Basic Practical diesel cycle

The textbook Diesel cycle is represented by all heat addition at constant pressure. The Otto cycle which is implemented by the spark ignition internal combustion engine adds all heat at constant volume. We will model a combined or dual (Seiliger) cycle with a portion of the heat added at constant volume, the remainder at constant pressure. Setting some parameters to be defined = 1 will reduce to either the Otto or Diesel cycle.

define some units kN := 10 N

6 3

kPa := 10 Pa
3

MPa := 10 Pa kJ := 10 J kmol := 10 mole bar := 0.1MPa

3

This model will use an ideal air standard cycle with air as an ideal gas with constant specific heats and reversible processes to represent the behavior. The gas relationships are useful. air-standard cycles ... 1. air as ideal gas is working fluid throughout cycle - no inlet or exhaust process 2. combustion process replaced by heat transfer process 3. cycle is completed by heat transfer to surroundings 4. all processes internally reversible 5. usually constant specific heat (page 311)

basic practical diesel cycle

Assumptions for analysis ... 1. reversible cycle with all reversible processes 2. working fluid is air assumed to be a perfect gas with constant specific heats, = cp /cv = 1.4 3. mass of air in cylinder remains constant 4. combustion processes are represented by heat transfer from an external source. Constant volume or constant pressure pocesses are done. 5. cycle is completed by cooling heat transfer to the surroundings until the air temperature and pressure return to the initial conditions of the cycle (constant volume process). 1-2 isentropic compression 2-3 constant volume heat addition 3-4 constant pressure heat addition 4-5 isentropic expansion 5-1 constant volume cooling
data for plot

this is the shape ... p-v Dual Cycle T-s Dual Cycle
Temperature (K) pressure (bar) entropy (relative to s1)

volume (m^3/kg)

next we will put numbers on the plots => themodynamic analysis of dual (Seiliger) cycle

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The original notes are sourced from VanWylen and Sonntag. They could be revised to use the form of some of the relationships from Woud, but at considerable effort. Rather what follows is the application of the equations developed in the gas relationships lecture applied to the combined air-standard cycle deriving the relationships summarized in Table 7.3 Analytical prediction of the Selinger process on page 245 of the text. rc , a , b v1 rc = v2 a= p3 p2 b= v4 v3

stage 1-2 isentropic adiabatic compression (expansion) _______________________________ volume ratio known v initial v1 rc = = p final = p initial = = rc v final v2 vfinal v2
v initial v1 v1 v2 = rc p final p initial = rc

v initial Tfinal = Tinitial vfinal

Tfinal Tinitial = rc
1

v1 = v2

= rc

stage 2-3 heat transfer at constant volume .... ________________________________________

p3 p2 =a p initial = R Tinitial v constant 100 p3 p2 =a p final = R Tfinal v constant 100 Tfinal Tinitial Tfinal Tinitial =a = p final p initial = p3 p2 =a

v1 v2

=1

stage 3-4 heat transfer at constant pressure .... ________________________________________

b= v final v initial = v4 v3 v initial = R Tinitial p constant 100 p4 p3 =1 v final = R Tfinal p constant 100 T4 T3 =b T4 T3 Tfinal Tinitial v final v initial

=b

v4 v3

=b

stage 4-5 isentropic adiabatic compression (expansion) _______________________________ volume ratio known
v5 v4 = v5 v3 v5 v3 v1 v3 rc = = = v3 v4 v3 v4 v2 v4 b

as v5 = v1 and v 2 = v3

[W 7.68 & 7.69]

v initial v 4 1 p final = p initial = p 4 = p 4 r = p5 vfinal v 5 c b

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 v initial Tfinal = Tinitial vfinal

v5 v4 rc b

v4 = T4 v5 rc = p5 b
p4

1 = T4 r c

= T5

rc = T5 b
T4

N.B. ratios are inconsistent 5/4 ... 4/5

stage 5-1 heat transfer at constant volume .... ________________________________________

