MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013

CONTENTS
1. Introduction ..page 1 2. Microgrid : Overview Concept of Microgrid ..page 2 3. Technical and Economical advantage of Microgridpage ! ". Challenge and di advantage of Microgrid development...page1# $. Management and operational i ue of a Microgrid.page11 %. &'namic interaction of Microgrid with main grid...page12. (. Conclu ion .....page13 ). *eference .page1$

Page 1

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013

1.

INTRODUCTION
+round the world, conventional power ' tem i facing the pro-lem of gradual depletion

of fo il fuel re ource , poor energ' efficienc' and environmental pollution. The e pro-lem have led to a new trend of generating power locall' at di tri-ution voltage level -' u ing non. conventional/renewa-le energ' ource li0e natural ga , -ioga , wind power, olar photovoltaic cell , fuel cell , com-ined heat and power 1C234 ' tem , microtur-ine , and 5tirling engine and their integration into the utilit' di tri-ution networ0 Thi t'pe of power generation i termed a di tri-uted generation 1&64 and the energ' ource are termed a di tri-uted energ' re ource 1&E* 4. The term 7&i tri-uted 6eneration8 ha -een devi ed to di tingui h thi concept of generation from centrali9ed conventional generation. The di tri-ution networ0 -ecome active with the integration of &6 and hence i termed a active di tri-ution networ0 5everal countr'. pecific trict definition are availa-le for &6 all over the world, depending upon plant rating, generation voltage level, etc. 2owever, the impact of &6 on the power ' tem i normall' the ame irre pective of the e different definition . +ccording to everal re earch tudie , ome univer all' accepted common attri-ute of &6 are a follow : 114 It i not centrall' planned -' the power utilit', nor centrall' di patched. 124 It i normall' maller than $# M:. 134 The power ource or di tri-uted generator are u uall' connected to the di tri-ution ' tem, which are t'picall' of voltage 23#/"1$ ; up to 1"$ 0;. In pite of everal advantage provided -' conventional power ' tem , the following technical, economic and environmental -enefit have led to gradual development and integration of &6 ' tem : 114 &ue to rapid load growth, the need for augmentation of conventional generation -ring a-out a continuou depletion of fo il fuel re erve. Therefore, mo t of the countrie are loo0ing for non . conventional/renewa-le energ' re ource a an alternative. 124 *eduction of environmental pollution and glo-al warming act a a 0e' factor in preferring renewa-le re ource over fo il fuel . + part of the <'oto 3rotocol, the E=, the =< and man' other countrie are planning to cut down greenhou e ga 1car-on and nitrogenou -'.product 4 emi ion in order to counter climate change and glo-al warming. Therefore, the' are wor0ing on new energ' generation and utili ation policie to upport proper utili ation of the e energ' ource . It i e>pected that e>ploitation of &E* would help to generate ecofriendl' clean power with much le er environmental impact. Page 2

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013 134 &6 provide -etter cope for etting up co.generation, trigeneration or C23 plant for utili ing the wa te heat for indu trial/dome tic/commercial application . Thi increa e the overall energ' efficienc' of the plant and al o reduce thermal pollution of the environment. 1"4 &ue to lower energ' den it' and dependence on geographical condition of a region, &E* are generall' modular unit of mall capacit'. The e are geographicall' wide pread and u uall' located clo e to load . Thi i re?uired for technical and economic via-ilit' of the plant . Thi ma0e it ea ier to find ite for them and help to lower con truction time and capital inve tment. 3h' ical pro>imit' of load and ource al o reduce the tran mi ion and di tri-ution 1T@&4 lo e . 5ince power i generated at low voltage 1A;4, it i po i-le to connect a &E* eparatel' to the utilit' di tri-ution networ0 or the' ma' -e interconnected in the form of Microgrid . The Microgrid can again -e connected to the utilit' a a eparate emi.autonomou entit'. 1$4 5tand.alone and grid.connected operation of &E* help in generation augmentation, there-' improving overall power ?ualit' and relia-ilit'. Moreover, a deregulated environment and open acce to the di tri-ution networ0 al o provide greater opportunitie for &6 integration. In ome o acute that an' form of generation i encouraged to meet the countrie , the fuel diver it' offered -' &6 i con idered valua-le, while in ome developing countrie , the hortage of power i load demand.

