Solar Energy Win Energy 75.67 GW 27 GW 500 MW 49.81 GW 4.8 kWh/m2/day 3-6 m/sec Installed Capacity 4200 MW 807 MW 84 MW 445 MW 8 MW 0.6 MW

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

BARRIERS TO RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

High Investment Cost Lack of Incentive and Funding Mechanism Lack of Supporting Policies Lack of Knowledge, Awareness Lack of Domestic Industrys Capability

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

EFFORTS TO BE TAKEN TO REMOVE RENEWABLE ENERGY BARRIERS To Increase the Utilization of Renewable Energy, Some Actions Should be enhanced:

Formulating Investment and Funding Policy Formulating Incentives Policy Implementing Standardization, Accreditation and Certification Increasing Research and Development Activities

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

DRAFT ROADMAP OF BIOMASS ENERGY

Achievement Target 2005
Result

Title No. Fields/Activities

1 Biomass-wastes for electricity sectors

2010
Utilization

2020
Utilization

Executor Institute

of areas mapping, sources and types of biomass wastes energy

of wastes energy consistently with the amount of 620 MWe

of wastes energy consistently with the amount of 810 MWe

Research Institute, Universities, Local Government, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Private Companies/State Owned Enterprises

2 Biogas for household sectors

Result

of areas mapping, sources and types of biogas energy

Developing

sources of produces and types of biogas energy

Utilization

Research Institute, biogas Universities, NGO, consistently in Local Government, accordance with Minstry of Energy the energy and Mineral planning Resources, Private Companies/State Owned Enterprises

of

Source: Ministry of Research and Technology

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

DRAFT ROADMAP OF BIOMASS ENERGY

Title Fields/Activities Achievement Target 2005
Results

(Cont.) Executor Institute

No

2010
Utilization

2020
Utilization

3 Biodiesel for transportation sectors

of mapping, areas development, and types of biodiesel energy

biodiesel consistently with the amount of 1% biodiesel consumption or 341.2 million litre

of

Research Institute, biodiesel Universities, FBI, consistently with Local Government, the amount of Ministry of Energy 3% biodiesel and Mineral consumption or Resources, Private 1.535,2 million Companies/State litre Owned Enterprises Min. of Agriculture, Min. of Forestry.

of

Source: Ministry of Research and Technology

DRAFT ROADMAP OF BIOMASS R&D

R&D Achievement Target 2005
Developing

Title No Fields/Activities
1 Biomass-wastes for electricity sectors

2010
Developing

2020
Mastering

Executor Institutes

study of various technologies in accordance with the conditional areas, sources and types of energy socialization and its maintenance system feasibility study, technoeconomy integrated wastes processing. of techno economy assessment, demo plant with the capacity of 5 ton per day & developing various superior plants

technology of a small scale generator (1-10 MWe) for various types of energy

Research Institute, production Ministry of Energy & technology Mineral Resources, 100% Universities, Local domestic made. Government Private Companies/State Owned Enterprises. Research Institute, storage Ministry of Energy & technology and Mineral Resources, gas Universities, Local compression Government, Private Companies/State Owned Enterprises, NGO.

Biogas for household sectors for electricity

Technological

Developing

integrated automation system with its source of energy

Developing

Biodiesel for transportation sectors

Results

Developing

plant Mastering with the capacity production of 1.5 million ton technology, per year, a 100% commercial scale. domestic made

Research Institute, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Universities. Local Gov Private Companies/Sta Owned, FBI, Min. of Agriculture, Min. of Forestry

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

INSTITUTIONS INVOLVE IN BIOMASS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Government
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Forestry

Universities Research Institutions

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is responsible for the regulation of renewable energy and one of it is from biomass The research and development is done by the Agency of Research and Development for Energy and Mineral Resources by Research and Development Center for Oil and Gas Technology LEMIGAS and the Research Center for Energy and Electricity Technology

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

Research and Development Center for Oil and Gas Technology LEMIGAS LEMIGAS started to develop biomass with Biogas in year 19811982 and 2001

1981-1982: The Objective: To replace kerosene as fuel and assist the cleanliness of countrys environment. Results of the Research: It easily carried out, simple technology and inexpensive cost. In application, there was a social problem. It cannot be produced in a large scale. 2001 (in cooperation with State Owned Gas Company [PGN]) The Objective: Fuel production in a pilot scale. Results of Research: Good qualities

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

Research and Development Center for Oil and Gas Technology LEMIGAS Biofuel (Ethanol Fuel in cooperation with BPPT (The Agency for the Asessment and Application Technology) 1982. The Objective of Research: To obtain basic data and information as much as possible concerning the problem caused in using ethanol as fuel of the vehicles.

The Results of Research: Using 100% mixture of ethanol Fuel consumption was more wasteful compared to gasoline. There was no knock though in a heavy burden Drive ability: Engine combustion was longer compared with the gasoline vehicle. Corrosion was higher, especially occured in carburator and cylinder wall, particularly when the engine was standstill for a long time.