v5 v1 =1 p5 p1 p initial = p5 R Tinitial v constant 100 p final = R Tfinal v constant 100 so ... p initial p final = Tinitial Tfinal = p5 p1 = T5 T1

p4 = p3 p5 p3 p2 1 a rc = a b = = p1 p4 p4 p2 p1 rc b
p5 p1 = a b

v5 v1

T5 T1

=1

= a b

this one is initial/final

Now, applying the gas relationships to the calculation of states around the air-standard combined cycle
constants ... := 1.4 cv := 0.7165 kJ kg K cp := 1.0035 kJ kg K R := 0.287 kJ kg K

given ... T1 , v 1 (calc) , s1 , p 1 , rv , rp , rc T1 := 295K kJ s1 := 1 kg p 1 := 1bar rv := 12.5 rp := 1.38 rc := 1.86 v 1 := R T1 p1 v 1 = 0.847 m

3

kg

rv = compression ratio rc in text rp = pressure ratio during constant volume heat addition = a in text rc = cut-off ratio. portion of stroke during which constant pressure heat addition occurs = b in text v1 rv = = rc v2 p3 rp = =a p2 v4 rc = =b v3

1-2 isentropic compression of air

1 1

p2 = T1 p1
T2 s2 := s1 v 2 = 0.068
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v1 = v2
v 2 :=

(7.35)

this .. for reversible adiabatic process

1

v1 rv

v1 T2 := T1 v2

p 2 :=

R T2 v2

v1 = T1 v2
T2

v1 p2 = p1 v2

kg

T2 = 810.188 K

p 2 = 34.33 bar

later we will plot on T-s and p-v so the relationships for intermediate states is shown. Any state value can serve as the plot parameter, but we will use temperature. T1 T_plot T2 s = s1 = s2 = constant
1 1

T2 T1

v1 v2

T2 and ... T1

p2 p1

so ...

T1 v_plot = v 1 T_plot

and ...

T_plot p_plot = p 1 T 1

2-3 constant volume heat addition using rp during constant volume portion of heat addition ...
v 3 := v 2 p v = R T p 3 := p 2 rp (3.2) p 3 = 47.375 bar p1 v1 T1 = p2 v2 T2 need to calculate T3 p3 T3 p2 T2 v2 = v3 p3 T3 := T2 p2

(3.5)

T3 = 1.118 10 K kJ s3 = 1.231 kg

T2 v2 s2 s1 = cvo ln + R ln T1 v1
for later plotting T2 T_plot T3

(7.21)

cvo = constant

T3 s3 := s2 + cv ln K T2

T_plot s_plot = s2 + cv ln T K 2

p-v are end points v = constant (straight lines) although intermediate states would be determined from the state equation ...

p_plot =

R T_plot v2

3-4 heat added at constant pressure with rc

v 4 := v 3 rc v 4 = 0.126 m
3

p 4 := p 3 p 4 = 47.375 bar

T4 :=

p4 v4 R
3

kg

T4 = 2.08 10 K cpo = constant

T2 p2 s2 s1 = cpo ln R ln T1 p1
for later plotting T3 T_plot T4

(7.23)

T4 s4 := s3 + cp ln K T3

kJ s4 = 1.854 kg v_plot = R T_plot p2

T_plot s_plot = s3 + cp ln T K 2

p-v are end points v = constant (straight lines) although intermediate states would be determined from the state equation ... kJ s5 = 1.854 kg p 5 := R T5 v5

4-5 isentropic expansion v5 = T5 v4

T4
1

v 5 := v 1
1

s5 := s4

v4 T5 := T4 v5

T5 = 970.553 K

p 5 = 3.29 bar

as with isentropic compression above using T as the plot parameter ... T4 T_plot T5 decreasing ... s = s4 = s5 = constant

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T5 T4

v4 v5

T5 and ... T4

p5 p4

so ...

v_plot = v 4

T4 T_plot

and ...

p_plot = p 4

T4

T_plot

5-1 constant volume cooling

and for later plotting ...

T1 s1 := s5 + cv ln K T5

check closure of s1

kJ s1 = 1 kg

T5 T_plot T1 decreasing ...