Active distribution network

Electricit' networ0 are in the era of maBor tran ition from ta-le pa ive di tri-ution networ0 with unidirectional electricit' tran portation to active di tri-ution networ0 with -idirectional electricit' tran portation. &i tri-ution networ0 without an' &6 unit are pa ive ince the electrical power i upplied -' the national grid ' tem to the cu tomer em-edded in the di tri-ution networ0 . It -ecome active when &6 unit are added to the di tri-ution ' tem leading to -idirectional power flow in the networ0 . To effect thi tran ition, developing countrie hould empha i9e the development of u taina-le electricit' infra tructure while the developed countrie hould ta0e up the technical and economic challenge for the tran formation of di tri-ution networ0 . In order to implement evolutionar' active di tri-ution networ0 for fle>i-le and intelligent operation and control, e>ten ive re earch i nece ar'. The focu of the re earch hould -e mainl' in the following area : 1i4 wide area active control, 1ii4 adaptive protection and control, 1iii4 networ0 management device , 1iv4 real time networ0 imulation, 1v4 advanced en or and mea urement , 1vi4 di tri-uted perva ive communication, 1vii4 0nowledge e>traction -' intelligent method and 1viii4 novel de ign of tran mi ion and di tri-ution ' tem . Page 3

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013

2. MICROGRID
2.1. DE INITION
Microgrid are mall. cale, A; C23 uppl' networ0 de igned to uppl' electrical and heat load for a mall communit', uch a a hou ing e tate or a u-ur-an localit', or an academic or pu-lic communit' uch a a univer it' or chool, a commercial area, an indu trial ite, a trading e tate or a municipal region. Microgrid i e entiall' an active di tri-ution networ0 -ecau e it i the conglomerate of &6 ' tem and different load at di tri-ution voltage level. The generator or micro ource emplo'ed in a Microgrid are u uall' renewa-le/non.conventional &E* integrated together to generate power at di tri-ution voltage. Crom operational point of view, the micro ource mu t -e e?uipped with power electronic interface 13EI 4 and control to provide the re?uired fle>i-ilit' to en ure operation a a ingle aggregated ' tem and to maintain the pecified power ?ualit' and energ' output. Thi control fle>i-ilit' would allow the Microgrid to pre ent it elf to the main utilit' power ' tem a a ingle controlled unit that meet local energ' need for relia-ilit' and ecurit'. The 0e' difference -etween a Microgrid and a conventional power plant are a follow : 114 Micro ource are of much maller capacit' with re pect to the large generator in conventional power plant . 124 3ower generated at di tri-ution voltage can -e directl' fed to the utilit' di tri-ution networ0. 134 Micro ource are normall' in talled clo e to the cu tomer 8 premi e lo e . o that the electrical/heat load can -e efficientl' upplied with ati factor' voltage and fre?uenc' profile and negligi-le line

Page "

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013

2.2 !RO!ERTIES
The technical feature of a Microgrid ma0e it uita-le for uppl'ing power to remote area of a countr' where uppl' from the national grid ' tem i either difficult to avail due to the topolog' or fre?uentl' di rupted due to evere climatic condition or man.made di tur-ance . Crom grid point of view, the main advantage of a Microgrid i that it i treated a a controlled entit' within the power ' tem. It can -e operated a a ingle aggregated load. Thi a certain it ea ' controlla-ilit' and compliance with grid rule and regulation without hampering the relia-ilit' and ecurit' of the power utilit'. Crom cu tomer 8 point of view, Microgrid are -eneficial for locall' meeting their electrical/heat re?uirement . The' can uppl' uninterrupti-le power, improve local relia-ilit', reduce feeder lo e and provide local voltage upport. Crom environmental point of view, Microgrid reduce environmental pollution and glo-al warming through utili ation of low.car-on technolog'. 2owever, to achieve a ta-le and ecure operation, a num-er of technical, regulator' and economic i ue have to -e re olved -efore Microgrid can -ecome commonplace. 5ome pro-lem area that would re?uire due attention are the intermittent and climate.dependent nature of generation of the &E* , low energ' content of the fuel and lac0 of tandard and regulation for operating the Microgrid in 'nchroni m with the power utilit'. The tud' of uch i ue would re?uire e>ten ive real.time and off line re earch, which can -e ta0en up -' the leading engineering and re earch in titute acro the glo-e.

