Similarity euk& prok: contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

same kinds of chemical reactions to metabolize food, build proteins, and store energy Difference: -cell walls & membranes -absence of organelles(specialized cell strucs w/ specific fxns, membrane bound) expt. magnetosomes prokaryotes (from the Greek words meaning prenucleus)[D2/O/P/B] 1. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome. (Some bacteria, such as Vibrio cho/eme, have two chromosomes, and some bacteria have a linearly arranged chromosome.) 2. Their DNA is not associated with histones (special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes); other proteins are associated with the DNA. 3. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles. 4. Their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan. 5. They usually divide by binary fission. During this process,

the DNA is copied, and the cell splits into two cells. Binary fission involves fewer structures and processes than eukaryotic cell division. Eukaryotes (from the Greek words meaning true nucleus) have the following distinguishing characteristics: 1. Their DNA is found in the cell's nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes. 2. Their DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistones. 3. They have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and sometimes chloroplasts. 4. Their cell walls, when present, are chemically simple. 5. Cell division usually involves mitosis, in which chromosomes replicate and an identical set is distributed into each of two nuclei. This process is guided by the mitotic spindle,

a football-shaped assembly of microtubules. Division of the cytoplasm and other organelles follows so that the two cells produced are identical to each other. SIZE: DIAMETER-0.2-2 microns LENGTH: 2-8 microns SHAPES: COCCUS coccus pl.cocci (spherical oval elongated or flattened one side, berries 1. diplococci- remain attached/in pairs after division 2. streptococci-remain in chain like patterns after division 3. tetrads-divide in two planes, group by 4 4. sarcinae- divide in 3 planes, group cube like by 8 5. micrococci/staphylococci-divide multiple planes, grape like/broad sheets 6. Neisseriae-coffee bean shaped in pairs BACILLUS-divide only across short axis, rod shaped little staffs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Diplobacilli-pairs Streeptobacilli-chain Coccobacilli-oval, look like cocci Mycobacteria Corynebacteria-palisade arrangement Streptomyctes-mold like filamentous Spore bearing rods

2. Spirilla-helical in shape, flagella(propeller like external appendage) 3. Spirochete-helical & flexible, axial filaments WITHIN flexible external sheath STELLAR REGTANGULAR & FLAT-halophilic archaea C. Structures External to the Cell Wall 1. Glycocalyx- substances that surround the cell (sugar coat) -viscous sticky gelatinous polymer -polysaccharide/polypeptide or both *CAPSULE: organized substance, firmly attached to the cell wall (via neg.stain) -contrib to bacterial virulence- the degree to which a pathogen causes disease bec. protect from phagocytes ONLY WHEN WITH CAPSULE Bacillus anthracis produces a capsule of Dglutamic acid ANTHRAX Streptococcus pneumoniae- pneumonia Klebsiella-colonize respi tract *SLIME LAYER-unorganized,loosely attach to cell wall : extracellular polymeric substance:protects,communication via attachment Streptococcus mutans: dental caries, glycocalyx (1) attachment (2) source of nutrition Vibrio cholerae: (1)attachment s.intes

Bacillus genus- long twisted chain of cells SPIRAL 1. Vibrios curved rods

FUNC:(pia) (1)protect from dehydration (2) inhibit movement nutrients our cell (3) attachment ~ Prokaryotic cells lack membmne-enclosed organelles. All bacteria contain(c/ri/pi/n) cytoplasm, ribosomes, a plasma membrane, and a nucleoid. Almost all bacteria have cell walls. 2. FLAGELLA-semirigid,helical 1. atrichous-lack flagella 2. peritrichous-distributed entire cell 3. polar-one/both poles a. monotrichous-single @ one pole b. lophotrichous-tuft @ one pople c. amphitrichous-both poles 3 BASIC PARTS 1. FILAMENT-globular protein flagellin in chains that intertwine (HELIX)-most not covered by membrane/sheath 2. HOOK-wider, diff protein, where filament is attached 3. BASAL BODY-anchors flagellum to cell wall and plasma membrane a. small central rod into series of rings b. GRAM NEG: 2 pairs of rings( outer pair-anch to cell wall, inner pair-anch to cell membrane, )(L-ringlipopolysaccharide layer; P-ringpeptidoglycan layer; MS and C cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm)

