Lec 02 Shaft Design

ME 343: Mechanical Design-3
Design of Shaft (continue)

Dr. Aly Mousaad Aly
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University
Objectives Objectives
At the end of this lesson, we should be able to
Understand design method for variable load Understand design method for variable load
Define equivalent stresses on shaft
Design shaft based on stiffness and
torsional rigidity g y
Understand critical speed of shafts
Lecture 2: Design of Shaft 2
Shaft design based on fatigue Shaft design based on fatigue
Any rotating shaft loaded by stationary
bending and torsional moments will be g
stressed by completely reversed bending stress
while the torsional stress will remain steady while the torsional stress will remain steady
(i.e., Ma = M; Mm = 0; Ta = 0; Tm = T).
h f bl l (f ) A design method for variable load (fatigue),
like Soderberg, Goodman or Gerber criteria
can be followed.
Design under variable normal load (fatigue)
Design under variable normal load (fatigue)
A is the design point for which the stress
amplitude is a and the mean stress is m. In p
the Soderberg criterion the mean stress
material property is the yield point Sy material property is the yield point Sy,
whereas in the the Goodman and Gerber
criteria the material property is the ultimate criteria the material property is the ultimate
strength Sut. For the fatigue loading, material
property is the endurance limit Se in reverse
bending.
S d b it i d G d it i Soderberg criterion mod-Goodman criterion
1
a m
FS FS
S S

+ = 1
a m
FS FS
S S

+ =
Gerber criterion
e y
S S
e ut
S S
2

2
1
a m
e ut
FS FS
S S

+ =

where
a = stress amplitude (alternating stress); Se =
endurance limit (fatigue limit for completely reversed endurance limit (fatigue limit for completely reversed
loading); m= mean stress; Sy = yield strength; ut =
ultimate tensile strength and FS= factor of safety. g y
Design under variable shear load (fatigue)
Design under variable shear load (fatigue)
It is most common to use the Soderberg
criterion.
1
f a
m
e y
FS K
FS
S S

+ =
Kf = fatigue stress
e y
y f a y
m
S K S
S FS
+ =
concentration factor
e
S FS
y f a
S K
+ =
ys fs a
S K
+ =
m eq
e
S
+ =
m eq
es
S
+ =
Normal Stress Equation Shear Stress Equation
Normal Stress Equation Shear Stress Equation
S K S K
ys fs a
m eq
es
S K
S

+ =
y f a
m eq
e
S K
S

+ =
eq and eq are equivalent to allowable stresses
(S /FS) d (S /FS) i l (Sy/FS) and (Sys/FS), respectively.
Effect of variable stress has been effectively y
defined as an equivalent static stress.
C ti l f il th i b d t Conventional failure theories can be used to
complete the design.
Max. shear stress theory + Soderberg line
(Westinghouse Code Formula) ( g )
2
2
max
2
eq
allowable eq

= = +

2

2 2
y y f a y fs a
S S K S K

2
y y f a y fs a
m m
e e
FS S S

= + + +

2 2
3
32
f a fs a
m m
K M K T
M T FS
d
S S S S

= + + +

e y e y
S S S S

Shaft design based on rigidity Shaft design based on rigidity
Deflection is often the more demanding
constraint. Many shafts are well within y
specification for stress but would exhibit too
much deflection to be appropriate much deflection to be appropriate.
Deflection analysis at even a single point of
l interest requires complete geometry
information for the entire shaft.
It is desirable to design the dimensions at
critical locations to handle the stresses, and fill
in reasonable estimates for all other
dimensions before performing a deflection dimensions, before performing a deflection
analysis.
fl f h h f b h l Deflection of the shaft, both linear and
angular, should be checked at gears and
bearings.
Sl l t l d fl ti f th h ft d/ l f t i t Slopes, lateral deflection of the shaft, and/or angle of twist
of the shaft should be within some prescribed limits.
Crowned Crowned
tooth
Diametral pitch, P = number of teeth/pitch diameter. 1 in = 25.4 mm.
f l b i h f d fl i In case of sleeve bearings, shaft deflection across
the bearing length should be less than the oil-film
thi k thickness.
( )
( ) ( )
. T N mm L mm
d
Twist angle:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 4
/
rad
G N mm J mm
=
G: shear modulus; J: polar moment of inertia
The limiting value of varies from0 3 deg/mto 3 The limiting value of varies from 0.3 deg/m to 3
deg/m for machine tool shaft to line shaft
respectively respectively.
L t l d fl ti Lateral deflection:
Double integration
Moment-area
Energy (Castigliano Theorem)
= f (applied load, material property, moment of
inertia and given dimension of the beam).
From the expression of moment of inertia, and
k d l d h f known design parameters, including , shaft
dimension may be obtained.
Double Integration Method Double Integration Method
( )
2
2
d y M
dx EI
=
( )
( )
( )
M x
dy
x dx
dx EI x
= =
dx EI
( ) dx EI x
( ) ( )
2
( )
( )
M x
y x dx
EI x
=
Use boundary conditions to obtain integration