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

Research and Development Center for Oil and Gas Technology LEMIGAS

Biofuel (Methanol in Cooperation with Pertamina) 1989 The Objective of Research: To reduce leaded contents and the use of gasoline for reducing the level of air pollution. The Results of Research: The use of gasoline mixture with 5% to 9% methanol is reasonable, with the existing fuel distribution system. Some material parts of engine such as metal, rubbers and plastics of conventional vehicles were sensitive to the fuel mixture. Fuel mixture was more poisonous The consumption of fuel is relatively more wasteful Corrosion was higher

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

Research and Development Center for Oil and Gas Technology LEMIGAS

Biodiesel (in cooperation with Pertamina 1996)

Mixing of ester palm oil with Diesel fuel (30:70) The Objective of Research: To support a national policy in conservation and diversification of energy.

The Results of Research: The power on motor torsion was law compared to diesel oil. Fuel consumption was more wasteful Gas emission was lower Deposit in engine parts was higher

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.) Ministry of Forestry Production of Biogas from Wastes of Palm Oil Solid Fermentation Processing

The Objective of Research: To evaluate the characteristic of biogas produced from the wastes of palm-oil solid fermentation processing, the assessment on its potential prospect was also studied The Results of Research:
Fermentation in the batch system at 25 : 500 ratio as such afforded biogas with the highest yield (145 ml per liter-hour) and the most intense degradation on the organic matters (32.3% VS) Fermentation using continuous system at 25 : 500 brought out biogas with the highest production (1623,7 ml per-liter-d)

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

Ministry of Forestry Physical and Chemical Properties of Briquetted Charcoal Using the Mixture of Sawdust and Woddy Slab Wastes

The Results of Research:

The recovery/yield sawdust charcoal was about 24.57-29.16 percent, Slab charcoal was 25. 26-39.20 percent. The mixture of sawdust charcoal and slabs charcoal act 40% : 60% portion brought out the briquetted charcoal with the most satisfactory physical and chemical properties

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

Ministry of Forestry
Solid state fermentation of some lignocellulosic wastes

The Results of Research:

Biogas productivity is about 1.6.6.5 V/V.r.d, methane content about 48.8.53.3 percent, retention time about 13-34 days and efficiency of conversion about 12-61 percent. Solid state fermentation at the above mentioned conditions increases the biogas productivity of about 2-6 times more than that of the conventional method. Solid state fermentation of a mixture of rubber wood sawdust and water hyacinth (ratio 90/10) revealed that biogas productivity was the lowest, retention time appeared to be the longest and the efficiency of conversion was relatively low (15%). On the other hand, solid state fermentation of fresh municipal solid waste gave the highest productivity of about 6,5 V/V.r.d, relatively short retention time (16.6 days) and high efficiency of about 57%. Solid state fermentation of mixture of rise straw and water hyacinth (95/5) and also of the municipal solid waste, rubber wood sawdust, bagasse and water hyacinth (68/15/12/4) gave a high productivity and efficiency.

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

Ministry of Agriculture
The Research has been started since 1996 covers

Power Generation:

Raw material: sugar cane wastes It has not been marketed commercially Raw materials: saw dust, rice husk Capacity: 60 kWh It has been installed commercially

Solar assisted Biomass system for drying Coffee and cocoa

Biogas production from fluid waste with a permanent stack of aerobic reactor:

Produced biogas of 0,56 m3 per COD level which has been degraded. Raw material: RBDPO (refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil) Research has achieved a pilot scale with a production capacity of 1 ton per day.

Biodiesel, Research has been started since 2000:

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.)

The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)
Research which has been started since 1980 covers:

Power Gasifier:

Raw materials: wood chips, rice husk Capasity: 40 kWe - 200 kWe It has been installed comercially There has still been for research Raw materials: saw dust, rice husk Capacity: 60 kWh It has been installed commercially Raw materials: saw dust, rice husk, wood chips, paper sludge Capacity: 1,5 ton/hr saturated steam It has been installed commercially Raw materials: saw dust, rice husk mixed with coal Briquett type: egg and honey comb Raw material: Crude palm oil, jatropha & rhicinus oil For CPO has been in the form of a pilot which has been marketed commercially, for jatropha andrhicinus oil have still been under research.

Heat gasifier since 1990:

Fluidized Bed Boiler since 1996

Briqueting, since 1999

Biodiesel, research since 2001:

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.) Faculty of Forestry, The University of Gajah Mada

Research on Biomass into Energy Conversion has been started in 1989 covers: Kinds of wood as fuel Growth velocity Calorific value Carbon formation experiment Formation of carbon processor equipment

STATUS AND PLANNING OF BIOMASS DEVELOPMEN

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (cont.) Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung Research on Biomass into Energy Conversion has been started since 1976 covers: Power Gasifier:

Raw materials: wood chips, rice husk and saw dust Raw material: crude palm oil, coconut oil and jatropha oil Raw material: solid waste from palm oil industry

Bio-diesel:

Bio-oil:

Bio-ethanol: Develop pilot plant to produce bio-ethanol

SUGGESTION OF POSSIBLE COOPERATION AMONG ASIAN COUNTRIES

Information exchange Experts Exchange Joint Research Laboratory Strengthening and Development

CLOSING REMARKS
Target of renewable energy development in Indonesia as input for national energy demand is 5% in the year of 2020. Biomass is one of the important renewable energy source Although Indonesia has a huge potential of renewable energy, its utilization is still low The increase of renewable energy utilization is part of the strategies to achieve energy security include electricity needs in Asian and African countries Some barriers are still facing in increase the renewable energy and it should be removed by particularly formulating the policies on renewable energy Development of biomass to energy conversion technology in an efficient way will be helpful Cooperation among Asian countries in developing biomass will increase mutual understanding