c. GRAM POS: 1 pair (inner pair), surrounded by Mot proteins and Fli proteins-fxn as motor switch, reverse direction of flagella MOVES by rotating basal body 1. CLOCKWISE around long axis 2. COUNTERCLOCKWISE flagella rotate form a bundle that pushes against surrounding liquid and propels bacterium energy from: PROTON MOTIVE FORCE: Proton movement across the cytoplasmic membrane through the Mot complex drives rotation of the flagellum. This exert electrostatic forces. where speed depend A. Peritrichous: SLOW deliberate fashion; a. Forward motion is imparted by all flagella rotating counterclockwise (CCW) in a bundle. b. Clockwise (CW) rotation causes the cell to tumble, and then a return to counterclockwise rotation leads the cell off in a new direction. B. Polar: RAPIDLY, DASHING, SPINNING,Cells change direction by a. reversing flagellar rotation (thus pulling instead of pushing the cell) or, with unidirectional flagella, by b. stopping periodically to reorient, and then moving forward by clockwise rotation of its flagella.

MOTILITY-ability of organism to move by itself, MOVE TOWARD FAVORABLE ENVIRONMENT 1. run or swim-moves in ONE-Direction a. runs-w/periodic, abrupt changes in direction a.k.a. tumbles b. tumbles- caused by REVERSAL flagellar rotation c. swarm- rapid wavelike movement in solid medium OTHER FORMS OF MOTILITY: GLIDING- Gliding prokaryotes are filamentous or rod-shaped cells and the gliding process requires that the cells be in contact with a solid surface a. Myxococcus and other myxobacteria(type IV pili), b. species of Cytophaga(slime excretion) c. Flavobacterium(ratchet movement of proteins) CHEMOTAXIS chemoreceptors-membrane proteins that sense attractants and repellents PHOTOTAXIS phototrophic microorganisms can move toward light, a process called phototaxis. The advantage of phototaxis for a phototrophic organism is that it allows it to orient itself most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis. Spirochetes move by means of axial filaments, or endoflagella, bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell produces a movement of the outer sheath that propels the spirochetes in a spiral motion. corkscrew motion

FIMBRIAE -protein pilin -poles or entire surface -adhere to surfaces/colonization(needed for diseases) -Neisseria gonorhheae/Escherichia coli 0157 PILI -longer than fimbriae, one or two per cell -motility and DNA transfer conjugation (sex) pili- the conjugation pilus of one bacterium called an F+ cell connects to receptors on the surface of another bacterium of its own species or a different species. The two cells make physical contact, and DNA from the F+ cell is transferred to the other cell. The exchanged DNA can add a newfunction to the recipient cell, such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to digest its medium more efficiently. D. CELL WALL 1. cell wall of the bacterial cell is a complex, semirigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell. 2. prevent bacterial cell from rupturing the water pressure inside cell is greater than outside cell 3, point of anchorage for flagella 4.ability to cause dxs, site of action of antibiotics PEPTIDOGLYCAN (MUREIN) -repeating DISACCHARIDE

-(NAG) N-acetylglucosamine -(NAM) N-acetylmuramic acid -polypeptides link rows -tetrapeptide side chains-4 amino acids attached to NAMs in the backbone -peptide cross bridge- short chain amino acids Gram-Positive Cell Walls a. many layers of peptidoglycan b. teichoic acids-alcohol(glycerol&ribitol) -since with negative charge (phosphate groups), bind & regulate movement of cations(+) -cell growth prevent wall breakdown and lysis -antigenic specificity w/2 classes: i. lipoteichoic acid-spans peptidoglycan layer, linked to plasma membrane ii. wall techoic acid-linked to peptidoglycan layer Gram negative cell walls few peptidoglycan layers& outer membrane peptidoglycan bounded to lipoproteins & is in the periplasm (gel like fluid bet. outer membrane & plasma membrane) o high conc of degradive enzymes & transport CHONs OUTER MEMBRANE-strong neg(-) charge:evading phagocytosis & actions of complement; barrier to antibiotics o PARTS: o PORINS: channels, permit passage of molecs (nucleotides, o