( ) EI x
Use boundary conditions to obtain integration
constants
Conjugate beammethod Conjugate beam method
Was developed by Otto Mohr in 1860
Slope (real beam) = Shear (conj. beam) Slope (real beam) Shear (conj. beam)
Deflection (real beam) = Moment (conj. beam)
Length of conj. beam = Length of real beam
The load on the conjugate beamis the M/EI The load on the conjugate beam is the M/EI
diagram of the loads on the actual beam
Conjugate beammethod Conjugate beam method
R l b Real beam
Conjugate beam
Real beam
Conjugate beam
Example 1 Example 1
Determine the slope
and deflection at the
tip of a cantilever using
the conj beam the conj. beam
method.
l Sol:
2
2
B
PL
EI
=
3
2EI
PL
y =
3
B
y
EI
Example 2 Example 2
h i d fl i d h Compute the maximum deflection and the
slopes at the bearings. EI is constant.
(a) (b)
Critical speed of rotating shaft Critical speed of rotating shaft
Critical speed of a rotating shaft is the speed
where it becomes dynamically unstable. y y
The frequency of free vibration of a non-
rotating shaft is same as its critical speed rotating shaft is same as its critical speed.
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 2
2 2 2
....
60
2
n n
critical
w w w
N RPM g

+ + +
=
+ + +
( )
1 1 2 2
2
....
n n
w w w
+ + +
Critical speed of rotating shaft Critical speed of rotating shaft
W1, W2. : weights of the rotating bodies (N)
1, 2 . : deflections of the respective bodies 1, 2 . : deflections of the respective bodies
(m)
F i l d h f h lf f i i h For a simply supported shaft, half of its weight
may be lumped at the center for better
accuracy.
For a cantilever shaft quarter of its weight For a cantilever shaft, quarter of its weight
may be lumped at the free end.
Shaft design: general considerations Shaft design: general considerations
i l h l d h ld b k d Axial thrust loads should be taken to ground
through a single thrust bearing per load
direction.
Do not split axial loads between thrust p
bearings as thermal expansion of the shaft can
overload the bearings. g
Shaft length should be kept as short as
possible to minimize both deflections and possible, to minimize both deflections and
stresses.
A cantilever beam will have a larger deflection
than a simply supported (straddle mounted) p y pp ( )
one for the same length, load, and cross
section section.
Hollow shafts have better stiffness/mass ratio
h h l f h l and higher natural frequencies than solid
shafts, but will be more expensive and larger
in diameter.
Slopes, lateral deflection of the shaft, and/or
angle of twist of the shaft should be within g
some prescribed limits.
First natural frequency of the shaft should be First natural frequency of the shaft should be
at least three times the highest forcing
f ( f f frequency. (A factor of ten times or more is
preferred, but this is often difficult to achieve).
Example 3 Example 3
Determine the diameter of a shaft of length L
=1m, carrying a load of 5 kN at the center if the y g
maximum allowable shaft deflection is 1mm.
What is the value of the slope at the bearings What is the value of the slope at the bearings.
Calculate the critical speed of this shaft if a disc
weighting 45 kg is placed at the center E 209 weighting 45 kg is placed at the center. E=209
GPa. st = 8740 kg/m^3.
Example 3: solution Example 3: solution
Maximum deflection:
3
PL
( )
3
48
PL
y
EI
=
( )
( )
3
3 4
5000 1000
1
48 209 10 d
=

( )
48 209 10
64
56.45
d
d mm

=
From a standard shaft size, d = 58 mm
Slope at bearings:
( )
2
2
5000 1000
PL

( )
( )
( )
1 2
4
3
5000 1000
16
16 209 10 58
64
PL
EI

= = =

( )
( )
64
0.0027 rad =
which is much for tapered and cylindrical
roller bearings. However, this value may be
acceptable for deep-groove ball bearing.
C iti l d Critical speed:
Shaft weight = rho x A x L = 7840 x A x 1 = 20.7 kg
( ) ( )
3
3
0.5 20.7 45 9.807 1000
0.097
48
PL
mm
EI
+
= = =
( )
( )
4
3 48
48 209 10 58
64
EI

3
60 9.807
3030
2 0.097 10
critical
N RPM

= =
The operating speed of the shaft should be well

below this value (say less than 1000 rpm). ( y p )
Example 4 Example 4
F th bl l d i th i l For the same problem solved in the previous lesson,
determine the following:
1 Lateral deflection at D (using Conj Beammethod) 1. Lateral deflection at D (using Conj. Beam method)
2. Slope at bearings A and B (using Conj. Beam method)
3. Critical speed 3. Critical speed
A B
C D
.
m m m
66
sh
d mm =
Shaft design: summary Shaft design: summary
Shaft design means material selection,
geometric layout, stress and strength (static g y g (
and fatigue), deflection and slope at bearings.
Conjugate beammethod for slope and Conjugate beam method for slope and
deflection calculations.
Some design considerations: (axial load, shaft
length, support layout, hollow shafts, slopes length, support layout, hollow shafts, slopes
and deflection, operating speed)
Report Report
W it h t t t i l l ti f Write a short report on material selection for
shaft manufacturing. Talk briefly about heat
treatment processes that may be considered treatment processes that may be considered.
Deadline: Thursday, April 7, 2011
How to submit: How to submit:
Send attachment to mosaadaly2000@yahoo.com
Pl i titl t th il t d t Please give a title to the email as your student
number followed by your name, e.g.
999 Name Surname 999 Name Surname
Print out: not recommended
Slides and sheets Slides and sheets
Available for download at:
http://wwwengr uconn edu/~aly/Courses/ME343/ http://www.engr.uconn.edu/ aly/Courses/ME343/

Lec 02 Shaft Design

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Lec 02 Shaft Design

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

ME 343: Mechanical Design-3

Design of Shaft (continue)

Use boundary conditions to obtain integration

The operating speed of the shaft should be well

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen