THECIVILCODEOFTHEISLAMICREPUBLICOFIRAN PreambleOnthepublication EffectsandExecutionofLawsinGeneral ArticleITheIslamicConsultativeAssemblysenactmentsandtheresultsofthe referendum,havinggonethroughlegalprocedureswillbenotifiedtothepresidentofthe Republic.ThePresidentshallwithinfivedayssignthemandnotifythemtoexecutors, andissueinstructiontohavethempublished,andtheOfficialGazetteshallberequired topublishthemwithin72hoursafternotificationthereof. Note:IncaseofthePresidentsrefusaltosignornotifyanenactmentwithinthetime periodreferredtointhisArticle,theOfficialGazetteshallberequiredtopublishitwithin 72hoursontheorderoftheChairmanoftheIslamicConsultativeAssembly.

Article2Thelegislativeenactmentscomeintoforcethroughout(liecountryfifteen daysaftertheirpublication,unlessaspecificarrangementhasbeenprescribedinthe givenlegislationitselftothetimingofitsenforcement Article3ThetextoflawsmustbepublishedintheOfficialGazette Article4Alawshallbeeffectiveonlyasfromthedateofitscomingintoforce,and shallnotberetrospectiveunlessspecialprovisionstothiseffecthavebeenlaiddownin itstext Article5AllinhabitantsofIran,whetherofIranianorofforeignnationality,shallhe subjecttothelawsofIranexceptincaseswhichthelawhasexcepted. Article6Thelawsrelatingtopersonalstatus,suchasmarriage,divorce,capacityand inheritance,shallheobservedbyallIraniansubjects,evenifresidentabroad. Article7Foreignnationalsresidentterritoryshallwithinthelimitslaiddownby treaties,beboundbythelawsanddecreesoftheGovernmenttowhichtheyaresubject in questionsrelatingtotheirpersonalstatusandcapacity.andsimilarlyinquestions relating torightsofinheritance Article8Immovableproperty,ofwhichforeignnationalshavetakenpossessionorshall takepossessionunderthetermstreaties,shallineveryrespectcomewithinthescopeof thelawsofIran. Article9Treatystipulationswhichhavebeen,inaccordancewiththeConstitutional Law,concludedbetweentheIranianGovernmentandothergovernment,shallhavethe

forceoflaw. Article10Privatecontractsshallbebindingonthosewhohavesignedthem,providing theyarenotcontrarytotheexplicitProvisionsofalaw.2 Volume1ConcerningProperty Book1GeneralProvisionsConcerningOwnership Chapter1 InDefinitionofTheVariouskindsofProperty Article11Propertyisoftwokinds,movableandimmovable. Section1 ConcerningImmovableProperty Article12Immovablepropertyisthatwhichcannotbetransportedfromplacetoplace eitherbecauseitisthenatureofthethingtobefixedinoneplaceorbecause,asthe result ofhumanaction,thedamageorinjuryeithertothepropertyitselforitsemplacement. Article13Landandbuildingsandmillsandeverythingwhichisfixedinabuildingand isbycommonuseconsideredapartofitareimmovable,andsimilarlypipeswhichhave beenlaidunderthegroundorinabuildingforcarryingwaterorforotherpurposesareto beaccountedimmovable. Article14Mirrors,Paintedcurtains,statuesandsimilarobjects,insofarastheyare attachedtothegroundortoabuildinginsuchawaythattheirremovalwouldcause injuryordamagetotheiremplacements,areconsideredimmovable. Article15Fruitsandcropsshallbedeemedimmovablethattheyhavenotbeenpicked orreaped,andifaportionshallhavebeenpickedorreaped,onlythatportionshallbe accountedmovable. Article16Ingeneral,treesandbranchesthereof,youngplantsandcuttings,aslongas theyhavenotbeencutordug,beconsideredimmovable Article17Animalsandtheequipmentwhichtheownershallhaveprovidedspecifically forcultivationsuchasoxen,buffaloes,machines,implementsandappurtenancesof husbandry,seedsetcandingeneralallmovablegoodswhicharenecessaryforthe prosecutionoffarmingoperationsandhavebeendevotedbytheownerexclusivelyto this purposeshall,forpurposesofcompetencyofcourtsandofattachmentofproperty,be consideredasformingpartofthelandedpropertyandshallbetreatedasimmovable

property,asalsoshallpumps,oxenandotheranimals,appropriatedfortheirrigationof fields,housesandgardens. Article18Rightsbenefitsfromimmovableobjectssuchasalifeinterest,therightof residenceandsimilarlytherightsofeasementsoverthelandofanother.Suchasthe rightsofpassagesandoftransitofwaterandtheclaimsrelatedtoimmovableproperty suchasdemandsforevictionandsimilarapplications,shallfollowtherulesconcerning immovableproperty.3 Section2 ConcerningMovableProperty Article19Articleswhichitispossibletotransportfromplace,withoutcausingdamage eithertothearticlesthemselvesortotheiremplacements,areconsideredmovable. Article20Alldebtsarisingoutofloans,orthepriceofthingssold,ortherentofthings leasedshall,forpurposesofcompetencyofcourts,beconsideredmovable,evenifthe thingsoldorrentedisitselfimmovable Article21Ships,largeandsmall,boats,mills,andbathhouses,plyingonorsituated riversorseas,andcapableofmovementandaIIworkplaceswhich,inviewofthe manneroftheirconstructiondonotformpartofapermanentbuilding,shallbe accounted movable,buttheattachmentofcertainoftheabovementionedmay,inviewoftheir importance,becarriedoutinaccordancewithspecialarrangements Article22Buildingmaterialssuchasstone,bricks,etc.whichhavebeenpreparedfor useorbecauseofsomedefecthavebecomeseparatedfromthebuilding,solongas they havenotbeenembodiedinthebuilding,shallbeconsideredmovable. Section3 ConcerningPropertyWhichHasNoPrivateOwner Article23Theuseofapropertywhichhasnoprivateownershallbedeterminedin accordancewiththerelevantlaws. Article24Nooneshalltakepossessionofcommonroadsandhighways,norofstreets whichhavenothoroughfare. Article25Noonemaytakepossessionofpropertywhichservesthecommongoodand whichhasnoprivateowner,suchasbridges,caravanserais,pubicreservoirs,ancient

schoolsandpublicopenplaces.Andthesameappliestotheqanatsandwellsofwhich theiruseispublic. Article26Governmentpropertywhichissubjecttopublicserviceandwelfaresuchas fortifications,fortresses,moats,militaryearthworks,arsenals,weapons,stores,warships andsimilarlythefurnitureandbuildingsoftheGovernmentbuildingsandtelegraph wires,museums,publiclibraries,historicalmonumentsandsimilarobjects,inbrief whateverpropertymovableorimmovableisinusebytheGovernmentfortheserviceof the.publicortheprofitofthestate,maynotprivatelybeowned.Andthesame provisions shallapplytopropertywhichshallhavebeenappropriatedforthepublicserviceofa province,cityoraregionoratown. Article27Thepropertieswhicharenotprivatelyownedandwhichprivateindividuals, inaccordancewiththeregulationscontainedinthislawandtheespeciallawsdealing witheachparticularcategory,areallowedtotakeintotheirpossessionandexploit,shall betermedmobahatandunderthisheadingshallcomewastelands,thatistosay, lands whichhavefallenintodisuseandonwhichareneitherhabitationsnorcultivation.4 Article28Propertyofunknownownershipshallbetheneedsofthepoor,subjecttothe judgespermissionorthatofapersonauthorizedbyhim. CHAPTER2 CONCERNINGTHEVARIOUSRIGHTSWHICHACCRUE TOPERSONSFROMTHEPOSSESSIONOFPROPERTY Article29Itispossibleforpeopletoderivethefollowingrightsfromproperty: 1Therightofpossession(whetherofthesubstanceofthethingofitsbenefits). 2Therightofexploitation. 3Rightsofeasementinthepropertyofanother. Section1 ConcerningOwnership Article30EveryownerhasunlimitedrightsofOccupationandexploitationoverhis propertyinmattersinwhichthelawhasmadeanexception

Article31Nopropertycanbealienatedfromthepossessionitsownerexceptin accordancewithalegalorder. Article32Allproductsandappurtenancesofthepropertywhethermovableor immovableproducednaturallyorastheresultofexploitationarethepropertyofthe owner. Article33Productsandcropswhichhavecomeoutofthegroundarethepropertyof theowneroftheland,whethertheirgrowthisnaturalortheresultoftheowners operations,unlesstheproductorcrophassprungfromtherootsorseedsofanother party. ifthisisthecasethetreesorcropsshallbethepropertyoftheowneroftherootsor seeds,eveniftheyhavebeensownwithouttheapprovaloftheowneroftheland Article34Theprogenyofanimalsshallbeofthesameownershipthemother,and whoeveristheownerofthemothershallheconsideredtheowneroftheoffspring. Article35Possessionbytitleofownershipshallbetakenasproofofownershipunless thecontraryproved. Article37ifthepresentoccupieradmitsthatthepropertyformerlybelongedtothe claimant,hecannoturge,inrefutationoftheothersclaim,hisownoccupationofthe property,unlesshecanprovethatthepropertyhasbeentransferredtohimaccordingto thecorrectprocedure Article38Theownershipofgroundcarrieswithittheownershipoftheairimmediately aboveituptoanyheight,andthesameappliestotheareaunderthegroundinbrief, the ownerhasunlimitedrightsofpossessionintheairandtheground,unlessthelawshall havemadeprovisionstothecontrary. 5 Article39Allbuildingsandtreesabovethegroundandallbuildingsandexcavations beneaththegroundshallbeconsideredthepropertyoftheownerofthegroundunless the contrarybeproved. Section2 ConcerningtheRightofExploitation Article40Therightofexploitationcomprisestherightbywhichapersonmayderive profitfrompropertywhicheitherbelongsinproprietaryrighttosomeoneelseorhasno

specialowner. Subsection1 ConcerningLifeRightsforaPrescribedPeriodand RightsofOccupation Article41ALifeRightisarightofexploitationwhichhasbeenestablishedbymeans ofacontractenteredintobytheownerinfavourofsomeone,eitherforhisownlifetime orforthelifetimeoftheuserorforthatofathirdparty. Article42Arightforaprescribedperiodisarightofexploitationwhichtheowner grantsforalimitedtime. Article43Iftherightofexploitationincludestherightofoccupyingahabitation,itis termedresidentialortherightofhabitationanditispermissibleforthisrighttobe assignedasliferightorasarightforalimitedperiod Article44Incaseswheretheownerhasnotprescribedatimelimitfortherightof exploitation,thesurrenderisabsolute,andthesaidrightshallrununtilthedeathofthe ownerunlessherevokesthesurrenderbeforehisdeath. Article45intheabovementionedcasesitisonlypermissiblefortherightof exploitationtobegrantedtoapersonorpersonswhowerealiveatthetimeofcreation of thesaidright,butitisalsopossiblefortherightofexploitationtofollowonin successionforpersonswhowerenotaliveatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract, andaslongastheownersoftherightofexploitationarealiveitshallbevalidandafter theirdeceaseitshalllapse. Article46Itisonlypossibleforarightofexploitationtobegrantedinrespectof propertywhichissuchthatitcanbeusedwithoutaffectingitsownexistence,whether the saidpropertyismovable,immovableheldinundividedsharesordividedup. Article47Inthecaseofsurrenderedproperty,whetherheldasaliferightornot, takingdeliveryisthelegalrequirementformakingthetransactionvalid. Article48Theusermustnotmisusethepropertytowhichtherightofexploitation appliesand,beingincustodyofit,mustnotallowexcessiveuseornegligence6 Article49Theexpensesnecessaryfortheupkeepofthepropertywhichissubjectto the

rightofexploitationisnotanobligationontheuser,unlessaprovisiontothecontrary has beenagreedupon. Article50Ifthepropertywhichissubjecttotherightofexploitationbecomes dissipatedforanyreasonotherthanexcessiveuseornegligenceonpartoftheuser, the lattershallnotbeheldresponsible Article51Inthefollowingcasestherightofexploitationlapses: Intheeventofthetimelimitexpiring. 2Intheeventofthepropertywhichistheobjectoftherightofexbeingdestroyed. Article52Inthefollowingcasestheuserisaguarantorforthelossesoftheowner Intheeventoftheownermisusingthepropertywhichistheobjectoftherightof exploitation. 2Intheeventofhisnotobservingtheconditionslaiddownbytheownerandofsuch nonobservancebeingthecauseofdamagetotheobjectoftheright. Article53Thetransferofthesubstanceofthepropertybytheownertoanotherparty shallnotnullifytherightofexploitation,butifthepersontowhomthepropertyis transferreddoesnotknowthattherightofexploitationhasbeengrantedtoanotherparty heshallhavetheoptionofdissolvingthecontract. Article54Therestofthecircumstancesconcerningtheexploitationofthepropertyof anothershallbeaslaiddownbytheownerordemandedbycustomandusage. Subsection2 ConcerningEndowment Article55AnEndowmentconsistsinthesurrenderofaproperty,andthedevotionofits profitstosomepurpose. Article56Anendowmenttakesplacewhenthedonormakesanofferbyanyformof wordswhichdefinitelycarrythismeaningandwhenthefirstgenerationofbeneficiaries, ortheirlegalrepresentativeiftheyarelimitedinnumber,asinthecaseofchildren, acceptitorifthebeneficiariesareunlimitedinnumberortheendowmentbemadefor the benefitofthepublic,thentheacceptanceofthejudgeisrequired. Article57Thedonormustbetheownerofthepropertytobeendowedand,inaddition, mustbepossessedofcapacitytocontractandtomakevalidtransactions.

Article58Itispermissibletoendowonlysuchpropertyascanbeexploitedwithout detrimenttoitsexistence,whetheritbemovable,heldinundividedsharesordividedup. Article59Ifthedonordoesnothandthesubstanceoftheendowmentovertothe possessionofthefoundationtowhichithasbeenbequeathed,theendowmentisnotyet complete,butonceithasbeendeliveredtheendowmentisauthentic. 7 Article60Inrespectdelivery,urgencyisnotessentialsolongasthedonorhasnot revokedendowmentwheneverisgiventheendowmentbecomesfinal Article61 Whentheendowmenttakesplaceintheproperformandisdelivered,itis binding,andthedonorisnotpermittedrevokeitnortomakeanyalterationsinit,norma heexpelanyoneofthebeneficiaries,normakeanynewbeneficiariesnor,ifinthetext ofagreementtheadministratorisnotspecified,mayheappointanadministrator,nor may heinterfereinthecapacityofadministrator. Article62Intheeventofthebeneficiariesbeinglimitedinnumbertheythemselvesshall takedelivery,anddeliverytothefirstgenerationshallbesufficientandifthe beneficiariesareunlimitedorthebequestistobedevotedtothepublicuse,eitherthe administratororthejudgeshalltakedelivery. Article63Theguardianandexecutorofpersonswhoareunderdisabilitywilltake deliveryoftheendowedpropertyontheirbehalfandifthedonorhasreservedtheoffice ofadministratortohimself,thenthefactofhistakingdeliveryshallsuffice. Article64Propertyofwhichtheprofitsaretemporarilygrantedtoanotherpartycanbe theobjectofanendowment,andsimilarlyitispermissibletoendowlandedpropertyto whicharightofeasementisattached,withoutprejudicingthesaidright. Article65Thevalidityofanendowmentwhichmayresultthedetrimentofthedonors creditors,isdependentonthepermissionofthecreditors Article66Anendowmentforanunlawfulpurposeisnullandvoid.Article 67Theendowmentofpropertyofwhichitisnotpossibletogiveandtakedeliveryis nullandvoid,butifthedonoraloneisnotcapableoftakingandgivingdelivery,then suchanendowmentisvalid. Article68Anythingwhich,eitherbynatureorinaccordancewithusageandcustomis reckonedasformingpartofthedependenciesandappurtenancesoftheendowed property,isintheendowment,unlessthedonorhasmadespecialprovisiontothe contrary,inthesensementionedintheChapterConcerningSales.

Article69Anendowmentforthebenefitofnonexistentpersonsisinvalid,unlessit followsinsuccessionfromlivingbeneficiaries. Article70Ifanendowmentismadejointlytopersonswhodonotexistandtopersons living,itisvalidinsofarasitconcernsthelivingandnullandvoidinsofarasit concernsthosewhodonotexist Article71Endowmentstopersonsunknownhavenovalidity. Article72Anendowmentforthebenefitofthedonorhimselfinsuchawaythatthe donormakeshimselfthesolebeneficiaryoroneofthebeneficiariesorprovidesforthe paymentofhisdebtsorotherobligationsoutoftheprofitsoftheendowedisnulland void,whetheritisconcernedwithhislifetimeorwiththeperiodafterhisdecease Article73Endowmentstochildren,relatives,servantsorguestsandsoon,arevalid. Article74Inthecaseofanendowmentforthepublicuse,ifthedonoralsobecomes entitledtobenefitundertheendowmentheispermittedtobenefit. 8 Article75Thedonormayreservetohimselftheadministration,thatistosay,the managementoftheaffairsoftheproperty,eitherforhislifetimeorforsomespecified period,andalsomayappointasadministratorsomeotherpersonwhoeither independentlyorinconjunctionwiththedonor,shalladministertheproperty.The administrationoftheendowedpropertymaybehandedovertooneormorepersons other thanthedonorwhowillcarryouttheadministrationeitherindividuallyorjointly,and similarlythedonormaylaydowntheconditionthathehimselfortheadministrator appointed,mayarrangeforanadministrator,ormaymakeprovisionforany arrangementstothateffectwhichhedeemsfit. Article76Anyonewhomthedonorhasdesignatedasadministratorhastheoption,in the firstinstance,ofacceptingorrefusingthetrusteeshiponcehehasacceptedhecannot withdrawand,oncehehasrefused,itisasifhehadneverbeendesignatedas administrator Article77Inanycaseinwhichthedonorhasvestedtheadministrationintwoormore personsindependently,whenoneofthemdeceases,theotherorotherstake possession individuallyandifitbelaiddownthatsuchtakingpossessionshallbecollective,thenan actoftakingpossessiononthepartofanyoneoftheadministratorsshallnotbevalid

unlessithastheapprovaloftheotherorothers,andafterthedeathofoneofthemthe judgeshallappointapersontobeaddedtothesurvivorsinorderthattheymayjointly enterintopossession. Article78Thedonormayappointasupervisingtrusteewithoutwhoseknowledgeand approvalnoadministrativeactmaytakeplace Article79Neitherthedonornorthejudgecanremoveanadministratorwhohasbeen specificallyappointedinthedeedofendowment,unlesssucharightshallhavebeen providefor,andiftheadministratorbeshowntohedishonest,thejudgeshallcoopta trustee. Article80Ifthedonorhasmadeaspecialprovisionconcerningthequalificationsofthe administrator,andtheadministratorlosesthosequalifications,heceasestoactasan administrator. Article81Inthecaseofendowmenttothepublic,ifthedonorhasnotappointedan administrator,themanagementoftheaffairsoftheendowedpropertyshallbecarriedin accordancewiththeviewsofWaliyeFaqih. Article82Inallcasesinwhichthedonorhasmadespecialarrangementsoftheestate, theadministratorshallcarryoutthesearrangements,andifnoarrangementarelaid down, heshallactwithregardtorepairs,leasesandthecollectionofprofitsandtheirdivision amongthebeneficiariesandthemaintenanceofthepropertyandsoon,likea trustworthy agent. Article83Theadministratormaynotentrusttheadministrationtoanotherunlessthe donorhasgivenpermissioninthetextofthedeedofendowment,butifinthedeedof endowmentitisnotstipulatedthatheshallpersonallyadministertheproperty,hemay appointanagent. 9 Article84Itispermissibleforthedonortomakeprovisionforaportionoftheprofitsof theestatestobedevotedtotheremunerationoftheadministrator,andinfo remuneration fortheadministratorhasbeenspecifiedtheadministratorisentitledtoafair remuneration Article85Aftertheprofitsoftheestatehavebeenrealizedandapportioned,eachofthe beneficiariesspecifiedmaytakepossessionoftheportion,eveniftheadministrator

withholdspermission,unlessthedonorhasmadesuchpermissionaconditionof possession. Article86Shouldthedonornothavemadespecialprovision,theexpensesforupkeep andrepairsandfortheoperationsnecessaryfortheexploitationoftheestateshallbe priorchargebeforetherightsofthebeneficiaries. Article87Thedonormaylaydownthattheprofitsoftheestatebedividedbetweenthe beneficiariesequallyorunequally,tothatthedivisionshallbemadeatthediscretionof theadministratororofsomeotherpersontodividetheprofitsashethinksbest. Article88Thesaleoftheestateintheeventofitssufferingdamage,oroffearsbeing entertainedthatdamagewillbeincurredofsuchakindastorenderitincapableof exploitation,ispermissible,providedthatthemaintenanceofitisimpossible,orthatno onecanbefoundtoundertakeit. Article89 Wheneverpartofanestatebecomesdamagedorliabletodamageinsucha waythatexploitationisrenderedimpossible,thatportionshallbesold,unlessthe damage tothatportionisdetrimentaltotheexploitationoftheremainder,inwhichcasethewhole estateshallbesold. Article90Anendowmentwhichisallowedtobesoldshallbeconvertedintoanestate whichisasnearaspossibletotheintentionsofthedonor. Article91Inthefollowingcasestheprofitsoftheestateendowedforthepublicshallbe expendedonpublicservices 1Incaseswhereitisnotknownhowtheprofitsoftheestatearetobeexpended, unless thereexistsomeindicationsastothedonorsrealdesires. 2Incasesinwhichtheexpenditureoftheprofitsoftheestateinthespecialmannerlaid downbythetestatorisimpossible. Subsection3 ConcerningtheEnjoymentofRightsOpentoEveryone(Mubahat) Article92Everyonemay,inaccordancewiththelawsandregulationsapplicableto each oneofthem,derivebenefitsfromrightsopentoeveryone(Mhahat). SECTION3 ConcerningtheRightsofEasementConcerningthePropertyof AnotherandtheRightsandPrivilegesAppertainingtoaLanded

PropertyinRelationtoAdjacentProperty 10 SubsectionI ConcerningRightsofEasementRelatingtothePropertyofOthers Article93TheRightofEasementisarightheldbyonepersononthepropertyof another. Article94Ownersofpropertymaygranttootherssuchrightsastheypleaseontheir ownproperty,andinthiscasethebasisofaclaimarisesoutofadeedorcontractin virtueowhichtherightwasgranted Article95 Whereversomeoneschannelforrunningwaterorrainhaspassedthrough the landorhouseofanotherperson,theownerofthathouseorlandcannotpreventtheir passage,unlesstheabsenceofhisrightisproved Article96Aspringsituatedinsomeoneslandbelongstotheownerofthatland,unless anotherpersonhasrightsoveritssubstanceoritsprofits. Article97 Wheneverapersonhasforalongtimehadawaterchannelrunningthrough thehouseorpropertyofanothertohisownpropertyor,hashadarightinhisfavour,the ownerofthathouseorlandshallnothinderthetakingofwaternoritspassagethrough hisproperty,andsimilarlywithregardtorightssuchasholdingrightsindoors,openwork windows,aqueducts,irrigationchannelsandsoon. Article98Iftheownerofapropertyhasgivenpermissiontopassthroughittosome onewhocannotdosobyright,hemayrescindhispermissionwheneverhewishesand preventtheotherfrompassingthroughandsimilarlywithotherrightsofeasement. Article99Noonehastherighttotakehiswaterchannelintothepropertyofanother, nor tocauserainwaterfromhisrooftoflowontotheroofofthepropertyofanother,norto throwsnowontoitunlesshehaspermissionfromtheowner. Article100ifthewaterchannelofonepersonpassesthroughthehouseofanother,and ifitbecomesdamagedinsuchwayastocausedamagetothehouse,theownerofthe househasnorighttoobligetheownerofthechanneltorepairit,buthehimselfmust take stepstopreventitfromcausinghimloss.Shouldthedamagetothechannelobstructthe passageofwater,theownerofthehouseisnotobligedtorepairthechannel,butthe owneroftherightofpassagemusthimselfremovetheobstruction,andtomakethe

repairsmayenterthehouseorland,butexceptwhenthereissuchanecessity,hehas no rightofentry,withoutthepermissionoftheowner. Article101 Wheneversomeonederivesprofit,suchastheworkingofamillorsimilar things,fromwaterwhichisthepropertyofsomeoneelseinaccordancewithsomeright, theownerofthewatercannotchangethecourseofthechannelinsuchwayasto prevent thisrightfrombeingprofitablyexercised. Article102 Wheneveranestateistransferredeitherinitsentiretyorinparttosomeone else,rightsofeasementoveranotherestateorportionofitbeingincludedtherein,such rightsremainunchangedunlesstherebeastipulationtothecontrary. Article103Wheneverthepartnersinapropertypossessrightsandbenefitsandthat estateisdividedbetweenthem,eachpartnershallinproportiontohisshare,become the 11 ownerofthoserightse.g.,ifanestatepossessingtherightofpassagethroughanother estatebedividedbetweenseveralpersons,theyeachhavethesamerightofpassage as beforeoverthesaidplace. Article104Arightofeasementnecessarilyimpliestheexploitationofthatrighte.g.,ifa personhastherightoftakingwaterfromthesprings,tanksorreservoirsofothers,he shallhavetherightofpassagetosuchsprings,tanksandreservoirsforthedrawingof water. Article105Anyexpenseswhichmaybenecessaryfortheenjoymentofarightof easementareachargeupontheownerofthatright,unlessanagreementtothe contrary hasbeenarrivedatbetweenhimandtheowneroftheproperty. Article106Theownerofapropertyonwhichanotherpersonhasarightofeasement cannotusehispropertyinsuchwayastoresultindamage,orsuspensionofthesaid right ,exceptwiththepermissionoftheowneroftheright. Article107Thebenefitsattachingtoarightofeasementarevalidtotheextentagreed upon,ortotheextentrecognizedbycommonusage,andnecessitatedbythe exigencies

ofexploitation. Article108inallcaseswhereapersonsexploitationofanotherpersonspropertyrests uponasimplepermission,theownercanwithdrawhispermissionwheneverhepleases, unlessthereexistsalegalimpedimenttothis. Subsection2 ConcerningtheRightsandPrivilegesAppertainingtoaPropertyin RelationtoAdjacentProperty Article109Awallsituatedbetweentwopropertiesisconsideredascommonpropertyof theownersofthetwoproperties,unlessthereisanindicationorreasontothecontrary. Article110Buildingbyplacingmarks,ortheplacingofabeam,areamongthe indicationswhichdenoteoccupationandexclusiverights. Article111 Wherevertherearebuildingsadjoiningthewallinapermanentmanneron bothsides,orbeamsareplacedonthewallonbothsides,thewallisdeemedcommon propertyunlessthecontraryisproved. Article112 Wherevertherearecircumstancesofexclusiverightononesideonly,the wholewallisdeemedtobelongtotheownerofthatside,unlessthecontraryisproved Article113Expensesinconnectionwithacommonwallareachargeuponthosewho haveashareinit. Article114Neitherofthepartnerscanobligetheothertobuildorrepairacommonwall, unlessthereisnoothermethodofavoidinloss Article115inacasewhereacommonwallisdamagedandoneofpartnersrefusesto repairitortoallowittobetakeninhandforcommonbuildingoperations,theother partnercanrepairhisownspecialofthewall. 12 Article116Ifoneofthepartnersagreestotheothertakingthewallinhandforbuilding operations,butdeclinestobeartheexpenses,theotherpartnercanrepairthewall,and in this,caseifthenewfabricismadewithcommonmaterials,thewallwillbeacommon wall,otherwiseitbelongstothepartnerwhohasrepairedit. Article117ifoneofthepartnersdamagesacommonwallandthedamagingofitwas unnecessary,hemustrebuildwhathehasdestroyed. Article118Neitherofthetwopartnershastherighttoraiseacommonwall,orto imposeastructureorplaceabeamonit,ortoopenawindoworanicheinit,ormake anykindofchange,exceptwiththepermissionoftheotherpartner.

Article119Ifoneofthepartnershasbeamsonacommonwall,hecannotchangetheir positionandplacethemonanotherpartofthewallwithouttheconsentoftheother partner. Article120iftheownerofawallgiveshisneighborpermissiontoplaceabeamupon hiswallortobuildonit,hecanwithdrawhispermissionwheneverheplease,unlesshe hasboundhimselftoforegothisright Article121Ifsomeonehasplacedabeamuponawallwiththepermissionoftheowner ofthewall,andthenremovesit,hecannotreplaceitexceptwithfreshpermissionfrom theownerofthewallandthesameappliestootherencroachments. Article122Ifawallisleaningovertowardsanotherpropertyorahighway,orthelike, insuchawaythatitisneartocollapsing,theownerofitisobligedtopullitdown. Article123Ifahouseorapieceoflandisdividedbetweentwopersons,oneofthem cannotobligetheothertojoinwithhiminerectingawallbetweenthetwoparts. Article124Ifabeamofabuildinghasinthepastrestedonaneighboursprivatewall andthepasthistoryofthisoccupation.isunknown,itmustremaininitsformerstate, and ifbyreasonofthebuilding,thebeamisremoved,theownerofthebuildingcanrenewit, andtheneighbourhasnorighttopreventhimfromdoingso,unlessheprovesthatthe formerstateofaffairshadbeenbroughtintobeingsolelybypermission. Article125Ifalowerstoreybelongstoonepersonandanupperstoreyto3omeone else, eachoftheownerscanmakenormaluseofhisownspecialpart,butasregardsthe ceilingbetweenthetwostorey,eachoftheownerscanusethefloororceilingofthis own specialpartonlyinsuchnormalwaysasnottointerferewiththerightsoftheother. Article126Theownerofalowerapartmentandtheownerofanupperapartmentare acknowledgedasthesolepossessorsofthelowerandupperapartmentsrespectively, and asthejointpossessoroftheceilingbetweenthetwoapartments. Article127AnUpperstaircaseisaaccountedthepropertyoftheowneroftheupper storey,unlessthecontraryisproved. Article128Neitheroftheownersofanupperandlowerstoreycanobligetheotherto repair,orhelp.torepair,theirwallsandceiling Article129Ifaceilingbetweenanupperandlowerapartmentisdamagedandthetwo

ownersdonotagreeastoitsrepairs,andnobindingagreementbetweenthemhas formerlyexisted,andifoneoftheownersrepairstheceilingasapiousact,theceilingis 13 acommononeofithasbeenmadewithcommonmaterials,andbelongstotheperson whohasbuiltit,ifmadewithprivatematerials Article130Nopersonpossessestherighttoputupaprojectingporchonhishouse over lookinghisneighbourscourtyardwithoutthelatterspermissionandifhehasputup suchaporchwithoutpermission,hewillbeobligedtoremoveit. Article131Ifabranchofsomeonestreeenterthecourtyardofhisneighbourshouseor intohisland,theownermustbenditback,andifhedoesnot,hisneighbourcanbendit back,andifhedoesnotsucceed,hecancutitawayfromtheboundaryofhisproperty andtheseprovisionsapplyalsotorootsoftreeswhichenteranothersproperty Article132Apersoncannotmakeuseofthispropertyinsuchamannerasnecessarily to involveaneighbourinloss,exceptsuchuseasiscustomaryandisrequiredinorderto satisfyhisneedsortoavoidloss. Article133Apersoncannotputadoorinawallofhishouseleadingtoaneighbour house,evenifthewallishisprivatepropertybuthecanmakeanapertureoralatticein hisownprivatewall,andhisneighbourhasnorighttopreventhim,butcanputupawall oracurtaininfrontoftheapertureorlatticetopreventhisseeingthroughit. Article134Noneofthepartnersinaferryorawatercoursecanpreventtheother partnersfromcrossingitortakingwateraway. Article135Trees,pitsandthelike,whichseparatepropertieswillbesubjecttothe same provisionsaspartitionwalls. Subsection3 ConcerningtheBordersofProperties Article136Thebordersofaquantityoflandaretheboundariesoftheproperty,the waterchannels,thestreamsandthelike,whicharenecessaryforthecomplete exploitationoftheland. Article137Thebordersofawellare20gazfordrinkingwaterand30gazfor cultivation1.