T_plot s_plot = s5 + cv ln T K 5

p-v are end points v = constant (straight lines) although intermediate states would be determined from the state equation ...

p_plot =

R T_plot v2

T1 295 T2 810 T 3 = 1118 K T4 2080 971 T5 T 295 1

s1 1 s2 1 s 3 = 1.231 kJ s4 1.854 kg 1.854 s5 s 1 1

p1 1 p2 34.33 p 3 = 47.375 bar p4 47.375 3.29 p5 p 1 1

v1 0.847 v2 0.068 v 3 3 = 0.068 m v4 0.126 kg 0.847 v5 v 0.847 1

now for plotting, including the intermediate values ... details in area below, relationships developed above
parameterization of T-s, p-v

T-s Dual Cycle T3 -s3 shown

3000 Temperature (K) 2000 1000 pressure (bar) 60 40 20 0

p-v Dual Cycle p2 v2 shown

1.5

0.5 volume (m^3/kg)

entropy (relative to s1)

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now for calculations of efficiency

v1 r = compression ratio rv = v2 v p3 T3 r = pressure ratio during constant volume heat addition rp = at constant volume (ideal gas law pv=RT) = p2 T2 p v4 T4 at constant r = cut-off ratio. portion of stroke during which constant pressure heat addition occurs rc = = v3 T3 c pressure (ideal gas law pv=RT)

1-2 isentropic compression of air

1 1 1

p2 = T1 p1
T2

v1 = v2

(7.35)

this .. for reversible adiabatic process

v1 = T1 v2
T2

= rv

v1 p 2 = p 1 = p 1 rv v2

2-3 constant volume heat addition using rp during constant volume portion of heat addition ... T3 QH1 = m cv T3 T2 = m cv T2 1 = m cv T2 rp 1 T2

3-4 heat added at constant pressure with rc

T3 T4 QH2 = m cp T4 T3 = m cp T3 1 = m cp T3 rc 1 = m cp T2 r 1 = m cv. T2 rp rc 1 T2 c T3

5-1 constant volume cooling T5 QL = m cv T5 T1 = m cv T1 1 T1

substituting = cp /cv and rp = T3 /T 2

T5

p5 p4 p3 p2 = = = T1 p1 p4 p3 p2 p1

p5

v4 v1 v4 1 r p v = v rp = rp rc v5 2 3
/\ as v5 = v1 and v 2 = v3

=>

QL = m cv T1 rp rc 1

combining these for thermal efficiency of the cycle ... th = 1 + QL QH =1

T2 rp 1 + rp rc 1 rp rc 1

T1 rp rc 1

=1 rv

rp rc 1
1

rp 1 + rp rc 1

rv = 12.5 rp = 1.38

th := 1 rv
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rp 1 + rp rc 1

th = 0.592

rc = 1.86

and we could calculate the work per cycle W = QH1 + QH2 + QL = m cv T3 T2 + m cp T4 T3 m cv T5 T1 m := 1 for per unit mass calculation in mcd

QH1 := m cv T3 T2

) ) )

kJ QH1 = 220.59 kg kJ QH2 = 964.897 kg kJ QL = 484.034 kg W = 701.453 kJ kg W = 701.453 kW

kg s

QH2 := m cp T4 T3 QL := m cv T5 T1 W := QH1 + QH2 + QL

can also express as ... W1 := th QH1 + QH2 kW W1 = 701.296

kg s

N.B. this specific power is more than double LM 2500 another parameter describing diesel engines

some diesel examples ... wartsila 32 (four stroke)

Indicated Mean Effective Pressure; Imep

Imep = work_per_stroke swept_volume W Imep = W m V1 V2 = = work V1 V2 W = p1 R T1 V2 V1 W in this example ... Imep := p1 R T1 1 = m= p 1 V1 R T1 p1 R T1 1 rv

wartsila 64 (four stroke) Sulzer RT-flex96C, Sulzer RTA96C (two stroke)

p 1 V1 R T1

V1 V2

Imep = 9.005 bar

rv consider indicated power, ref: Woud 7.4.2-3 power_per_cyl = work_per_cycle unit_time

n e = engine_rpm

time is period of power strokes = 1/freq = 1/(n e =engine_rpm) Wi Pi = = period_power_stroke ne Pi = Wi 2 Wi 1 freq = 1 n e = engine_rpm = Wi n e

