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Helping verbs: have no meaning on their own, they are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use hel ing verbs with main verbs. !they hel the main verb. "magine that a stranger wal#s into your room and says: " can. $eo le must. %he earth will. With these alone you can&t understand anything, they are incom lete and they need at least a main verb to com lete them. $rimary hel ing verbs !' verbs: be, do, have( these can be use as hel ing verbs or as main verbs. Be as hel ing verbs, to ma#e continuous tenses !)e is watching t.v.( %o ma#e the assive !voice( !Small fish are eaten by big fish( Have to ma#e tenses !" have finished my home wor#( Do to ma#e negatives !" do not li#e you( %o as# *uestions !Do you want some coffee+( %o show em hasis !" do want you to ass your e,am.( %o stand for a main verb in some constructions !)e s ea#s faster than she does.(
Modal helping verbs (10 verbs) We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal verbs:
can, could may, might will, would, shall, should must ought to
I can't speak Chinese. John may arrive late. Would you like a cup of coffee? ou should see a doctor. I really must go now.
Semi-modal verbs (3 verbs) !he following verbs are often called "semi#modals" because they are partly like modal helping verbs and partly like main verbs: need dare
used to
-. Main verbs: have meaning on their own. !they tell us something( " teach $eo le eat %he earth rotates
I saw an elephant. (elephant receive the action) *e are watching !+. $e speaks ,nglish.
$e has arrived. ($e: the sub'ect, does or performs the action) John goes to school. -he speaks fast.
Linking verbs
& linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the sub'ect to what is said about the sub'ect. .sually, a linking verb shows e/uality (0) or a change to a different state or place (1). 2inking verbs are always intransitive (but not all intransitive verbs are linking verbs).
%ary is a teacher. (mary 0 teacher) (the verb be as a linking verb) !ara is beautiful. (tara 0 beautiful) !hat sounds interesting. (that 0 interesting) !he sky became dark. (the sky 1 dark) !he bread has gone bad. (bread 1 bad)
stative verbs: 3ther verbs describe state (non#action, a situation). !hey are called "stative", and cannot normally be used with continuous tenses (though some of them can be used with continuous tenses with a change in meaning). (examples):
be like, love, prefer, wish impress, please, surprise hear, see, sound belong to, consist of, contain, include, need appear, resemble, seem
Regular Verbs
,nglish regular verbs change their form very little. !he past tense and past participle of regular verbs end in -ed, for example: work, worked, worked 5ut you should note the following points: 6. -ome verbs can be both regular and irregular, for example: learn, learn, learnt, learnt learned, learned
7. -ome verbs change their meaning depending on whether they are regular or irregular, for example "to hang":
regula r irregu lar hang, hanged, ha nged to kill or die, by dropping with a rope around the neck to fix something for example, a picture! at the top so that the lower part is free
8. !he present tense of some regular verbs is the same as the past tense of some irregular verbs:
regula r irregu lar found, founded founded,
advise afford agree alert back bake balance ban bang bare bat bathe battle beam calculate call camp care carry carve cause challenge change charge chase cheat check cheer chew dam damage dance dare decay deceive decide decorate delay delight earn educate embarrass employ empty encourage
annoy answer apologise appear beg behave belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast choke chop claim clap clean clear clip close coach coil collect colour comb command communicate deliver depend describe desert deserve destroy detect develop disagree disappear end en#oy enter entertain escape examine
arrange arrest arrive ask boil bolt bomb book bore borrow bounce bow box brake compare compete complain complete concentrate concern confess confuse connect consider consist contain continue copy correct disapprove disarm discover dislike divide double doubt drag drain dream excite excuse exercise exist expand expect
attract avoid
bu"" cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve
cycle
face fade fail fancy fasten fax fear fence gather ga"e glow glue hammer hand handle hang happen harass identify ignore imagine impress improve include #ail #am kick kill label land last laugh launch man manage march mark marry match mate nail
fetch file fill film fire fit fix flap grab grate grease greet harm hate haunt head heal heap increase influence inform in#ect in#ure instruct #og #oin kiss kneel learn level license lick lie matter measure meddle melt memorise mend mess up need
flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool grin grip groan guarantee heat help hook hop hope hover intend interest interfere interrupt introduce invent #oke #udge knit knock lighten like list listen live milk mine miss mix moan moor mourn nod
load lock long look love move muddle mug multiply murder