Article138Thebordersofaspringoraqanat(waterchannel)are500gazonallsides in looseearth,and250gazinhardearthbutifthedistancesonallsidesinlooseearth, and 250gazinhardearthbutifthedistancesmentionedinthisandtheproceedingArticle arenotenoughtoavoidloss,distancestotheextentrequiredtopreventlossshallbe addedtothem. Article139Bordersaregovernedbytheprovisionsapplicabletothepropertyofthe ownerofthebordersandanyoccupationoruseofthemwhichiscontrarytothepurpose ofthebordersisinvalidwithoutpermissionfromtheownerandthereforenobodycan digawellorwaterchannel(qanat)withinthebordersofanotherspringorchannel.But activitieswhichdonotcauselossarepermissible. 14 BOOK2 CausesofOwnership Article140Ownershipisacquired 1Bytherehabilitationofwastelandandtheannexationoftheallowableproperties. 2Bymeansofcontractsandobligations. 3Byacquisitioninvirtueofarightofpreemption. 4Byinheritance. Part1 ConcerningtheRehabilitationofWasteLand AndAnnexationofAllowableProperties Chapter1 RehabilitationofWasteLands Article141Actionsdirectedtowardsthereclamationoflandarethosewhichmake wasteandunclaimedlandprofitablebymeansofoperationswhichareincludedby customundertheheadingofcultivation,suchashusbandry,treeplanting,buildingetc. Article142Tobegintocultivatelande.g.byarrangingstonesroundaplotorby diggingawelletc:iscalledleveling(Tahjir)anddoesnotbringaboutownershipbutit createsforhimwhohasperformedtheleveling,apriorrighttocarryoutthecultivation. Article143Apersonwhocultivateswiththeintentionoftakingpossessionthereof,a partofastretchofwasteandunclaimedland,becomestheownerofthatpart. Article144Thereclamationoftheboundariesofapieceoflandinvolvestheownership

ofthemiddleofitalso. Article145Thecultivatormustobserveineveryrespecttheotherlawsrelatingtothis subject. Chapter2 AnnexationofAllowableProperties Article146Annexationmeansoccupationandlayinghandsuponathing,orthe preparationofthemeansofannexationoroccupation. Article147Apersonwhoannexesallowablepropertiesandobservestherelevantlaws becomestheownerofthem. Article148Apersonwhodigsacanalinapieceofunclaimedlandandjoinsittoariver hasmadethatcanalandbecomestheownerofitbutwhileitisstillseparatefromthe riveritisaccountedasleveling 15 Article149Ifapersondigsastreamorachannelforthepurposeofannexingunclaimed water,theunclaimedwaterwhichflowsintothisstreamorchannelbelongstotheowner ofthechannel,andanotherstreamcannotbeopenedfromit,orlandwateredfromit withouttheownerspermission. Article150Ifseveralpersonsarepartnersinthediggingofachannelorawell,they becometheownersofthewaterinproportionthelabourandexpensewhichhasbeen effectiveinbringingaboutimprovements,andthewaterwillbedividedbetweenthemin thesameproportion. Article151Noneofthepartnerscanopenupanotherchannelfromacommonchannel, orbroadenornarrowthemouthofastreamorbuildabridgeoramillover,orplanttrees besideit,ormakeanyuseofit,exceptwiththepermissionoftheotherpartners. Article152Iftheappointedshareofwaterofoneothepartnersinacommonstream flowsintoaprivatechannelbelongingtohim,thatwaterbecomeshisprivateproperty, andhecanuseitinanyway. Article153Ifastreamiscommontoanumberofpeople,andthereisadisputeabout the sizeofeachmansshare,theyshallbejudgedtohaveequalshares,unlessthereexists a reasonfortheshareofsomeofthemtoexceedothers. Article154Apersoncannotcarrywatertohispropertyacrossthepropertyofanother personwithoutthelatterspermission,evenifthereisnootherroute.

Article155Everyonehastherighttoirrigatehislandformanunclaimedstreamorto penupanotherstreamitforhislandorhismillorhisotherneeds. Article156Ifthewaterofastreamisnotenoughtoirrigateallthelandrounditandthe ownersofthelandareindisputeaboutpriorityandnonpriority,andnoneofthemcan provearightofpriority,everypieceoflandwhichisnearertothesourceofthewater shall,indueorder,havetherightofpriorityoverlandwhichislowerdown,totheextent ofitsneeds. Article157Iftwopiecesoflandonbothsidesofstreamarealsosituatedoppositeeach otherandtherightofpropertyofoneovertheotherisnotestablished,andbothowners wishtodrawwateratthesametime,andthewaterisnotenoughforboth,theymust drawlotsindrawingwaterinproportiontotheirshares,andifthewaterisenoughfor both,theywilldivideitinproportiontotheirshares. Article158Ifthedatesofthebeginningofcultivationoflandsborderingonariverare different,thelandfirstcultivatedhasapriorclaimtothewateroverlandcultivatedlater, eventhoughitissituatedlowerthanthelatter. Article159Ifapersonwishestocultivateforthefirsttimeapieceoflandborderingon ariver,andthereisasurplusofwaterandtheownersoftheexistingplotswillnotbe hampered,hecanirrigatethenewlandwiththewaterfromthisriverotherwisehehas norighttodrawwater,evenifhislandishigherthantheotherlands. Article160ifapersondigsaqanat(waterchannel)orawellinhisownlandorin unclaimedlandforthepurposeofannexingit,inorderthatheshallreachwaterorcause watertoflow,hebecomestheowneroftheresultingwater,butsolongashehasnot struckinunclaimedland,hisactivitiesareaccountedasleveling. 16 Chapter3 ConcerningMines Article161Aminesituatedinsomebodyslandbelongstotheowneroftheland,and theworkingofitwillbesubjecttospeciallaws. Chapter4 ConcerningFoundObjectsandLostAnimals Section1 FoundObjects Article162ApersonwhofindsanobjectworthlessthanoneDirham1weighing12.6 noknodssilvercantakepossessionofit.

Article163iftheobjectfoundisworthoneDirham,weighing12.6noknodssilver,must announcethefindingforoneyeariftheowneroftheobjectdoesnotappearwithinthis time,thefinderisentitledtokeepitintrustortomakeuseofit.Intheeventofhis keepingitintrustandbeingdestroyedthroughnofaultofhis,hewillnotberesponsible forit. Note:Ifthefinderacquiresknowledgeatthebeginningorbeforetheendofoneyear that announcementisofnoavail,orifhelosesthehopeofdiscoveringtheownerofthe object,hewillbereleasedoftheobligationtomaketheannouncement. Article164Anannouncementofthefindingofanobjectconsistsinpublishingand advertisingaccordingtoreligiousrequirementsinsuchawaythatthefindingofthe objectisbroughttothenoticeoftheinhabitantsofaplaceinacustomaryway. Article165Anyonewhofindsanobjectinadesertedorruinedplace,whichis uninhabitedandwhichisnotprivatelyowned,cantakepossessionofsuchanarticle need notannounceit,unlessitisevidentthatitbelongstopresenttime,inwhichcaseitwill be consideredinthesamewayasotherobjectsfoundininhabitedplaces. Article166Ifanyonefindsanobjectonanotherspropertyoronpropertythathasbeen boughtfromanotherandpresumesthatthearticlebelongstotheproprietororthe former proprietors,hemustinformthem.Iftheseproprietorsclaimtheobjectandifthereis someproofoftheirownership,theobjectmustbereturnedtothem.Otherwisethefinder mustdealwiththeobjectinthemanneralreadyprescribed Article167Iftheobjectfoundisnotdurablebutisperishable,itmustbesoldata reasonablepriceandthispricewillbeconsideredasthepropertyitself. Article168Iftheobjectfoundnolongerexistswhenitsdiscoveryisreported,through nofaultofthefinder,heshallnotbeheldresponsible Article169 Whenanobjecthasbeenfound,anyprofitaccruingtoitbelongstothe formerownertillsuchtimeasthefinderhasestablishedhisrighttokeepitafterthat, theprofitsbelongtothefinder 17 Section2 OnLostAnimals

Article170Alostanimalisananimalpossessedbysomeonewhichisfoundwithout beinginanyonespossession.Animals,however,ontheirgrazinggroundsorneara wateringplaceorthosecapableofdefendingthemselvesfromferociousanimalscannot beconsideredaslost. Article171Anyonewhofindsalostanimalmustreturnittoitsowner,oriftheowneris unknown,hemustdeliverittothejudgeorhissubstitute.Ifhedoesnotdothis,the finderwillbeheldresponsiblefortheanimal,evenifhereleaseditaftertaking possessionofit. Article172Ifalostanimalisfoundinhabitedareaandthefinder,thoughhehasaccess toajudgeorhissubstitute,failstohandovertheanimal,hewillnotbeentitledtoclaim eventuallyfrom,theownerexpensesincurred.Whenananimalhasbeenfoundinan uninhabitedarea,thefindercanclaimanyexpensesfromtheownersolongashehas gainednobenefithimselffromtheanimal.Otherwisetheexpensesincurredwillbe broughtintoaccountagainstanybenefitgainedandonlythebalancewillbeclaimable by thefinderortheownerasthecasemaybe. Chapter5 OnBuriedTresure Article173Buriedtreasureisthatfoundbychancebelowgroundorbuildings. Article174Buriedtreasureofwhichtheownerisnotknownisthepropertyofthe finder. Article175iftreasureisfoundbysomeoneburiedonthepropertyofanotherperson,he mustinformthatownerincasethelatterclaimsthetreasureandcanprovehisclaim, the treasurewillbelongtothepersonwhoclaimsownership Article176 Whentreasureisfoundburiedinunclaimedlanditshallbelongtothefinder. Article177Jewelsfoundintheseabelongtotheirfinder.Flotsamandjetsamalso belongtothefinder. Article178Articleswhichhavesunkintheseaandhavebeenabandonedbytheir owner belongtotheonewhoretrievesthem. Chapter6 OnGames Article179Capturedwildanimalsbelongtothepursuer.

Article180Captureoftameanimalsandofotheranimalsthatbearmarksofownership doesnotconferownership. 18 Article181Ifanyonepreparesahiveoraplaceforbees,thebeesandthehoneyshall be hisproperty.Similarlypigeonsgatheredinapigeontowerbelongtotheownerofthe tower. Article182Othergamelawswillbelaiddowninspecialregulations. PART2 RegardingContracts,TransactionsAndObligations Chapter1 ContractsandObligationsinGeneral Article183Acontractismadewhenoneormorepersonsmakeamutualagreement withanotheroneormorepersons,onacertainthing,andthatagreementisacceptedby thelatterperson. Section1 DifferentTypesofContractsandTransactions Article184Contractsandtransactionsaredividedintothefollowingcategoriesa bindingcontractarevocablecontractanoptionalcontractanunconditionalcontract conditionalcontract. Article185Abindingcontractisonewhichcannotbebrokenbyeitherpartyexcept underspecifiedcircumstances. Article186Arevocablecontractcanbecancelledbyeitherpartywheneverhelikes Article187Acontractmaybebindingonepartybutrevocablebytheother Article188Anoptionalcontractcanbecancelledbyeitherparty,bybothpartiesorby thirdparty. Article189Anunconditionalcontractisonewhichisnot,intheintentionofthe makers,contingentuponanyoutsidematterOtherwiseitisaconditionalcontract. Section2 OntheEssentialConditionsfortheValidityofaTransaction Article190Forthevalidityofacontractthefollowingconditions areessential: ITheintentionandmutualconsentofbothpartiestothecontract 2Thecompetenceofbothparties.

3Theremustbeadefinitethingwhichformsthesubjectmatter 19 ofthecontract 4Thecauseofthetransactionmustbelawful. Subsection1 RegardingtheIntentionandMutualConsentofBothParties totheContract Article191Acontractonlybecomescompletethroughtherealintentionofthe contractor,andthisrealintentionmustbeaccompaniedbysomefactorwhichproves that therewassuchanintention Article192Ifeitherpartyorbothareunabletospeak,asignwhichindicatesintention andacceptancewillbesufficient. Article193Atransactionmaybecreatedbyanactwhichindicatesintentionand consent,suchastakingdeliveryorhandingoverunlessincircumstancesexceptedby law. Article194Thewords,signsorotheractsbywhichbothpartiesperformthetransaction mustbecoordinatedsothateachpartyacceptsthetransactionwhichtheotherintended to performOtherwisethetransactionwillbenullandvoid. Article195Ifanyonemakesacontractwhendrunk,unconsciousorasleep,the contract isnullowingtoabsenceofintention. Article196Anyonewhomakesacontractitisdeemedthatheisactingforhimself unlessinmakingthecontractthecontraryislaiddownorunlesssubsequentevidenceto thecontraryisestablished.Whenmakingacontract,however,anyonecanmake provisionforthebenefitofathirdperson. Article197Ifthepriceorthesubjectofasaleinacontractisathingwhichbelongstoa thirdparty,thecontractwillbeonbehalfoftheownerofthatthing. Article198Eitherorbothpartiesmayrepresentanother.Itisalsopossiblethatone personwouldactastherepresentativeofbothpartiestoacontract. Article199Consentobtainedasaresultofmistakeorduresswillnotmakeacontract enforceable Article200Onlymistakesconnectedwiththesubjectofatransactionwillinvalidateit.

Article201Amistakemadeastotheidentityofonepartywillnotaffecttheinterestsof theotherpartyinthetransaction,exceptwhentheidentityofthissecondpartyformsthe principalreasonofthetransaction. Article202Duressiscausedbyactswhichaffectreasonablepersonthroughthreats againsthisperson,propertyorhonourinawaythathecannotbeexpectedtowithstand. Inconnectionwithsuchthreats.theage,personality,natureandsexofthepersonmust be takenintoconsideration. Article203Duresswillmakeacontractunenforceableevenwhenitiscausedbyan outsidepartyotherthanthetwopartiesconcerned. 20 Article204Threatsmadebyonepartyagainstthebodyorpropertyorhonourofclose relatives(oftheotherparty)suchashusband,wife,fatherorchildrenareregardedas causingduress.InconnectionwiththisArticletheclosenessoftherelationshipmustbe consideredaccordingtocustom,inestimatingtheduress. Article205 Whenathreatenedpersonknowsthatthethreatcannotbecarriedoutor whenheisabletodefendhimselfwithoutdifficultyfromthethreatorfromperforming thecontract,themanwhomadethethreatcannotberegardedashavingusedundue force Article206Ifanyoneisconstrainedtomakeatransactionthroughdistress,thisisnot regardedasduressandsuchatransactionisconsideredvalid. Article207Theimpositionofatransactiononapersonbyanorderofcompetent judicialauthoritiesisnotconsideredasmadeunderduress. Article208Ifonepartyfearstheother,thoughnotthreatenedbyhim,thisisnot regardedasbeingduress. Article209Atransactionratifiedaftertheremovalofanyundueforceisbinding. Subsection2 RegardingtheCompetenceoftheParties Article210Bothpartiesshouldbecompetenttotransactthebusiness Article211Inorderthatacontractmaybevalidbothpartiestoitmustbeofage,must beintheirpropersensesandmusthavereachedpuberty. Article212Atransactionbetweenpeoplewhoarenotofage,norintheirpropersenses normatureisinvalidbecauseoftheirincompetence. Article213Atransactionmadebyincapacitatedpersonscannothevalid.

Subsection3 RegardingtheObjectofaTransaction Article214Theobjectofacontractmustbesomepropertyoractwhichboththeparties agreetodeliverorexecute. Article215Theobjectofacontractmustbecapableofbeingownedandmustembody somereasonableandlegitimateadvantage. Article216Theobjectofatransactionshouldnotbeambiguousexceptinspecial cases whereageneralknowledgeofthematterwouldbesufficient Subsection4 RegardingtheReasonforaTransaction Article217Inacontractitisnotnecessarytoexplainthereasonformakingit,butifthis isdonethereasonmustbealegitimateotherwisethecontractwillbenullandvoid. 21 Article218Ifitisknownthatthecontracthasbeenmadewiththeintentionevading formallysomeliability,thecontractwillbenullandvoid. Article218Ifthecreditorfilesapetitionwiththecourtsubmittingevidencetotheeffect thatthedebtor,toevadehisliability,intendstodisposeofhisproperties,thecourtmay enteranattachmentwritintheamountofhisdebt,inwhicheventhecannotsellhis propertieswithouttheauthorizationofthecourt. Section3 RegardingtheEffectofContracts Subsection1 RegardingGeneralRules Article219Contractsmadeaccordingtolawarebindingonthepartiesortheir substitutes,unlesstheyhavebeencancelledbymutualagreementorforsomelegal reason. Article220Acontractnotonlybindsthepartiestoexecutewhatitexplicitlymentions, butbothpartiesarealsoboundbyallconsequenceswhichfollowfromthecontractin accordancewithcustomarylawandpractice,orbyvirtueofalaw. Article221Ifanypartyundertakestoperformortoabstainfromanyact,heis responsibletopaycompensationtotheotherpartyintheeventofhisnotcarryingout his undertakingprovidedthecompensationforsuchlossesisspecifiedinthecontractoris

understoodinthecontractaccordingtocustomarylaworprovidedsuchcompensationis bylawregardedasguaranteed. Article222Incaseoffailuretocomplywiththeabovementionedstipulations,adjudge can,whileobservingtheaboveArticleauthorizethepartyinwhosefavourthe undertakingwasmadetoperformtheactinquestionhimselfandcondemnthe defaulting partytocompensatetheexpensesincurred. Article223Anycontractenteredintoisunderstoodtobegenuineunlessitsfalsenature isproved. Article224Thewordingofacontractshallbereadaccordingtothemeaning understoodbycustomarylaw. Article225Ifcertainpointsthatarecustomarilyunderstoodinacontractbycustomary laworpracticearenotspecifiedthereintheyareneverthelesstobeconsideredas mentionedinthecontract. Subsection2 LossesIncurredThroughNonfulfillmentofContracts Article226Intheeventofnonfulfillmentofanundertakingbyoneparty,theother partycannotclaimdamagesforlosssustained,unlessaspecialperiodwasfixedfor 22 fulfillmentoftheundertakingandthatperiodwasexpired.Ifnoperiodwasfixedforthe fulfillmentoftheundertakingapartycanonlyclaimdamagesifthepowerforfixingthe periodforsuchfulfillmentwasvestedinhimandifheprovesthatheaskedforthe fulfillmentoftheobligation. Article227Thepartywhofailstocarryouttheundertakingwillonlybesentencedto paydamageswhenbeisunabletoprovethathisfailurewasduetosomeoutsidecause forwhichbecouldnotbeheldresponsible. Article228Iftheobjectofanagreementconsistsofthepaymentofasumincash,the judgecan,subjecttothetermsArticle221,convictthedebtortopaycompensationfor lossesincurredthroughdelayinthepaymentofhisdebt. Article229Ifamanwhohasintoanundertakingispreventedfromfulfillingitbysome elementsnotwithinhiscontrol,heshallnotbeconvictedtocompensateforlosses. Article230Ifinacontracttheamountofcompensationtobeintheeventofitsnon fulfillmentislaiddown,thejudgecancondemntheoffendertopaymoreorlessthanthe sumfixed.

Subsection3 RegardingEffectofContractsonThirdParties Article231Undertakingsorcontractsareonlybindingonthetwopartiesconcernedor theirlegalsubstitutesexceptincasescomingunderArticle196. Section4 RegardingConditionsFixedattheTimeofMakingContracts Subsection1 RegardingDifferentTypesofConditions Article232Thefollowingconditionsareofnoeffectthoughtheydonotnullifythe contractitself: 1Conditionswhichareimpossibletofulfill. 2Conditionswhichareuselessandunprofitable. 3Conditionswhicharenotlegal. Article233Thefollowingconditionsareofnoeffectandwillnullifythecontractitself: 1Conditionswhicharecontrarytotherequirementsofacontract. 2Conditionswhichareunknownandofwhichlackofknowledgeentailsignoranceof theconsideration. Article234Conditionsareofthreedifferentkinds 23 IConditionsofdescription. 2Conditionsofcollateralevents 3Conditionsabouttheperformanceofacontract. Ofthesethefirstcategoryreferstothequantityorquantityoftheobject.Thesecond providesforthefulfillmentorthehappeningofsomeextraneouseventandthethird ariseswhenaconditionismadeastotheperformanceornonperformancebyoneof the twopartiesorbyathirdparty. Subsection2 RegardingProvisionsGoverningTheseConditions Article235Ifthereisaconditionofdescriptionwhichisnotfulfilled,thepartywho standstobenefitbythecontractshallhavetherighttocancelit. Article236Asregardstheresultofacontract,iftherealizationoftheresultdoesnot dependuponaspecialcircumstance,itfollowsfromthefulfillmentoftheconditionitself. Article237Ifthecondition,madeaspartofthecontract,beaconditioninvolvingthe

performanceorthenonperformanceofanact,apersonwhohasundertakentocarry out suchanactmustdosointheeventofhisfailuretodoso,theotherpartymayapplyto thejudgeaskingthathemaybecompelledtoexecutethecondition Article238Iftheperformanceofsomeacthasbeenundertakenunderthetermsofa contract,andifitprovesimpossibletoforcethepartywhoshouldperformtheactto fulfillhisobligation,thoughthecouldbeperformedbysomeotherperson,thejudgecan attheexpenseofthepersonatfaultarrangefortheperformanceoftheact. Article239Ifitisnotpossibletoforcethefulfillmentofanactbythepersonwho shouldperformitandiftheactisofsuchakindthatnooneelsecancelthecontract. Article240Ifwhenacontracthasbeenmadeitisfoundthatthecarryingoutofits conditionisimpossibleorifitbecomesknownthatthecarryingoutwasimpossiblewhen thecontractwasmade,thepersoninwhosefavourthecontractwasdrawnupwillhave theoptionofcancelingthecontract,unlesstheconditionbecomesimpossibleof fulfillmentowingtosomeactofthepersoninwhosefavourthecontractwasdrawnup. Article241Inacontractitmaybespecifiedthatoneofthepartiesshouldgivesecurity orpledgeforthefulfillmentofhisobligation. Article242Ifitisstipulatedthatoneofthepartiesshouldpledgecertainpropertyandif thatpropertyisdestroyedordamaged,theotherpartywillhavetherighttocancelthe contractbutnottherighttodemandthedeliveryoftheequivalentofthepledged property oranycompensationfordamages.Ifsuchpledgedpropertyisdestroyedordamaged afterdeliverytherewillbenorightofcancellationofthecontract. Article243Ifacontractprovidesforaguarantorandifthisconditionisnotfulfilled,the personinwhosefavourtheconditionwasmadewillhavetherighttocancelthecontract. 24 Article244Apartyinwhosefavouraconditionismademaysurrenderhisclaimtothe fulfilmentofthatcondition,andinthatcasetheconditioncasestobepartofthecontract conditionsabouttheresultofacontractcannot,however,becancelledinthisway. Article245Thewaiveroftherightengenderedfromaconditionmaybemadeeither orallyorbysomeact,whichindicatessuchwaiver. Article246 Whenacontractisterminatedbymutualconsent,itsconditionbecomes null andvoidandifonepartyhasfulfilledhisobligationunderthecontracthecanclaim

compensationfromtheotherpartyinwhosefavourhedidthis. Section5 RegardingContractsWhichDealWiththePropertyofaThird PartyorWhichAreUnauthorized Article247Contractsregardingthepropertyofothers,exceptthoseenteredintoby naturalguardians,executorsorlegalrepresentatives,arenotbindingeventhoughtthe ownerofthepropertyagreestheretoif,however,afterthecontracthasbeenmadethe ownerofthepropertysignifieshisconsent,thecontractbecomesbinding Article248Theconsentoftheownerofapropertyinanunauthorizedcontractcanbe signifiedorallyorbyanactwhichsignifieshisconsenttothecontract. Article249Thesilenceoftheownerofaproperty,evenifheispresentwhenthe transactionismade,cannotbetakenasindicatinghisconsent. Article250Suchconsentisonlyeffectiveandvalidifithasnotbeenpreviously refusedotherwiseitisnoteffective. Article251Therefusalofanunauthorizedtransactioniseffectivewhetherexpressed orallyorbysomeactwhichindicatesabsenceofconsent. Article252Consentorrefusalneednotbeimmediateincaseofdelaycausinglossto a partywhohasactedinanauthorizedmannerheshallhavetherighttobreakthe contract Article253Inthecaseofanunauthorizedcontract,iftheownerofthepropertydies beforesignifyinghisconsentorrefusal,thisconsentorrefusalcanbegivenbytheheirs. Article254Ifthepropertyreferredtoinanunauthorizedcontractsubsequentlypasses intothepossessionoftheunauthorizedpersoninsomeway,thismereownershipwill not maketheoriginalcontractbinding Article255Ifanyonemakesacontractwhichisacknowledgedtobeanunauthorized contractandthepropertyinquestionbelongstothemanwhomadethecontractortoa persononwhosebehalfhewasauthorizedtoactasaguardian,orlegalrepresentative the validityofthecontractdependsontherenewedconsentofthepersonwhomadethe contractifhedoesnotgivesuchconsentthecontractisinvalid. Article256Intheeventofanyonetransferringpropertyofhimselforanyoneelseinone contract,oracceptingthetransferofpropertyforhimselforanother,thecontractis

bindingonhimselfbutisconsideredunauthorizedforanyoneelse. 25 Article257Iftheobjectofanauthorizedtransactionismadetheobjectofother transactionsalso,beforetheownerofthepropertysignifieshisconsentorrefusaltothe firstunauthorizedtransaction,thisownercanapproveanyofthetransactionswhichhe likesandthetransactionsdependentthereonshallbevalid,whilethepreviousones shall benullandvoid. Article258Inrespectofanyprofitonapropertywhichformedtheobjectofan unauthorizedcontractorinrespectofanyreturnonthatproperty,consentorrejection willbeeffectiveasfromthedateofthecontract. Article259 Whenanypropertyhasbeenhandedovertoathirdpartybyasellerwhois notauthorizedbytheownerandwhentheownerofthepropertydoesnotgivehiscon sent,thepartywhoholdthepropertyisresponsiblefortheobjectanditsusufruct. Article260Ifanunauthorizedsellerreceivesaconsiderationfortheobjectofsaleand keepsthesaidconsiderationinhispossession,andtheownerwhileapprovingthe transactionpermitstakingdeliveryoftheconsiderationthenthesaidownershallhave no recourseagainsttheotherparty. Article261Inthecasewherepropertyhasbeendisposedofwithoutauthorityandthe originalownerwithholdshisconsent,thepurchaserwillberesponsiblefortheactual propertyandanyprofitsonitduringthetimeheheldit,evenifhehasnotderivedany benefitfromit,andalsohewillbeheldresponsibleforanydamagetothepropertywhile itwasinhispossession. Article262UnderthecircumstancesdescribedintheaboveArticlethepurchaserofthe propertyshallhavetherighttoclaimfromthemanwhosoldittohimwithoutauthority forthereturnoftheactualconsideration,orapropertyidenticalthereto,oritsequivalent invalue. Article263Iftheoriginalownerofanypropertyrefusestosanctionatransactionabout itandthepurchaserisignorantofthefactthatthesalewasunauthorized,hecanclaim backfromtheunauthorizedsellerboththeconsiderationandthelossesincurred,buthe canonlyclaimbacktheconsiderationifheknewthatthetransactionwasmadewithout authority. Section6

RegardingtheTerminationofObligations Article264Obligationscanbeextinguishedinthefollowingways: 1Byfulfillmentoftheobligations. 2Bycancellationofthebargain. 3Byreleasefromtheobligation. 4Bysubstitutionofadifferentobligation. 5Bysetoffandrecoupment. 6Byacquisitionofthedebt. 26 Subsection1 ConcerningFulfillmentoftheObligation Article265Ifanyonegivespropertytoanother,itisdeemedthathehasnotdoneso withoutconsiderationthereforeifapersongivespropertytoanother,whileheisunder noobligationtodoso,hecanaskforthereturnofsuchproperty. Article266Ifanundertakingismadeinsuchmannerthattheobligeehasnolegalright todemanditsfulfillment,intheeventoffulfillingitonthepartoftheobligorofhisown willthenhisclaimforrestitutionwillnotbeadmissible. Article267Ifsomeonewhoisnottheactualdebtorpaysthedebtinquestionalthough hedoessowithoutthedebtorspermission,thedebtshallbedischargedif,however, paymentismadebypermissionofthedebtor,thepayercanrefertothedebtor,but otherwisenot. Article268Theperformanceofanact,whenithasbeenstipulatedthatitshouldbe donebyapartytothecontract,cannotbeeffectedbyanotherpersonexceptbyconsent of theobligee. Article269Forfulfillmentofanobligationapaymentbyapartytheretoisonly effectiveifhedeliverswhathehimselfownsorwhatheisauthorizedbyitsownerto deliver,andifheispersonallycompetenttodoso. Article270Iftheobligormakessomepaymentinfulfillmentofhisobligation,he cannotclaimforthereturnofthesamefromtheobligeeonthegroundsthatwhenhe madethepaymenthedidnotowetheamountinquestion,unlessheprovesthatthe amountbelongedtoanotherbutwaslegallyinhispossessionthoughwithouttherightto payittoanyone. Article271Adeptshallonlybepaidtothecreditororhisattorneyortosomeone

legallyentitledtoreceivesuchpayment. Article272Thepaymentofadebttoanyoneotherthanthosespecifiedintheforegoing Articlecanonlybemadebyconsentofthecreditor. Article273Ifapersonentitledtoreceivepaymentofadebtrefusessuchpayment,the obligorcanobtaindischargebymakingpaymenttoajudgeorhissubstituteandfrom the dateofpaymenthisliabilityfordamagesinrespectoftheobjectoftheundertakingshall cease. Article274Iftheobligeeisnotcompetenttoreceiveanypaymentthereunder,such paymentwillnotbevalid. Article275Theobligeecannotbeobligedtoacceptanygoodswhichdonotconstitute theobjectofobligationeveniftheyareofalikeorgreatervalue. Article276Adebtorinfulfillmentofanundertakingcannotdeliveranygoods,of whichthedisposalhasbeenforbiddenbyajudge. 27 Article277Theobligorcannotdeliveronlyaproportionoftheamountduetothe obligee,butamagistratemaygrantaperiodofgraceorarrangeforpaymentby installmentsifthedebtorsfinancialsituationcallsforsuchaction. Article278Ifaparticularpropertyconstitutestheobjectoftheobligationthenthe deliverythereoftoitsownerinitsactualstateatthetimeofdeliveryshalldischargethe obligorfromhisresponsibility,evenifthepropertyisdeficientordefective,solongas thedeficiencyordefectisnotduetotheexcessiveuseornegligenceoftheobligor, exceptinthecasesstipulatedinthelaw.If,however,apartyboundbyacontractdelays indeliveringsuchpropertyatduedateandwhenitsdeliveryhasbeenclaimed,hewill be responsibleforanydeficiencyordefectevenifthisdeficiencyordefectevenifthis deficiencyordefectwascausedbynofaultofhis. Article279 Whenthegoodstobehandedoverunderacontractarenotparticular goods butareofageneralnature,apartyboundbythecontractneednotdelivergoodsofthe bestquality,buthemustnothandovergoodswhichaccordingtocustomandusageare considereddefective. Article280Anyactunderacontractmustbeperformedattheplacewherethecontract ismade,unlessthepartiestothecontracthavemadeaspecialarrangementorunless

usageorcustomrequiresomeotherprocedure. Article281Anyexpensesincurredinconnectionwiththepaymentofadebtmustbe bornebythedebtor,unlessaprovisiontothecontraryismade. Article282Ifunderacontractonepartyowesseveralsumstooneotherparty,the debtorshalldecideonwhatcountanyparticularpaymentismade. Subsection2 ConcerningCancellationofaBargain Article283Afteracontracthasbeenmade,thepartiesmaycancelandterminateitby mutualagreement. Article284Cancellationcanbemadebyanyoraldeclarationorbyanyactwhich indicatessuchcancellation. Article285Theobjectofacancellationmaybethewholeorapartoftheobjecta contract. Article286Thelossofeithertheobjectofsaleortheconsiderationwillnotpreventthe cancellationofthebargain.Insuchanevent,thecounterpartofoneoftheobjectswhich hasbeendestroyedifsuchobjecthappenstohavecounterpartsorthepricethereof,if suchobjecthappenstobeappraisable,maybegiveninitsplace. Article287Separableaccretionandusufructwithaccruesunderacontractbetween the timeofitsbeingmadeanditscancellationshallbelongtothepartywhounderthe contracthasbecometheowner.Butusufructwhichisanintegralpartoftheproperty dealtwithunderacontractbelongtothepartywhoownsthepropertyafterthe cancellationofthecontract. 28 Article288Iftheownerofsomepropertybyacontractimprovesthepropertyafterthe makingofthecontractsothatitappreciatesinvalue,thisdifferenceinvalueshallbelong tohimwhenthecontractiscancelled. Subsection3 ConcerningReleaseFromanObligation Article289Releasefromanobligationtakesplacewhenacreditorvoluntarilywaives hisclaim. Article290Releasefromacontractisonlyeffectivewhenthepartytothecontracthas thepowertoterminateit. Article291Thereleaseofadeadmanfromadebtisvalid.