disacchs,peptides, amino acids, vit B12 and Fe) LPS(Lipopolysaccharide):lipids and CH2Olico Lipid A-lipid portion, on top layer, when they die they release lipid A (endotoxin), responsible for infxns (fever,dilation, blood clot) Core polysaccharideattached to lipid Aunsusual sugars,fxn:STABILITY O polysaccharideoutward from cp fxn:ANTIGEN

DAMAGES TO CELL WALL LYSOZYME- hydrolysis of bonds bet. sugars o Gram (+)-destroyed agad o Gram (-)first treated with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) weakens ionic bonds

Penicillin-interfere formation of peptide cross bridges thus, cell wall gram pos target..gram neg me outer membrane kasi E. Cell Membrane - peripheral CHONs-fxn: ENZYMES catalyse chem rxns - integral CHONstransmembrane-penetrate membrane completely -glycoproteins & glycolipids fxn: protect and lubricate the cell; cell-cell interactions

-viscous,membrane move freely, without destroying struc of membrane -FLUID MOSAIC MODEL: dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and CHONs - In group translocation, a special form of active transport that occurs exclusively in prokaryotes, the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane: GLUCOSE a phosphate group is added to the sugar. This phosphorylated form of glucose, which cannot be transported out. F. INTERNAL STRUCTURES Cytoplasm- inside the plasma membrane, 80% waler and contains primarily proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions, and many lowmolecular-weight compounds.No cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming nucleoid (containing DNA), ribosomes, reserve deposits called inclusions CHON filaments-shape of the bacteria

-assoc with plasma membrane CHONs -advantageous:resistance capabilities RIBOSOMES-sites for CHON synthesis -70 s(svedberg) ribosomes : 30s ( 1 molec rRNA) & 50s(2 molec rRNA) -CHON and rRNA, differ in no. smaller and less dense -strepto mycin &gentamycin: attach 30s -erythromycin&chloramphenicol- attach 50S INCLUSIONS(reserve ddeposits)-accumulate when plentiful reserve when deficient Metachromatic granules(VOLUTIN): LARGE inclusions, INORGANIC PHOSPHATE-> ATP Corynebacterium diptheriae-diptheria Polysaccharide granulesglycogen(redbrown) & starch(blue), apply iodine see presence Lipid inclusions- unique to bacteria: poly-/3-hydroxybutyric acid. Sudan dyes Sulfur Granules-energy reserve of Thiobacillus (oxidize sulfur) Carboxysomes-contains enzyme ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, CO2 sole source carbon(nitrifying, cyano and thio) Gas vacuole-aquatic prokaryotes, several gas vesicles, row individ gas vesicles fxn: BUOYANCY remain level of water appropriate for them Magnetosomes- inclusions of ferric oxide(Fe3O4) formed by gram (-) Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, move down find attachment site, protect against H202 accumulation

Nucleoid -bacterial chromosome: single long freq. circularly arranged DNA, genetic info -no nuclear envelope, no histones -nucleoid:spherical,elongated/dumbbell -occupies 20% of cell volume -CHONs responsible for replication of DNA and segregation -plasmid- addtnl, small, circular, double stranded DNA molecs -extrachromosomal genetic elements (replicate independently

Endospores-gram (+)specialized resting cells, durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers, o release to envi survive extreame heat, lack of water and exposure to toxic chems o sporulation/sporegenesisprocess of endospore formation begin with key nutrient unavailable spore septum-ingrowth of pmembrane, become double layered surround chromosome and cytoplasm spore coat-around the outside membranes(resistance to harsh chemicals) forespore-enclosed within the orig cell Cell degraded and endospore released GERMINATIONdormant and returns to its vegetative state