Page $

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013

2." A t#$ic%& Micro'rid con(i'ur%tion

+ t'pical Microgrid configuration i hown in Cigure,

It con i t of electrical/ heat load and micro ource connected through an A; di tri-ution networ0. The loads (es e!"all# $he hea$ loads% a&d $he so'(!es a(e ha,e l'g-a&d- la# .ea$'(es+ The# a(e la!ed !lose $oge$he( $o )"&")"*e hea$ loss d'("&g hea$ $(a&s)"ss"o&+ The )"!(o so'(!es (o,"ded /"$h PEIs $o ") le)e&$ $he !o&$(ol0 )e$e("&g a&d (o$e!$"o& .'&!$"o&s d'("&g s$a&d-alo&e a&d g("d-

!o&&e!$ed )odes o. o e(a$"o&+ These .ea$'(es also hel sea)less $(a&s"$"o& o. M"!(o g("d .(o) o&e )ode $o a&o$he(+ The Microgrid con i t of three radial feeder 1+, D and C4 to uppl' the electrical and heat load . It al o ha two C23 and two non.C23 micro ource and torage device . Micro ource and torage device are connected to feeder + and C through micro ource controller 1MC 4. 5ome load on feeder + and C are a umed to -e priorit' load 1i.e. re?uiring uninterrupted power uppl'4, while other are non.priorit' load . Ceeder D, however, contain onl' non.priorit' electrical load . Page %

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013

The Microgrid i coupled with the main medium voltage 1M;4 utilit' grid 1denoted a 7main grid84 through the 3CC 1point of common coupling4 circuit -rea0er CD" a per tandard interface regulation . CD" i operated to connect and di connect the entire Microgrid from the main grid a per the elected mode of operation. Ceeder +, D and C can however -e connected and di connected -' operating -rea0er CD1, CD2 and CD3, re pectivel'. The micro ource on feeder + and C are placed ?uite apart from the Microgrid -u to en ure reduction in line lo e , good voltage profile and optimal u e of wa te heat. +lthough the control of power flow and voltage profile along radial feeder i ?uite complicated when everal micro ource are connected to a common radial feeder and not to a common generator -u , thi configuration i nece ar' to avail the plug.and.pla' feature of the micro ource . The Microgrid i operated in two mode : 114 grid.connected and 124 tandalone. In grid. connected mode, the Microgrid remain connected to the main grid either totall' or partiall', and import or e>port power from or to the main grid. In ca e of an' di tur-ance in the main grid, the Microgrid witche over to tand.alone mode while till feeding power to the priorit' load . Thi can -e achieved -' either 1i4 di connecting the entire Microgrid -' opening CD" or 1ii4 di connecting feeder + and C -' opening CD1 and CD3. Cor option 1i4, the Microgrid will operate a an autonomou ' tem with all the micro ource feeding all the load in feeder +, D and C, wherea for option 1ii4, feeder + and C will uppl' onl' the priorit' load while feeder D will -e left to ride through the di tur-ance. The operation and management of Microgrid in different mode i controlled and co. ordinated through local MC and the central controller 1CC4 who e function are enli ted a follow :

114

Microsource contro&&er
The main function of MC i to independentl' control the power flow and load.end voltage profile of the micro ource in re pon e to an' di tur-ance and load change . 2ere 7independentl'8 implie without an' communication from the CC. MC al o participate in economic generation cheduling, load trac0ing/management and demand ide management -' controlling the torage device . It mu t al o en ure that each micro ource rapidl' pic0 up it generation to uppl' it The mo t ignificant a pect of MC i it ?uic0ne hare of load in tand.alone in re ponding to the locall' mode and automaticall' come -ac0 to the grid.connected mode with the help of CC. monitored voltage and current irre pective of the data from the neigh-ouring MC . Page (

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013 Thi control feature ena-le micro ource to act a plug.and.pla' device and facilitate the addition of new micro ource at an' point of Microgrid without affecting the control and protection of the e>i ting unit . Two other 0e' feature are that an MC will not interact independentl' with other MC in the Microgrid and that it will override the CC directive that ma' eem dangerou for it micro ource.