Subsection4 ConcerningAlterationoftheObligation Article292Alterationofanobligationcanbeeffectedinthefollowingcases 1 Whenbothpartiestoacontractagreeowingtowhatevercausetothechangeofthe originalobligationinsomewayanditsreplacementbyanewobligationassubstitute, the obligorshallbereleasedasfarastheoriginalisconcerned. 2 Whenathirdpartyagreeswiththeconsentofthecreditorunderthecontracttopay thedebtbythecontractdebtor. 3 Whenthecreditorunderacontracttransfershisrighttoanotherparty. Article293 Whenanobligationisaltered,anysecuritieslaiddownintheoriginal agreementwillnotbebindingunderthesubsequentagreement,unlessthetwoparties havemadeexpressstipulationtothateffect. Subsection5 ConcerningSetoffandRecoupment Article294 Whentwopartiesareindebtedtooneanother,asetoffmaybeeffected regardingtheirmutualdebtsinthewaysexplainedinthefollowingArticles. Article295Setoffisanobligatoryprocesswhichiseffectedwithoutthenecessityof thetwopartiesgivingtheirconsent.Thuswhentwopartiesareindebtedtooneanother at thesametime,theirdebtsareannulledbysetofftotheextentoftheamountowedby bothpartiesandthepartiestothatextentreleasedtheirmutualdebts. Article296Setoffcanonlytakeplacewhentheobjectofthedebtsareofthesame natureandwhentheirplaceanddateofpaymentcoincide,nomatterwhatmaybethe reasonforthedebt. Article297 Whenafteraguaranteehasbeen,thebeneficiarybecomesindebtedtothe guarantor.Thisfactwillnotreleasetheguarantorfromhisundertaking. 29 Article298 Whenonlytheplaceofpaymentdiffersintwodebts,setoffwillbe effectiveeitheronpaymentofthecostoftransportentailedintransferringthethingfrom oneplacetoanotheroranagreementbetweenthepartiesnottorequiredeliveryinthe specificplace. Article299Setoffwillnotbebindinginrespectoftheindisputablerightsofthird parties.Thusifanobjectowedtoacertaincreditorisseizedlegallyinfavourofathird

party,andthedebtorbecomesacreditorofhisoriginalcreditor,theformercannot, under apleaofsetoff,refusetodelivertheseizedgoods. Subsection6 ConcerningPassingofOwnership Article300Ifadebtorbecomesownerofwhatheowes,hisliabilityends.Thus,if anyoneisthedebtorofhisancestor,thedebtissettledafterthedeathofthesaid ancestor totheextentoftheportionofinheritancetowhichthesaiddebtorisentitledto. CHAPTER2 OBLIGATIONSINCURREDWITHOUTACONTRACT Section1 GeneralDefinitions Article301Anypersonwhointentionallyorinadvertentlyacquiregoodstowhichhe hasnoclaim,isboundtodeliversuchgoodstotheactualowner. Article302Ifanyoneowingtoamistakenbeliefthatheisindebtpaysthatdebt,behas therighttoreclaimtheamountinquestionfromthepersonwhotookitwithoutright. Article303Anyonewhoreceivesanypropertywithoutanyrightisresponsibleforthe actualpropertyandforanyprofitsthatmayaccruethereto,whetherornotheisawareof hishavingnorighttotheproperty. Article304Ifanyone,underthewrongfulimpressionthatheisentitledtopossess some goods,disposesofthesame,thistransactionisregardedasanunauthorizedoneandis subjecttotheprovisionslaiddownregardingsuchtransactions. Article305Inthecasesdescribedabovetheownerofthepropertymustpayany expensesentailedthroughitsmaintenance,unlessthemanwhotookpossessionofthe propertyknewthathehadnorighttodoso. Article306Ifanyonemanagesthepropertyofapartywhoiscontinuouslyabsentan incapacitatedpersonorthelike,withoutthepermissionoftheownerorthepersonwho hastherighttogivepermission,hemustgiveanaccountofhisperiodofmanagement. Ifitwouldhavebeenpossibletohaveobtainedpermissionatthetimeorifdelayin interferinginthematterwouldhavecausednoloss,thennoclaimforexpensesof managementcanbeentertained.Ifhowever,alackofinterventionoradelayinsuch 30

actionwouldhaveentailedlossestotheowneroftheproperty,expensesof management canbeclaimedbythepersonwhoperformedthedutiesofmanager. Section2 OnAutomaticLiability Article307Thefollowingmattersentailautomatic 1Usurpationortheactswhicharedeemedasusurpation. 2Deliberatedestruction. 3Indirectdestruction. 4Takingadvantage. Subsection1 OnUsurpation Article308Seizureofanotherrightbyviolenceiscalledusurpation.Layinghandson anotherspropertywithoutjustificationisalsoconsideredasusurpation. Article309Ifanyonepreventstheownerofapropertyfromtanofitbutyetdoesnot himselfexertcontrolovertheproperty,heisnotconsideredasusurper,butifhe destroys thepropertyorcausessuchanact,hewillberesponsible. Article310Ifanyonedeniesthatpropertyhehasbeendepositedwithhimorlenttohim orsimilarlydeliveredtohim,althoughsuchdeliveryhastakenplace,heisconsideredto beguiltyofusurpationasfromthedateonwhichhedeniesthefact. Article311Apersonwhohasusurpedanythingshouldreturnthethingitselftothe owner,ifithasbeendestroyedliemustgiveasimilarpropertyoritsvalue.Ifforany otherreasonthereturnoftheactualpropertyisnotpossible,hemustprovidea substitute orequivalent. Article312Ifanequivalentsubstituteforthemisappropriatedpropertycannotbefound, thenitsvalueatthetimeofdeliverymustbepaid.If,however,anexactsubstitutecan be foundbutitspossessoryvaluehasdisappearedthelastpricemustbepaid. Article313 Whenanyoneonhisownlandbuildswithanothersmaterialsorplants trees,withouttheownerspermission,thissecondpartycandemandthedemolitionof the buildingortheuprootingofthetreesunlessheagreestoreceivethevaluethereof.

Article314Ifasaresultoftheactsofthepersonwhousurpedpropertyitsvalue appreciates,theonewhohasbeenguiltyofusurpationwillhavenorighttoclaimthe differenceinitsvalueincase,however,thisdifferenceformsaseparablepart,such separablepartshallbelongtotheusurper. Article315Apartyguiltyofusurpationisresponsibleforanydeficiencyordefectthat mayhavebeencausedduringtheperiodofhisholdingif,evenifsuchdeficiencyor defecthasnotbeentheresultofhisaction. 31 Article316Ifanyoneusurpsanypropertyfromthemanwhohaspreviouslyusurpedit, hisresponsibilityshallbesimilartothatofthepreviousoffender,evenifheisnotaware oftheoriginaloffence. Article317Theownerofanypropertycanclaimtheactualpropertyor,ifithasbeen lost,similarpropertyorthevalueofthewholeorpartofitfromeitherthemanoriginally guiltyofusurpationorfromanyonewhohassubsequentlyusurpedit. Article318 Whenevertheownerofsomepropertyclaimsonapartyguiltyof usurpationinwhosehandstheusurpedpropertyhasbeendestroyed,thelatterhasnot righttoclaimonanotherpartywhomayhaveusurpedtheproperty,butiftheowner claimsonsomeoneguiltyofusurpationwho,however,wasnotthepersonwho destroyed theproperty,thelattermayclaimonanotherpartyguiltyofusurpationinwhosecharge thepropertywaswhendestroyedor(hemayclaim)onanypersonswhosubsequently usurpedtheproperty,untiltheclaimeventuallyfallsontheguiltypartywhoheld propertywhenitwasdestroyedgenerallyspeakingresponsibilityrestswiththeparty whohadthepropertyusurpedbyhimwhenitwasdestroyed. Article319Iftheownerofsomepropertyregainsthewholeorpartofsomeusurped property,hehasnorighttoclaiminrespectoftheamountregained,fromanyother personwhohasbeenguiltyofusurpation. Article320Inrespectofprofitsderivedfromusurpedproperty,eachpartyguiltyof usurpationisresponsibletotheamountofprofitaccruingthetimethathehasheld usurpedpropertyorthetimethatithasbeenheldbypersonssubsequentlyguiltyof usurpationevenifhederivednobenefittherefromwhen,however,apartyguiltyof usurpationhashadtopayprofitthataccruedwhilethepropertywasheldbyotherswho usurpeditlater,thenhemayclaimoneachoftheseotherpersonsinproportiontothe periodthattheyheldtheproperty.

Article321Iftheownerofapropertyreleasesapartywhohasbeenguiltyof usurpation fromreturningtheequivalentorthevalueoftheproperty,heshallhavenorighttoclaim onotherswhohavebeensimilarlyguilty.If,however,theownerassignshisrighttoone ofthose(guilty)persons,thislatterpersonwillbecometherepresentativeoftheowner andwillenjoythesamerightthattheownerhad. Article322Releasingoneofthoseguiltyofusurpationfrompayingprofitsaccruedto thepropertywhileitwasinhischargewillnotentailthereleaseofothersfromtheir shareofsuchprofits,butifhe(theowner)releasesoneofthepersonsguiltyof usurpation respectofactualprofits,hewillhavenorighttoclaimonpersonswhowerelaterso guilty. Article323Ifanyonebuyssomepropertyfromapartywhohasusurpedit,theformeris alsoresponsibleandtheownercan,inaccordancewiththeprovisionslaiddownabove, refertoboththesellerandthebuyerandclaimtheoriginalpropertyorifithasbeenlost, itsequivalentoritsvalueandalsoanyprofitsaccruedthereto. Article324Ifabuyerknowsthatthepropertyinquestionhasbeenusurped,thenin respectofpropertytakenbackbytheownertherightsofclaimbetweenthesellerand buyeraresimilartothosebetweentwopartiesguiltyofusurpationandwillbesubjectto theaboveprovisions. 32 Article325Ifanyonebuysingoodfaithsomeusurpedpropertyandiftheownerclaims itfromhim,he(thebuyer)caninhisturnmakeaclaimonthemanwhosoldittohimfor itsvalueandanydamages,evenifthepropertywasdestroyedwhileinhis(thebuyers) charge,butiftheownerclaimsonthesellerfortheequivalentorthepriceofthe property,thelatterwillhavenotrighttoclaimonthebuyer. Article326 Whenanyonehasboughtpropertyknowingthatithadbeenusurpedand thenlosesitandhastodeliverequivalentpropertytotheoriginalowner,thisbuyer cannotclaimfromthesellerfortheamountbywhichthisequivalentmayexceedthe originalpropertyinvalue,butonlyfortheamountofthe(actual)value. Article327Ifusurpedpropertyhaspassedfromhandtohandotherwisethanbysale, theregulationsalreadygivenregardingthesaleofusurpedpropertywillbeapplicable. Subsection2 RegardingDeliberateDestruction

Article328Ifanyonedestroysthepropertyofanotherperson,hewillbeheld responsibleandmusteitherproduceitsequivalentoritsvalue,whetherornotthe propertywasdestroyedintentionallyandwhetheritwastheactualpropertyorprofits thereonthatweredestroyedifhecausesdefectordamagetosuchproperty,heis responsibleforthedepreciationinprice. Article329Ifanyonepullsdownthebuildingorhouseofsomeotherpartyhemust rebuilditasbeforeandifthiscannotbedone,hemustpaythepriceofthebuilding. Article330Incaseamankillsananimalbelongingtosomeoneelse,withoutthe ownersconsent,hemustpaythedifferenceinpricebetweenaliveandadeadanimal if thedeadanimalisworthless,hemustpaythefullvalueofthe(living)animal.If,how ever,hekillstheanimalordamagesitinselfdefense,hewillnotbeheldresponsible. Subsection3 RegardingIndirectDestruction Article331Anyonewhocausessomepropertytobedestroyedmustgivebackits equivalentoritsvalue,andifhecausesadefectordamagetoithewillbeheld responsibleforanydepreciationinvalue. Article332Ifanyonearrangesforthedestructionofsomepropertyandsomeoneelse doesthedeed,theactualperpetratorwillbeheldresponsibleandnotthepartywho causedthedeed,unlessthelatteristhestrongerpartyinsuchawaythataccordingto customandusagethedestructioncouldbeattributedtohim Article333Theownerofawall,houseorfactoryisresponsibleforlossesentailedby itscollapseprovidedthathewasawareofthedefectwhichcauseditorifitwasdueto hisnegligence. 33 Article334Theownerorcustodianofananimalisnotresponsibleforlossescausedby itunlesshehasfailedtoexercisecontrolbutifananimalismadetocausedamagethe personwhomadeittodosowillbeheldresponsibleforlossesincurred. Article335Ifacollisionoccursbetweentwoships,trains,motorothervehicles responsibilitywillliewiththepersonwhoseintentionalactorcarelessnesscausedthe collision,andiftwopartiesweresoresponsibleforthecollisiontheresponsibitywill attachtobothofthem. Subsection4 RegardingTakingAdvantage

Article336Ifamandoesanactattheorderofanotherandifaccordingtocustomand usageawageispayableforsuchanact,orifthemanwhohasactedisaccustomed and disposedtoundertakesuchwork,thenhecanclaimpayforhiswork,unlessitisshown thatheactedgratuitously. Article337Ifanyonebenefitsfromanotherspropertywhenpermissionhasbeen clearlyexpressedorunderstood,theownerofthepropertywillbeentitledtothe reasonableequivalentofanysuchprofit,unlessitbeclearthatpermissionwasgiven without(anyquestionof)payment. CHAPTER3 SPECIALTYPESOFCONTRACTS Section1 RegardingSales Subsection1 RegulationsGoverningSales Article338Asaleconsistsofthegivingpossessionofspecifiedgoodsinreturnfor knownconsideration. Article339Aftermutualagreementbetweenthesellerandthebuyerinrespectofthe objectofthebargainanditsprice,thesaleisconcludedbyofferandacceptance.Asale canalsobeeffectedbyexchange. Article340 Whenofferingandacceptingasalethewordingandtermsusedmust clearly indicateanactofsale. Article341Asalemaybemadewithorwithoutanyconditionsandalsoatermmaybe setforthedeliveryofthewholeorpartoftheobjectofabargainorofthetotalorpartial paymentofitsprice. 34 Article342Thequantity,typeandnatureoftheobjectofthesalemustbeknownand thefixingofthequantitybyweight,measure,number,length,areaorbyinspectionis madeinaccordancewiththelocalcustomandusage. Article343Iftheobjectissoldbyquantitythesaleiseffectedevenbeforeithasbeen countedormeasuredinvolumeinorlength Article344Ifinthetermsofasalecontractnotconditionsarelaiddownornotime limithasbeen fixedfordeliveryofitsobjectorforpaymentoftheprice,thebargainis

considereddefiniteandthepriceshouldbepaidatonce,unlessinaccordancewith establishedrulesandlocalusageorcommercialrulesandpracticecertainconditionsor timelimitexistforcommercialtransactionseventhoughtheyhavenotbeenstipulatedin thecontractofsale. Subsection2 RegardingtheTwoPartiestoaContract Article345Besidesbeinglegallycompetentthesellerandthebuyermustbeentitledto takepossessionofthepropertyoritsvalue. Article346Acontractofsaleshouldbeenteredintobymutualconsentaforced contractisnotbinding. Article347Ablindpersoncansellorbuysolongashebecomesawareofthenature of theobjectbysomemeansotherthanseeingitorthroughthehelpofanotherperson, even ifthatpersonistheothercontractingparty. Subsection3 RegardingtheObjectSold Article348Thesaleofsomethingofwhichthesaleorpurchaseisbylawforbidden,or whichisnot(describableas)propertyorwhichcanbringnoreasonableprofitorwhichis notwithinthesellerspowertodeliverisnullandvoidunlessthepurchaserhimselfis abletotakepossessionofit. Article349Thesaleofpropertythatisreligiousendowmentisnotvalidunlessthereis adisputeamongthebeneficiariesinsuchawaythatthereisafearofbloodshedorof the destructionoftheendowedproperty,andexceptinthecasesprovidedforintheChapter relatingtoEndowedProperty. Article350Propertycanbesoldindividedorundividedsharesoriftheproperty consistsofgoodsthatcanbedividedtheycanbesoldinparts,ortheycanbesold accordingtosamplefordeliveryafteraperiod. Article351Whengoodsareofageneralnature,i.e.whentheycanbespecifiedfrom numerousunits,theirsaleisonlyvalidwhentheirquantity,qualityanddescriptionis given. Article352Anunauthorizedsaleisnotbindingunlesspermissionhasbeengivenby the

owner,ashasalreadybeenstipulatedinconnectionwithunauthorizedcontracts. 35 Article353Ifaspecifiedchattelbelongingtoaspecialcategoryissoldanditisfound thatthechatteldelivereddoesnotbelongtosuchcategorythesaleisvoid,andifapart ofthechattelsoldisnotuptoqualitythenthatpartofthesaleisvoidandthepurchaser alsohastherighttocanceltheremainderofthedeal. Article354whenasaleisarrangedbymeansofsamples,allthegoodssoldmustbe similartothesampleotherwisethepurchaserhastherighttocancelthecontract. Article355Ifanimmovablepropertyissoldasbeingofacertainareaanditsfoundthat itislessthanthestipulatedsize,thepurchasemaycancelthedeal.Alsoifitisfound that theareaexceedsthatlaiddown,thesellermaycalloffthedeal.Inbothcases,however, thetwopartiesmaycometoamutualagreementinregardtotheshortageorthe excess. Article356Anythingwhichaccordingtocommonusageandpracticeshouldformpart oftheobjectsoldorisconsideredasanattachmenttoitorwhichisindicatedtobea part ofthisobjectformspartofthesaleandbelongstothepurchaser,evenifthishasnot been clearlystatedinthecontractofsaleandevenifthetwopartiesofthecontractwerenot awareofthecommonusage. Article357Anythingthataccordingtocommonagedoesnotformpartoftheobject soldwillnotbeaffectedbythesaleunlessthecontraryhasbeenclearlystipulatedinthe contract. Article358UndertheabovetwoArticlesifagardenorhouseissoldthetreesofthe gardenandthepassageandwaterchannelandwhateverisattachedtothebuildingin suchmannerthatitcannotbedetachedwithoutdamagebelongtothebuyer.Onthe contrary,cropsonland,fruitontreesandyoungorpregnantanimalsdonotbelongto the buyerunlessthishasbeenstipulatedinthecontractofsaleorisconsideredaspartof the objectsoldaccordingtocommonusage.Inanycase,however,thepartiescancometo someotheragreement Article359Ifthereissomedoubtwhethersomethingisincludedinthesaleaccording

tocommonusage,thenthecontractofsalewillnotcoverthatthingunlesssome stipulationismadetothateffect. Article360Anythingthatcanbesoldindependentlycanalsobeexcludedfromthe sale. Article361Ifafteracontracthasbeenmadeforthesaleofsomespecifiedobjectandit isfoundthatthisobjectdoesnotexist,thenthesaleisnullandvoid. Subsection4 RegardingConsequencesofaSale Article362Theconsequencesofaregularlyconductedsaleareasfollows: 1Thebuyerbecomestheowneroftheobjectsoldandthesellerofitspriceassoonas a saleiseffected. 2Acontractofsalemakesthesellerresponsibleforclaimsinconnectionwiththe ownershipoftheconsideration. 3Acontractofsalemakesthesellerresponsiblefordeliveryoftheobjectsold. 36 4Acontractofsalemakesthebuyerresponsibleforpaymentoftheconsideration. Part1 RegardingOwnershipoftheObjectSoldandItsValue Article363Ifinacontractofsalethereisanoptionofcancellationorifaperiodof graceisfixedforthedeliveryoftheobjectsoldorforthepaymentofitsprice,thiswill notpreventtransfer(ofownership).Thusiftheobjectofthesaleortheconsideration happentobeaspecifiedarticleandbeforetheyarehandedoveroneofthetwoparties becomesbankrupt,thentheotherpartywillhavearighttoclaimdeliveryofsuch specifiedarticle. Ifthesellerundertakestointroduceaguarantorinconnectionwithanyconceivable claim inrespectofthetitleoftheobjectofsaleandfailstofulfillhisundertaking,thenthe buyershallhavetherighttoterminatethecontract. Article364Inthecaseofaconditionalsaletheownershipbecomesbindingfromthe dateofthecontractandnotfromthedateonwhichanyoptionexpires.Inthecaseofa saleinwhichdeliveryisacondition,suchasasaleofcoinsagainstothercoins,the ownershippassesfromthedateofdeliveryandnotfromthatofthecontract. Article365Aninvalidsaledoesnotinanywaycauseownershiptopass

Article366Anyonewho,followinganinvalidsale,takesdeliveryofanyobject,must returntoittheownerotherwise,hewillremainresponsiblefortheobjectitselfandany profitsthereonincasetheyarelostordamaged. Part2 RegardingDelivery Article367Deliveryconsistsintheobjectsoldbeingplacedatthedisposalofthebuyer sothathehasabsolutecontrolofitandcanbenefitfromitinanywayhelikes.Taking deliveryiseffectedwhenthebuyerassumescontroloftheobjectofsale. Article368Thedeliverytakesplacewhentheobjectsoldisplacedatthedisposalof the buyerevenifthelatterhasnotactuallytakenphysicalpossessionofit. Article369Deliveryisoperativeinvariouswaysaccordingtothevaryingnatureofthe objectsold.Itmustbedoneinawaythatisacceptedasvalidaccordingtocommon usage. Article370Ifpartiesofacontractfixatimefordeliverytheabilityofthesellerto delivertheobjectneednotexisttillthisobjecthastobedelivered.Theabilitytodeliver neednotexistatthetimeofconcludingthecontract. Article371Insaleswherethedeliveryoftheobjectofsaleisdependentonthe permissionoftheowner,theabilityofthedeliveryiscountedonthedatethatsuch permissionisgranted. Article372Ifthesellercanonlydeliverapartofthegoodssold,thenthesaleisvalid forthatpartbutnotfortheremainder. 37 Article373Whenthegoodsarealreadyinthebuyerspossessionafreshdeliveryisnot necessarythesameappliestotheconsiderationofthesale Article374Fortakingpossessionofthegoods,noauthorizationisnecessary.The buyer cantakepossessionofgoodshehasboughtwithoutanyauthorization Article375Deliveryshouldbemadeattheplacewherethecontractwasconcluded, unlessanotherplaceisrequiredbycommonusageorunlessbyaprovisioninthe contract ofsaleaspecialplacehasbeenfixedforthedelivery. Article376Incaseofdelayindeliveryofthegoodssoldoroftheirprice,thepartyin defaultwillbeforcedtomakedelivery.

Article377Eitherthesellerofthebuyercanretainthegoodssoldortheirconsideration untiltheotherpartyispreparedtodeliverhispart,unlesseithertheobjectofsaleorthe considerationthereofisagreedtobedeliveredatasubsequentdateinwhichcaseeither theobjectofsaleorconsiderationwhichhasbecomematureshouldbesurrendered. Article378Thesellerwhohasvoluntarilydeliveredtheobjectofsalebeforereceiving thepricethereof,cannotreclaimtheobjectofsale,exceptinthecaseofthecancellation ofthetransactionassumingthathehastheoptiontodoso. Article379ifthebuyerundertakestogivesecurityorapledgefortheconsideration and failstocarryoutthisobligation,thesellerwillhavetherighttocancelthecontract.Ifthe sellerundertakestointroduceaguarantorinconnectionwithanyconceivableclaimin respectofthetitleoftheobjectofsaleandfailstofulfillit,thenthebuyershallhavethe righttoterminatecontract. Article380Inthecaseofthebankruptcyofthebuyer,ifhehasretainedinhis possessiontheactualobjectofthesale,thesellercanreclaimitandhecankeepthe objectsoldifithasnotyetbeenhandedover. Article381Costsofdelivery,suchastransporttotheplaceofdeliveryandalsothe expensesofchecking,weighingandsoonareatthechargeoftheseller,butthose connectedwiththepaymentofthepricearetobepaidbythebuyer. Article382Ifinregardtotheexpensesofthetransactionortheplaceofdelivery, commonusagelaysdownsomerulescontrarytothosedetailedaboveorifinthe contract somestipulationstothecontraryaremade,thecommonusageorthesestipulations shall befollowed.Thesellerandthebuyercanalsomodifytheaboverulesbymutual consent. Article383Thedeliveryshouldalsocontainalltheelementswhicharethepartsand appurtenancesoftheobjectofsale. Article384Ifunderacontracttheobjectsoldisfixedinquantityandifondeliveryless thanthisquantityishandedover,thebuyerwillhavethechoiceofcancelingthecontract oroftakingthequantityavailableonpaymentoftherightproportionoftheprice.Ifthe objectsoldexceedsinquantitytheamountfixedinthecontract,theexcessbelongsto the seller.

Article385Ifanobjectsoldisonethatcannotbedividedwithoutdamage,suchasa houseoracarpet,andifitissoldasbeingofafixedsizebutondeliveryitissmalleror 38 largerinsize,thenthebuyerintheformercaseandthesellerinthelattercancancelthe contract Article386IfinthecasesdescribedintheabovetwoArticlethedealiscancelled,the sellermustrefund,overandabovethepriceanycostsofthecontractandreasonable expensesincurredbythebuyer. Article387Iftheobjectsoldperishesbeforedelivery,evenwithoutfaultorneglectof theseller,thesalewillbecancelledandtheconsiderationrestoredunlessthesellerhas alreadyappliedtoamagistrateorhissubstitutefortheenforcementofthedelivery,in whichcasethelosswillbebornebythebuyeronly. Article388Ifbeforedeliverytheobjectofsaledeterioratesthebuyercancancelthe sale. Article389IfunderthecircumstancesdescribedintheabovetwoArticlesthelossof theobjectoritsdeteriorationinvalueisduetoanactofthebuyer,hewillhavenoclaim onthesellerandmustpaytheconsiderationofthesale. Part3 OnAssuranceoftheTitles Article390If,afteracceptanceoftheconsiderationitisestablishedthattheobjectof salewhollyorpartiallybelongstoanotherperson,thesellershallbeheldresponsible eventhoughsuchconditionhasnotbeenstipulatedinthecontract. Article391Ifitisestablishedthattheobjectofsalewhollyorpartiallybelongsto anotherperson,thesellermustreturntheconsiderationoftheobjectofsaleandifthe purchaserbeignorantoftheexistenceofthedefect,intitle,thesellermustalsotake responsibilityforthelossessufferedbythepurchaser. Article392InthecasementionedintheprecedingArticle,thesellermustbe responsibleforthewholeoftheconsiderationhehasreceivedinrelationtothewholeor partoftheobjectsold,eventhoughaftertheconclusionofthesaleforanyreason whateverthereshouldbeareductioninprice. Article393Inrespectoftheexcesswhichmayhaveaccruedtotheobjectofsale owing totheactsofthepurchaser,theprovisionsofArticle313shallapply. Part4

OnPaymentofConsideration Article394Thepurchasermustpaytheconsiderationattheagreedtime,andatthe placeandinaccordancewiththeconditionswhicharelaiddowninthedeedofsale. Article395Ifthepurchaserdoesnottheconsiderationattheagreedtime,thesellerwill havetherighttocancelthetransactioninaccordancewiththearrangementsconcerning theoptionofdelayingthepaymentoftheconsiderationor,hewillhavetherightto demandthatthejudgeshallcompelthepurchasertopaytheconsideration. 39 Subsection5 OnOptionsandOrdersConcerningThem Part1 OnOptions Article396Optionsareofthefollowingkinds: 1TheOptionofMeetingplace. 2TheOptionofAnimals. 3TheOptionofConditions. 4TheOptionofDelayedPaymentoftheConsideration. 5TheOptionofInspectionandIncorrectDescription. 6TheOptionofLoss. 7TheOptionofDefect. 8TheOptionofTrickery. 9TheOptionofSalesUnfulfilledinPart. 10TheOptionofUnfulfilledConditions. FirstOption OntheoptionofMeetingplace Article397Eachpartytothetransaction,subsequentlytotheconclusionofthesale, whileintheplaceofmeetingandbeforethepartieshaveseparated,hastheoptionof rescindingthesale. SecondOption OntheOptionofAnimals Article398Iftheobjectofsaleisananimal,thepurchaserhasArticle398Ifthe objectofsaleisananimal,thepurchaserhastheoptionofrescindingthesaleuntilthree daysaftertheconclusionofthesale. ThirdOption

OntheOptionofConditions Article399Itispossiblethatthesalemaybeconcludedsubjecttotheconditionthat eithertheseller,orthepurchaser,orbothofthem,orsomeotherperson,shouldhave the rightofcancelingthetransactionwithinaspecifiedperiod. Article400Ifthedatecommencementofthespecifiedperiodbenotmentioned,the commencementwillbereckonedasfromthedateofthetransactionotherwisethe period willbeaslaiddownintheagreementofsale. 40 Article401IfnoperiodbespecifiedfortheOptionofConditionboththeconditionof optionandthesalearenullandvoid.FourthOption OntheOptionofDelayedPaymentoftheConsideration Article402Iftheobjectofsaleisaconcreteobject,orisofthatnature,andifnoperiod isspecifiedbythetwopartiesforthepriceorthesurrenderofthethingsold,theseller hastheoptionofrescindingthesalewhenthreedayshaveelapsedsincethedateofthe transactionandneitherthesellerhasdeliveredtheobjectofsaletothepurchaserhas paid thewholeconsiderationtotheseller. Article403Ifthesellershould,inanywaywhatever,demandthepaymentofthe purchasemoney,andifitappearsfromtheevidencethathisintentionwastoobligethe purchasertocompletethesale,hisoptionwillbeextinguished. Article404Shouldtheseller,withinthreedaysfromthedateofthesale,deliverthe wholeoftheobjectofsaletothepurchaser,orshouldthepurchaserpaythewholeof the consideration,thesellerwillnolongerhaveanyrighttorescindthecontract,even though itshouldhappen,inanywaywhatever,thattheobjectofsalereturntothesellerorthe considerationtothepurchaser. Article405Ifthepurchaseroffersthepriceandthesellerrefusestoacceptit,heloses hisrighttocancelthecontract. Article406TheOptionofDelayispurelyforthesellerthepurchaserdoesnotenjoy thisrightofoptionowingtoadelayinthedeliveryoftheobjectofsale Article407Thepaymentofpartoftheconsideration,orthedeliveryofsametoa

personwhoisnotauthorizedtoreceiveit,doesnotavoidtheoptionoftheseller. Article408Ifthepurchasergivessuretyfortheconsideration,orifthesellerdrawsa billfortheconsiderationandthebillishonoured,theOptionofDelayisvoid. Article409Iftheobjectofsaleisoneofthosethingswhichspoilsdeterioratesbefore theexpirationofthreedays,thecommencementoftheoptionisfromthetimethatthe objectofsaleisabouttospoilortodeteriorate FifthOption OntheOptionofInspectionandIncorrectDescription Article410Ifapersonshouldbuyathingfromitsdescriptiononlywithouthavingseen it,andshouldthenfindoninspectionthatitdoesnotpossessthedescriptionwhichhad beenmade,hehastheoptionofeithercancelingthesaleorofacceptingtheobjectasit is.Article411Ifthesellerhasnotseenthething,whereasthepurchaserhasseenit, and thethingsoldpossessesqualitieswhichareotherthanthosedescribed,theselleronly shallhavetherightofcancellation. Article412Ifthepurchaserhasseenaportionoftheobjectofsale,buthasonly bought therestfromdescriptionorbywayofsamples,andfindsthatthatportionisnotin accordancewiththedescriptionorwiththesamples,hecaneitherrejectallthething sold,oracceptitall. 41 Article413Ifoneofthepartiestothesalehaspreviouslyseenthegoodsandmakes the transactiononthebasisofhispreviousinspectionandifitappears,afterinspection,that thesaidgoodsdonotpossessthequalitieswhichtheypreviouslyhad,heshallhavethe optionofrescindingthetransaction. Article414InasaleofmerchandiseofageneraldescriptionthereisnoOptionof Inspection,andthesellermustdelivergoodswhichareinaccordancewiththe description laiddownbythetwoparties. Article415TheOptionofInspectionandIncorrectDescriptioniseffectedimmediately afterinspection. SixthOption OntheOptionofLesion