notice
note
name obey ob#ect observe pack paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck pedal peel peep perform $uestion race radiate rain raise reach realise receive recognise record reduce reflect sack sail satisfy save saw scare scatter scold scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble
nest obtain occur offend permit phone pick pinch pine place plan plant play please plug point poke polish $ueue refuse regret reign re#ect re#oice relax release rely remain remember remind shiver shock shop shrug sigh sign signal sin sip ski skip slap slip slow
offer open order pop possess post pour practise pray preach precede prefer prepare present preserve press pretend remove repair repeat replace reply report reproduce re$uest rescue retire return soothe sound spare spark sparkle spell spill spoil spot spray sprout s$uash s$ueak s$ueal
number overflow owe own prevent prick print produce program promise protect provide pull pump punch puncture punish push rhyme rinse risk rob rock roll rot rub ruin rule rush stop store strap strengthen stretch strip stroke stuff subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit
scrub seal search separate serve settle shade share shave shelter talk tame tap taste tease telephone tempt terrify test thank undress unfasten vanish wail wait walk wander want warm warn wash x%ray yawn "ip
smash smell smile smoke snatch snee"e sniff snore snow soak thaw tick tickle tie time tip tire touch tour tow unite unlock visit waste watch water wave weigh welcome whine whip yell
s$uee"e stain stamp stare start stay steer step stir stitch trace trade train transport trap travel treat tremble trick trip unpack untidy whirl whisper whistle wink wipe wish wobble wonder
trot trouble trust try tug tumble turn twist type use
"oom
or irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart. irregular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
!ase orm *ith regular verbs, the rule is simple... finish !he past simple and past participle always end stop in #ed: work 5ut with irregular verbs, there is no rule... -ometimes the verb changes completely: -ometimes there is "half" a change: -ometimes there is no change: sing buy cut
"ast Simple
"ast "articiple
&ne good way to learn irregular verbs is to try sorting them into groups, as above.
Past awoke
imple
become begin bend bet bid bite blow break bring broadcas t build burn buy catch choose come cost cut
became began bent bet bid bit blew broke brought broadcast
become begun bent bet bid bitten blown broken brought broadcast
dug did drew dreamed'drea mt drove drank ate fell felt fought found flew forgot forgave fro"e got gave went
dug done drawn dreamed'drea mt driven drunk eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven fro"en gotten given gone
drive drink eat fall feel fight find fly forget forgive free"e get give go
grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend let lie lose
grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learned'learnt left lent let lay lost
grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learned'learnt left lent let lain lost
make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send show
made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed
made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent showed'show n shut sung sat
sleep speak spend stand swim take teach tear tell think throw understa nd wake wear win write
slept spoke spent stood swam took taught tore told thought threw understood
slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood
Phrasal Verbs and other multi-word verbs $hrasal verbs are art of a large grou of verbs called .multi/word verbs.. $hrasal verbs and other multi/word verbs are an im ortant art of the English language. 0ulti/word verbs, including hrasal verbs, are very common, es ecially in s o#en English. 1 multi/ word verb is a verb li#e . ic# u ., .turn on. or .get on with.. 2or convenience, many eo le refer to all multi/word verbs as hrasal verbs. %hese verbs consist of a basic verb + another word or words. %he other word!s( can be re ositions and3or adverbs. %he two or three words that ma#e u multi/word verbs form a short . hrase.4which is why these verbs are often all called . hrasal verbs.. %he im ortant thing to remember is that a multi/word verb is still a verb. .5et. is a verb. .5et u ., is also a verb, a different verb. .5et. and .get u . are two different verbs. %hey do not have the same meaning. So you should treat each multi/word verb as a se arate verb, and learn it li#e any other verb. 6oo# at these e,am les. 7ou can see that there are three ty es of multi/word verb: single/word verb Loo direct your eyes in a 7ou must loo certain direction you lea . ta#e care of before
loo a!ter
loo up
search for and find 7ou can loo up my information in a number in the reference boo# tele hone directory. antici ate leasure with
loo !orward to
to
Phrasal prepositional verbs" look after verb ) preposition "hrasal-prepositional verbs are made o#: verb < adverb < preposition: ,.g: I won=t put up with your attitude.