124 Centr%& contro&&er E The CC e>ecute the overall control of Microgrid operation
and protection through the MC . It o-Bective are 1i4 to maintain pecified voltage and fre?uenc' at the load end through power.fre?uenc' 13.f 4 and voltage control and 1ii4 to en ure energ' optimi ation for the Microgrid. The CC al o perform protection co.ordination and provide the power di patch and voltage et point for all the MC . CC i de igned to operate in automatic mode with provi ion for manual intervention a and when nece ar'. Two main functional module of CC are Energ' Management Module 1EMM4 and 3rotection Co.ordination Module 13CM4. 1i4 Energy Management Module E EMM provide the et point for active and reactive power output, voltage and fre?uenc' to each MC. Thi function i coordinated through tate.of.the. art communication and artificial intelligence techni?ue . The value of the et point are decided according to the operational need of the Microgrid. The EMM mu t ee that 1a4 Micro ource uppl' heat and electrical load to cu tomer ati faction. 1-4 Microgrid operate ati factoril' a per the operational a priori contract with main grid. 1c4 Microgrid operate at their highe t po i-le efficiencie . 1ii4 Protection Co-ordination Module E 3CM re pond to Microgrid and main grid fault and lo of grid 1AO64 cenario in a wa' o a to en ure correct protection co.ordination of the Microgrid. It al o adapt to the change in fault current level during changeover from grid. connected to tand.alone mode. Cor achieving thi , there i proper communication -etween the 3CM and the MC and up tream main grid controller . Cor main grid fault, 3CM immediatel' witche over the Microgrid to tand.alon mode for uppl'ing power to the priorit' load at a ignificantl' lower Incremental co t. ati f' it o-ligator' -inding in minimi ing ' tem lo e and emi ion of greenhou e ga e and particulate . 1d4 Micro ource

Interconnection o( Micro'rids
5ince Microgrid are de igned to generate power at di tri-ution voltage level along with utili ation of wa te heat, the' have re tricted energ' handling capa-ilit'. Therefore, their ma>imum capacit' i normall' re tricted to appro>imatel' 1# M;+ a per IEEE recommendation . 2ence, it i po i-le to uppl' a large load poc0et from everal Microgrid through a common di tri-ution Page )

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013 networ0, -' plitting the load poc0et into everal controlla-le load unit , with each unit -eing upplied -' one Microgrid. In thi wa', Microgrid can -e interconnected to form much larger power pool for meeting -ul0 power demand . Cor interconnected Microgrid , each CC mu t e>ecute it control in clo e co.ordination with the neigh-ouring CC . Thu , an interconnected Microgrid would achieve greater ta-ilit' and controlla-ilit' with a di tri-uted control tructure. It would al o have more redundanc' to en ure -etter uppl' relia-ilit'.

Tec)nic%& %nd econo*ic%& %dv%nt%'es o( Micro'rid

The development of Microgrid i ver' promi ing for the electric energ' indu tr' -ecau e of the following advantage :

114 Environmental issues E It i needle

to a' that Microgrid would have much le er

environmental impact than the large conventional thermal power tation . 2owever, it mu t -e mentioned that the ucce ful implementation of car-on capture and torage 1CC54 cheme for thermal power plant will dra ticall' reduce the environmental impact . Feverthele , ome of the -enefit of Microgrid in thi regard are a follow : 1i4 *eduction in ga eou and particulate emi ion due to clo e control of the com-u tion proce ma' ultimatel' help com-at glo-al warming. 1ii4 3h' ical pro>imit' of cu tomer with micro ource ma' help to increa e the awarene of cu tomer toward Budiciou energ' u age.

124 Operation and investment issues E *eduction of ph' ical and electrical di tance -etween
micro ource and load can contri-ute to: 1i4 Improvement of reactive upport of the whole ' tem, thu enhancing the voltage profile. 1ii4 *eduction of T@& feeder conge tion. 1iii4 *eduction of T@& lo e to a-out 3G. 1iv4 *eduction / po tponement of inve tment in the e>pan ion of tran mi ion and generation ' tem -' proper a et management.