Article416Eitherofthepartiestoatransactionifhehassuffered(grossloss)may, after beingappraisedofthelesion,cancelthetransaction. Article417Alesionisgrossifinaccordancewithcommonusageitisnotsusceptibleof beingoverlooked. Article418Ifthepartywhohassustainedlossknows,atthetimeofthetransaction,the properpriceoftheobjectofsale,hewillhavenorightofcancellation. Article419Inthedeterminationoftheextentoftheloss,theconditionsofsalemust alsobetakenintoconsideration. Article420TheOptionofLossiseffectiveimmediatelyafterthedetectionoftheloss Article421Ifapersonwhohasdeceivedtheotherpartytothetransactiondeliversthe differenceinprice,theOptionofLossdoesnotextinguishunlessthedeceivedparty agreestoreceivethedifferenceinprice SeventhOption OntheOptionofDefect Article422Ifitappears,afterthetransaction,thatthethingsoldwasdefective,the purchaserhastheoptioneithertoacceptthedefectivethingtogetherwithcompensation foritsdefect,ortocancelthetransaction. Article423TheOptionofDefectattachestothepurchaserwhenthedefectwas inherent,butexistedatthetimeofthetransaction. Article424Aninherentdefectisonewhichthepurchaser,whetherthisignorance arose fromthefactthatthedefectwasreallyconcealed,orwhetherthedefectwasevidentbut thepurchaserdidnotrealizethatfact. Article425Adefectwhichoccursinthethingsoldafterthesalebutbeforedeliveryis toberegardedinthesamewayasapreviousdefect Article426Thedeterminationofadefectshalltakeplaceinaccordancewithcommon usageandcustom,andthereforemayvarywithtimeandplace. 42 Article427If,inconnectionwiththedefect,thepurchasershouldexercisehisoptionof receivingcompensationtherefore,thedifferenceinpricewhichmustbegiventohimwill bedecidedinthefollowingway: Thetrueofthethingsold,inundamagedstate,willbedeterminedbyexperts. Ifthepriceofthething,undamaged,beequaltothepriceofthethingasfixedbythe

partiestothetransactionatthetimeofthesale,thedifferencebetweenthispriceand the priceofthethinginitsdamagedstatewillbetheamountofcompensation. Andifthepriceofthethingsoldintheundamagedstateislessorgreaterthantheprice ofthetransaction,theproportionwhichthepriceofthethinginthedamagedstatebears tothepriceundamagedwillbecalculated,andthesellerwillretainthatproportionofthe pricefixedoninthetransaction,andwillgivebacktheresttothepurchaserbywayof compensation. Article428Shouldtheexpertsdisagree,theaverageoftheirpricewillbethe authoritativeprice Article429Inthefollowingcircumstancesthepurchasercannotcancelthesalehe may onlytakecompensation: 1Ifthethingsoldisdestroyedwhenthepurchaserorifthethingbetransferredto someoneelse. 2Ifthethingsoldissubjectedtochange,whetherthechangeisduetotheactionofthe purchaserornot. 3Ifafterdeliveryofthethingsold,anotherdefectshouldtakeplaceinit,unlessit shouldhavetakenplaceduringthetimethatthepurchaserhashisspecialoptionin that casenoimpedimentexiststocancellation,andtothereturnoftheobject. Article430Ifthedefectwhichtakesplaceafterdeliveryarisesastheresultofaformer defect,thepurchaserwillalsohavetherighttoreturntheobjectofsale. Article431Shouldtherebeseveralthingssoldaspartofthesametransaction,insuch waythatthepriceofeachseveralthingisnotseparatelyfixed,ifcertainofthemare foundtobedamaged,thepurchasermusteitherreturnallofthemandreceivebackthe price,orkeepallofthemandtakecompensationnodiscriminationmaytakeplace exceptwiththeconsentoftheseller. Article432Shouldthesellerinatransactionbeasingleperson,whiletherearemany purchasers,ifadefectappearsinthethingsold,oneofthepurchasersmaynotsingly returnhisportionwhilesomeoneelseretainshis,exceptwiththeconsentoftheseller andiftheydonotallagreeinreturningtheobjectofsale,theonlyrightwhichremainsto eachofthemistherightofreclaimingcompensation. Article433Ifinonetransactionthesellersaremorethanoneinnumber,thepurchaser

mayreturntheportionofoneofthemwhileheretainstheportionofanotherandclaims compensation. Article434Ifitappearsthatthedefectivethinghasinactualfactnoproprietoryworth andnoprice,thesaleisvoidandifapartofthethingsoldhasnovalue,thesalein 43 respectofthatpartisvoidandthepurchaserhas,inrespectoftheremainder,arightof cancellationinconsiderationoftheOptionofSalesUnfulfilledinpart. Article435Theoptionofdefect,afteritbecomesknown,shouldbeexercised immediatelybythebeneficiary. Article436Iftheselleracceptsnoresponsibilityforthedefectinsuchwaythathecan establishthefactthathewasnotresponsibletherefore,orifhesellstheobjectwithall its defects,thepurchaserwillhavenorighttorecourseagainstthesellerwhenadefect appearsandifthesellermakesreservationsagainstoneparticulardefect,hewillbe relievedofliabilityonlyinrespectofthatparticulardefect Article437Inrespectofrulesrelatingtodefects,theconsiderationforathingifthat considerationbesomethingnotmoney,followstherulesasthoseapplyingtodefinite goodssold. EighthOption OntheOptionofTrickery Article438Trickerydenotesconductwhichcausestheotherpartytothetransactionto bemisled. Article439Ifthesellerpracticestrickery,thepurchaserwillhavetherighttocancelthe sale,andsimilarlywiththepricepaidbythepurchaser,ifthelatterpracticestrickery. Article440TheOptionofTrickery,afteritbecomesknown,shouldbeexercised immediately. NinthOption OntheOptionofSalesUnfulfilledinPart Article441TheOptionofSalesUnfulfilledinpartariseswhenthetransaction,in respectofapartofthethingsold,isvoidforanyreasoninthatcasethepurchaserwill havetherighttocancelthetransaction,orelsetoacceptthatpartofthethinginrespect ofwhichthetransactionwasvalid,whilereturningtheconsiderationofthatpartin respectofwhichthetransactionwasvoid. Article442 WhentheOptionofSalesUnfulfilledinPartcomesintoforce,theportion

oftheconsiderationwhichmustbereturnedtothepurchaseriscalculatedasfollows Thatpartoftheobjectofsalewhichbecomesthepropertyofthepurchaserwillbe valued alonethesellerwillkeepthatportionoftheconsiderationwhichbearstothewhole considerationofthepurchasethesameratioasthevalueoftheportionmentioned above bearstothevalueofthewholethingsoldinitsentiretyandthesellermustreturnthe rest tothepurchaser. Article443TheOptionSalesUnfulfilledinPartariseswhenthepurchaser,atthetime ofthetransaction,didnotknowthatthesalewasfulfilledinpartbutinanycasethe considerationwillbedivided. 44 TenthOption OntheOptionofUnfulfilledConditions Article444TheOptionofSalesUnfulfilledConditionsarisesinthecircumstances describedinArticles234to245. 2OntheRulesConcerningOptionsinGeneral. Article445AllOptionsdescendafterdeathtotheheirofthedeceased Article446Itispossiblethat,anOptionofConditionsmayariseexpresslyasbeing concernedsolelywiththepersonmentionedintheconditioninthatcaseitwillnot descendtotheheir. Article447Iftheconditionofoptionarisesforapersonwhoisnotoneofthepartiesto thecontract,itwillnotbetransferablebyinheritance. Article448Itispossibleforforfeitalltheoptionsasaconditioninsertedinthedeedof sale. Article449Cancellationariseswheneveranywordissaidoranydeeddonewhich indicatescancellation. Article450Anypossessoryactswhicharebytheirnatureanindicationofsatisfaction withthetransactionamountinpracticetoacceptanceforinstance,ifthepurchaserwho hasanoption,andwhoknowsthathehasanoption,sellstheobjectorpawnsit.Article 451Anypossessoryactswhicharebytheirnatureanindicationthatthecontractis cancelled,amountinpracticetoacancellation. Article452Ifbothofthepartiestoacontracthaveanoption,andoneofthemaccepts

whiletheothercancels,thetransactioniscancelled. Article453InregardtoOptionsofMeetingplace,ofAnimalsandofConditions,ifthe objectofsale,afterdeliverybutduringtheexistenceoftheoptionofthesellerorofthe twoparties,isdestroyedorbecomesdefective,thepurchaserisresponsibleandifthe optionisconfinedtothepurchaser,thedestructionofthedefectincurstheresponsibility oftheseller. Article454Ifthepurchaserletsoutthethingsoldonhire,andthesaleisthen cancelled, thehireisnotvalidunlessithasbeenexpresslyorimpliedlyagreedthatthepurchaseris tohavenorightoftransferenceofthethingsoldeitherinrespectofitselforitsprofitsin whichcasethehireisvoid. Article455Ifaftertheconclusionofthecontract,thepurchaserconvertstoanothers useeitherthewholeorapartoftheobjectofsale,asforinstanceifhemortgagesitto someperson,thecancellationofthetransactionwillnotaffecttherightsofthesaid personunlessaconditionhasbeenviolated. Article456EveryspeciesofOptioncanexistinallbindingtransactions,exceptthe OptionofMeeting,ofAnimals,andofDelayedPayment,whichareconfinedtosales. Article457Everysaleisirrevocableunlessoneoftheoptionsareestablishedinregard toit. 45 Section2 OnConditionalSales Article458Inthecontractofsalethetransactingpartiesmaymakeaconditionthatif evertheseller,withinaspecifiedperiod,givesbacktothepurchaserthewholeofthe equivalentoftheconsideration,hemayexerciseanoptionofcancellationofthe transactioninregardtothewholeoftheobjectofsalesimilarlytheymaymakea conditionthatifeverhegivesbackaportionoftheequivalentoftheconsideration,he mayhavetheobjectofcancelingthetransactioninregardtoalloforpartoftheobjectof saleinanycase,therightofoptiondependsonthecontractmadebythetwoparties. Andifthereisnospecialmentionofwhetherthewholeorwhetherapartofthe considerationhastobereturned,theoptionwillnotbeestablishedunlessthewholeof the priceisreturned. Article459Inaconditionalsale,immediatelyoncompletionofthetransactionthe

objectofsalebecomesthepropertyofthepurchaser,subjecttotheoptionheldbythe seller.Thereforeifthesellerdoesnotabidebytheconditionsfixedbetweenhimandthe purchaserregardingthereturnoftheobjectofsale,thesalewillbecomeunconditional, andthepurchaserwillbecometheunconditionalproprietoroftheobjectofsaleandif, onthecontrary,theselleractsinaccordancewiththeabovementionedconditions,and asksforthereturnoftheobjectofsale,itwillbecomethepropertyofthesellerfromthe momentofcancellationbuttheaccretionsandprofitsaccruingfromtheobjectofsale fromthetimeofthetransactionuntilthetimeofthecancellationbelongtothepurchaser. Article460Inaconditionalsale,thepurchasermaynotperformanyproprietaryact regardtotheobjectofsalewhichconflictswiththeoption,suchasconveyanceandthe like. Article461Ifthepurchaser,atthetimeoftheoption,refusetoacceptthe consideration, thesellermayhandovertheconsiderationtothejudgeorhisdeputyandmaycancel the transaction. Article462Ifthethingsoldbywayofconditionalsalebecomestransferredtotheheirs ofthepurchaserbyreasonofthelattersdeath,therightofcancellationbytheseller remainsunchanged,inregardtotheheirs. Article463If,inaconditionalsale,itbecomesapparentthattheobjectofthesellerwas inrealitynotasale,therulesastosaleswillnotbeappliedtoit. Section3 OnBarter Article464Barterisatransactionwherebyoneofthepartiestothetransactiongivesa thinginexchangeforanotherthingreceivedfromtheotherpartytothetransaction, withoutanystipulationthatoneofthethingsexchangedshouldbeathingsoldandthe otheraconsiderationtherefor. Article465Inbarterthespecialrulesrelatingtosalesdonotapply. 46 Section4 OnHire Article466Hireisacontractwherebythehirerbecomestheowneroftheprofits resultingfromthethinghired.ThepersonwholetsoutonhireiscalledtheMujir (lessor)thepersonwhohiresiscalledtheMustajir(lessee)andthethingwhichforms

thesubjectofthehireiscalledAainemustajareh(thethinghired). Article467Inanimatethings,animals,orpersonsmayallbethesubjectofhire. Subsection1 OntheHireofInanimateThings Article468Inthehireofinanimatethingstheperiodofhiremustbespecified,orelse thehireisvoid. Article469Theperiodofhirebeginsfromthedayarrangedbetweenthetwoparties andifinthedeedofhirethereisnomentionofanytimeforcommencement,theperiod willbeginfromthemomentofthetransaction. Article470Itisanessentialconditionofacontractofhirethatthelessorisableto deliverthethinghired. Article471Inorderthatthecontractofhiremaybevalid,itmustbepossiblethatthe thinghiredmaybecapableofengenderingprofitswhileremaininginitsoriginalstate. Article472Thethinghiredmustbeaspecifiedthing,andthehireofathingwhichis imperfectlyknownorwhichisuncertainisvoid. Article473Itisnotnecessarythatthelessorshouldbetheproprietorofthethinghired, buttheproprietor,ifhewishestolettheproperty,mustbetheproprietoroftheprofits arisingfromthethinghired. Article474Thelesseemayletthethinghiredtoanotherperson,unlessinthelease thereisastipulationthatheshouldnotdoso. Article475Thehireofthingheldinundividedsharesisallowed,butthedeliveryofthe thinghireddependsonthepermissionofthepartner. Article476Thelessormustdeliverthethinghiredtothehirerifherefusestodosothe lessorwillbecompelledandifitprovesimpossibletocompelhim,thelesseewillhave theoptionofcancellation. Article477Thelessormustdeliverthethinghiredinsuchconditionthatthelesseeis abletomakeuseofthethinghiredinthewaydesired. Article478Ifitisestablishedthatthethinghiredwas,atthetimeofhiring,defective thelesseemaycancelthelease,orhemayaccepttohireitforthewholerentinthe same statethatitwasinbutifthelessorremovesthedefectinsuchwaythatnolossresults to thelessee,thelatterwillhavenorightofcancellation. 47

Article479Inorderthatadefectshallentailthehirertocancelthelease,itis necessary thatitshouldbeadefectwhichcausesaprejudicetotheprofitsormakesthemmore difficult. Article480Adefectwhichoccursafterthecontractofleaseofleaseandbeforeany profithasbeenrealizedfromthethinghiredgiverisetoanoptionandifadefectoccurs duringthecourseofthelease,theoptionisestablishedfortheremainderoftheperiod of hire. Article481Ifthethinghired,inconsequenceofadefect,isnolongercapableof realizingprofits,andthedefectcannotberemoved,theleaseisvoid. Article482Ifthethingwhichformsthesubjectofhireisoneofaspeciesofageneral nature,andoneunitofthesamewhichwasdeliveredbythelessorisdefective,the lessee hasnorightofcancellation,buthecancompelthelessortochangethedefectiveunit andifitisimpossibletochangeit,hewillhavetherightofcancellation. Article483If,duringthecourseofthelease,thethinghiredisdestroyed,inpartorasa whole,thelease,fromthetimeofthedestruction,iscancelledinrelationtothe proportionofthethingwhichhasbeendestroyedandifpartofithasbeendestroyed, the lesseehastherightofcancellationoftheleaseinregardtotheremainderofthething hired,orelsetoclaimonlyaproportionatereductionintherent. Article484Thelessormaynot,duringtheperiodofthelease,introducechangesinthe thinghired,insuchawaythatchangesprejudicethelesseespurposesinhiring. Article485If,duringthecourseofthelease,repairsbecomenecessaryinthething hired,sothatiftheyaredelayed,losswillresulttothelessor,thelesseemaynotprevent therepairs,eventhoughduringthewholeorpartofthetimeoccupiedbytherepairshe is unabletomakeuseofthewholeorpartofthethinghiredinthatcasehewillhavethe righttocancelthelease. Article486Therepairs,andthewholeoftheexpenditurewhichisnecessaryinorderto maintainthethinghiredinastateinwhichitisabletoearnprofits,aretheresponsibility oftheproprietor,unlessotherconditionshavebeenagreedupon,orunlessthe customary

lawoftheplaceprovidesthecontrarysimilarrulesholdfortheinstrumentsand applianceswhicharenecessaryforthemofthethinghiredinastateinwhichitcan earn profits. Article487ifthelesseeexceedshispowersorabusesthethinghiredandthelessoris unabletopreventthatconduct,thelessorhastherightofcancellation. Article488ifathirdperson,withoutclaiminganyright,shouldinterferewiththelessee inrespectofthethinghiredortheprofitsthereof,andifthistakesplacebeforethe lessee entersintopossession,hehastherightofcancelingtheleaseandifhedoesnotcancel thelease,hehasrecourseagainsttheinterfereinrespectofthecessationofthe interferenceandofthepaymentofareasonableequivalentforthepartinwhichhe interferedwhileiftheinterferencetakesplaceafterthehirerhasenteredinto possession, hehasnorightofcancellation,andcanonlyhaverecourseagainsttheinterferer. 48 Article489Ifthepersonwhointerferesclaimsanyrightrelatingtothethinghiredorto theprofitsthereof,theinterferermaynotseizethethinghiredfromthepossessionofthe hirer,unlesshefirstproveshisrightinasuittowhichbothlessorandlesseeareparties. Article490Thehirermust: 1Treatthethinghiredinanormalwayandnotuseitexcessivelyorabuseit. 2Usethethinghiredforthepurposewhichwasagreeduponinthelease,orifno purposewasspecified,forthepurposeofprofitinthewayindicatedbythe circumstances andconditionsofthelease. 3Paytherentonthetermsagreedupon,orifnotermswereagreedupon,incash. Article491Ifthekindofexploitationwhichismentionedintheleasedoesnotenvisage exclusivelythekindofexploitationintendedthehirercanusethethinginsuchwaythat itsuffersalossequaltoorlessthanthelosswhichitwouldhavesufferedifithadbeen usedinthewayindicatedinthelease. Article492Ifthehirerusesthethinghiredinamannerotherthanthatmentionedinthe lease,orthanthatwhichcanbeassumedfromcircumstancesandconditionsofthe lease, anditisnotpossibletopreventthat,thelessorwillhavetherighttocancelthelease

Article493Thehirerisnotaguarantorinrespectofthethinghired,inthissense,thatif thethinghired,intheabsenceofexcessiveuseornegligenceonthepartofthehirer, shouldbedestroyed,hewillnotberesponsible,butifthehireroverusesorabusesthe thing,heisaguarantoreveniftheprejudicesufferedisnottheresultofhisexcessive use ornegligence. Article494Thecontractofleasefinishesimmediatelyitsperiodexpiresandifthehirer retainsthethinghiredaftertheexpiryoftheleaseinhispossessionwithoutthe permissionoftheproprietor,thelatterwillbeentitledtoareasonablecompensationfor theperiodofretention,evenifthehirerhasdrawnnoprofittherefromandifheretains possessionwiththepermissionoftheproprietor,hemustcontinuethepaymentofthe rentonlyifhedrawsprofitstherefrom,unlesstheproprietorhasallowedhimtoretainthe thinggratis. Article495Ifaguaranteefhasbeengiveninrelationtothepaymentoftherent,the guarantorwillnotbeliableforthereasonablecompensationmentionedintheforegoing Article. Article496Thecontractofleasewill,onthedestructionofthethinghired,bevoidas fromthedateonwhichthethingisdestroyedandinregardtoanydeparturefromthe conditionsagreeduponbetweenthelessorandthehirer,theoptionofcancellationwill becomeestablishedfromthedateofsuchdeparture. Article497Thecontractofleasewillnotbecomevoidowingtothedeathofthelessor orhirerbutifthelessoristheowneroftheprofitsofthethinghiredonlyfortheduration ofhisownlife,theleaseisvoidonthedeathofthelessor,andifoneoftheconditionsof theleasehasbeenthatthehirershallhimselftakechargeofthethinghired,theleaseis voidonthedeathofhirer. 49 Article498Ifthethinghiredbetransferredtoanother,theleaseremainsinforce,unless thelessorhasmadeaconditionthatheshallhavetherightofcancellationifthethingis transferred. Article499Ifatrusteeofanendowedproperty,inpursuanceoftheobjectsofthe endowment,shouldletthethingendowed,theleasewillnotbevoidonthedeathofthe trustee. Article500Inaconditionalsale,thepurchasermayletthethingsoldfortheperiod duringwhichthesellerhasnorightofoption.Andiftheleaseisincompatiblewiththe

optionoftheseller,hemustsafeguardtherightsofthesellerbymeansofmakingan optionortheequivalentthereofotherwisethelease,insofarasitisincompatiblewith therightsoftheseller,willbevoid. Article501Iftheleasetheperiodisnotspecifiedclearly,andiftherentisspecifiedas a certainsumperday,permonthorperyear,aleaseforoneday,onemonthoroneyear willbevalidandifthehirerretainsthethinghiredinhispossessionforperiodslonger thanthosementioned,andthelessordoesnotrequesthimtoevacuate,thelessorwill be entitledtotherentattherateagreeduponaccordingtothetimewhichhaselapsed,in virtueoftheirmutualagreement. Article502Ifthehirercarriesoutrepairsinthethinghiredwithoutthepermissionof theproprietor,hewillnothavetherighttoclaimthepriceofthoserepairs. Article503Ifthehirer,withoutthepermissionoftheproprietor,erectsbuildingsor plantstreesinthehouseorthelandwhichhehashired,boththelessorandthehirerwill havetheright,wheneverhelikes,topulldownthebuildingorpullupthetreesinthat case,ifthethinghiredsuffersanydamage,thehirerisresponsible. Article504If,inaccordancewiththelease,thehirerispermittedtoerectbuildingsor planttrees,theproprietorcannotcompelthehirertopulldownthosebuildingsorpullup thosetreesandifaftertheexpiryoftheperiodabuildingortreesremaininthe possessionofthehirer,theproprietorwillhavetherighttoclaimreasonablerentforthe landandiftheyareinthepossessionoftheproprietor,thehirerwillhavetherightto claimreasonablerentfromtheproprietor. Article505Installmentsofrentwhich,byreasonofthefactthatthetimefortheir paymenthasnotarrived,havenotbecomealiabilityofthehirer,shallnotbecome immediatelypayablebyreasonofhisdeath. Article506Inleasesofarableland,anykindofpestswhichattackcultivatedplantsare theresponsibilityofthehirer,unlessotherarrangementshavebeenagreeduponinthe lease. Subsection2 OntheHireofAnimals Article507Inthehiringofanimals,thespecificationsofprofitdependsoneitherthe specificationoftheperiodofhire,orthedescriptionofthedistanceandtheplaceto whichtheriderorthegoodshavetobetransported.

50 Article508incaseswheretheprofitbecomesknownthroughthedescriptionofthe periodofhire,thespecificationoftheriderortheloadisnotnecessarybutthehirer cannottransportmorethanthecustomaryquantityandiftheprofitsshouldbespecified inthedescriptionofthedistanceandtheplace,thespecificationoftheriderortheload is necessary. Article509Inthehireofanimalsitispossibletomakeaconditionthatiftheproprietor doesnottransporttheloadtoitsdestinationinaspecifiedtime,aspecifiedsumshallbe deductedfromthehire.Article510Inthehireofanimalsitisnotnecessarythatthe thinghiredshouldbeaparticularanimalthespecificationofthespeciesofanimalwill besufficient. Article511Ananimalwhichisthesubjectofhiremustbeusedforthedefinitepurpose whichthetwopartiesintendedthereforeananimalwhichwashiredforridingcannotbe usedforthetransportofloads. Subsection3 OntheHireofPersons Article512Inthehireofpersons,thepersonwhohiresiscalledmustajir(hirer)and thepersonwhobecomesthesubjectofthehireiscalledajir(hireling)andthepriceof hireiscalledujrat(wages) Article513Theprincipaldivisionsofcontractsofhireofpersonsarethefollowing: 1Thehiringofservantsandworkersofallkinds. 2Contractsfortheemploymentofpersonswhocontractforthecarriageofgoods, whetherbylandorseaorair. Part1 OntheHiringofServantsandWorkers Article514Aservantoraworkermaynotbecomeawageearner(ajir)exceptfora specifiedperiodorfortheexecutionofacertainmatter. Article515Ifapersonbecomesawageearnerwithoutthespecificationofthe terminationoftheperiod,theperiodofhirewillbelimitedtotheperiodinaccordance withwhichthehireisspecifiedtherefore,ifthehireofthewageearnerislaiddownasa certainsumperday,perweek,permonth,orperyear,theperiodofhirewillbelimitedto onedayoroneweek,oronemonthoroneyear,andaftertheexpiryofthesaidperiod the

hirewillceasetohaveeffectbutifthewageearneraftertheexpiryoftheperiodofhis hire,continuestoworkandtheproprietorkeepshim,thewageearner,inviewofthe mutualengagement,isentitledtothesamerateasthatwhichwaslaiddownduringthe timeofthehirebetweenhimandtheproprietor. Part2 OnContractsofCarriage 51 Article516Contractsforcarriagewhetherbylandorseaorair,involvethesame engagementsinregardtotheprotectionandthecareofthethingsentrustedtothe carrier asthoselaiddownforcontractsofbailmentthereforeifexcessiveusageorabusetakes place,(thatperson)shallberesponsibleforthedestructionorthedamagetothething whoreceivedthethingfortransportingandthisresponsibilityshallattachtohimfrom thedateofdeliveryofthethings Article517ThedispositionsofArticle509shallalsobeapplicabletocarriageofgoods. Section5 OnContractsofAgriculturalandHarvestingPartnership Subsection1 OnAgriculturalPartnership(Muzaraeh) Article518Amuzaraehisacontractinvirtueofwhichoneofthetwopartiesgivesto theotherapieceoflandforaspecifiedtimesothatheshallcultivateitanddividethe proceeds. Article519unacontractofmuzaraehtheshareofeachoneofthecultivatorsand agentsmustbespecifiedbywayofundividedshares,asforinstanceaquarter,ora third, etcandiftheshareisspecifiedinanyotherwaytherulestoamuzaraehshallnot apply. Article520Inamuzaraehitislawfultomakeaconditionthatoneofthetwoparties shouldgivetotheotherpartysomeotherthinginadditiontothesharefromtheproduce. Article521Inacontractofmuzaraehitispossiblethateachoneoftheagentsof productionandtheseedsshouldbelongtothecultivatorortotheagentinthatcasethe undividedsharesofeachofthetwopartiesshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithan agreementorwithlocalcustom. Article522Inacontractofmuzaraehitisnotnecessarythatthepossessoroftheland

shouldbetheproprietorbutitisnecessarythatheshouldbetheproprietoroftheprofits oftheland,orthatinsomeothermanner,suchasbywayofguardianshipetchehas the rightofpossessionoftheland. Article523Thelandwhichisthesubjectofmuzaraehmustbecapableofbeing cultivatedinthewaydesired,althoughitmayneedworkingorwaterandifthe cultivationofthelandsdemandsoperationswhichatthetimeofthecontracttheagent wasignorantof,suchastheconstructionofawaterchannel,orofawell,etchewill havetherightofcancellationofthetransaction. Article524Thekindofcultivationmustbespecifiedinthecontractofmuzaraeh, unlessitisknownfromlocalcustom,orunlessthecontractwasforcultivationina generalsenseinthelattercase,theagentwillbeentitledtochoosethekindof cultivation whichheprefers Article525Thecontractofmuzaraehisanirrevocablecontract.Article526Either theagentsorthepossessormay,incaseoftheOptionofLoss,cancelthecontract. 52 Article527if,owingtothelossorwaterorothercausesofthisnature,theland becomesunworthyofcultivationanditisimpossibletoremovethecauseofthisdefect, thecontractofmuzaraehiscancelled. Article528ifathirdperson,beforethelandwhichisthesubjectofamuzaraehis deliveredtotheagent,seizestheland,theagenthasanoptionofcancellationbutifhe seizesthelandafterdeliveryhehasnorightofcancellation. Article529Acontractofmuzaraebwillnotbevoidowingtothedeathofthepartiesor ofoneofthem,unlessaconditionhasbeenmadethattheagentshouldsupervisethe workhimselfinthatcasethecontractiscancelledwhenhedies. Article530Ifapersonhasalifeinterestintheprofitsofapropertyandhasgiventhat propertydevelopmentunderamuzara,ehthecontractofmuzaraehwillbecancelledby hisdeath. Article531Aftertheappearanceoftheharvestresultingfromthecultivation,theagent becomestheownerofhissharefromthatharvest Article532It,inthecontractofmuzaraeh,itislaiddownthatthewholeoftheharvest shallbelongtothecultivatoraloneortotheagentalone,thecontract,isvoid. Article533ifacontractofmuzaraehforsomereasonbecomesvoid,thewholethe

harvestbecomesthepropertyoftheowneroftheseed,andtheotherparty,whowas the ownerofthelandorofthewaterorofthelabour,isentitledtoareasonable compensationinproportiontothatwhichheowned. Iftheseedwassharedbetweenthecultivatorandtheagent,theharvestandthe compensationwillalsobedividedamongtheminthesameproportionsastheseedwas owned. Article534ftheagent,duringthecourseofthework,oratthebeginning,abandonsit, andifthereisnoonetocarryouttheworkinhisplace,thejudge,atthedemandofthe possessor,compelstheagenttofulfillthework,orelsecontinuestheworkatthe expense oftheagentandifthisisimpossiblethepossessorhastherightofcancellation. Article535Iftheagentdoesnotcultivate,andtheperiodcomestoanend,the possessor isentitledtoareasonablecompensation. Article536Iftheagentdoesnousepropercareincultivation,andandtheharvest becomeslessowingtothisfact,oranyotherlossresultsforthepossessor,theagent will becometheguarantorforthedifference Article537If,inthecontractofmuzaraehitislaiddownthataparticularthinghasto becultivated,andtheagentcultivatessomethingalso,themuzaraehisvoidandthe provisionsofArticle533shallbeapplied. Article538Ifthemuzaraehiscancelledduringtheperiodprevioustotheappearance of theharvest,theharvest,belongstotheowneroftheseed,andtheotherpartywillbe entitledtoareasonablecompensation. Article539Ifthemuzaraehiscancelledaftertheharvest,boththepossessorandthe agentsharetheharvestinproportiontothearrangementbetweenthembut,fromthe date ofthecancellation,uptothegatheringoftheharvest,eachofthemwillbeentitledtoa 53 reasonablecompensationfortheland,thework,andtheimplementbelongingtohim, payablefromtheproportionalshareoftheotherparty. Article540Iftheperiodofthemuzaraehcomestoanendandithappensthatthe

harvestisnotripe,thepossessorhastherighttodestroytheharvest,ortoletitbe,after receivingareasonablecompensation Article541Theagentmaytakeawageearnerforthecultivation,ortakeapartner but theconsentofthepossessorisnecessaryfortransferringtheresponsibilityofthe transactionorthesurrenderofthelandtoanotherperson. Article542Thelandtaxistheresponsibilityoftheproprietor,unlessthecontraryis stipulatedintheagreementtherestoftheexpensesofthelanddependuponthe agreementofthetwoparties,oroncustom. Subsection2 OnContractsforIrrigation Article543Byacontractforirrigationalpurposes(musaqat)ismeantatransaction whichtakesplacebetweenanowneroftreesandsimilarthingsandanagent,inreturn for aspecifiedundividedshareoftheproducetheworkproduceincludesfruits,leaves, flowers,etc. Article544Inacasewherethecontractofmusaqatisvoidoriscancelled,thewholeof theproduceisthepropertyoftheowner,andtheagentwillhavetherighttoa reasonable compensation. Article545Theprovisionsrelatingtomuzaraehmentionedinthepreceding Subsection willalsoapplytocontractsofmusaqat,exceptthattheagentcannot,withoutthe permissionoftheowner,handoverthetransactiontosomeoneelseorenterinto partnershipwithsomeoneelse. Section6 OnProfitSharingPartnership Article546Aprofitsharingcontract(mudarabeh)isacontractinvirtueofwhichone ofthecontractingpartiesgivesoversomecapitalwiththestipulationthattheotherparty employsitincommerce,andsharestheprofitsarisingtherefrom.Theownerofthe capitaliscalledtheproprietor(malik)andhisagentisthemanager(mudarib). Article547Thecapitalmustbeasumincash. Article548Theshareofeachoftheparties,proprietorandmanager,intheprofitsmust beanaliquotpartofthewhole,suchasaquarterorathird,etc.