2-stroke ne = # power strokes/time 4-stroke ne = 2*# power strokes/time with ...

k = if ( stroke = 2 , 1 , 2)

i = number_of_cylinders

engine power is ...

n e i n e i Pi = Wi = Imep VS k k

brake power PB, power at engine drive flange, after mechanical losses in engine see Woud (7.12) and 7.4.1

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We =

effective_work unit_mass

Wi mass

mechanical

n e i n e i Pe = We = mepe VS k k

Pe = constant mepe n e

for later discussion

mepe = mean_effective_pressure = brake_mean_effective_pressure = BMEP Pe k mepe = = VS n e i Pe ne VS i k = power_per_cyl ne VS k

COLT-PIELSTICK PC4.2B DATA Configuration Vee Only Bore 570 mm Stroke 660 mm Engine Version 60 Hz Propulsion Cylinder (nos) 10-12-16-18 Output Range (kW) 12,500-22,500 13,250-23,850 Speed (rpm) 400 400/430 Mean Eff. Pressure (bar) 22.3 22.3/22.0 Mean Piston Speed (m/s) 8.8 8.8/9.5 Output/cyl kW (hp) 1250 (1676) 1250 (1676)/1325 (1777) from: page 16 of Fairbanks Morse medium speed diesel handbook

power_per_cyl := 1250kW 2 VS := bore stroke 4

n e :=

400 min
3

n_stroke := 4

k := if ( n_stroke = 2 , 1 , 2) bore := 570mm

stroke := 660mm

VS = 5.948 ft

mepe :=

power_per_cyl ne VS k

mepe = 22.266 bar

as stated in data above

two special cases (can be calculated above setting r p and rc appropriately ...

Otto cycle - spark ignition engine heat added at TDC (constant volume) only

extra subscript added for special designation

air-standard Otto cycle: spark ignition internal-combustion engine 1-2 isentropic compression of air 2-3(=4) heat added at constant volume (piston momentarily at rest at tdc 4-5 isentropic expansion 5-1 heat rejection at constant volume (piston at crank-end dead center) from air standard dual cycle above QL QH T1 rp rc 1

th = 1 +

=1

T2 rp 1 + rp rc 1

=1 rv

rp rc 1
1

rp 1 + rp rc 1

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rco := 1

th_otto := 1

rpo rco rvo

o 1

rpo 1 + o rpo rco 1 1 rv

1

th_otto 1

1 rvo
o 1

rc := 1.0

5 rp := 5 rv := 10 15

th_otto := 1

removing o designation

0.475 th_otto = 0.602 0.661

and ... Diesel cycle ... all heat added at constant pressure
air-standard Diesel cycle: compression ignition internal-combustion engine 1-2(=3) isentropic compression of air 3-4 heat added at constant pressure (gas expanding during heat addition) 4-5 isentropic expansion 5-1 heat rejection at constant volume (piston at crank-end dead center) rpd rcd rvd rc := 2.5
d 1 d

rpd := 1

th_diesel := 1

rpd 1 + d rpd rcd 1

th_diesel 1

rcd rvd
d 1

d rcd 1

10 rp := 1 rv := 15 20

th_diesel := 1 rv

rc 1
1

rc 1

0.506 th_diesel = 0.58 0.625

Relate rc, a, b to efficiency

v1 rv = = rc v2
reset variables

p3 rp = =a p2

v4 rc = =b v3

th := 1 rv

rp rc 1
1

rp 1 + rp rc 1

substitute, var1 = var2, where var1 is to be replaced

th substitute , rv = rcc , rp = a , rc = b , = 1

a b 1 rcc a 1 + a ( b 1)
.4

[W 7.87]

10/24/2006