134 Power quality E Improvement in power ?ualit' and relia-ilit' i achieved

due to: 1i4 &ecentrali ation of uppl'. 1ii4 Detter match of uppl' and demand. 1iii4 *eduction of the impact of large. cale tran mi ion and generation outage .

Page !

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013 1iv4 Minimi ation of downtime and enhancement of the re toration proce operation of micro ource . through -lac0 tart

1"4 Cost saving E The following co t aving are achieved in Microgrid:

1i4 + ignificant aving come from utili ation of wa te heat in C23 mode of operation. Moreover, a the C23 ource are located clo e to the cu tomer load , no u- tantial infra tructure i re?uired for heat tran mi ion. Thi give a total energ' efficienc' of more than )#G a compared to a ma>imum of "#G for a conventional power ' tem. 1ii4 Co t aving i al o effected through integration of everal micro ource . + the' are locall' placed in plug.and.pla' mode, the T@& co t are dra ticall' reduced or eliminated. :hen com-ined into a Microgrid, the generated electricit' can -e hared locall' among the cu tomer , which again reduce the need to import/e>port power to/from the main grid over longer feeder .

1$4 Market issues E The following advantage are attained in ca e of mar0et participation:
1i4 The development of mar0et.driven operation procedure of the Microgrid will lead to a ignificant reduction of mar0et power e>erted -' the e ta-li hed generation companie . 1ii4 The Microgrid ma' -e u ed to provide ancillar' ervice . 1iii4 :ide pread application of modular plug.and.pla' micro ource ma' contri-ute to a reduction in energ' price in the power mar0et. 1iv4 The appropriate economic -alance -etween networ0 inve tment and &6 utili ation i li0el' to reduce the long.term electricit' cu tomer price -' a-out 1#G.

C)%&&en'es %nd dis%dv%nt%'es o( Micro'rid deve&o$*ent

In pite of potential -enefit , development of Microgrid and potential draw-ac0 a e>plained. uffer from everal challenge

114 High costs of distributed energy resources E The high in tallation co t for Microgrid
i a great di advantage. Thi can -e reduced -' arranging ome form of u- idie from government -odie to encourage inve tment . Thi hould -e done at lea t for a tran itor' period for meeting up environmental and car-on capture goal . There i a glo-al target et to enhance renewa-le green power generation to 2#G -' 2#2# and to reduce car-on emi ion -' $#G -' 2#$#.

124 Technical difficulties E The e are related to the lac0 of technical e>perience in controlling
a large num-er of plug.and.pla' micro ource . Thi a pect re?uire e>ten ive real.time and off line re earch on management, protection and control a pect of Microgrid and al o on the choice, i9ing and placement of micro ource . 5pecific telecommunication infra tructure and

Page 1#

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013 communication protocol mu t -e developed in thi area. *e earch i going on for the

implementation and roll.out of IEC %1)$# in communication for Microgrid and active di tri-ution networ0 . 2owever, lac0 of proper communication infra tructure in rural area i a potential draw-ac0 in the implementation of rural Microgrid . De ide , economic implementation of eamle witching -etween operating mode i till a maBor challenge ince the availa-le olution for reclo ing adaptive protection with 'nchroni m chec0 are ?uite e>pen ive.

134 bsence of standards E 5ince Microgrid i a comparativel' new area, tandard are not 'et
availa-le for addre ing operation and protection i ue . 3ower ?ualit' data for different t'pe of ource , tandard and protocol for integration of micro ource and their participation in conventional and deregulated power mar0et , afet' and protection guideline , etc., hould -e laid down. 5tandard li0e 6$!/1 and IEEE 1$"( hould -e rea e ed and re tructured for the ucce ful implementation of Microgrid and active di tri-ution networ0 .

1"4

dministrative and legal barriers E In mo t countrie , no tandard legi lation and

regulation are availa-le to regulate the operation of Microgrid . 6overnment of ome countrie are encouraging the e ta-li hment of green power Microgrid , -ut tandard regulation are 'et to -e framed for implementation in future.

1$4 Market monopoly E If the Microgrid are allowed to uppl' energ' autonomou l' to
priorit' load during an' main grid contingenc', the main ?ue tion that ari e i who will then control energ' uppl' price during the period over which main grid i not availa-le. 5ince the main grid will -e di connected and the current electricit' mar0et will lo e it control on the energ' price, Microgrid might retail energ' at a ver' high price e>ploiting mar0et monopol'. Thu , uita-le mar0et infra tructure need to -e de igned and implemented for u taining development of Microgrid .