Article549ThesharesmentionedintheprecedingArticlemustbespecifiedinthe contractofbailment,unlessinaccordancewithcustomtheyareseparatelyknown,and thefactthattheyarenotmentionedinthecontractarisesfromthatreason. Article550Thecontractofprofitsharingisarevocablecontract. 54 Article551Acontractofmudarabahmaybecancelledowingtoanyofthefollowing reasons: 1Incaseofthedeath,lunacy,ormentalincapacityofoneoftheparties 2Incasetheproprietorbecomesdestitute. 3Incasethewholeofthecapitalanditsprofitsdisappear. 4Incasethetradewhichthepartiesenvisagedbecomesimpossible. Article552Ifinacontractofmudarabahadefiniteperiodbelaiddownfortrading,he specifyingoftheperioddoesnotmakethecontractbinding,butaftertheexpiryofthe periodthemanagermaynotmakeanytransactionexceptwiththerenewedconsentof the proprietor. Article553Ifthecontractofbailmentisageneralone,i.e.nospecialformoftradeis laiddown,themanagercanperformanytransactionwhichmayseemtohimappropriate butcommonpracticemustbeobservedinrespectofthekindoftrade. Article554Themanagermaynotmakeacontractofmudarabahwiththesamecapital, ortransferittoanother,withoutthepermissionoftheproprietor. Article555Themanagermustperformactswhich,inrespectofthatkindoftrade,are inconformitywithcommonpracticeandthecustomoftheplaceandthetimebutifhe himselfperformsactswhichmust,accordingtocommonpractice,beperformedbywage earners,hewillnotbeentitledtoawageforthem. Article556Themanagerisinthepositionofthetrustee,hewillnotbeliableforthe sumgiventohimintermsofmudarabah,exceptincasesofpositiveornegative negligence. Article557Ifapersongivesapossessionforthepurposeoftrade,andmakesa conditionthatthewholeoftheprofitsbelongtotheowner,thetransactionshallnotbe accountedasamudarabah,andthemanagershallbeentitledtoareasonable compensation,unlessitisestablishedthatthemanagerhasexecutedthework gratuitously. Article558Ifaconditionhasbeenmadethatthemangerisliableforthecapital,orthat

thelossesresultingfromthetradearenotbebornebytheowner,thetransactionisvoid, unlessabindingconditionhasbeenmadethatthemanagershallhandovergratuitously to theownerfromhisownpropertytheamountoflossordestructionsuffered. Article559Incurrentaccountsordepositaccountsisitpossiblethattherulesof mudarabahshouldapply,regardbeingpaidtotheconditionmentionedinthelastpartof theprecedingArticleandinterestonthemudarabahmaybeenteredintheseaccounts. Article560Exceptasprovidedbeforeabove,managersaresubjecttotheconditions and arrangementslaiddownbythetwopartiesintheircontract. 55 Section7 OnReward(Jiala) Article561Ajialaorcontractofrewardisdefinedastheengagementofapersonto payaknownrecompense,inreturnforanact,whethertheotherpartyisspecifiedornot. Article562Inacontractofjialathepersonwhoengageshimselfiscalledthejail (rewarder),theotherpartywhodoestheactiscalledtheamil(agent)andthereward paid iscalledthejal(reward). Article563Inacontractofjialathespecificationoftherewardinallparticularsisnot necessarytherefore,ifapersonengageshimselftogivetowhoeverfindsanarticleof his whichhehaslostaspecifiedundividedshareinit,thecontractofjialaisinproperform. Article564Inajiala,inadditiontothefactthatitisnotnecessarytospecifytheagent, itisalsopossiblethattheactshallalsobeunspecifiedandthecircumstancesoftheact notknown. Article565Acontractofjialaisapermissiveengagement,anduntiltheacthasnot beenfinished,eachofthetwopartiescanwithdrawbutiftherewarderwithdrawsduring thecourseoftheact,hemustpaytotheagentareasonablecompensationforhisact. Article566If,inacontractofjiala,theacthasseveralparts,eachoneofwhichwas intendedfromtheoutsetbytherewarder,andthejialaiscancelled,theagentwillbe entitledtothepriceagreeduponinproportiontotheactwhichhehasdone,whetherthe cancellationshallcomefromthesideoftherewarderorfromthatoftheagenthimself. Article567Theagentwillbecomeentitledtotherewardwhenheactwhichisnotin

consonancewithreason,isvoid. Article568Ifanumberofagentsgetinvolvedintheperformanceofthejob,eachwill beentitledtoreceivehisrewardinproportiontohiscontribution. Article569ThesubjectmatterofJiala,shallremainintrustwiththeagentfromthe timeitfallsintopossessionoftheagentuntilthetimewhenitispassedtotherewarder. Article570Jialashallbenullandvoidforanyillegitimateandunlawfulact. Section8 OnPartnerships Subsection1 OntheRulesAppertainingtoPartnerships Article571Apartnershipisdefinedasthecombinationoftherightsofseveral proprietorsinonesinglethingbywayofundividedshares. Article572Apartnershipiseithervoluntaryorcompulsory. Article573Avoluntarypartnershipariseseitherformanyfromofcontractorfromthe actsofthepartners,suchaswhentheycombinetogethervoluntarily,orwhenthey accept 56 apropertyinundividedsharesastheresultoftheactsofcertainpersons,andinsimilar ways. Article574Acompulsorypartnershipisthecombinationoftherightsofproprietors arisingoutoftheirassociationwithoneanother,orfrominheritance. Article575Eachoneofthepartners,inproportiontohisshare,sharesintheprofits and losses,exceptwhereoneormorepersons,inconsiderationoftheirservices,areallotted greatershares. Article576Themethodofadministrationofthejointpropertywilldependuponthe conditionslaiddownbetweenthepartners. Article577Apartnerwhointhecontractofpartnershipispermittedtoadministerthe propertyofthepartnershipisentitledtoperformanyactwhichisnecessaryforthe administration,andwillinnocaseberesponsibleforlossessufferedastheresultofhis actions,exceptincaseofnegligenceorexcessiveuse. Article578Thepartnersmayalwayswithdrawtheirpermissionunlesstheirpermission hasbeengivenunderanirrevocablecontractinthatcase,aslongasthepartnership lasts

theyhavenorightofwithdrawal Article579Iftheadministrationofpartnershipisthedutyofseveralpartners,insuch awaythateachoneofthemisindependentlypermittedtoact,eachoneofthemmay singlyperformtheactswhicharenecessaryfortheadministrationofthepartnership. Article580Ifithasbeenagreedamongthepartnersthatoneofthedirectorsmaynot actwithoutanother,thedirectorwhoactsaloneandhasnowrittenauthorizationfrom the otherpartners,willbeaguarantorinrelationtothepartners,evenifitisatthatmoment impossibleforotherpartnerstointerveneintheadministration. Article581Theoperationsofeachofthepartnerswhoactoutsidetheirauthorityor withoutauthorityareconsideredasunauthorizedactsandcomeundertheprovisions relatingtounauthorizedtransactions Article582Apartnerwhowithoutauthorityoroutsidethelimitsofhisauthority operatesinconnectionwithpropertyofthepartnershipisaguarantor. Article583Eachoneofthepartnersmay,withouttheconsentoftheotherpartners, transfertoathirdpersonthewholeorapartofhisshare Article584Apartnerwhohaspossessionofpropertybelongingtothepartnershipisin thepositionofatrusteeandwillnotbeaguarantorinrespectofthedestructionor damageofthatproperty,exceptincasesofnegligenceorexcessiveuse. Article585Apartnerwhoactswithoutauthorityisresponsibletothepersonwith whomhehastraded,andclaimantshavetherighttorefertohimonly. Article586Ifnoperiodisspecifiedforthepartnershipinthetextofacontractof obligation,anyoneofthepartnersmaywithdrawwheneverhewishes. Article587Thepartnershipwillbedissolvedinoneofthefollowingways: 1Onashareout. 2Ifthewholeofthepropertyofthepartnershipisdestroyed. 57 Article588Inthefollowingcasesthepartnerarenotauthorizedtooperatewiththe jointlyownedproperty: 1Ontheexpiryoftheperiodofauthority,oronwithdrawal,ifthatispossible. 2Onthedeathofoneofthepartners,orwhenoneofthepartnersbecomes incapacitated. Subsection2 OntheDivisionofthePropertyofthePartnership

Article589Eachoneofthepartnerscan,wheneverhewishes,demandthedivisionof thejointlyownedproperty,unlessadivision,inaccordancewiththislaw,isforbidden, orthepartnershaveboundthemselves,inanirrevocablemanner,nottodividethe property Article590Ifthepartnersaremorethantwoinnumber,itispossiblethatadivision maybemadeinrespectofthesharesofoneormoreofthepartners,andthesharesof the restmaybeleftundivided Article591Ifthepartnersconsenttoadivisionoftheproperty,thedivisionwilltake placeaccordingtotheagreementofthepartners,andifthepartnerscannotcometoan agreementthejudgewillcompelthemtodividetheproperty,providedthatthedivision willnotresultinanylossifitdoesresultinlosscompulsionisnotpermissibleandthe divisionmusttakeplaceaccordingtomutualagreement. Article592Ifthedivisionistothedisadvantageofsomeofthepartners,andnottothe disadvantageofothers,ifthedemandforadivisioncomesfromapartnerwhosuffersa disadvantage,theotherpartywillbecompelledtoagreeifthecontrary,i.e.ifthe demandcomesfromonewhohasnotsufferedloss,theotherpartyisnotcompelledto acceptadivision. Article593Alossisconsideredtobeanimpedimenttodivisionwhenitrepresentsan evidentdepreciation,tosuchadegreethat,inaccordancewithcommonpractice,itis not negligible. Article594Ifajointlyownedqanat,orasimilarthing,becomesdefectiveandneedsto becleanedorrepaired,andoneormoreofthepartners,tothelossofoneormoreother partners,refusestotakepartinthecleaningorrepairs,thepartnerorpartnerswho suffer lossmayrefertothejudgeinthatcase,ifthepropertyisnotdivisible,thejudgemay,in ordertoextirpatethesourceofdisputeandtopreventloss,compelthepartnerwho refuses,accordingtothesituation,toparticipateinthecleaningortherepairs,ortohire orsellhisshare. Article595Ifadivisionwillinvolvethedisappearance,asaproperty,ofthewholea partofthejointpropertyorofthesharesofoneormoreofthepartners,divisionis forbidden,evenifthepartnersagreethereto. Article596Ifthejointlyownedconsistsofseveralunits,acompulsorydivisionof

someofthoseunitsdoesnotnecessarilyinvolvethedivisionoftherestoftheproperty. 58 Article597Theseparationofaprivatepropertyfromanendowedpropertyis permissible,butthedivisionofanendowedpropertyamongthebeneficiariesisnot permissible. Article598Thearrangementsforadivisionareasfollows: Ifthejointpropertyissuchthatitmustbedivideditself,itwillbedividedupin proportiontosharesofthepartnersandifitbesuchthatitcanbevalued,itwillbe apportionedaccordingtoitspriceandafterthedivisionorthevaluation,iftheparties cannotcometoanagreementastotheirshares,thematterwillbedecidedbylot. Article599Thedivision,afterithastakenplaceinproperform,isobligatory,andnone ofthepartnerscandissociatehimselffromitwithouttheconsentoftheothers. Article600If,intheportionofoneormoreofthepartners,adefectmayappearof whichheortheydidnotknowatthedivisionthepartnerorpartnersconcernedhavethe righttosetasidethedivision. Article601If,afterthedivision,itbecomesapparentthatthedivisionhastakenplace underamistake,thedivisionisvoid. Article602If,afterthedivision,itbecomesapparentthatadefinitequantityofthe propertydividedbelongedtosomeoneelse,thedivisionisvalidif,afterthedivision,the propertybelongingtoanotherexistsineachofthedividedsharesinthesame proportion otherwiseitisvoid. Article603Apathorawatercoursebelongingtoanyportionbelongs,afterthedivision, tothatsameportion. Article604Apersonwhohasrightsoverthepropertyofanothercannotpreventa divisionofthatpropertybuthisrightswillremainthesameafterthedivisionasthey werebefore. Article605Iftheportionofoneofthepartnersisawaterchannelorapathoverthe portionofanotherpartner,therightofpassageofwaterortheuseofthepathshallnot disappearafterthedivision,unlesssuchadisappearanceshallhavebeenuponand other rightsoverthepropertyofanotherfollowthesamerule. Article606Iftheestateofadeceasedpersonbedividedupbeforethepaymentofhis debts,orifafterthedivisionitbecomesapparentthatthedeceasedwasliableforadebt,

thecreditormustrefertoeachoftheheirsinproportionofhisportionandifoneormore oftheheirsareunabletopay,thecreditormayrefertotheotherheirsforthesettlement oftheportionsofthedestituteheirorheirs. Section9 OnDeposit Subsection1 OnGeneralPrinciples 59 Article607ByDepositismeantacontractwherebyonepersonentrustsathing belongingtohimtoanotherinorderthatthelattershouldretainitforhimfreeofcharge, Thepersonwhodepositsiscalledthemudi(depositor)andthepersonwhoreceivesthe depositiscalledthemustaudiortheamin(trustee). Article608InaDeposittheacceptanceofthetrusteeisnecessary,thoughtitmaybe shownbyanact. Article609Apersonmaydepositathingwhoistheownerortherepresentativeofthe ownerorwhois,onbehalfoftheowner,explicitlyorimplicitlyauthorizedbytheowner. Article610InaDepositthetwopartiesmusthavecapacityforatransaction,andifa personacceptsathingondepositfromanotherpersonwhohasnocapacityfora transaction,hemustreturnthethingtothelegalguardianofthatperson,andifthething depreciatesordisappearsinhispossessionheisaguarantor. Article611ADepositisarevocablecontract. Subsection2 OntheEngagementsoftheTrustee Article612Thetrusteemustpreservethedepositedthinginthewaythatthedepositor laiddownandiftherewasnospecificstipulationforthemannerinwhichthethingisto bepreserved,hemustkeepitinthewaywhichisusualforthatthingotherwiseheisa guarantor. Article613Iftheownerhaslaiddownawayforthepreservationofthethingdeposited, andthetrusteeconsidersitnecessarythatwayshouldbechangedinordertopreserve the thing,hemaychangeit,unlesstheownerhasspecificallyforbiddenanychangeinthat caseheisaguarantor. Article614Atrusteeisnotaguarantorinrespectofthedestructionorthedepreciation ofthethingdepositedwithhim,unlessincaseofnegligenceorexcessiveuse.

Article615Atrusteeinhispositionasaprotectorisnotresponsibleinrespectofevents thepreventionofwhichisbeyondhispower. Article616Ifthereturnofthethingdepositedberequested,andthetrusteerefusesto returnit,therulesastotrusteeswillcasetoapplytohimfromthedateofhisrefusal,and hewillbecomeaguarantorinrespectofanydefectordepreciationwhichsupervenesin thethingdeposited,eventhoughthatdefectordepreciationdoesnotarisefromanact of his. Article617Thetrusteecannotexerciseanypossessoryrightsoverthethingdeposited exceptsuchasriseinprotectingitnorcanheinanywaymakeaprofitfrom,exceptwith theexpressorimpliedleaveofthedepositorotherwiseheisaguarantor. Article618Ifthethingdepositedinentrustedtothetrusteeinaclosedboxorasealed letter,hehasnorighttoopenitotherwiseheisaguarantor. Article619Thetrusteemusthandbackexactlythesamethingashereceived. 60 Article620Thetrusteemustgivebackthethingdepositedinthesamestateasthe thing wasatthetimeofgivingitbackandheisnotaguarantorinrespectofthedefects which mayhaveaccruedtherein. Article621Ifthethingdepositedistakenbyforcefromthetrusteeandifhehas receivedapaymentorsomethingelseinitsplace,hemustgivetothedepositorthat whichhereceivedinexchange,butthedepositorisnotobligedtoacceptitandhehas the righttoreferdirecttothepersonwhotookthethingawaybyforce. Article622Iftheheirofthetrusteedestroysthethingdepositedheisresponsiblefor supplyingtheequivalentorthepriceorthesame,evenifhedidnotknowthatthething was.adeposit. Article623Theprofitsresultingfromathingdepositedbelongtotheowner. Article624Thetrusteemustreturnthethingdepositedonlytothepersonfromwhom hereceivedit,ortohislegalrepresentative,ortoapersonwhohasauthoritytoreceive it andifhewishes,fromforceofcircumstances,togiveitbackbuthasnomeansof approachtoapersonentitledtoreceiveit,hemustgiveitbacktoajudge.

Article625Ifitisestablishedthatthethingdepositedbelongstoanotherpersonother thanthedepositor,thetrusteemustreturnittothetrueowner,andiftheowneris unknown,therulesrelatingtothingsofunknownownershipwillapply. Article626Ifapersondepositsathing,thedepositwillbecomevoidatthedeathofthe depositor,andthetrusteecannotreturnittoanyoneexcepttotheheirs. Article627Iftherebemorethanoneheir,andiftheydonotagreeamongthemselves aboutthething,thethingdepositedmustbereturnedtothejudge. Article628Ifachangetakesplaceinthesituationofthedepositorsuchasforinstance ifhebecomesaward,thecontractofdepositiscancelled,andthethingdeposited cannot bereturnedexcepttothepersonwhohastherighttoadministertheeffectsoftheward. Article629Ifathingbelongingtoapersonwhohasbecomeincapacitatedisdeposited, thatthingmustbegivenbacktohimwhenheisnolongeranincapacitatedperson. Article630Ifapersonmakesadepositofathinginhiscapacityasguardianortutor, thatthingafterheceasestopossessthatcapacity,mustbereturnedtoitsowner,unless theownercontinuestobeincapacitatedinthatcasethethingisreturnedtothe subsequentguardianortutor. Article631Ifapersonisinpossessionofathinginacapacityposition,inrespectof thatthing,equivalenttothatofatrustee,heisthesameasatrusteetherefore,atenant, in relationtothethinghired,oraguardianortutorinrelationtotheminorspropertyorto theirward,andthelike,arenotguarantors,unlessincasesofnegligenceorexcessive useandiftheownerisentitledtohavethethingreturnedtohim,thepossessor,from the momentoftheownersapplicationandthepossessorsrefusaltoreturnalthoughhe couldhavedoneso,willberesponsibleincaseofdestructionofthethingorofanykind ofdamageordefect,eventhoughitbenottheconsequenceofhisownact. Article632Caravansaraiproperties,hotelkeepers,bathkeepersandsimilarpersons are responsibleinrespectoftheeffectsandgoodandclothesofpersonswhoenterthose 61 placesonlyifthoseeffectsandgoodsandclothesaredepositedwiththem,orifina accordancewithlocalcustomthoseeffectsareinthepositionofbeingondeposit. Subsection3

OntheEngagementoftheDepositor Article633Thedepositormustgivetothetrusteetheexpenseswhichhehasincurred in thepreservationofthethingdeposited. Article634Ifthereturnofthethingdepositednecessitatesanyexpenditure,the depositormustpay. Section10 OnLending Article635Lendingisacontractwherebyoneofthepartiesgivestheotherparty permissiontoderiveprofit,gratis,fromathingbelongingtotheformer. Thepersonwhogivesiscalledthelender(muir)andthepersonwhoreceivesiscalled theborrower(mustair) Article636Thelender,inadditiontohavingcapacity,mustbetheowneroftheprofits ofthethingwhichhegivesonloan,eventhoughhebenottheownerofthethingitself. Article637Anythingwhichiscapableofyieldingaprofitwhilecontinuingitsown existenceunchangediscapableofbeingloaned. Theprofitwhichisenvisagedinlendingisaprofitwhichislawfulandreasonable. Article638Lendingisarevocablecontract,andiscancelledbythedeathofeitherof theparties. Article639Ifthethinglentpossessesdefectswhichcauselosstotheborrower,the lenderwillnotberesponsibleforthelossesincurredunlessheisregardedasthecause of thedefectbylocalcustom. Thesamerulealsoappliesinthecaseofadepositororalessoretc. Article640theborrowerisnotaguarantorastothedestructionorthedepreciationof thethinglent,unlessincasefornegligenceorexcessiveuse. Article641Theborrowerisnotresponsibleforadefectarisingfromusingthething lent,unlesshehasusedthethinginawaynotpermittedoriflendingwasunconditional, ifhehasuseditinawaynotinaccordancewithcommonusage. Article642Ifaconditionofguaranteehasbeenimposedontheborrower,hewillbe responsibleforanylossordefect,eventhoughthatlossordefectbenotrelatedtoany act ofhis. Article643Iftheborrowerhasalsohadtofurnishguaranteefordefectresultingfrom

usageingeneral,bewillbeaguarantorforthesedefectstoo. 62 Article644Inlendinggoldorsilver,whethercoinedornot,theborrowerisaguarantor evenifhehasnotbeensubjectedtoaguarantee,andeveniftherehasbeenno negligence ofexcessiveuse. Article645InthereturnofthethinglenttheprovisionsofArticles624and626upto 630mustbeobserved. Article646Theexpenditurenecessaryforderivingaprofitfromthethinglentisthe responsibilityoftheborrower,andtheexpensesofupkeepofthethingfollowtherulesof commonusageandcustom,exceptasprovidedinspecialagreements. Article647Theborrowercannotinanycircumstanceshandoverthethingloanedtothe possessionofanother,exceptwiththepermissionofthelender. Section11 OnLoans Article648ALoanisacontractwherebyoneofthetwopartiessurrenderstothe ownershipoftheotherpartyadefiniteportionofhisproperty,sothattheotherpartymay returntohimwhatisequivalenttheretoinrespectofquantity,kindanddescription,andif thatpartydeclinestogivebacktheequivalent,hegivesthepriceofthesameontheday ofpayment. Article649Ifapropertywhichisthesubjectofaloan,isdestroyedorbecomes defectiveafterhavingbeendeliveredthelossistobemadegoodfromthepropertyof the borrower. Article650TheborrowermustreturnathingsimilartothethingHehasreceived,even thoughitmayhaveappreciatedordepreciated. Article651Ifaspecifiedperiodoftimeisfixedforthepaymentofthedebtinabinding form,thelendercannotclaimthesettlementofhisloanbeforetheexpiryoftheterm. Article652Atthetimeofthelendersclaimforpayment,thejudgeordersadelayor forpaymentbyinstallmentsonbehalfofthedebtor,accordingtothecircumstances Article653RepealedbytheAmendmentsofNovember1991 Section12 OnGamblingandBetting Article654Gamblingandbettingarevoidtransactionsandnoactionbasedonthem

willlie.Thesameruleappliestoallengagementswhichariseoutofillegaltransactions. Article655Bettingispermittedinracesofridinganimalsandalsoinshootingmatches andinfencingtheprovisionsoftheforegoingArticledonotapplytothem. 63 Section13 OnAgency SUBSECTION1 OnGeneralPrinciples Article656Anagencyisacontractwherebyoneofthepartiesappointstheotherashis representativefortheaccomplishmentofsomematter. Article657Theestablishmentofagencyrelationshipissubjecttotheacceptanceofthe agent. Article658Anagencycomesintobeinghoweverafterandacceptanceareindicated whetherbywordorconduct. Article659Anagencymaybeeithergratuitousofinreturnofremuneration. Article660Anagencycanbeofageneralnature,andforthewholeoftheaffairsofthe principal,orlimitedtoacertainmatters. Article661Iftheagencyisageneralone,itwillbeconcernedonlywiththe administrationofthepropertyoftheprincipal. Article662Anagencymustnotbegivenexceptforamatterwhichtheprincipal himselfisentitledtoact,anagentmustbeapersonwhohasthecapacitytoexecute that matter. Article663Anagentcannotexecuteamatterwhichexceedsthelimitsofhispowerof attorney. Article664Anattorneyforlitigationpurposesisnotanagentempoweredtoreceive whatisdue,unlessthereexistcertaincircumstantialevidencetherefor,similarly,an agentappointedtocollectsomethingtowhichhisprincipalisentitledwillnotbean attorneyforlitigationpurposes. Article665AnattorneyinasaleIisnotanagentforthereceiptofthepurchaseprice, unlessthereisindisputableproofthereof. Subsection2 OntheDutiesoftheAgents Article666Iftheprincipalsufferslossowingtothefaultoftheagent,andiftheagentis

bycommoncustomconsideredtobethecauseoftheloss,hewillberesponsible. Article667Theagentmust,inhishandlingsandperformancesactintheinterestsof his principal,andmustnotexceedthelimitsoftheauthoritywhichtheprincipalhas explicitlygivenhim,ortheauthoritywhichisinferredbycustom,usage,and circumstantialevidence. Article668Theagentmustgivetohisprincipalanaccountofthetimeofhisagency, andmustgiveuptohimthatwhichhehasreceivedforhisprincipal. 64 Article669Iftwoormoreagentsareappointedfortheexecutionofonematter,noone oftheseagentsmayparticipateinthatmatterwithouttheotherorothersunlesseachof themhasanindependentagencyinthatcaseeachoneofthemcansinglydothework. Article670Iftwopersonsareagentsinassociationwithoneanother,andoneofthem dies,theagencyoftheotherbecomesvoid. Article671Anagencyforacertainmatterinvolvesanagencyforthepreliminariesand essentialpreparationsforthatmatter,unlessitbeexpresslystatedthattheagencydoes notapplytothem. Article672Anagentinamattermaynotgiveanagencytoanyoneelseinthatmatter, unlessheisexpresslyorimpliedlyanagententitledtoselectasubagent. Article673Ifanagentwhohasnottherightofsubscriptionhandsovertoathird person theexecutionofthematterforwhichhehastheagency,boththeagentandthethird personwillberesponsibletotheprincipalforthelosseswhichtheyareconsideredto havecaused. Subsection3 OntheDutiesofthePrincipal Article674Theprincipalmustexecutealltheengagementswhichtheagent,withinthe limitsofhispowers,hasundertaken. Inrespectofthatwhichhasbeendoneoutsidethelimitsofthepowersoftheagent,the principalwillbeundernoobligationwhatever,unlessheexpresslyorimpliedlypermits theirregularactionsofhisagent. Article675Theprincipalmustpaythewholeoftheexpenditureincurredbytheagent intheexecutionofhisagency,andalsotheremunerationoftheagent,unlessother arrangementshavebeenmadeinthecontractofagency.

Article676Thefeeoftheagentwillbeinaccordancewiththeagreementbetweenthe twopartiesandiftherehasbeennoagreementrelatingtothefeeoritssize,itwillbein accordancewithlocalpracticeandcustomifthereisnorecognizedcustomtheagentis entitledtoareasonableremuneration. Article677Ifitisnotexpresslystatedinthecontractofagencywhethertheagencyis gratuitousorforfee,thepresumptionisthatitwasforafee. Subsection4 OntheVariousWaysofEndinganAgency Article678Theagencycanbedissolvedinthefollowingways: 1Bydismissalbytheprincipal. 2Byresignationoftheagent. 3Bythedeathorinsanityoftheprincipaloftheagent. 65 Article679Theprincipalcan,wheneverhedesires,dismisstheagent,unlessa conditionhasbeenmadeinthecourseofanirrevocablecontractastotheagencyofthe attorneyortheimpossibilityofhisdismissal Article680Everythingwhichtheagenthasdonebeforethenewsofhisdismissal reacheshim,inthelimitsofhispowers,isvalid. Article681Aftertheagenthasresigned,hemaycontinuetotakestepsinpursuanceof theagencyaslongasitisevidentthattheprincipalcontinuestogivehimpermission. Article682Thefactthattheprincipalbecomesincapacitatedannulstheagencyexcept inrespectofthingsinwhichincapacitydoesnotimpedetherebeinganagency similarly, theincapacityoftheagentannulstheagency,exceptwhereincapacitydoesnotimpede thestepsnecessaryfortheagency. Article683Ifthesubstanceoftheagencydisappears,ortheprincipalperformshimself thatheassignedtotheagenttodo,ormageneralwaydoesthatwhichiscontrarytothe agency,asforexampleifhesellshimselfthatforwhichhegaveanagencyforagentto sell,theagencyisvoid. Section14 OnContractsofGuarantee Subsection1 OnGeneralConsiderations Article684Acontractofguaranteeisdefinedassuchthatapersontakesuponhimself

theresponsibilityofapropertywhichformsanobligationuponanotherperson. Thepersonwhoacceptstheobligationiscalledthezamin (guarantor)theotherpersonistermedmazmununIa(thebeneficiary),andthethird personistermedmazrnununanh(heforwhomtheguaranteeisgiven)orthe,original debtor. Article685Inacontractofguaranteetheconsentoftheoriginaldebtorisnotan essentialcondition. Article686Theguarantormusthavecapacitytotransact. Article687Itispermissibletobeaguarantorofanincapacitatedordeceasedperson. Article688Itispossiblefortheguarantortofurnishaguarantee. Article689Ifmorethanonepersonbecomeguarantorsforaman,theguaranteeofthe personwhomthebeneficiaryacceptsisthevalidguarantee. Article690Inacontractofguaranteeitisnotessentialthattheguarantorshouldbe solventbutifthepersontowhomtheguaranteeisgivenisignorant,atthetimeofthe guarantee,ofthelackofmeansoftheguarantor,hecancancelthecontractbutifthe guarantor,afterthecontractbecomesdestitute,thebeneficiaryshallhavenooption. 66 Article691Aguaranteeinrespectofadebtthecauseofwhichhasnotyetarisenis void. Article692Inamatureddebtitispossiblefortheguarantortospecifyaperiodforthe paymentandsimilarlyforanimmaturedebthecanengagetopayitimmediately. Article693Thebeneficiarycaninacontractofguaranteerequireapledgefromthe guarantor,eventhoughnosecuritywastakenintheoriginaldebt. Article694Itisnotessentialfortheguarantortoknowtheamount,thedetails,andthe conditionsofthedebtwhichheguaranteeshence,ifapersonbecomestheguarantorof a debtofapersonwithoutknowingwhattheamountofitwas,thecontractofguaranteeis validbutaguaranteeofoneofseveraldebts,inadoubtfulmanner,isvoid. Article695Itisnotnecessaryfortheguarantortohavecompleteknowledgeaboutthe persontowhomtheguaranteeisgivenortheoriginaldebtor. Article696Itispossibletoguaranteeanydebt,evenifthereisaterminationclause therein. Article697Itispossibletoguaranteeeitherthesellerorthepurchaseragainstthe possibleclaimsbyathirdpartyinconnectionwiththeownershipoftheobjectofsaleor

theconsiderationasthecasemaybe. SUBSECTION2 OntileEffectofaGuaranteeontheGuarantorandtheBeneficiary Article698Aftertheguaranteeisvalidlymade,theobligationsoftheoriginaldebtoris dischargedandtheobligationoftheguarantortowardstheoriginalcreditorcomesinto force. Article699Tomakeaguaranteedependentuponcertain factors,asforinstanceto indicatethat,ifthedebtordoesnotpaythenIshallstandasguarantorisvoidbutitis possibletomakeexecutionofguaranteedependentuponcertainfactors. Article700Aguaranteewhichlaysdownconditionsconcerningtheprerequisiteof guarantee,asforinstanceiftheguarantorundertakesthatifthepersonguaranteedisin debttheguarantorwillguaranteehim,isnotvoid. Article701Aguaranteeisanirrevocablecontract,andtheguarantororthebeneficiary cannotcancelit,unlessincasetheguarantorbecomesindigentaslaiddowninArticle 690ortherebearightofcancellationinrespectofthedebtwhichisguaranteedorif the conditionsofthecontractarenotadheredto. Article702Iftheguaranteespecifiesaperiod,thepersonguaranteedcannotclaimhis duefromtheguarantorbeforetheexpiryoftheperiod,evenifthedebthasmatured. Article703Inaguaranteeofimmediatepaymentthebeneficiaryhastherighttoclaim hisdue,eventhoughtheoriginaldebthasnotbeenmatured. Article704Ageneralguaranteeisasightguarantee,unlessitbecomesevident,from proofs,thatitrelatestoaperiod. 67 Article705Adelayedguaranteebecomesasightguaranteeonthedeathofthe guarantor. Article706Repealed. Article707Iftheclaimantreleasestheguaranteedpersonfromhisobligationthe guarantorwillnotbereleased,unlesstheobjectoftheclaimantistoabolishthedebt altogether. Article708Apersonwhoisaguarantortodefendtheclaimsofathirdpartyconcerning theownershipoftheobjectofsaleisreleasedonthecancellationofthecontractofsale onthegroundofmutualconsentorbyexerciseofanoption. Subsection3

OntheEffectsofaGuaranteeasBetweentheGuarantorandtheGuaranteed Debtor Article709Theguarantorhasnorightofrecourseagainsttheguaranteeddebtor except afterthepaymentofthedebtbuthecanhaverecourseiftheguaranteeddebtorhas engagedtoobtainareleaseforhim(theguarantor)withinspecifiedtime,andthattime haselapsed. Article710Iftheguarantor,withtheconsentofthebeneficiaryassignsthepaymentof thedebttoanother,andifthatpersonagreestopayit,itisasthoughhe(theguarantor) haspaidthedebt,andhehasarightofrecourseagainsttheguaranteeddebtorthe same ruleshallbeapplicablewhenthebeneficiarymakessuchassignment. Article711Iftheguarantorpaysthedebt,andtheguaranteeddebtorpaysitagain,the guarantorwillnothaverecourseagainstthebeneficiary,butmustrefertothe guaranteed debtor,andthelattercantakebackfromthebeneficiarywhathepaidhim. Article712Ifthebeneficiarydies,andtheguarantorbecomeshisheir,hehasarightof recourseagainstthedebtor. Article713Iftheguarantorgivestothebeneficiarylessthanthedebt,hecannotclaim fromthedebtormorethanhehasgiven,evenifhehascompromisedforlessthanthe amountofthedebt. Article714Iftheguarantorgivestothebeneficiarymorethanthedebt,hehasnoright toclaimmore,unlesshehasgivenitwiththepermissionofthedebtor. Article715Ifthedebtispayableattheendofaterm,andtheguarantorpaysitbefore theduedate,hecannotclaimfromthedebtoraslongastheperiodofthedebtisstill unexpired. Article716Ifthedebtispayableatsight,whenevertheguarantorpaysit,hecanrefer to thedebtor,eventhoughtheguaranteewasforaperiodwhichhadnotthenelapsed, unless thedebtorhasgivenpermissionforadeferredguarantee. Article717Ifthedebtorpaystheguarantorisreleased,eventhoughtheguarantormay nothavegiventhedebtorpermissiontopay. 68

Article718Ifthebeneficiaryreleasestheguarantorfromthedebt,theguarantorand the debtorarebothrealized. Article719Ifthebeneficiaryreleasestheguarantor,orifanotherpaysthedebt gratuitously,theguarantorhasnorightofrecourseagainstthedebtor. Article720Aguarantorwhoguaranteeswiththeobjectofdoingaspontaneous benevolentacthasnorightofrecourseagainstthedebtor. Subsection4 OntheEffectofaGuaranteeonMorethanOneGuarantor Article721Ifseveralpersonsgiveaguaranteetoapersoninrespectofadebtbyway of prorata,theguaranteedcreditorhastherightofrecourseagainsteachoneofthemto the extentofhisshareonlyandifoneoftheguarantorspaysthewholeofthedebthecan refertoeachoneoftheotherguarantorswhoagreedtothepayment,totheextentofhis share. Article722Aguarantorofaguarantorhasnorightofrecourseagainsttheoriginal debtor,butmustrefertothepersonwhomhehasguaranteedandinthesamemanner everyguarantorhasrecourseagainstthecreditor,andsoonuptotheoriginaldebtor. Article723Itispossiblethatapersonrendershimselfresponsibleforthepaymentof thedebtofanotherbyvirtueofanirrevocablecontractinthatcasethefactthatthe obligationisconditionaldoesnotrenderitvoid,asforinstancewhenapersonincursan obligationtopaythedebtofadebtoronconditionthatthedebtorfailstopay. Section15 OnAssignment Article724Assignmentisacontractinvirtueofwhichtheclaimofapersonfroma debtoristransferredtoathirdparty. Thedebtoriscalled,muhil(assignor),thecreditormuhtal(assignee)andthethirdparty iscalledmuhalunalaih(thirdpartyassignee). Article725Theassignmentdoesnotbecomedefiniteexceptwiththeconsentofthe assigneeandthirdpartyassignee. Article726If,inregardtoanassignment(haveleh),thedebtor(assignor)isnot indebtedtothecreditor(assignee),theprovisionsapplicabletoanassignmentwillnot apply.