#nglish $onditionals
!here are several structures in ,nglish that are called conditionals. "Condition" means "situation or circumstance". $# a particular condition is true, then a particular result happens.
*eople sometimes call conditionals "+," structures or sentences, because there is usually but not always! the word "if" in a conditional sentence.
;otice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. 5ut the sky is cloudy and you think that it could rain. *e use the present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. *e use *I22 < base verb to talk about the possible future result. !he important thing about the first conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will happen. $ere are some more examples (do you remember the two basic structures: >I4 condition result? and >result I4 condition??):
I F !ondition result
&ILL ' base verb + will tell her. he will invite her.
+f
they do not pass their their teacher will be sad. exam it rains tomorrow will you stay at home.
+f
+f
it rains tomorrow
result
I F
!ondition
&ILL ' base verb + will tell -ary /e will invite Tara Their teacher be sad Will you home stay will if if
if
at
if
it rains tomorrow.
if
it rains tomorrow.
0ometimes, we use shall, !an, or ma% instead of (ill, for example: +f you are good today, you can watch T1 tonight.
lottery
;otice that we are thinking about a future condition. *e use the past simple tense to talk about the future condition. *e use *3.2B < base verb to talk about the future result. !he important thing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will happen. $ere are some more examples:
I F !ondition result
+f
+f
it snowed next would you be surprised. 3uly it snowed next what would you do. 3uly
+f
result
I F ' base
!ondition
&)*L+ verb
past simple
+ would be happy
if
if
if
0ometimes, we use should, !ould or might instead of (ould, for example: +f + won a million dollars, + !ould stop working.
+f
;otice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. ou did not win the lottery. -o the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. *e use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. *e use *3.2B $&+, < past participle to talk about the impossible past result. !he important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now.
0ometimes, we use should have, !ould have, might have instead of (ould have, for example: +f you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.
I F
!ondition
result
past perfe!t
'
past
+f
+f
+f
they had not passed their their teacher would have exam been sad. would you have stayed at home. what would you have done.
+f
+f
IF
!ondition
past perfe!t
if if
Their teacher would have been if sad Would you have stayed at home What would you have done if if
*e use the so#called %ero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific f
!ake some ice. Cut it in a saucepan. $eat the saucepan. *hat happens? !he ice melts (it becomes w ou would be surprised if it did not.
I F !ondition result
;otice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. !he result of the condi an absolute certainty. *e are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. *e are th about a simple fact. *e use the present simple tense to talk about the condition. *e also use the p simple tense to talk about the result. !he important thing about the Dero conditional is that the con always has the same result.
We can also use (hen instead of if, for example: &hen + get up late + miss my bus.
present simple
+f
+f
gets
+f
get
+f
does it melt.
result
I F
!ondition
present simple + am late for if work -y boss angry *eople hungry gets
present simple
if
get
if
if
$onditionals"
ummar%
$ere is a chart to help you to visualiDe the basic ,nglish conditionals. Bo not take the E:F and 6:F figures too literally. !hey are 'ust to help you.
probabilit% !onditiona l "ero e0ample time
788 9
+f
you
heat
ice,
it any time
conditional
always true
first conditional real possibility second conditional unreal possibility third conditional 89
melts.
:89
789
no possibility
#nglish Prepositions
& preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in:
0he left before breakfast. What did ,or what did you come.! you come for.
prepositions o#, to and in are among the ten most fre/uent words in ,nglish. $ere is a short list of G: of the more common one#word prepositions. %any of these prepositions have more than one meaning. Clease refer to a dictionary for precise meaning and usage.
within without