M%n%'e*ent %nd o$er%tion%& issues o( % Micro'rid

MaBor management and operational i ue related to a Microgrid are a follow : 114 Cor maintaining power ?ualit', active and reactive power -alance mu t -e maintained within the Microgrid on a hort.term -a i . 124 + Microgrid hould operate tand.alone in region where utilit' uppl' i not availa-le or in grid.connected mode within a larger utilit' di tri-ution networ0. Microgrid operator hould -e a-le to choo e the mode of operation within proper regulator' framewor0. Page 11

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013 134 6eneration, uppl' and torage of energ' mu t -e uita-l' planned with re pect to load demand on the Microgrid and long.term energ' -alance. 1"4 5upervi or' control and data ac?ui ition 15C+&+4 -a ed metering, control and protection function hould -e incorporated in the Microgrid CC and MC . 3rovi ion mu t -e made for ' tem diagno tic through tate e timation function . 1$4 Economic operation hould -e en ured through generation cheduling, economic load di patch and optimal power flow operation . 1%4 5' tem ecurit' mu t -e maintained through contingenc' anal' i and emergenc' operation 1li0e demand ide management, load hedding, i landing or hutdown of an' unit4. =nder contingenc' condition , economic re cheduling of generation hould -e done to ta0e care of ' tem loading and load.end voltage/fre?uenc'. 1(4 Temporar' mi match -etween generation and load hould -e alleviated through proper load foreca ting and demand ide management. The hifting of load might help to flatten the demand curve and hence to reduce torage capacit'. 1)4 5uita-le telecommunication infra tructure and communication protocol mu t -e emplo'ed for overall energ' management, protection and control. Carrier communication and IEC %1)$# communication infra tructure are mo t li0el' to -e emplo'ed.

D#n%*ic inter%ctions o( Micro'rid wit) *%in 'rid

The capacit' of Microgrid -eing ufficientl' mall, the ta-ilit' of main grid i not affected when it i connected to the main grid. 2owever, in future, when Microgrid will -ecome more commonplace with higher penetration of &E* , the ta-ilit' and ecurit' of the main grid will -e influenced ignificantl'. In uch ca e, the d'namic interaction -etween Microgrid and the main grid will -e a 0e' i ue in the operation and management of -oth the grid . 2owever, a of now, ince the &E* in Microgrid are mainl' meant to en ure onl' local energ' -alance within a mall load poc0et, the effect of &E* penetration are li0el' to have a low impact on the main grid. Feverthele , Microgrid need to -e de igned properl' to ta0e care of their d'namic impact on main grid uch that overall ta-ilit' and relia-ilit' of the whole ' tem i ignificantl' improved.

M%rket !%rtici$%tion o( Micro'rids

Page 12

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013 The electricit' mar0et reform have -rought a-out maBor change in the mar0et monopol' of the verticall' integrated power ' tem . Three maBor component of verticall' integrated monopol' are generation, tran mi ion and di tri-ution. +lthough in the re tructured environment, the main function of the e three component remain the ame a -efore, new t'pe of un-undling and co.ordination are graduall' -eing e ta-li hed to en ure competition and non.di criminator' open acce to all the participant , including eller and con umer .

In earlier da' , verticall' integrated power utilitie would control a monopol' the elling and di tri-ution of electricit' and ancillar' ervice to cu tomer within their own territorie . In thi monopol', each utilit' would control generation, tran mi ion and di tri-ution without an' competition leading to poor ervice relia-ilit' and efficienc' with re pect to the revenue charged from the cu tomer . *e tructuring en ure a competition in providing -etter ervice -' allowing cu tomer to purcha e electricit' and ancillar' ervice from upplier of their choice, there-' a uring co t.effective purcha e of ?ualit' ervice. It al o encourage participation of mall -u ine e to ign contract for -u'ing power from cheaper ource . Decau e the utilitie are o-ligated to deliver or wheel power over e>i ting line at a fee ame a the non.di criminator' co t of delivering the utilit'8 own power without power production co t. Thu , re tructuring replace the verticall' integrated ' tem -' a more mar0et.oriented ' tem where price of electrical power i et through open competition rather than -' regulation impo ed -' a ingle part'. *e tructuring ignificantl' reduce the co t of power for mall -u ine e and con umer through open mar0et competition. It would allow cu tomer to choo e power provider and thu enhancing the level of ervice relia-ilit'. The open mar0et competition al o improve economic efficienc' -' e>pan ion of operational region through interconnection of generation and tran mi ion ' tem . *e tructuring accommodate open acce to tran mi ion ervice en uring con umer 8 opportunitie with the application of new choice and uppl' competition creating new -u ine