Article727Itisnotnecessary,forthevalidityoftheassignment,thatthethirdparty assigneeshouldbeindebtedtotheassignor,Inthatcase,thethirdpartyassigneeafter his accepting,isinthepositionofaguarantor. Article728Thesolvencyofthethirdpartyassigneeisnotanecessaryconditionforthe proprietyoftheassignment. 69 Article729If,atthetimeoftheassignment,thethirdpartyassigneewasinsolventand theassigneewasignorantofhisinsolvency,theassigneecancanceltheassignment and haverecourseagainsttheassignor. Article730Aftertheassignmentiseffected,theobligationwhichwasincumbentupon theassignorinrespectoftheassigneddebtisdischarged,andtheobligationattachesto thethirdpartyassignee. Article731Ifthethirdpartyassigneewasnotindebtedtotheassignor,hemay,after payingthesumtransferred,haverecourseagainsttheassignorforthesumpaid. Article732Anassignmentisabindingcontract,andneitherthedebtor,northe creditor, northethirdpersoncancancelit,exceptinaccordancewithArticle729,orwhenthe conditionhasbeenmadethatanoptionofcancellationshouldexist. Article733If,inasale,thesellermakesanassignmentprovidingthatthepurchaser shouldpaythepricetosomeperson,orifthepurchasermakesanassignment empoweringthesellertoreceivethepricefromsomeone,andthenullityofthesaleis established,theassignmentisnullandifthecreditorhasreceivedthepricehemust give itbackbutifthesalebecomescancelledinconsequenceofcanoptionormutual consent, theassignmentisnotnull,butthethirdpersonisdischarged,andthesellerorthe purchasercanhaverecourseagainstoneanother. TheprovisionsofthisArticlewillapplytoothercontractsalso. SECTION16 OnPersonalSurety(Kifalat)(Bailbond) Article734Akifalatisacontractbyvirtueofwhichoneoftwopartiesengages,with theparty,toproducethepresenceofathirdperson,whensummoned.

Thepersonwhoengagesiscalledkafilthethirdpersoniscalledamakful(theobject ofpersonalguarantee),andtheotherpartyiscalledmakfulunlah(beneficiary). Article735Akifalattakesplacewiththeconsentofthekafilandofthemakfulun lah(beneficiary). Article736Itisnotnecessary,forthevalidityofthekifalat,forthekafiltoknow thatthereexistsalawfulclaimincumbentuponthemakfultheexistenceofaclaimtoa rightonthesideofthemakfulunlahissufficient,evenifthemakfuldeniesit. Article737Akifalatmaybeabsoluteortemporaryifitistemporary,itsperiodmust bespecified. Article738Itispossibleforanotherpersontobecomethekafilofakafil Article739Inanabsolutekifalat,themakfulunlahmay,wheneverhedesires, requestthatthemakfulbeproducedbutinatemporarykifalathehasnorightof claimbeforetheendoftheterm. Article740The,kafilmustproducethemakfulatthetimeandtheplacewhichhe haspromisedorelsehemustincurtheresponsibilityfortherightwhichisprovedtobe incumbentonthe 70 makful. Article741Ifthekafilhasengagedtosurrenderpropertyifthemakfuidoesnot appear,hemustactinaccordancewithhisengagement. Article742ifinthekifalatnoplacehasbeenspecifiedforthesurrenderofthe makful,thekafiimusthandoverthemakfulintheplacewherethecontractwas made,unlessthecontractenvisagesanotherplace. Article743Ifthemakfulisabsent,adelaywillbeaccordedtothekafilsufficientto enablehimtoproducethemakful. Article744Ifthekafilhandsoverthemakfulatatimeorinaplaceotherthanthat whichwaslaiddown,orcontrarytotheconditionswhichhemade,itisnotincumbent uponthernakfulunlahtoacceptthisbutifheagrees,thekafilisdischarged similarly,ifthemakfulunlahrequeststhesurrenderofthemakfulinawaycontrary tothatwhichwaslaiddownbythetwoparties,thekafilisnotobligedtoaccept. Article745Anypersonwhoabductsapersonfromthecontroloftheoneentitledto controlhim,orhislawfuldeputy,withouthisconsent,isinthepositionofakafil,and mustproducethatpersonifnot,hemusttakeresponsibilityfortheduewhichare proved

toattachtohim. Article746Thekafilwillbedischargedinthefollowingcircumstances: 1Ifheproducesthemakfulinthemanneragreedupon. 2ifthemakfulhimselfappearsattheappointedtime. 3Iftheobligationofthemakfulisdischargedinanywayfromthatwhichthe rnakfulunlahclaimed. 4Ifthemakefulunlahgivesadischargetothekafil. 5Iftheclaimofthemakfulunlahbecomesinanywaytransferredtoanotherperson. 6Ifthemakfuldies. Article747Ifthekafilproducesthemakfulinaccordancewiththeconditions agreedupon,andthemakfulunlahrefusestotakedeliveryofhim,thekafilwillbe dischargedafterreferencetowitnessesortothejudge. Article748ThedeathofthemakfulunIahwillnotinvolvethedischargeofthe kafil. Article749Ifonepersonbecomesakafilforapersoninrelationtoseveralpersons, hewillnotbedischargedasfarastheothersareconcernedbythedeliveryofthe person tooneofthem. Article750Ifapersonbethekafilofakafil,andanotherpersonbehiskafil,and soon,eachkafilmustproducethemakfulpertainingtohimwhoeverofthem producestheoriginalmakfulisdischargedtogetherwithalltheothersandwhoeverof thembecomesdischargedbyreasonofanyofthereasonsmentionedinArticle746,the kafilswhocomeafterhimaredischargedtoo. 71 Article751Ifthekifalatiswiththepermissionofthemakful,andthekafil,not beingabletoproducethemakfulpayswhateverpenaltyattachestohim,orifhepays a penaltywithhispermissionhecanhaverecourseagainstthernakfulandreceiveback whathehaspaidbutifneitherwaswiththeconsentofthemakful,hewillhaveno rightofrecourse. SECTION17 OnSettlement(Compromise) Article752Asettlementofaccountispossibleeitherinthecaseoftheadjustmentof an

existingdispute,orforavoidanceofapossibledispute,orinthecaseofatransaction and thelike. Article753Inorderthatthesettlementisinproperform,thetwopartiesmusthave capacityforthetransactionandmusthaveaninterestinthesubjectofthesettlement. Article754Everysettlementiseffective,exceptthatwhichrelatestoanunlawful matter Article755Asettlementisalsopossibleevenwhentheclaimisdeniedtherefore,a requestforasettlementisnottoberegardedasaconfessionofindebtedness. Article756Civilclaimswhichhavearisenastheresultofacrimemayalsobecomethe subjectofasettlement. Article757Asettlementwithoutarecompense(consideration)isalsolawful. Article758Asettlementmadeinrespectofatransaction,thoughitprovidesthefinal resultofthetransactionwhichitreplaces,doesnotincludethespecialconditionsand attributesofthetransaction.Therefore,ifthesubjectofsettlementisadefiniteobject giveninreturnforaconsideration,itsresultswillbetheresultofasale,withoutthe executionofthespecialconditionsandrulesappertainingtoasale. Article759Asettlementdoesnotinvolvearightofpreemption,eventhoughittakes theplaceofasale. Article760Asettlementisanirrevocablecontract,eventhoughittaketheplaceof revocablecontractsanditdoesnotlosevalidityexceptincircumstancesofcancellation throughtheexerciseofanoptionormutualconsent. Article761Asettlementwhicharisesfromadisputeorisbasedonclemencyisfinalas faras.thetwopartiesareconcerned,andneitherofthemcancancelit,eveniftherebe a claimofgrosslossexceptinacaseofnoncompliancewithacondition,orwhenan optionofcancellationhasbeenincludedasacondition. Article762Ifamistakehasoccurredinthecircumstancesduringthenegotiationofthe termsofsettlement,orinconnexionwiththeobjectofsettlement,thesettlementisvoid Article763Asettlementofaccountundercircumstancesofreluctanceisnot enforceable Article764Trickeryinasettlementisajustificationforanoptionofcancellation. 72 Article765Asettlementbasedonavoidtransactionisvoidbutasettlementinaclaim

arisingoutofthecancellationofatransactionisvalid Article766Ifthetwopartiesbringtoanend,inageneralsettlementthewholeoftheir mutualclaimswhetherexistingorpotential,intheformofasettlement,alltheclaimsare accountedasbeingincludedinthatsettlement,evenifthecauseofclaimwasunknown whenthesettlementwasmade,unlessthesettlementdidnotincludethatclaim,in accordancewithevidence. Article767If,afterthesettlement,itbecomesknownthatthesubjectofthesettlement didnotexist,thesettlementisvoid. Article768Inacontractofsettlementitispossiblethatoneoftheparties,inreturnfor thesharewhichhereceives,shouldengagehimselftopayanalimonyforaspecified periodeachyearoreachmonth.Thisengagementmayinvolvealimonyfortheother partytothesettlementortoathirdpartyorparties. Article769InanengagementsuchasthatspecifiedinthepreviousArticle,whoever derivesprofitfromthesettlement,theremaybeaconditionthatafterthedeathofthe beneficiarytheprofitsmaygotohisheirs. Article770AsettlementwhichtakesplaceinaccordancewiththepreviousArticleIs notcancelledbythebankruptcyortheindigenceofthepersonwhoundertookthe engagement,unlesstherewasaconditiontothateffect. SECTION18 OnPledges(Mortgage) Article771Apledgeisacontractwherebyadebtorgivesapropertytothecreditorasa security. Thepersonwhogivesthepledgeiscalled,rahin(mortgagor),andtheotherpartythe ,murtahin(mortagagee). Article772Thepropertywhichispledgedmustbetransferredtothepossessionofthe creditor,ortothatofapersonagreeduponbythetwopartiesbutitisnotanecessary conditionforthevalidityofthetransactionthatthepropertyshouldremaininthat possession. Article773Nopropertywhichisincapableofbeingalienatedortransferredlegallymay bethesubjectofthepledge. Article774Apledgedthingmustbeadefiniteobject,andthepledgingofadebtora profitisvoid. Article775Apledgemaybegivenforanypropertywhichisowed,eventhougha contractwhichgivesrisetothedebtbesubjecttocancellation.

Article776Itispossibleforonepersontogiveathinginpledgeinrespectoftwoor moredebtswhichheowestotwoormorepersons.Inthatcasethecreditorsmustagree amongthemselvesastowhoshallhavepossessionofthethingsimilarlyitispossible for twopersonstopledgeathingtoonepersoninreturnforaclaimwhichhehasonthem. 73 Article777Inthecourseofacontractofpledge,orinaccordancewithaseparate contract,itispossibleforthedebtortomakethecreditorhisattorneyempoweringhimto ensurethatif,atthetimeappointed,thedebtordoesnotpayhisdebt,thecreditorwill recoverfromtheobjectpledgedorfromitspricetheamountofhisclaimanditisalso possiblethatheshouldarrangethattheattorneyshipmentionedaboveshouldcontinue afterthedeathofthecreditor,vestinginhisheirsandfinallyitispossiblethatthe attorneyshipshouldbegiventoathirdperson. Article778Ifitislaiddownasaconditionthatthecreditorhasnorighttosellthething pledged,it(i.e.thecondition)isvoid. Article779Ifthecreditorhasnoauthorityforthesaleofthethingpledged,andthe debtoralsoisnotreadytosellitortopaythedebt,thecreditorreferstothejudgewho willcompelasaleorobligethedebtortopaythedebtinanotherway. Article780Thecreditorwhoholdsthepledgehaspreferenceovereveryotherclaimant inthesettlementofhisclaimfromthepriceofthepledgedthing. Article781Ifthethingpledgedbesoldatapricegreaterthantheclaimofthecreditor, theexcessbelongstotheownerthereofandif,onthecontrary,theproceedsofthesale areless,thecreditormusthaverecoursetothedebtorforthebalance. Article782InthecircumstancesofthelastpartoftheforegoingArticle,ifthedebtor hasbecomeindigent,thecreditorshareswiththecreditorsofthebankruptcy. Article783Ifthedebtorpaysapartofthedebt,hehasnorighttoclaimtherestitution ofpartofthethingpledged,andthecreditormayretainthewholeofituntilthewholeof thedebtispaid,unlessanotherarrangementhasbeenagreeduponbetweenthedebtor andthecreditor. Article784Itispermissibletochangethethingpledgedforsomethingelse,withthe agreementofthetwoparties. Article785Everythingwhichinacontractofsaleisreckonedasappertainingtothe thingsoldwithoutanyspecialmentionthereof,entersalsointothethingpledged. Article786Theearningofthethingpledgedandtheprofitswhichmayaccruetoit,will

formpartofthethingpledgediftheyarejoinedtoitiftheyarenotjoined,theybelong tothedebtor,unlessanotherarrangementhasbeenagreeduponthetwoparties. Article787Acontractofpledgedisbindingasfarasthedebtorisconcerned,butitis optionalonthecreditortherefore,thecreditormay,wheneverhedesires,cancelthe contract,butthepledgercannottakebackhispledgebeforehehaspaidhisdebtor before hehas,insomelegalmanner,becomedischargedofhisdebt. Article788Apledgedoesnotbecomecancelledbythedeathofthepledgerorofthe creditor,butifthecreditordiesthedebtormayrequestthatthepledgemaybegivento thepossessionofathirdpersonappointedwiththeconsentoftheheirsandofhim. Ifthepartiesconcerneddonotcometoanagreement,theaforesaidpersonwillbe appointedbythejudge. 74 Article789Thepledgeisregardedasan,amanat(articleontrust)wheninthehands of thecreditortherefore,thecreditorwillnotberesponsibleforitsdecayorforits deterioration,unlessheisatfault. Article790 Whenthedebtorhasclearedhimselffromhisdebt,thepledgeisatrustin thehandsofthecreditorbutif,onbeingaskedtoreturnit,herefusestodoso,hewill becomeaguarantorforit,evenifheisnotatfault. Article791Ifthethingpledgedbecomesdestroyedinconsequenceoftheactofthe pledgerhimselforofsomeotherperson,thepersonwhodestroysitmustgivethe equivalentofthepledge,andthesaidequivalentwillthenbecomethepledge. Article792TheattorneyshipmentionedinArticle777willnotapplytotheequivalent pledgementionedintheforegoingArticle. Article793Thepledgercannotenterintopossessionofthepledgeinsuchawayasto becontrarytotherightsofthecreditor,exceptwiththelatterspermission Article794Thedebtormaymakechangesinthepledge,orperformotherproprietory rightsonthepledgewhichareofadvantagetoitandwhichdonotimpingeontherights ofthecreditor,withouttherebeinganyrightforthecreditortopreventsuchactionifthe creditorprevents,thejudgemaygivepermission. SECTION19 OnGifts(Donation) Article795AGiftisacontractinvirtueofwhichapersongivesovertoanothergratis

theproprietoryrightsinathing. Thepersonwhogivesiscalled,wahib(thedonor)theotherpartyiscalled,muttahab (thedonee),andthethingwhichisthesubjectofthegiftiscalledainimohubeh. Article796Thedonormusthavecapacitytocontractandpossesshisthing Article797Thedonormustbetheownerofthethingwhichhegives. Article798Agiftdoesnottakeplaceexceptwiththeacceptanceofthedoneandwith histakingpossessionofit,whetherthedoneehimselftakesoverthegiftorwhetherhis attorneydoesso:andtakingpossessionofthethingwithoutthepermissionofthedonor isofnoeffect. Article799Inagifttoaminor,ortoalunatic,ortoapersonofunsoundmind,the takingpossessionofthelegalguardianislawful Article800Ifthethinggivenisinthehandsofthedoneethereisnoneedforhimto takeitover. Article801Agiftmaybereciprocal.Hence,thedonormaymakeaconditionthatthe doneeshouldgivehimathing,orperformgratisalawfulservice. Article802If,beforepossessionhasbeentaken,thedonororthedoneedies,thegift becomesvoid. 75 Article803Afterpossessionhasbeentaken,also,thedonormaytakebackhisgift, provideditstillexists,exceptinthefollowingcircumstances: 1Whenthedoneeisthefather,themother,orthechildrenofthedonee. 2 Whenthegifthasbeenreciprocatedandthereciprocatedgifthasbeenhanderover. 3 Whenthethinggivenhaspassedoutofthepossessionofthedonee,orhasbecome theobjectoftherightsofanother,whetherbywayofcompulsion,aswherethedonee hasbecomeawardinconsequence,orbywayofchoice,aswhenthethinggivenhas beengivenasapledge. 4Whenachangehasbeenmadeinthethinggiven. Article804Ifthedonorterminatesthegift,theusufructofthethinggivenbelongtothe donoriftheyareattachedtothething,andtothedoneeiftheyareseparate. Article805Norevocationcanbemadeafterthedeathofthedonororthedonee. article806Ifacreditoragreestosurrenderhisclaimuponthedebtor,hehasnorightof revocation. Article807Ifapersongivesathingtoanotherbywayofabenefaction(oralms),he hasnorightofrevocation.

PART3 OntheExerciseoftheRightofPreemption(Shufeh) Article808 Whenrealproperty,capableofbeingdivided,isheldjointlybytwo individuals,andoneofthemtransfershissharetoathirdpersonbywayofsale,the other jointownerhastherighttogivethepurchaserthepricewhichhehaspaidforit,andto takepossessionoftheportionsold. Thisrightisknownastherightofpreemption(shufeh),andthepersonwhoexercises thatrightisknownasa,shafi. Article809 Whenabuildingandtreesaresoldwithouttheland,thereisnorightpre emption. Article810Ifthepropertyoftwopersonsenjoytherightofpassageorawaterwayheld incommon,andoneofthemsellshispropertytogetherwiththerightofpassageonthe roadorwater,theotheronehastherightofpreemption,eventhoughhebenotajoint bolderinundividedsharesinthepropertyitselfbutifoneofthepartiessellsthe propertyapartfromtherightofpassage,theotherhasnorightofpreemption. Article811Iftheshareofoneofthetwopartnersisa,waqf(religiousendowment), neitherthecustodiannorthebeneficiaryofthewaqfhasanyrightofpreemption. Article812Ifthethingsoldconsistsofseveralunits,andsomeofthemaresubjectto preemptionandtherestarenot,itispossibletoexecutearightofpreemptionin respectofthepartpossibletoexecutearightofpreemptioninrespectofthepart which iscapableofpreemption,inproportiontoitsshareoftheprice. Article813Thereisnorightofpreemptioninanillegalsale. 76 Article814Thefactthatthesaleissubjecttoanoptionisnotanobstacletothe exercise oftherightofpreemption. Article815Arightofpreemptionmustnotbeexercisedonlyinrespectofonepartof thethingsoldthepersonentitledtotheabovementionedrightmusteitherrefrainfrom italtogetherorperformitinrespectofthewholeofthethingsold. Article816Theexerciseoftherightofpreemptionrendersvoidanytransaction whichthepurchasermayhaveperformedbeforethatandafterthecontractofsale,in respectofthesubjectoftherightofpreemption.

Article817Inrespectofapartnerwhoexerciseshisrightofpreemption,the purchaserisaguarantorforanyclaimofownership,nottheseller.Butif,atthetimeof theexerciseoftherightofpreemptionthesubjectoftherightisnotyethandedoverto thepossessionofthepurchaser,thepreemptorwillnothaveanyrightofrecourse againstthepurchaser. Article818Thepurchaserisnotaguarantorrespectinganydefectorfaultordecay whichhastakenplacewhilethethinghasbeeninhishandsbeforetheexerciseofthe rightofpreemptionandafterthethinghasbeenclaimed,providedthathehasnot used itexcessivelyorbeenguiltyofnegligence. Article819Profitswhichmayhaveaccruedtothethingsoldbeforetheexerciseofthe rightofpreemptionbelongtothepurchaseriftheyareseparate,andtothepre emptor iftheyareinseparablebutthepurchasermayuprootordestroyanybuildingwhichhe madeoranytreewhichhehasplanted. Article820Ifitisapparentthatatthetimeofthesalethethingsoldwasdefectiveand thepurchaserhasthereforebeengrantedareductionofprice,thepreemptoris entitled todeductacorrespondingamountfromthepriceatthetimewhenheexerciseshis option. Therightsofthepurchaserinrelationtothesellerwithregardtoaclaimofownershipin thethingsoldarethesameasthosewhichapplyinthecourseofacontractofsale. Article821Therightofpreemptionisanimmediateone. Article822Arightofpreemptionmaybewaivedandthefactthatitiswaivedmay beinferredfromanythingwhichpointstowardsthefactthattheabovementionedright isrenounced. Article823Therightofpreemptionistransferredtotheheirorheirsofthepre emptorafterhisdeath. Article824Ifoneormoreoftheheirswaivetheirright,theremainingheirscannot exercisetheirrightonlyinrelationtotheirownportiontheymusteitherwaivetheirright entirely,orenforceitinrelationtothewholeofthethingsold. 77 PART.4 OnWillsandInheritance

CHAPTER1 ONWILLS SECTION1 OnGeneralConsiderations Article825 WillsaredividedintotwocategoriesPossessoryandContractual. Article.826APossessorywilloccurswhenapersonbestowsonanotherperson, without charge,thepropertyinathingorabenefitbelongingtohimtotakeeffectfromthedate ofhisdeath. AContractualWilloccurswhenapersonappointsoneormoreotherpersonstocarry out anaffair,ortoperformotherpossessoryacts. ThepersonmakingthewilliscalledtheTestatorthepersoninwhosefavoura possessorywillismadeistermedtheBeneficiarythethingwhichissubjectmatterof the williscalledtheLegacy(,mussabe)andthepersonwho,invirtueofacontractualwill isappointedeitherasatrusteeforonethirdoftheestatesoratrusteeforaminor,is calledtheexecutor(,vasi). Article827Arightofpropertyresultingfromawilldoesnotbecomedefiniteexcept withtheagreementofthebeneficiaryafterthedeathofthetestator. Article828Ifthebeneficiariesarenotlimitedinnumber,asforinstanceifthewillisin favourofthepoororforaworkofpublicbenevolence,thereisnoneedtoaccept. Article829Theacceptanceofthebeneficiarybeforethedeathofthetestatorisofno effect,andthetestatormayrevokehislegacy,evenifthebeneficiarymayhavetaken possessionofthelegacy. Article830Inrelationtothebeneficiary,therejectionortheacceptanceofthelegacy afterthedeathofthetestatorisvalid.Therefore,ifthebeneficiaryrejectsthelegacy beforethedeathofthetestator,hemayacceptitafterthedeathandifafterhisdeath lie acceptsitandtakespossessionofthelegacy,hemaynotrejectitafterwardsbutifhe has acceptedthelegacybeforethedeath,asecondacceptanceafterthedeathisnot necessary. Article831Ifthebeneficiaryisaminororinsane,theguardianwillhavetoacceptor

rejectthelegacy. Article832Thebeneficiarymayacceptthelegacyinrelationtoaportionofthelegacy inthatcasethewill,inrelationtotheportionwhichhasbeenaccepted,isvalid,in relationtotherestitisvoid. Article833Theheirsofthetestatorcannottakepossessionofthelegacy,aslongas the beneficiaryhasnotcommunicatedtotheheirswhetherherejectsoracceptsit Ifdelayinthisnotificationresultsinalosstheheirs,thejudgewillcompelthe beneficiarytodeclarehisdecision. 78 Article834Inacontractualwillacceptanceisnotanecessaryconditionbutthe executormayrefusethedutyreferredtohimduringthelifetimeofthetestatorandifhe hasnotrefuseditbeforethedeathofthetestator,hewillhavenosubsequentrightof refusal,evenifhewasignorantofthetrust. SECTION2 OntheTestator Article835Thetestatormustbecompetenttopossessthethingwhichisthesubjectof thewill. Article836Ifapersonwoundsorprisonshimselfwiththeintentionofcommitting suicide,orperformsotheractsofthesamenaturewhichcausesdeath,andifafterthat act hemakesawill,thatwillisvoidifhediesbutif,bychance,hedoesnotdie,thewillis valid. Article837Ifaperson,byawill,deprivesoneormoreofhisheirsoftheirinheritance, thatdispositionisnotvalid. Article838Thetestatorcanrevokehiswill. Article839Ifthetestatormakesasecondwillincontradictionofthefirsttheseconed willisvalid. SECTION3 OntheLegacy Article840AWillprovidingfortheemploymentofathinginawaycontrarytolawis void. Article841Thelegacymustbethepropertyofthetestatorandawillwhichdisposesof thepropertyofanother,eventhoughitiswiththepermissionoftheowner,isvoid.

Article842Itispossibletodisposeinawillofpropertywhichisnotinexistence. Article843Thetestamentarydispositionofmorethanonethirdoftheestateisnot valid,exceptwiththepermissionoftheheirsandifsomeoftheheirsagree,the dispositionappliesonlytotheshareofthoseheirs. Article844Ifthelegacyisadefinitething,thatthingistobevalued,ifitspriceismore thanonethirdoftheestate,theexcessbelongstotheheirs,unlesstheyallow otherwise. Article845Themeasurementofthethirdoftheestateisfixedinrelationtothe testatorspropertyathisdeath,notatthetimeofhismakingthewill. Article846Ifthelegacyconsistsoftheproperty,eitherforaspecifiedtimeor permanently,theportionofonethirdshallbeseparatedasfollows: Intheformercase,thewholeproperty,withitsprofits,willbevalued.Then,thesaid propertywillbevaluedhavingregardtothelossofprofitsduringtheperiodofthe legacyandthedifferencebetweenthetwopriceswillbereckonedtowardsthethird part. 79 Inthelattercase,i.e.ifthelegacybethepermanentprofitsoftheproperty,andforthis reasonthepropertyitselfhasnovalue,thepriceoftheproperty,havingregardtothe profits,willbereckonedtowardsthethirdpart. Article847Ifthelegacyconsistsofthingsofastandardizednature,notofparticular units,thedeterminationoftheunitsthereofisthedutyoftheheirs,unlessother arrangementshavebeenlaiddowninthewill. Article848Ifthelegacybeundividedshareoftheestate,suchasaquarterorathird thereof,thebeneficiarywillbecomeapartnerinundividedshareswiththeheirsinthat sameproportionoftheestate Article849Ifthetestatorleavesasalegacy,inaspecifiedmanner,morethanone thirdofhisestate,andtheheirsdonotconsenttomorethanonethird,theportionbe separatedfromtheestateinthesamemanneraslaiddowninthewill,uptotheamount of onethird,andtheexcesswillbevoidandifthelegacyrelatestoseveralobjects without specifyinghowmuchgoestoeach,adeductionwillbemadefromallthoseobjects. SECTION4 OntheBeneficiaryUnderawill

Article850Thebeneficiarymustbealive,andmustbeabletobetheproprietorofthe thingwhichislefttohiminthewill. Article851Alegacyinfavourofanunbornchildisvalid,butproprietoryrightsonly passifthechildisbornalive Article852Ifabortiontakesplaceastheresultofacrime,thelegacygoestohisheirs, unlessthecrimepreventstheirinheriting. Article853Ifthebeneficiariesaremorethanoneinnumber,butarelimitedinnumber, thelegacyisdividedequallyamongthem,unlessthetestatorarrangeddifferentlyinthe will. SECTION5 OntheVasi(Executor) Article854Thetestatorcanappointoneormorepersonsasexecutor.Iftheyaremore thanone,thepersonsappointedmustcarryoutthedutytogether,unlesseachoneof them hasbeendeclaredindependent. Article855Thetestatormayappointseveralpersonsinsuccessiontobeexecutor,in thisway,thatifthefirstdies,thesecondbecomestheexecutor,andiftheseconddies, the third,etc. Article856Itispossibletoappointaminorasanexecutor,togetherwithapersonof fullage.Inthatcase,thepersonoffullagewillexecutethedutyuntiltheminorarrivesat fullage. 80 Article857Thetestatormayappointonepersontosupervisetheoperationsofthe executor. Thelimitsoftheauthorityofthesupervisorwillbeasstipulatedbythetestator,orelse willbedeterminedbyanalogy.Article858Theexecutorisinthepositionofatrustee forthepropertywhichisinhispossessioninaccordancewiththewill,butheisnota guarantor,exceptincasethereisexcessiveuseornegligence. Article859Theexecutormustactinaccordancewiththetestator,orelsehewillbea guarantorandwillbedismissed. Article860Nooneexceptthefatherorthefathersfathermayanexecutor.foraminor. CHAPTER2 ONINHERITANCE

SECTION1 OnthecausesorInheritanceandtheVariousDegreesofHeirship Article861Twothingsgiverisetoinheritance:relationshipandconnexionbymarriage. Article862Personswhotakeinheritancebyrelationshipareofthreecategories: 1Father,motherandchildren. 2Grandparents,brother,sisterandtheirchildren. 3Paternalunclesandpaternalaunts,maternalunclesandmaternalauntsandtheir children. Article863Heirsofthelowercategoriestakeaninheritancewhennopersonofa higher categoryexists. Article864Aninstanceofthosewhoinheritbymarriageisoneofthespouseswho survivestheotherone. Article865Ifseveralcausesofinheritanceareunitedinthesameperson,hetakes inheritancefromallthecauses,unlesssomeofthosecausesexcludeother,inwhich case hetakesinheritanceonlyfromthosecauseswhichexcludeothers. Article866Ifthereisnoheir,thejudgewillmakedispositionsconcerningtheestate. SECTION2 OntheTrueCommencementoftheInheritance Article867Theinheritancebecomesdefiniteontherealorthesupposeddeathof testator. Article868Therightsofpossessionoftheheirs,inrelationtotheestateofthe deceased,donotbecomeestablishedexceptafterthepaymentoftheduesandthe debts attachingtotheestateofthedeceased. 81 Article869Theduesanddebtswhichattachtotheestateofthedeceasedandmustbe paidbeforeitisdividedupareasfollows 1Thepriceofthewindingsheetofthecorpse,andthedueswhichattachtothe propertyoftheestate,suchasathingwhichissubjecttoapledge. 2Thedebtsandtheproprietorychargeswhichwereincumbentonthedeceased. 3Thelegaciesofthedeceased,ifwithoutthepermissionoftheheirsuptoonethirdof theestateifwiththeirpermission,morethanonethird.

