TYPES OF STRENGTH

In engineering the term strength is always defined and is probably one of the following ompressi!e strength Tensile strength Shear strength depending on the type of loading" STRESS This is a meas#re of the internal resistan$e in a material to an e%ternally applied load" For dire$t $ompressi!e or tensile loading the stress is designated and is defined as&
stress s'load(area'w()

STR)IN *e m#st also define strain" In engineering this is not a meas#re of for$e b#t is a meas#re of the deformation prod#$ed by the infl#en$e of stress" For tensile and $ompressi!e loads&
strain e'in$rease in length(original length'%(l

Strain is dimensionless" +O),-,EFOR.)TION /R0E

This graph is $alled a load-deformation $#r!e" It shows #s how the member deforms1and #ltimately how it fails1as the load is in$reased" TENSI+E STRENGTH )s we follow the $#r!e #p and to the right2 we noti$e that the $#r!e is almost perfe$tly straight from 3ero all the way #p to abo#t 452666 po#nds" The straight line means that the deformation in$reases in dire$t proportion to the load" For e%ample2 the deformation at 762666 po#nds is e%a$tly twi$e as large as the deformation at 862666 po#nds" In this linear part of the load-deformation $#r!e2 the beha!ior of the steel bar is said to be elasti$" Elasti$ beha!ior means that2 if the load is remo!ed2 the deformation will also ret#rn to 3ero"

E+)STI

9EH)0IOR

Elasti$ beha!ior means that2 if the load is remo!ed2 the deformation will also ret#rn to 3ero" P+)STI 9EH)0IOR

Plasti$ beha!ior means that2 if the load is remo!ed2 the deformation will not ret#rn to 3ero i"e" the deformation will be permanent" )s we follow the $#r!e #p and to the right2 we noti$e that the $#r!e is almost perfe$tly straight from 3ero all the way #p to abo#t 452666 po#nds" The straight line means that the deformation in$reases in dire$t proportion to the load" For e%ample2 the deformation at 762666 po#nds is e%a$tly twi$e as large as the deformation at 862666 po#nds" In this linear part of the load-deformation $#r!e2 the beha!ior of the steel bar is said to be elasti$ " Elasti$ beha!ior means that2 if the load is remo!ed2 the deformation will also ret#rn to 3ero"

)s the load is in$reased beyond 452666 po#nds2 the beha!ior of the bar $hanges rather abr#ptly" There is s#ddenly a h#ge in$rease in deformation2 with !irt#ally no $hange in the load" The steel is beginning to fail" *hen a material #ndergoes large deformations with little $hange in load2 it is said to be yielding" The point on the load-deformation $#r!e where yielding begins is $alled the yield point2 and the for$e at whi$h yielding o$$#rs is $alled the yield strength"

YIE+,ING *hen a material #ndergoes large deformations with little $hange in applied load2 it is $alled as start of yielding" The yield point2 $alled the yield strength :Y;2 signifies the start of the plasti$ region"

)nd #nli<e the elasti$ beha!ior we obser!ed earlier2 any deformation that o$$#rs beyond the yield point will not disappear after the load is remo!ed" This permanent elongation of the member is $alled plasti$ deformation" Note that2 as the plasti$ deformation in$reases2 the bar e!ent#ally begins to $arry more load" The load pea<s at =>2666 po#nds2 whi$h is $alled the #ltimate strength of the member" )fter f#rther plasti$ deformation2 the spe$imen finally brea<s into two pie$es" This fail#re mode is $alled a r#pt#re " /+TI.)TE STRENGTH .a%im#m load $arried by by member in plasti$ region2 is $alled the #ltimate strength of the member"

R/PT/RE *hen load after #ltimate strength point is in$reased then with in$rease in load on member it a#tomati$ally start to loss applied load and finally brea<s it is $alled r#pt#ring of member" ,/ TI+ITY The $apa$ity of a member to #ndergo !ery large plasti$ deformation after yielding is $alled d#$tility" ,#$tility $an be defined as the amo#nt of deformation or strain that the material $an withstand before fail#re" For metal forming pro$esses2 in$reasing the d#$tility in$reases the material formability :Permanent formability;" ,#$tility is one of the most benefi$ial properties of steel2 and it is one of the most important reasons why steel is so widely #sed in str#$t#res"

9RITT+ENESS .aterials that do not #ndergo large plasti$ deformation prior to fail#re are $alled brittle materials " ) typi$al load-deformation $#r!e for a brittle material is shown at right" Note that the material r#pt#res witho#t yielding and th#s witho#t gi!ing any warning that a fail#re is abo#t to o$$#r" For this reason2 brittle materials are generally #ndesirable for str#$t#ral members"

Tensile Strength depends on& $ross-se$tional area of a member

type of material the member is made of

Tensile Strength does not depends on&

length of the member shape of the $ross se$tion

TR/E STRESS )N, STR)IN The tr#e stress #ses the instantaneo#s or a$t#al area of the spe$imen at any gi!en point2 as opposed to the original area #sed in the engineering !al#es" The tr#e strain is defined as the instantaneo#s elongation per #nit length of the spe$imen"

Note& For a gi!en !al#e of the load and elongation2 the tr#e stress is higher than the Eng" Stress2 while the tr#e strain is smaller than the Eng" Strain"

Stress Strain Elastic deformation

Stress

Permanent Deformation Plastic deformation

Strain

Lu Lf

.od#l#s of Elasti$ity If the strain is ?elasti$?" Hoo<e@s law may be #sed to define
Yo#ngs .od#l#s E ' Stress ( Strain

'

:* ( %;

A :+ ( );

Yo#ng@s mod#l#s is also $alled the mod#l#s of elasti$ity or stiffness and is a meas#re of how m#$h strain o$$#rs d#e to a gi!en stress" 9e$a#se strain is dimensionless Yo#ng@s mod#l#s has the #nits of stress or press#re

It is !ery diffi$#lt to find the a$t#al e%perimentally" Instead2 we #se a 6"7B offset yield

yield strength strength"

6"7B offset yield strength is the point on the $#r!e whi$h is offset by a strain of 6"7B :6"667; Cthe interse$tion of the $#r!e with a line parallel to the linear elasti$ line and is offset by a strain of 6"667D The stress at ma%im#m :Fma% ()o ; is referred to as the Tensile Strength :TS; and signifies& the end of #niform elongation" the start of lo$ali3ed ne$<ing i"e" plasti$ instability" /ltimate

If a sample is loaded #p to the 6"7B proof stress and then #nloaded to a stress s the strain % ' 6"7B E s(E where E is the Yo#ngFs mod#l#s

Yield

Plastic

0.2% proof stress

Failure

Stress

0.2%

Strain