technologie namel' metering and telecommunication. Microgrid , which are viewed a aggregated controlla-le load unit with their own on. ite power generation, can therefore ea il' participate to ell power and ancillar' ervice in the newl' re tructured open mar0et. It en ure relia-ilit', power ?ualit' and efficienc' at comparativel' lower co t . ' tem

Page 13

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013

1+. CONC,-SION
The Microgrid i an alternative approach of di tri-ution level energ' uppl' -' integrating mall. cale &E* into A; a well a M; di tri-ution networ0 . Thi facilitate imultaneou generation of electricit' and heat to locall' uppl' the electrical and heat load of the cu tomer . Traditional connection of eparate tand.alone &E* unit to the e>i ting di tri-ution networ0 in fit. and.forget trateg' ha con idera-le d'namic impact on main utilit' grid -ehaviour. On the other hand, integrating them a Microgrid 1with intelligent controller 4 i more li0el' to enhance overall di tri-ution ' tem ta-ilit' and afet'. Microgrid can operate independentl' a autonomou i land in 'nchroni m with the main grid. The' are normall' connected to main utilit' grid -ut are capa-le of i olating them elve from the latter in ca e of an' di tur-ance in the main grid. Thi en ure economic and ta-le performance to cu tomer ati faction. Technicall', a Microgrid i an autonomou group of controlla-le plug.andpla' micro ource and energ' torage device that are optimall' placed and operated for the -enefit of the cu tomer . The micro ource are -a icall' renewa-le/nonconventional &E* driven -' a diver e et of controlla-le prime mover . 5torage device are incorporated through demand ide management to ena-le fle>i-le operation of the micro ource u ing their own MC . 3ower electronic.-a ed MC controller are helpful to maintain energ' -alance and power ?ualit' in the ' tem -' e>ecuting nece ar' local control of the micro ource and energ' torage device . The' are al o capa-le of wor0ing -oth with and without the intervention of the CC. The' facilitate eamle connection, di connection and reconnection of device without the nece it' of reconfiguring e>i ting or new e?uipment . + ignificant feature of the Microgrid i it pre entation to the main utilit' grid a a ingle controlled unit of electric and heat load with local generation. +dvanced 3EI provide the nece ar' fle>i-ilit', The Microgrid ecurit' and relia-ilit' of operation -etween micro ource tructure en ure minimum d'namic impact and the urrounding +C di tri-ution ' tem to cu tomer ati faction. on the main utilit'. + Microgrid al o -enefit the main grid -' decrea ing conge tion, alleviating the immediate need for generation augmentation, increa ing ' tem ta-ilit', re ponding to rapid change in load and maintaining ?ualit' of uppl' to cu tomer ati faction. Microgrid , a active A; and M; networ0 , can potentiall' provide a large num-er of -enefit to the main power utilit' -' increa ing it efficienc' of operation and improving relia-ilit' and ?ualit' of ervice to the cu tomer ati faction. 2owever, a large num-er of technical and

Page 1"

MICRO GRID CONTROL SYSTEM FRIDAY 06 DEC 2013 regulator' i ue need to -e addre ed carefull', re?uiring a con idera-le amount of re earch and government intervention acro the world.

11. RE ERENCES.
IEEE Edition 10.1109/PESC IEEE Edition 1$"(
Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Ann al

5mart6rid Implementation -' DE5COM, + initiative D' 3ower6rid Innovative 5mart 6rid Technologie Conference Hohn :ile' @ 5on , 2#11, IS!" 1#11$#02901#1 http://www.localpower.org/

Page 1$