Article870TheduesmentionedintheforegoingArticlemustbepaidintheorderlaid downinthatArticleandtheremainder,ifany,mustbedividedupamongtheheirs. Article871Iftheheirsperformtransactionsrelatingtotheactualchattelsconstituting theestate,thosetransactionsareofnoeffectaslongasthedebtsofthedeceasedare not paidandthecreditorscancancelthem. Article872Thegoodsofacontinuallyabsentpersonwillnotbedistributedexceptafter proofofhisdeath,oraftertheexpirationoftheperiodwhichsuchapersonmight normallybeexpectedtolive. Article873Ifthedateofthedeathofpersonswhotakeinheritancefromoneanotheris notknown,andthepriorityofoneovertheotherisnotascertained,thosepersonswill not takeinheritancefromoneanother,exceptwherethedeathtakesplaceastheresultof drowningoranaccident,inwhichcasetheywilltakeinheritancefromoneanother. Article874Ifpersonswhoareentitledtoinheritonefromanotherdie,andthedateof thedeathofoneofthemisknown,anditisnotknownwhetherthedeathoftheother was beforeorafterthatdate,onlythepersonwhosedateofdeathisunknownwilltakean inheritanceformtheother,andnotviceversa. SECTION3 OntheConditionsandtheImpedimentsofInheritance Article875Itisaconditionofinheritancethattheheirshouldbealiveat.themoment ofthedeathofthepersonfromwhomtheinheritanceissuesandifitisaquestionofan unbornchild,ittakesaninheritanceonlyifitwasconceivedatthemomentofdeath,and ifitwasbornalive,evenifitdiesimmediatelyafterbirth. Article876Iftherebeadoubtwhethertheinfantwasaliveatthemomentofbirth,no inheritancepasses. Article877Iftherebeadisputeastothemomentofconception,theprovisionsofthe lawrelatingtotheindicationsfurnishingapresumptionofpaternitywillbeapplied. Article878 Whenatthetimeofdeath,thereisaninfantconceivedwhich,ifbornand capableofinheriting,willpreventthesuccessionofallorapartoftheotherheirs,the inheritancewillnotbedivideduptillsuchtimeasthestateoftheinfantbedetermined andiftheinfantconceivedwillnotstandinthewayoftheinheritanceofanyoftheother

heirs,andthelatter,desirestheestatetobedividedup,aportionmustbesetasidefor the conceivedinfantequaltotheportionoftwosonsofthatdegreeofrelationshipandthe 82 portionofeachoftheheirsisconditionaluntilthestateoftheinfantconcerivedis determined. Article879Iftherebealostoruntraceablepersonamongtheheirs,hisportionwillbe setasideuntilhisstateisdetermined,ifitbeestablishedthathediedbeforethesource of theinheritance,hisportionreturnstotheotherheirsotherwise,itgoestohimortohis heirs. Article880Murderisanobstacletosuccessionhence,apersonWhointentionallykills thedeceasedispreventedfromtakinganyinheritancefromhim,whetherhewerethe perpetrator,orwhetherheweretheinstigator,orwhetherhewereactingsinglyorasthe accompliceofothers. Article881Iftheintentionalkillingofthedeceasedwasbyprocessoflaw,orjustified defense,theprovisionsoftheperviousArticledonotapply. Article881bisAnunbeliever(Kafir)doesnottakeinheritancefromaMuslimsandif thereareunbelieversamongtheheirsofadeceasedunbeliever,theunbelievingheirs do nottakeinheritanceeveniftheyarepriortotheMuslimasconcernsclassanddegree. Article882Afterasolemnmalediction(lian)husbandandwifewilltakeinheritance fromoneanothersimilarlyachildwho,owingtoadenialofpaternity,hasbeenthe causeofasolemnmalediction,doesnottakeinheritancefromthefathernorthefather fromhimbutthesaidchildtakesinheritancefromthemotherandhismaternalrelations, andviceversa. Article883Ifafather,afterpronouncingasolemnmalediction,withdrawsit,theson takesinheritancefromhimbuthetakesnoinheritancefromthepaternalrelations,nor doesthefathernortheinheritancefromthepaternalrelations,nordoesthefathernor the paternalrelationstakeinheritancefromtheson. Article884Anillegitimatechilddoesnottakeinheritancefromthefather,themother, ortheirrelationsbutiftheillegitimacyoftherelationshipofwhichthechildistheresult isestablishedinrelationtooneoftheparties,whileitisnotestablishedfortheother

partybyreasonofviolenceorerror,thechildtakesinheritanceonlyfromthelatterside, andviceversa. Article885Thechildrenandtherelationsofthepersonswhoaredeprivedof inheritanceinaccordancewithArticle880arenotdeprivedofinheritancehence,the offspringofapersonwhohaskilledhisownfathertakesinheritancefromhismurdered grandfather,ifnearerrelativesdonotcomebetween. SECTION4 OnExclusionFromInheritance(Hujb) Article886ExclusionfromInheritance(hujb)isthenamegiventothestateofanheir whoiscompletelyorpartiallyexcludedfromtakinganinheritanceowingtotheexistence ofanotherheir. Article887Exclusionfrominheritanceisdividedintotwoclasses: 83 First,whentheheirisdeprivedoftheinheritancetotally,e.g.abrotherssonisdeprived oftheinheritanceowingtotheexistenceofdeprivedofaninheritanceowingtothe existenceofbrothersofthefullblood Second,whentheportionofanheirislessenedfromthehighestgradetothelowest gradeasforinstancewhentheshareofahusbandislessenedfromahalftoaquarter whenevertherearechildrenfromthewifeandsimilarlywhentheshareofthewomanis reducedfromaquartertoaneightwhenevertherearechildrenfromherhusband. Article888Thedeterminingfactorintotalexclusionfrominheritanceisthenearnessof relationshiptothedeceasedhence,eachdegreeofheirsdeprivethenextdegreeof taking anyinheritanceexceptinthecasementionedinArticle936andinthecaseswherethe moreremoteheirisabletotakeinheritancebywayofrepresentationofanother,in which casebothtakeaninheritance. Article889Asbetweentheheirsofthefirstdegree,ifthere,benochildrenofthe deceased,thechildrenschildren,towhateverextenttheygodown,arethe representativesoftheirfatherortheirmother,andtakeaninheritancewiththeremaining parentbut,asbetweenthechildren,thenearesttothedeceaseddeprivesthefurther ones frominheritance.

Article890Asbetweentheheirsoftheseconddegree,iftherearenobrothersor sisters ofthedeceased,thechildrenofhisbrothersorsisters,howeverfardowntheygo,are the representativesoftheirfatherormother,andtakeaninheritancewithwhicheverofthe ancestorsofthedeceasedhassurvivedbut,asbetweentheancestorsorthebrothers or sisterschildren,thenearertothedeceaseddeprivestheremoterfromaninheritance. TheprovisionsofthisArticlewillalsobeappliedinthecaseoftheheirsofthethird degree. Article891Thefollowingheirsarenotsubjecttoexclusionfromaninheritance: Father,mother,son,daughter,husbandandwife. Article892Partialexclusionfrominheritanceofashareoccursinthefollowingcases 1 Wheneverthedeceasedhaschildrenorgrandchildren,inthatcasetheparentsofthe deceasedmaynottakemorethanonethirdoftheestate,exceptinaccordancewith Articles908and909,inwhichcaseitispossibleforeitheroftheparentstotake,byway ofrelationshiporremainder,morethanonesixthandsimilarlythehusbandisrestrained fromtakingmorethanonequarter,andthewifefromtakingmorethanoneeighth. 2 Wheneverthedeceasedhasbrothersorsisters.Inthatcasethemotherofthe deceased isrestrainedfromtakingmorethanonesixth,providedthat: aTherebeatleasttwobrothers,oronebrotherwithtwosisters,orfoursisters bTheirfatherbestillalive. cSheundernoincapacityforinheriting,exceptforreasonsofmurderand dThebrothersandsistersofthedeceasedbeofthefullbloodoronthefathersside. 84 SECTION5 OnSharesofInheritanceThoseEntitledtotheSame Article893Theheirstaketheirinheritancesometimesbysharesandsometimesby relationshipandsometimesbybothsharesandbyrelationship. Article894Personswhotake,sharearethosewhoseportionsoftheestatearefixed and personswhotakebyrelationshiparethosewhoseportionsarenotfixed. Article895Thefixedportionswhicharetermed,sharesaredefinedasahalf,aquarter,

aneighth,twothirds,andonesixthoftheestate. Article896Thepersonswhotakeinheritancebyshareconsistofthemother,the husband,andthewife. Article897Thepersonswhotakepartlybyshareandpartlybyrelationshipconsistof thefather,thedaughterorthedaughters,andthesistersonthefatherssideorofthefull blood,andcousins(kalaleh)onthemothersside. Article898Allotherheirs,otherthanthosementionedinthetwoprecedingArticles, taketheirinheritanceonlyby,relationship. Article899Threecategoriesofheirsareentitledtoashareofonehalfoftheestate 1Thehusband,onconditionthattherebenochildrenfromthedeceasedwifewhether fromthathusbandorfromanotherhusband. 2Adaughter,ifshebesoleoffspring. 3Asisteroffullbloodorhalfbloodonthefathersside,providedthatshebetheonly one. Article900Twocategoriesofheirsareentitledtotakeonequarteroftheestateas theirshare. 1Thehusband,ifthewomandieshavingchildren. 2Thewifeorwives,pridedthatthehusbandhasdiedwithoutoffspring. Article901A,shareofoneeightbelongstothewifeorwives,providedthehusband hasdiedhavingchildren. Article902Atwothirdsshareoftheestatebelongstotwocategoriesofheirs: 1Twodaughtersormore,providedtherearenomaleoffspring. 2Twoormoresistersofthefullorthehalfbloodonthefathersside,ifthereareno brothers. Article903Twocategoriesofheirstakeaonethirdshare: Thefather,themother,andthemothersrelation(kalaeh)ifonlyone. Article904Threecategoriesofheirstakeaonesixthshare: Thefather,themother,andthemothersrelation(kalaleh)ifonlyone. 85 Article905Eachofthepersonsentitledtoasharetakeshisportionfromtheestateof thedeceasedandthentherestremainsforthoseentitledbyrelationship:andifthe personentitledtotakebyrelationshipbenotequalinthatcategorytotherankofthe personwhotakesbyashare,therestisreturnedtothepersonentitledbyshare,except in

thecaseofahusbandorawife,towhomitwillnotbereturnednevertheless,iftherebe noheirtothedeceasedexceptthehusband,thebalanceoftheestateremainingafter abstractionoftheshareisreturnedtohim. SECTION6 OnthePortionsofInheritanceoftheVariousDegreesofHeirs SUBSECTION1 OnthePortionsofInheritanceoftheFirstDegree Article906Ifthedeceasedhasleftnolivingchildren,andnolivingchildrenschildren ofwhateverdegree,eitheroftheparents,ifalone,takesthewholeestateandifthe father andmotherofthedeceasedarebothalive,themothertakesonethirdandthefather two thirds.Butifthemothercomesaftersomeoneelse,onesixthoftheestatebelongsto the motherandtheresttothefather. Article907Ifthedeceasedleavesnoparents,buthasoneormorechildren,theestate willbedividedasfollows: Iftheoffspringconsistsofonlyone,whethersonordaughter,thewholeoftheestate belongstothatchild. Ifthereareseveralchildren,butallaresonsoralldaughters,theestatewillbedivided equallyamongthem. Ifthereareseveralchildren,somebeingsonsandsomedaughterseachsontakestwice as muchaseachdaughter. Article908Ifthefatherorthemotherofthedeceased,orbothparents,arealive, togetherwithonedaughter,theshareofeachoneofthefatherandthemotherwillbe onesixthoftheestate.andtheshareofthedaughterwillbeonehalfthereof.The remaindermustbedividedamongalltherestoftheheirsinproportiontotheshareof eachunlessthemothercomesaftersomeoneelse,inwhichcasethemothertakesno portionoftheremainder. Article909Ifthefatherorthemother,orboththeparentsofthedeceasedarealive, togetherwithseveraldaughters,theshareofthewholeofthedaughterswillbetwo thirds oftheestate,whichistobedividedequallyamongthemandthe,shareofeachoneof

thefatherandthemotherwillbeonesixth.Andiftherebearemainderitwillbe dividedamongalltheheirsinproportiontotheirsharesunlessthemothercomesafter someoneelse,inwhichcasethemotherwillnottakeanyportionoftheremainder. Article910Ifthedeceasedhassonsordaughters,evenifonlyoneperson,his grandchildrendonotinherit. 86 Article911Ifthedeceasedleavesnosonsordaughters,hisgrandchildrenarethe legal representativesofhissonsordaughters,andinthiswayarereckonedasbelonginto the firstdegreeofdescendants,andtakeinheritancewitheachoneoftheparentswhoare alive. Thedivisionoftheinheritanceamongthegrandchildrenwilltakeplaceinaccordance withtheirsex,thatistosay,eachindividualwilltaketheportionthepersonthrough whomheclaimsdescentfromthedeceasedhence,thechildrenofasontaketwiceas muchasthechildrenofadaughter. Inthedivisionamongindividualsofeachsex,aboytakestwiceasmuchasagirl. Article912Childrenschildren,towhatevergenerationtheyextend,takeinheritancein thewayrecordedinthepreviousArticlesubjecttothis,andthosenearertothe deceased excludethosemoreremotefromhim. Article913Inalltheconditionsmentionedinthissubsection,whicheverofthemarried pairisthesurvivortakeshisorher,shareandthissharemeansonehalfoftheestatefor thesurvivinghusbandandonequarterforthesurvivingwife,providedthatthedeceased leftnochildrenorgrandchildrenanditmeansonequarteroftheestateforthe husband andoneeighthforthewifeifthedeceasedleftchildrenorchildrenschildren.Andthe remainderoftheestateistobedividedamongtheotherheirsinaccordancewiththe precedingArticles. Article914If,owingtotheexistenceofseveralpersonsentitledtoshares,theestateof thedeceasedbenotsufficienttosatisfyofthem,thedeficiencyfallsonthedaughteror thetwodaughtersandif,afterdeductionoftheportionofthoseentitledtosharesthere stillremainssomething,andtherebenoheirsentitledtotaketheremainderbywayof relationship,thisremainderwillbedividedamongthepersonsentitledtosharesin

accordancewiththeprovisionsoftheprecedingArticlesbutthehusbandandthewifein allcase,andthemotherifshecomesaftersomeoneelse,takenopartoftheremainder. Article915Theringwhichthedeceasedusedtowear,andalsotheQoranandthe personalclothesandtheswordofthedeceasedgototheeldestson,withoutbeing reckonedaspartofhisportion,unlesstheestateofthedeceasedconsistsofnothing else. SUBSECTION2 OnthePortionsofInheritanceoftheSecondDegree Article916Iftheestategoestotheheirsoftheseconddegree. Article917Eachoneoftheheirsoftheseconddegree,iftheonlyone,takesthewhole oftheestateandiftherearemorethanone,theestatewillbedividedamongthemin accordancewiththefollowingArticles. Article918Ifthedeceasedleavesfullbrothersorsisters,halfbrothersorsistersdo not inherit. Iftherearenofullbrothersorsisters,halfbrothersandhalfsistersonthefathersside taketheirportionoftheinheritance. 87 Article919Iftheheirsofthedeceasedconsistofseveralfullbrothers,orofseveralhalf brothersonthefathersside,orseveralfullsisters,orofseveralhalfsistersonthe fathersside,theestatewillbedividedamongthemequally. Article920Iftheheirsofthedeceasedconsistofseveralfullbrothersandsisters,orof severalhalfbrothersandhalfsistersonthefathersside,theshareofamalewillbe twicethatofafemale. Article921Iftheheirsconsistofseveralbrothersonthemothersside,orofseveral sistersonthemothersside,theestatewillbedividedamongthemequally. Article922Iftherearefullbrothersandalsobrothersandsistersfromthemothers side,thedivisionwillbeperformedinthefollowingmanner: Ifthebrotherorthesisteronthemotherssidebeonepersononly,heorshetakesone sixthoftheestate,andtherestbelongstothebrothersandsistersofthefullorhalf blood onthefathersside,whowilldivideuptherestinthemannerlaiddownabove. Ifthereareseveralbrothersandsistersonthemothersside(kalaleh),onethirdofthe estatebelongstothemandisdividedamongthemequally,andtherestbelongstothe

brothersandsistersofthefullorthehalfbloodonthefatherssideandisdividedamong theminaccordancewiththedispositionlaiddownabove. Article923Iftheheirsconsistofgrandfathersorgrandmothers,theestatewillbe dividedamongtheminthefollowingmanner: Iftherebeasolegrandfatherorgrandmother,whetherpaternalormaternalheorshe takesthewholeoftheestate. Iftherebemorethanonegrandfatherandgrandmother,andifbothbepaternal,males taketwiceasmuchasfemalesandiftheybebothonthematernalside,theestateis dividedamongthemequally. Iftherebebothgrandfatherorgrandmotheronthefatherssideandgrandfatheror grandmotheronthemothersside,onethirdoftheestategoestothegrandfatheror grandmotheronthemotherssideandiftherebemorethanoneancestoronthe mothers sidethatthirdpartwillbedividedequallyamongthemallandtheremainingtwothirds willgotothegrandfatherorgrandmotheronthemotherssideandiftherebemorethan onesuchancestor,theportionofamaleinthattwothirdspartwillbetwicetheportion ofafemale. Article924Ifthedeceasedleavesancestorsandbrothersandsisters(kalaleh),two thirdsoftheestategoestotheheirswhichhaverelationshiponthesideofthefather and individingupthisportionthemalestaketwicetheportionofthefemalesandonethird goestotheheirswhichhaverelationshiponthemothersside,andisdividedamong themequallynevertheless,iftherelationsonthemoherssideconsistofonlyone brotheroronesisteronthemothersside,heorshewillonlybeentitledtoonesixthof theestate. Article925InallthecasesdealtwithintheforegoingArticles,ifthedeceasedleave neitherbrothersnorsisters,thenephewsandniecesaretheirlegalrepresentatives,and takeinheritancewiththeancestorsinthatcase,thedivisionoftheinheritanceinregard tothenephewsandnieceswilltakeplacebywayoftheirgeneration,thatistosay,each 88 generationtakestheportionofthatpersonthroughwhomheorsheclaimsrelationship withthedeceasedHencethechildrenoffullorhalfbrothersandsisterswilltakeportion ofthefullorhalfbrothersandsistersonthefatherssideonly,andthechildrenof

brothersandsistersonthemotherssidetaketheinheritanceofthebrothersandsisters on mothersside. Individingtheinheritanceamongtheindividualsofonegeneration,ifthechildrenofthe fullorthehalfbloodonthefatherssidebealone,themaletaketwicetheportionofthe femalesandiftheydescendfrombrothersandsistersonthemothersside,theportion willbesharedequally. Article926Iftherebeinexistencebothbrothersandsistersofthefullblood,andthose ofthehalfbloodonthefathersside,andthoseofthehalfbloodonthemothersside, the brothersandsistersofthehalfbloodonthefatherssidewillbeexcludedfromthe inheritance Article927Inallthecasesmentionedinthissubsectionwhicheveroneofthemarried pairremainstakeshisorher,sharefromtheoriginalestateforthehusband,anda quarter thereofforthewife. Thesharesoftherelationsofthemother,whetherancestorsordescendants(kalaleh), are takenfromtheoriginalestate. If,owingtotheinclusionofthehusbandorthewife,therebeadeficiencyintheavailable inheritance,thisdeficiencywillbebornebythebrothersandsistersofthefullbloodorof thehalfbloodonthefatherssideorbythepaternalancestors. SUBSECTION3 OnthePortionsofInheritanceoftheHeirsoftheThirdDegree Article928Iftherebenoheirotheseconddegreeleftbythedeceased,hisestate goes totheheirsofthethirddegree. Article929Eachoneoftheheirsofthethirddegree,ifheisthesolepersonofthat description,takesthewholeoftheinheritanceandiftherebemorethanonesuch person, theestatewillbedividedamongtheminaccordancewiththefollowingArticles. Article930Ifthedeceasedleavesunclesorauntsrelatedthroughbothfatherand mother,theunclesandauntsrelatedthroughonlyoneparentdonotinherit.

Iftherebenounclesorauntsrelatedthroughbothfatherandmother,theunclesand aunts relatedthroughthefathertaketheirportion. Article931Iftheheirsofthedeceasedconsistofseveralpaternalunclesorofseveral paternalaunts,theestatewillbedividedamongthemequally,providedthattheyareall relatedthroughfatherandmother,orallthroughthefather,orallthroughthemother. Iftherebepaternalunclesandpaternalaunts,allofthembeingfromonemother,they willdividetheestateequallybutifallofthemarefromthesamefatherandmother,or fromthesamefatheronly,theportionofthemaleswillbetwicethatofthefemales. 89 Article932Iftherebepaternalunclesofthesamemother,andalsopaternalunclesof thesamemotherandfatherandofthesamefatheronly,thepaternaluncleorauntof the samemother,ifalone,takesonesixthoftheinheritanceiftheybeseveral,theytake onethirdoftheestateanddividethisthirdequallyamongthemselvesandtherestof the estategoestotheunclesofthesamefatherandmother,orofthesamefather,andin the sharingmalestaketwicetheportionofthefemales. Article933Iftheheirsofthedeceasedconsistofseveralmaternalunclesorofseveral maternalaunts,orofseveralmaternalunclesandmaternalauntstogether,theestateis dividedamongthemequally,whetherallareofthesamefatherandmother,orallofthe samefather,orallofthesamemother. Article934Iftheheirsofthedeceasedconsistofamaternaluncleandauntfromthe samefather,orfromthesamefatherandmother,togetherwithamaternaluncleand aunt fromthesamemother,iftherelationofthesamebeoneonlyheorshetakesonesixth oftheestateiftherebemorethanone,theytakeonthirdofitanddivideitequally amongthemselves,andtheremainderbelongstothematernalunclesandauntsofthe samefatherandmother,orofthesamefather,whoalsodivideitamongthemselvesin equalshares. Article935Ifthedeceasedleavesoneormorepaternalunclesorauntstogetherwith oneormorematernalunclesoraunts,onethirdoftheestategoestothematernal uncles

andaunts,andtwothirdstothepaternalunclesandaunts. Thedivisionofthethirdamongthematernalunclesandauntswillbeinequalportions, butif,amongthematernalunclesandauntstherebeonerelatedonlythroughthe mother, onesixthoftheportionofthematernalunclesandauntsgoestothatpersonandif there beseveralrelatedonlythroughthemother,onethirdofthatportionwillbegivento them,andinthatcasetherewillbeanequaldivisionamongthem. Inthedivisionofthetwothirdspartamongthepaternalunclesandaunts,theportions ofthemaleswillbetwicethatofthefemalesbutiftherebeonepersonofthepaternal unclesandauntswhoisrelatedthroughthemotheronly,onesixthoftheportionofthe paternalunclesandauntsgoestohimandiftherebemorethanonesuchperson related throughthemotheronly,onethirdofthatportionwillgotothem,inthatcasetheywill dividethatthirdportionequally. Inthedivisionofthefivesixthorthetwothirdswhichremainsafterdeductingthe portionofthepaternalunclesandaunts,itwillbedividedamongthepaternalunclesand auntsrelatedbyfatherandmotherorthoserelatedbythefatheronly,insuchawaythat theportionofeachmaleistwicethatofeachfemale. Article936Iftherebelivingpaternalunclesorauntsormaternalunclesoraunts,their childrendonotinherit,exceptwhentheheirsareconfinedtoonenephewfroma paternal unclerelatedbyfatherandmother,togetherwithonepaternalunclerelatedonlyonthe sideofthefatherinthatcaseonly,thenephewdeprivestheuncleofaninheritancebut, if,inadditiontothenephewfromapaternalunclerelatedbyfatherandmother,therebe amaternaluncleoraunt,orseveralpaternalunclesorauntsevenifrelatedthroughthe fatheralone,thenephewwilltakenoinheritance 90 Article937Ifthedeceasedhasleftneitherpaternalunclesorauntsnormaternal uncles oraunts,theirchildrentakeinheritanceintheirstead,andtheportionofeachstockwill betheportionofthatpersonthroughwhomthestockclaimsdescentfromthedeceased Article938Inallthecasementionedinthissubsection,thesurvivingspousetakehisor

hersharefromtheoriginalestate,andthissharemeansonehalfoftheoriginalestate for thedeceasedshusbandandonequarterforthedeceasedswife. Apersonrelatedthroughthemothertakeshisportionfromtheoriginalestate,andthe remainderbelongstothepersonsrelatedthroughthefatherandiftherebeadeficiency, itwillbebornebythepersonsrelatedthroughthefather. Article939Inallthecasesmentionedinthissubsectionandtwoprevioussubsections, iftheheirisahermaphroditeandbeoneofagroupofheirswhicharesuchthatthe males taketwicetheportionofthefemales,hisportionwillbedeterminedasfollows. Iftheindicationsofmasculinityarethegreater,hetakestheportionofboyofhisdegree andiftheindicationsoffemininityarethegreater,thehermaphroditetakestheportionof onegirlofthatdegreeandifneitherthemasculinenorthefeminineindicationbe preponderant,thehermaphroditewilltakeonehalfofthesumoftheportionsofone boy andonegirlofhisdegree. SUBSECTION4 OntheInheritanceofHusbandandWife Article940Amarriedpair,marriedpermanently,andnotrestrainedfrominheriting, takeinheritanceonefromtheother. Article941Theportionsofinheritanceofahusbandandawifefollowtheprovisionsof Articles913,927and938. Article942Iftherebemorethanonewife,thefourthoreighthpart,whichbelongsto thewife,willbedividedequallyamongthem. Article943Ifthehusbandhasdivorcedhiswifeinsuchawaythatthedivorceis revocable,eitheroneofthemwhodiesbeforetheexpiryoftheuddahperiodwill inheritfromtheotherbutifthedeathofoneofthemtakesplaceaftertheexpiryofthe uddahperiod,orifthedivorcewasirrevocable,theywillnotinheritfromoneanother. Article944Ifthehusbanddivorceshiswifewhenheisill,anddiesofthatsame disease withinayearfromthedivorce,thewifetakesinheritancefromhim,evenifthedivorce wereirrevocableprovidedthatthewifehasnottakenanotherhusband. Article945Ifamanmarriesawomanwhenheisill,anddiesofthatdiseasebefore

consummationofthemarriage,thewifedoesnottakeinheritancefromhimbutifhe dies afterconsummation,orafterrecoveryfromthatdisease,thewifetakesinheritancefrom him. Article946Thehusbandtakesinheritancefromthewholeoftheeffectsofthewifebut thewifetakesonlyfromthefollowingeffects aFromthemovableproperty,ofwhateverkind. 91 bFrombuildingandtrees. Article947Thewifetakesinheritancefromthepriceofthebuildingsandtrees,andnot fromthosethingsthemselvesandthemethodofvaluationisthis,thatthebuildingsand treesarevaluedonthesuppositionoftheirbeingworthytoremainintheground,but withouttakingintoconsiderationthelabour. Article948If,inthecircumstancesofthepreviousArticle,theheirsrefusetopaythe priceofthebuildingandthetrees,thewomanmayrealiseherrightonthosethingfrom thethingthemselves.Article949Iftherebenootherheirapartfromthehusbandor wife,thehusbandtakesthewholeoftheestateofhislatewifebutthewifetakesonly herportion,andtherestoftheestateofthehusbandisconsideredastheestateofa man withoutanyheir,andwillbedealtwithinaccordancewithArticle866. BOOK3 OnVariousProvisions Article950Replaceablethings(misli)mentionedinthisActmeanthingswhichare suchthatsimilarthingsarewellknownandexistingreatquantities,suchasseedsand priceablethings(qaimi)arethecounterpartofmislithings. Nevertheless,thedeterminationofthistheorydependsuponcustom. Article951Encroachment(taaddi)consistsofconductsurpassingthelimitsof permissionorordinaryusage,inrelationtoathingorarightbelongingtoanother. Article952Negligence(tafrit)consistsofomissionofanactwhich,invirtueofan agreementofbyordinaryusage,isnecessaryfortheprotectionofanothersproperty. Article953Faultincludesexcessiveuseandnegligence.Article954Alloptional contracts(jaiz)arecancelledbythedeathofoneofthepartiessimilarlytheyare cancelledbyimbecility,inmatterswhereadolescenceisanecessarycondition. Article955TheprovisionsofthisActarevalidlyapplicabletoallcircumstanceswhich

tookplacebeforethisAct. BOOK1 GeneralTerms Article956Thecapacitytopossessrightsbeginswiththebirthofahumanbeingand endswithhisdeath. Article957Achildinthewombwillenjoycivilrightsprovidedthatitcomesintothe worldalive. Article958Everyhumanbeingisentitledtocivilrightsbutnobodycanutiliseand employtheserightsunlesshepossesseslegalcapacityforsodoing. Article959Nobodycanalienatehimselfentirelyfromtheenjoymentoruseofthe wholeorpartofhiscivilrights. 92 Article960Nobodycandispossesshimselfofhislibertyorforgotheenjoymentofhis libertysolongasitiswithinthelimitsofdecencyandhisactionisnotcontrarytothe law. Article961Foreignnationalsarealsoentitledtotheenjoymentofcivilrightswiththe followingexceptions: 1Inrespectofrightswhicharerecognizedbylawasbeingexplicitlyandexclusively forIraniansubjectsorexplicitlydeniedtoforeignnationals. 2Inrespectofrightsconcerningpersonalstatuswhicharenotacceptedbythelawof theGovernmentoftheforeignnational. 3InrespectofspecialrightscreatedsolelyfromthepointofviewoftheIranianpeople. Article962Determinationofthecapacityofanypersontocontractistobein accordancewiththelawofhisowncountrynevertheless,inthecaseofaforeign nationalwhocarriedoutacivilcontractinIranforwhich,accordingtothelawofhis owncountry,hedidnotpossesscapacityorpossessedonlyapartialcapacity,andif, apartfromhisforeignnationality,hecanberecognizedaccordingtoIranianlawas possessingthecapacitytomakethatcontract,bewillinfactberecognizedashaving capacityinrespectofthatcontract. Theforegoingrecognitionwillnotincludecivilcontractsconcerningfamilyrights,rights ofinheritanceorthetransferofrealestatesituatedoutsideIran. Article963Ifhusbandandwifearenotnationalsofthesamecountry,theirpersonal andfinancialrelationswithoneanotherwillbesubjecttothelawsofthecountryofthe husband.

