Introduction Cloud computing Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources,

software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet). Cloud computing is a marketing term for technologies that provide computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require enduser knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. A parallel to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid, wherein end-users consume power without needing to understand the component devices or infrastructure required to provide the service. Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically scalable and often virtualised resources. It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet. This may take the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if the programs were installed locally on their own computers. Cloud computing providers deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed from web browsers and desktop and mobile apps, while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. In some cases, legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology, while the computing resources are consolidated at a remote data center location; in

other cases, entire business applications have been coded using web-based technologies such as AJAX. At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of infrastructure convergence (or Converged Infrastructure) and shared services. This type of data center environment allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with easier manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust IT resources (such as servers, storage, and networking) to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand. Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered through shared data-centers and appearing as a single point of access for consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings may be required to meet service-level agreements (SLAs), but specific terms are less often negotiated by smaller companies. The tremendous impact of cloud computing on business has prompted the federal United States government to look to the cloud as a means to reorganize their IT infrastructure and decrease their spending budgets. With the advent of the top government official mandating cloud adoption, many agencies already have at least one or more cloud systems online. A Cloud Is a Common, Location-independent, Online Utility on Demand Common implies multi-tenancy, not single or isolated tenancy Utility implies pay-for-use pricing on Demand implies infinite, immediate, invisible scalability Logical Diagram of Cloud Computing

Green computing Green computing or Green IT, refers to environmentally sustainable computing or IT. The study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment."[1] The goals of green computing is to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy

efficiency during

the

product's

lifetime,

and

promote

the recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Green computing is the environmentally responsible use of computers and related resources. Such practices include the implementation of energy-efficient central processing units (CPUs), servers and peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste (e-waste). One of the earliest initiatives toward green computing in the United States was the voluntary labeling program known as Energy Star. It was conceived by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1992 to promote energy efficiency in hardware of all kinds. The Energy Star label became a common sight, especially in notebook computers and displays. Similar programs have been adopted in Europe and Asia. Government regulation, however well-intentioned, is only part of an overall green computing philosophy. The work habits of computer users and businesses can be modified to minimize adverse impact on the global environment. Here are some steps that can be taken: Power-down the CPU and all peripherals during extended periods of inactivity. Try to do computer-related tasks during contiguous, intensive blocks of time, leaving hardware off at other times. Power-up and power-down energy-intensive peripherals such as laser printers according to need. Use liquid-crystal-display (LCD) monitors rather than cathode-ray-tube (CRT) monitors.

Use notebook computers rather than desktop computers whenever possible. Use the power-management features to turn off hard drives and displays after several minutes of inactivity. Minimize the use of paper and properly recycle waste paper. Dispose of e-waste according to federal, state and local regulations. Employ alternative energy sources for computing workstations, servers, networks and data centers. Green cloud Green cloud is a buzzword that refers to the potential environmental benefits that information technology (IT) services delivered over the Internet can offer society. The term combines the words green -- meaning environmentally friendly -- and cloud, the traditional symbol for the Internet and the shortened name for a type of service delivery model known as cloud computing