Article964Relationsbetweenparentsandtheirchildrenaresubjecttothelawofthe countryofthefatherunlesstheonlycertainparentageofthechildisthatofitsmother,in whichcasetherelationsbetweenthetwofollowthelawsofthecountryofthemother. Article965Legalguardianshipandtheappointmentofaguardianforminorchildren willbeinaccordancewiththelawsofthecountryoftheward. Article966Possession,ownershipandotherrightsexercisedovermoveableor immovablepropertyfollowthelawsofthecountrywherethethingsexistoraresituated nevertheless,thetransferofmoveablepropertyfromonecountrytoanothercannot affect orlimittherightswhichpersonsmayhaveacquiredoverthosethingsinaccordancewith thelawsofthecountryinwhichthethingswerefirstsituated. Article967ThemoveableorimmovablepropertyofdeceasedforeignnationalsinIran willbedealtwithunderthelawsofthecountryofthedeceasedpersononlyincaseof substantivelawssuchasthelawsconcerningthenominationoftheheirs,the determinationoftheextentoftheirrespectivesharesintheinheritanceandofthe proportionoftheassetswhichthedeceasedpersoncouldhavedisposedofbyvirtueof a will. Article968Obligationarisingoutofcontractssubjecttothelawsoftheplaceofthe performanceofthetransactionexceptincaseswherethepartiestothecontractareboth 93 foreignnationalsandhaveexplicitlyorimpliedlydeclaredthetransactiontobesubjectto thelawsofanothercountry. Article969Themethodofdrawingupadocumentfollowsthelawsoftheplacewhere thatdocumentisdrawnup. Article970ForeigndiplomaticorconsularofficersinIrancancarryoutmarriage formalitiesonlyincaseswherethepartiestothemarriagearebothnationalsoftheir countryandalsowherethelawsofthatcountryallowthemtonationalsoftheircountry andalsowherethelawsofthatcountryallowthemtodoso.Themarriagemustinany caseberegisteredattheCivilStatusOffice. Article971Claimsandlawsuitsfollow,inmattersofcompetencyofthecourtandof lawsofprocedure,thelawsoftheplacewheretheyareinstituted.Thefactthatthesame caseorclaimisalreadybeingdecidedbyaforeigncourtcannotnullifythecompetency oftheIraniancourt.

Article972EffectcannotbegiveninIrantojudgmentsissuedbyforeigncourtsand officialdocumentsrecognizedasbeingenforceablebylawinaforeigncountryunlessan ordertodosoisissuedinaccordancewithIranianlaws. Article973If,inaccordancewithArticle7ofVolumeIofthisActortheforegoing Article,thelawoftheforeigncountrywhichistobeenforcedhasmadereferenceto anotherlaw,thecourtisnotboundtoobservesuchreferenceunlessthereferencewas originallymadeinfavourofIranianlaws. Article974ThestipulationsofArticle7andArticles962to974ofthisActwillonlybe enforcedinsofarastheenforcementisnotincompatiblewiththeinternationaltreaties signedbytheGovernmentorwiththeprovisionsofspeciallaws. Article975Thecourtcannotenforcedforeignlawsorprivateagreementswhichare contrarytopublicmoralsorwhichmaybeconsideredbyvirtueofinjuringthefeelingsof societyorforotherreasons,ascontrarytopublicorder,notwithstandingthefactthatthe enforcementofsuchlawsispermissibleinprinciple. BOOK2 ConcerningNationality Article976ThefollowingpersonsareconsideredtobeIraniansubjects 1AllpersonsresidinginIranexceptthosewhoseforeignnationalityisestablishedthe foreignnationalityofsuchpersonsisconsideredtobeestablishediftheirdocumentsof nationalityhavenotbeenobjectedtobytheIranianGovernment. 2ThosebornIranoroutsidewhosefathersareIranian. 3ThoseborninIranofunknownparentage. 4PersonsborninIranofforeignparents,oneofwhomwasalsoborninIran. 5PersonsborninIranofafatherofforeignnationalitywhohaveresidedatleastone moreyearinIranimmediatelyafterreachingthefullageof18inothercasestheir 94 naturalizationasIraniansubjectswillbesubjecttothestipulationsforIranian naturalizationlaiddownbythelaw. 6EverywomanofforeignnationalitywhomarriesanIranianhusband. 7EveryforeignnwhohasobtainedIraniannationality NoteChildrenbornofforeigndiplomaticandconsularrepresentativesarenotaffected byClause4and5ofthisArticle. Article977 (a)IfpersonsmentionedinClause4ofArticle976wishtoacceptthenationalityoftheir

fatherstheymustsubmitawrittendeclarationtobeMinistryofForeignAffairstowhich theyshouldannexacertificateissuedbythenationalGovernmentoftheirfatherstothe effectthatthesaidGovernmentwouldrecognizethemastheirownnationals. (b)IfpersonsmentionedinClause4ofArticle976afterreachingthefullageof18years wishtoremainofthenationalityoftheirfathers,theymust,withinaperiodofoneyear, submitadeclarationtotheMinistryofForeignAffairstowhichtheyshouldannexa certificatefromtheirfathersnationalGovernmentindicatingthatthesaidGovernment wouldrecognizethemasitsownnationals. Article978ReciprocaltreatmentwillbeobservedinthecaseofchildrenborninIranof nationalsofcountrieswherechildrenbornofIraniansubjectsareconsideredas nationals ofthatcountryandthereturnofsuchchildrentoIraniannationalityismadedependent on permission. Article979PersonscanobtainIraniannationalityifthey: 1Havereachedthefullageof18. 2Haveresidedfiveyears,whethercontinuouslyorintermittently,inIran. 3Arenotdesertersfrommilitaryservice. 4Havenotbeenconvictedinanycountryofnonpoliticalmajormisdemeanoursor felonies. InthecaseofClause2ofthisArticle,theperiodofresidenceinforeigncountriesinthe serviceoftheIranianGovernmentwillbeconsideredasresidenceinIran. Article980ThoseoptingforIraniannationalitywhohaverenderedservicesornotable assistancetopublicinterestsinIran,orwhohaveIranianwivesbywhomtheyhave children,orwhohaveattainedhighintellectualdistinctionsorwhohavespecialisedin affairsofpublicinterestcanbeacceptedasnationalsoftheIslamicRepublicofIran without.theobservanceoftherequirementofresidence,subjecttothesanctionofthe CouncilofMinistersandprovidedthattheGovernmentconsiderstheirnaturalizationto Iraniannationalitytobeadvisable. Article981ThisArticlewasrepealedon29December1982. Article982ThosewhohaveobtainedorobtainIraniannationalitywillenjoyallrights recognizedforIraniansbutcannotattaintothefollowingpositions: 1Presidencyorvicepresidency: 95

2MembershipintheCouncilofGuardiansandchiefoftheJudiciary 3Ministry,deputyministry,positionofgovernorgeneralandgovernorship. 4MembershipoftheIslamicconsultativeAssembly. 5Membershipofprovincial,ordistrictcouncils,ormunicipalcouncils. 6EntryintotheserviceoftheMinistryofForeignAffairs,orattaininganydiplomatic positionorbeingappointedondiplomaticdelegations. 7Judgeship. 8ThehighestrankintheArmy,theRevolutionaryGuardandthepolice. 9Holdingimportantinformationandsecuritypositions. Article983AnapplicationfornaturalizationmustbesubmittedtotheMinistryof ForeignAffairsdirectorthroughtheGovernorsorGovernorsGeneral,andbe accompaniedbythefollowingdocuments 1Certifiedcopyoftheidentitypapersoftheapplicant,hiswifeandchildren. 2CertificatefromthepolicestatingtheperiodofresidenceinIranoftheapplicant,his cleanrecord,possessionofsufficientpropertyorofemploymentwhichensuresa livelihood. TheMinistryofForeignAffairswillcomplete,ifnecessary,theparticularsconcerning theapplicantandwillsendthepaperstotheCouncilofMinistersforanappropriate decisionrejectingoracceptingtheapplication.Iftheapplicationisacceptedadocument ofnationalitywillbedeliveredtotheapplicant. Article984ThewifeandminorchildrenofthosewhoobtainIraniannationalityin accordancewiththisActwillberecognizedasIraniannationalsbutthewifecansubmit, withinoneyearofthedateofissueofnationalitypaperstoherhusband,andtheminor childrencansubmit,withinoneyearafterreachingthefullageof18,awritten declarationtotheMinistryofForeignAffairsacceptingtheformernationalityofher husbandorthefatherasthecasemaybe,provided,hawever,thatthecertificate mentionedinArticle977isattachedtothedeclarationofthechildrenwhethermaleor female. Article985AdoptionofIraniannationalitybythefatherinnoaffectsthenationalityof hischildrenwhomayhaveattainedthefullageof18atthedateofhisapplicationfor naturalization. Article986AnonIranianwifewhomayhaveacquiredIraniannationalityby marriage,canreverttoherformernationalityafterdivorceorthedeathofherhusband, providedthatsheinformstheMinistryofForeignAffairsinwritingofthefactsbuta

widowwhohaschildrenfromherformerhusbandcannottakeadvantageofthisrightso longasherchildrenhavenotattainedthefullageof18.Inanycase,awomanwhomay acquireforeignnationalityaccordingtothisArticlecannotpossesspropertiesexcept withinthelimitsfixedforforeignnationals.Ifshepossesseslandedpropertiesmore than thoseallowedinthecaseofforeignnationals,orifsubsequentlyshecomesinto possessionbyinheritanceoflandedpropertiesexceedingthatlimit,shemusttransferby 96 somewayorothertoIraniannationalsthesurplusamountoflandedpropertieswithin one yearfromthedateofherrenunciationofIraniannationalityorwithinoneyearfromthe dateofheracquiringtheinheritedproperty.Failingthis,thepropertiesinquestionwillbe soldunderthesupervisionofthelocalPublicProsecutorandtheproceedswillbepaidto herafterthedeductionoftheexpensesofsale Article987AnIranianwomanmarryingaforeignnationalwillretainherIranian nationalityunlessaccordingtothelawofthecountryofthehusbandthelatters nationalityisimposedbymarriageuponthewife.Butinanycase,afterthedeathofthe husbandorafterdivorceorseparation,shewillreacquireheroriginalnationality togetherwithallrightsandprivilegesappertainingtoitbythemeresubmissionofan applicationtotheMinistryofForeignAffairs,towhichshouldbeannexedacertificate ofthedeathofherhusbandorthedocumentestablishingtheseparation. Note1Ifthelawofnationalityofthecountryofthehusbandleavesthewifefreeto preserveherformernationalityortoacquirethenationalityofherhusband,theIranian wifewhooptstoacquirethenationalityofthehusbandandwhohasproperreasonsfor doingsocanapplyinwritingtotheMinistryofForeignAffairsandtheMinistrycan accordherrequest. Note2Iranianwomenwhoacquireforeignnationalitybymarriagehavenottherightto possesslandedpropertiesifthiswouldresultintheeconomicdominanceofaforeigner. TheprovisionsofArticle988sofarastheyconcerngoingoutofIrandonotapplytothe womenabovementioned. Article988Iraniannationalscannotabandontheirnationalityexceptonthefollowing conditions 1Thattheyhavereachedthefullageof25. 2ThattheCouncilofMinistershasallowedtheirrenunciationoftheirIranian

nationality. 3Thattheyhavepreviouslyundertakentotransfer,bysomemeansorother,toIranian nationals,withinoneyearfromthedateoftherenunciationoftheirIraniannationality,all therightsthattheypossessonlandedpropertiesinIranorwhichtheymayacquireby inheritancealthoughIranianlawsmayhaveallowedthepossessionofthesame properties inthecaseofforeignnationals. Thewifeandchildrenofthepersonwhorenounceshisnationalityaccordingtothis ArticledonotlosetheirIraniannationality,whetherthechildrenareminorsofage, unlessthepermissionoftheCouncilofMinistersallowsthemtorenouncetheir nationality,and 4Thattheyhavecompletedtheirnationalmilitaryservice. NoteAThosewhomayventuretoapplyfortherenunciationoftheirIraniannationality accordingtothisArticleinfavourofaforeignnationalitymust,besidescarryingoutthe stipulationsofClause3ofthisArticle,leaveIranwithinthreemonths.Iftheyfailtodo so,theproperauthoritieswillissueDeportationOrdersfortheirexpulsionandthesaleof theirproperties.Theabovementionedprescribedperiodofgracemaybeextended 97 subjecttotheapprovaloftheMinistryofForeignAffairsuptoamaximumperiodofone year. NoteBTheCouncilofMinistermayinthecourseofapprovingthedenunciationof nationalitybyanunmarriedIranianwoman,approveofthedenunciationofthe nationalityofherchildrenprovidedthattheyarewithoutfatherorpaternalgrandfather andarelessthan18yearsofage,orotherwiselacklegalcapacity.Alsoherchildrenof lessthan25yearsofagecandenouncetheirnationalityinconformitywiththeirmothers fordenunciationofnationality Article989IncaseanyIraniansubjectacquiredforeignnationalityafterthesolaryear 1280(19011902)withouttheobservanceoftheprovisionsoflaw,hisforeign nationalitywillbeconsiderednullandhewillberegardedasanIraniansubject. Nevertheless,allhislandedpropertieswillbesoldunderthesupervisionofthelocal PublicProsecutorandtheproceedswillbepaidtohimafterthedeductionofthe expensesofsale.Inaddition,hewillbedisqualifiedtoattainthepositionofCabinet MinisterorAssistantMinisterorofmembershipoftheLegislativeAssemblies, ProvincialandDistrictCouncilsandMunicipalCouncils,oranyothergovernmental

positions. NoteTheCouncilofMinistersmayonthebasisofcertainconsiderations,uponthe requestoftheMinistryofForeignAffairs,recognisetheforeignnationalityofthose personswhosubjecttothisArticle.Suchpersonsmaybegiven,withtheapprovalofthe MinistryofForeignAffairs,leavetovisitorresideinIran. Article990Iraniansubjectswhomayhavepersonally,orwhosefathersmayhave, renouncedIraniannationalityinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflawandwhomay wishtoreacquiretheiroriginalnationalitycanbereinstatedintheirIraniannationality bymereapplicationunlesstheGovernmentmaydeemthegrantoftheirapplicationto be inadvisable. Article991Particularsandinstructionsconcerningtheenforcementofthelawof nationalityandtheexactionoftheadministrativefeesin,thecaseofthosewhomay applyfornaturalizationasnationalsoftheIslamicRepublicofIran,orrenunciationof Iranianorretentionoforiginalnationality,willbespecifiedinregulationswhichwill havetobesanctionedbytheCouncilofMinisters. BOOK4 DocumentsofIdentity(sijill) Article992Thedocumentofidentityofeverypersonwillbeestablishedbyrecordin booksdesignatedforthispurpose. Article993ThefollowingeventsmustbenotifiedtotheCensusOfficeduringthe properperiodandinthewaystipulatedbyspeciallawsandregulations 1Allbirthsandallabortionswhichmayoccurafterthe6thmonthfromthedateof conception. 2Marriages,whetherpermanentortemporary. 98 3Divorces,whetherpermanentorrevocableordivorcebywayofwaivingthe remainderoftheperiodofatemporarymarriage. 4Thedeathofanyindividual. Article994Averdictofpresumptivedeathofacontinuouslyabsentpersonwhichis issuedaccordingtotheprovisionsofBook5,Vol.2ofthisAct,mustberegisteredinthe CensusBooks. Article995Alterationsintheentriesintheidentitybookscannotbemadeunlessby verdictofacourt.

Article996iftheinaccuracyofthefactsdeclaredtotheIdentificationBureauis establishedinacourtortheidentityofapersonenteredinidentityrecordsisestablished ortheverdictofpresumptivedeathofacontinuouslyabsentpersonisreversed,thefact mustbeenteredintheproperidentityrecords. Article997Everypersonmustpossessafamilyname.Theselectionofcertainspecial nameswhicharelaiddownintheregulationsoftheIdentificationBureauisforbidden. Article998Anypersonwhosefamilynamehasbeenadoptedwithoutrightbysomeone elsecansuethatpersonundertherelevantlawsanddemandthatheshouldchange that familyname. Ifapersonchanges,accordingtorelevantregulationshisfamilynamedulyregisteredin theidentificationBureau,everyinterestedpersoncanprotestagainstthisactduringthe period,andinthemannerstipulatedintherelevantlawsandregulations. Article999Thedocumentofbirthofthepersonswhosebirthhasbeendeclaredwithin thelegalperiodtotheIdentificationBureauisconsideredtobeanofficialdocument. Article1000Othermattersconcerningidentitycardswillbedealtwithinthespecial Jawsandregulations. Article1001IranianConsularOfficersabroadmustfulfilinrespectofIraniansresiding withintheirjurisdictionthedutieswhichareunderthechargeoftheIdentificationBureau accordingtotherelevantlawsandregulations. BOOK5 OnDomicile Article1002Thedomicileofeverypersonistheplacewhereinhelivesandwherealso istheprincipalcentreofhisaffairs.Iftheplaceorresidenceofapersonisdifferentfrom theprincipalcentreofhisaffairs,thelatterwillbeconsideredashisdomicile. Article1003Noonecanhavemorethanonedomicile. Article1004Changeofdomicilewilltakeplaceongenuineresidenceinanotherplace providedthattheprincipalcentreofaffairsofthepersonconcernedisalsotransferredto thatplace. Article1005Thedomicileofamarriedwomanisthesameasthatofherhusband. Neverthelesswherethehusbandhasnoknowndomicileandalsowhenthewifehasa 99 separatedomicilewiththeconsentofherhusbandorbysanctionofacourt,shecan have

aseparatedomicile. Article1006Thedomicileofaminorchildoranincapacitatedpersonisthesameas thatofthenaturalguardianorlegalrepresentative Article1007ThedomicileofGovernmentofficialsistheplacewheretheyhavetheir permanentpost. Article1008Thedomicileofmilitarypersonswhoareinagarrisonistheplaceoftheir garrison. Article1009Incaseofgrownuppersonswhoordinarilyworkwithorforothersand wholiveinthehouseoftheiremployersormasters,theirdomicileisthesameasthatof theiremployersormasters Article1010Ifinthecourseofatransactionoragreementbothpartiesoroneofthe partiestoithavechosenadomicileotherthantheirsforthefulfilmentoftheobligations involvedinthattransactionoragreement,thedomicileinrespecttoallclaimsconcerning thattransactionwillbethedomicileappointed.Thesamewillapplyifaplaceotherthan theirrealdwellingplaceisappointedfortheserviceofpapersconcerninglawsuits, summonseswarnings. BOOK6 ConcerningContinuouslyAbsentPersons Article1011Acontinuouslyabsentpersonwhosewhereaboutsareunknownisa person whohasbeenabsentforacomparativelylongdurationoftimeandnonewswhatever havebeenreceivedfromhim. Article1012Ifthecontinuouslyabsentpersonwhosewhereaboutsareunknownhasleft noadvicefortheadministrationofhisestateoraffairsandtheremaybenoperson legally inapositiontotakechargeofhisaffairs,thecourtwillnominateatrusteeforthe administrationofhisestate.Applicationfortheappointmentofthetrusteeswillonlybe acceptedfromthePublicProsecutorandthepersonsinterestedinthematter. Article1013Thecourtcandemandfromthetrusteewhomitappointstoproducea guarantorortoproduceothersecurity. Article1014Ifonetheheirsofthecontinuouslyabsentpersongivesasufficient guarantee,thecourtcannotappointanothertrusteeandtheheirinquestionwillbe appointedinthatcapacity. Article1015Thedutiesandresponsibilitiesofthetrusteewhoistobeappointed

accordingtotheforegoingArticlesarethosefixedforaguardian. Article1016Ifboththedeathandthedateofdeathofthemissingpersonwhose whereaboutsareunknownaredefinitelyestablished,hisestatewillbedistributedamong theheirsexistingatthetimeofdeathalthoughoneorseveralofthemmayhavedied subsequentlytothedateofdeathofthecontinuouslyabsentperson. 100 Article1017Ifthedeathofacontinuouslyabsentpersonisestablishedwithout possibilityofascertainingthedate,thecourtmustdeterminethedateonwhichthedeath becomeunquestionablyknownandinthatcasetheestatewillbedistributedamongthe heirswhoexistedatthatdate. Article1018ThestipulationsoftheaboveArticlewillalsobeobservedinthecase whereajudgmentofpresumeddeathofthemissingpersonissued. Article1019Thejudgmentofpresumeddeathofacontinuouslyabsentpersonwillbe issuedinacasewheresuchadurationoftimehaselapsedfromthedateofthelast news receivedastohisbeingalivethatsuchapersonwouldnotordinarilyremainaliveafter thattime. Article1020Thefollowingcasesareofthoseinwhichacontinuouslyabsentperson cannotordinarilybesupposedtobealive: 1 When10fullyearshavepassedfromthedateofthelastnewsreceivedastothelife of thecontinuouslyabsentpersonandattheexpiryoftheperiodhisagehassurpassed 75. 2 Whenapersonwasincludedinanarmedforceunderanydenominationand disappearedduringthewarandtillthreeyearsaftertheconclusionofpeacenonews are receivedfromhim.Ifthewarisnotterminatedbytheconclusionofapeaceagreement, theperiodinquestionmustbereckonedasfiveyearsfromthedateofconclusionofthe war. 3 Whenamanengagedinaseavoyagewasonboardofashipwhichwaswreckedin thatvoyageandthreefullyearshavepassedfromthedateofwreckageoftheshipin questionandnonewsisreceivedfromhim. Article1021InthecaseofthelastClauseoftheaboveArticleifaftertheexpiryofthe followingperiodsoftimefromthedateofdepartureoftheshipthelatterdoesnotarrive

atitsdestination,orifithasnotreturnedtotheportofdepartureinthecasewhereithas setoutwithoutdetermineddestinationandthereisnonewsofitsexistence,theshipin questionwillbeconsideredasdestroyed aForvoyagesintheCaspianSeaandinsidethePersianGulf,oneyear. bForvoyagesintheSeaofOman,theIndianOcean,theRedSea,theMediterranean Sea,theBlackSeaandtheSeaofAzof,twoyears. cForvoyagesinothercases,threeyears. Article1022Ifapersonmeetsthedangerofdeathordisappearsinconsequenceof accidentsotherthanthosementionedinClause2and3ofArticle1020orifhehasbeen inanairplaneandthelatterhasdisappearedajudgmentofhispresumeddeathwillonly beissuedwhenfiveyearshavepassedfromthedatewhenhemetwiththedangerof deathandduringthatperiodnonewshavebeenreceivedshowingthatthemanwasstill alive. Article1023IncasescomingunderArticles1020,1021and1022,thecourtcanonly issuethejudgmentofpresumeddeathofacontinuouslyabsentpersonwhenanotice has beenpublishedforthreeconsecutivetimeseachwithanintervalofonemonthfromthe otherinoneofthelocalnewspapersandoneofhighlycirculatedpapersofTehran 101 invitingthepersonswhomayhavenewsofthemantoconveytheirinformationtothe courtandwhenaftertheexpiryofoneyearfromthedateofthefirstpublicationofthis notice,thefactthatthemanisaliveisnotproved. Article1024Ifseveralpersonslosetheirlifeinanaccident,itwillbepresumedthat theyhavealldiedinoneinstant. ThestipulationofthisArticledoesnotobstructtheenforcementofArticle873and874 ofBook1ofthisAct. Article1025Theheirsofacontinuouslyabsentpersonwhosewhereaboutsare unknowncanapplytothecourt,beforetheissueofthejudgmentofhispresumeddeath, askingthathisestatemaybedeliveredintotheirpossession,provided,firstly,thatthe missingpersonhasnotalreadyappointedapersonfortheadministrationofhisestate and,secondly,thattwofullyearsmayhavepassedfromthedatethatthelastnewsfrom thecontinuouslyabsentpersonwerereceivedandthatduringtheperiodithasnotbeen knownwhetherthemanisstillaliveordead.InrespectofthisArticle,thestipulationsof Article1023concerningthepublicationofanoticeandthenoticeofoneyearmust

categoricallybeobserved. Article1026InthecaseoftheforegoingArticle,theheirsshouldgiveguaranteeor sufficientsecuritysothatintheeventthatthecontinuouslyabsentpersonreturnsorthat thirdpartiesmayhaverightontheestatetheyshouldberesponsiblefortheestateorfor therightsofothersinit.Theguaranteeswillremainvaliduntiltheverdictofpresumed deathisissued Article1027Aftertheissueofthejudgmentofpresumeddeathifthecontinuously absentpersonisfound,thepersonswhohavetakenpossessionofhisestateby inheritancemustreturnwhatexistsoftheestateatthetimethecontinuouslyabsent personisfound,eitherinoriginalpropertyortheequivalentortheincomethereof Article1028Thetrusteewhoistobeappointedfortheadministrationoftheestateofa continuouslyabsentpersonwhosewhereaboutsareunknownmustpayofftheproperty of thecontinuouslyabsentpersonthecostofliving(nafaqeh)ofthepermanentwifeorthe temporarywifeofthecontinuouslyabsentpersondurationofmarriagehasnotyet expiredandtowhomthecontinuouslyabsentpersonhasundertakentopaythecostof living.Heshouldalsopayoutofthepropertyofthecontinuouslyabsentpersonthecost livingofhischildren.Ifanydifferencearisesastothefixingoftheamountofcostof living,thecourtmustdeterminetheamount. Article1029Ifamanhasbeenforfouryearscontinuouslyabsentwithunknown whereabouts,hiswifecanapplyforadivorceThejudgewillthengrantthedivorce subjecttothestipulationsofArticle1023. Article1030Ifthecontinuouslyabsentpersononreturnsaftertheoccurrenceofthe divorceandbeforetheexpiryoftheperiodofIuddehtime,hehastherighttocancelthe divorce(ruju)butiftheuddehperiodhasalreadyexpired,hisrightwillbeextinguished. 102 BOOK6 OnRelationship Article1031RelationshipisoftwokindsRelationshipbybloodandrelationshipby marriage. Article1032Relationshipbybloodinvolvesthefollowingorderofprecedencefirst class:father,mother,childrenandchildrenofchildrenSecondclassgrandfathersand grandmothers,brothersandsistersandtheirchildrenThirdclass:paternaluncles, paternalaunts,maternalunclesandmaternalauntsandtheirchildren.

Thedegreeofrelationshipbybloodineachclassisdeterminedbythenumberof generationsinthatclass. Forexample,inthefirstclass,therelationofthefatherandthemothertotheirchildren comesfirstandtherelationshipofchildrenbetweenthemselvescomessecondinthe samewayinthesecondclass,therelationshipofbrotherandsisterwithgrandfatherand grandmothercomesfirstandthatofthechildrenofbrotherandsisterwithgrandfather comessecond.Andinthethirdclass,therelationoftheuncleandthematernaluncle, and thatofthepaternalauntandthematernalauntcomesfirst,andthatoftheirchildren comessecond. Article1033Everypersonwhoisinrelationbybloodtoanydegreeandinanylineage withanotherpersonwillhavethesamerelationbybloodinthesamedegreeandlineage withthehusbandorwifeofthatpersonasthecasemaybe.Thefatherinlawandthe motherinlawofamantherefore,constitutehisrelationsofthefirstdegreeandthe brotherandthesisterofthehusbandofawomanconstituteherrelationsbymarriageof theseconddegree. BOOK7 OnMarriageandDivorce CHAPTER1 ONMARRIAGE SECTION1 OnAskingfortheHandinMarriage Article1034Itislawfultoaskforthehandofawomantowhosemarriagethereisno obstacle. Article1035Apromiseofmarriagedoesnotcreatethematrimonialrelationeven thoughthewholeorsomeofthedowryfixedforpaymentatthetimeofmarriage betweenthetwopartiesmayhavebeenpaid.Eitherthemanorthewoman,therefore, can,solongastheceremonialactofmarriagehasnotbeenpronounced,refusethe marriageandtheotherpartycannotobligeherorhimtocontractthemarriageorclaim compensationforlossesmerelyowingtotherefusal. Article1036Repealedon29December1982. 103 Article1037Everyoneofthebetrothedpartiescan,iftheproposedmarriageis cancelled,claimtherestitutionofthepresentsgiventotheotherpartyortotheparents

forthemarriageinquestion. Ifthepresentsdonotexistinoriginal,theclaimantisentitledtoaskfortheirvalueofthe presentswhichareordinarilypreservedunlessthesamepresentshavebeendestroyed withoutanyfaultofthepartywhowasintheirpossession. Article1038ThestipulationoftheforegoingArticledoesnotapplyasfarasitconcerns thepaymentofequivalentvalueinacasewheretheproposedmarriagedoesnottake placeinconsequenceofthedeathofoneofthebetrothedpersons. Article1039Repealedon29December1982. Article1040Eachoneofthepartiesconcernedcan,withaviewtocontractingmarriage, asktheotherpartytoproduceacertificateofadoctorshowingthefreedomofthe person concernedfromseriouscontagiousdiseasessuchassyphilis,gonorrhoeaand consumption. CHAPTER2 MEDICALFITNESSFORMARRIAGE Article1041Marriagebeforetheage,ofmajorityisprohibited. NoteMarriagebeforepubertybythepermissionoftheGuardianandonconditionof takingintoconsiderationthewardsinterestisproper. Article1042Repealedon29December1982.(1)Article1043Themarriageofagirl whohasnotmarriedpreviouslyisdependentonthepermissionofherfatherorher paternalgrandfatherevenifshehasreachedthefullageofmajority.If,however,the fatherorthepaternalgrandfatherwithholdthepermissionwithoutjustifiablereason,the girlcanrefertotheSpecialCivilCourtgivingfullparticularsofthemanwhomshewants tomarryandalsothetermsofthemarriageandthedowrymoneyagreeduponand notify herfatherorherpaternalgrandfatherthroughthatCourtoftheforegoingparticularsThe Courtcanissueapermissionformarriagefifteendaysafterthedateofnotificationtothe guardianifnoresponsehasbeenreceivedfromtheguardiantosatisfyrefusal. Article1044Ifthefatherorthepaternalgrandfatherarenotpresentintheplaceand obtainingtheirpermissioniscustomarilyimpossibleandthegirlisinneedofmarriage, shecanmarry.NoteRegistrationofsuchamarriageintheMarriageRegistryshallbe pendingonprovingtheabovecitedinstancesintheSpecialCivilCourt. CHAPTER3 ONIMPEDIMENTSTOMARRIAGE

Article1045Marriagewiththefollowingrelationsbybloodisforbidden,evenifthe relationshipisbasedonmistakeoradultery: 1Marriagewithfatherorgrandfather,motherorgrandmothers,ortotheirancestorsto whatevergeneration. 104 2Marriagewithchildren,ordescendantstowhatevergeneration. 3Marriagewiththebrotherandsisterandtheirchildren,ortheirdescendantsto whatevergeneration. 4Marriagewithonesownpaternalauntsandmaternalauntsandthoseonesfather, mother,grandfathersandgrandmothers. Article1046Fosterrelationshipisthesameasrelationshipbybloodasfaras impedimentstomarriageareconcerned,providedthat: FirstlyThemilkofthewomantakesitssourcefromalegitimateconception. SecondlyThemilkissuckeddirectlyfromthebreast. ThirdlyThechildhasatleasthadfullmilkfor24hours(onenightandonday)orfor15 consecutivetimeswithouttakinginbetweenanyotherfoodormilkofanotherwoman. FourthlyThechildhastakenthemilkbeforeithasreachedthefullageoftwoyears (fromitsbirth):and FifthlyThemilktakenbythechildisfromthesamewomanwiththesamehusband.If, therefore,achildtakesduringtwentyfourhourssomemilkfromonewomanandsome fromanother,thisfactdoesnotdebarmarriageevenifthetwowomenhaveacommon husband. Inthesameway,ifawomanhasafosterdaughterandafosterInthesameway,ifa womanhasafosterdaughteranda fostersonwhomshehasmilkedeachfromthemilkbelongingtoaseparatehusband, thatsonanddaughtercannotbeconsideredasfosterbrotherandsisterandtheir marriage isnotprohibitedforthisreason. Article1047Marriagebetweenthefollowingpersonsispermanentlyforbiddenbecause ofrelationshipbymarriage. 1Marriage,betweenamanandhismotherin.laworhisgrandmotherinlawof anydegree,whethertherelationshipisbybloodorfosterrelationship 2Marriagebetweenamanandwomanwhohasformerlybeenthewifeofhisfatheror ofoneofhisgrandfathers,orofhissonorofonehisgrandchildreneventhoughthe

relationshipmaybeofthefosterkind 3Betweenamanwithfemalesofdescentfromhiswife,nomatterofwhatdegreeno exceptionbeingmadeevenifthewomanisafosterrelation,providedthatthehusband andwifehavealreadyconsummatedthemarriage. Article1048Marryingoftwosistersbythesamebyonemanisforbiddenevenifthe marriageofeachoneofthemisoftemporarynature. Article1049Noonecanmarrythedaughterofhisbrotherinlaworthedaughterof hissisterinlawunlesshiswifepermitshimtodoso. Article1050Everypersonwhomarriesawomanknowingoftheexistenceofmarriage tiesbindingthewifeandofprohibitionofhisownmarriagewiththatwoman,orwho marriesawomanwhohasnotyetpassedtheperiodofuddehofdivorceorofdeath, 105 withknowledgeoftheexistenceoftheuddehandtheprohibitionofthemarriage,his marriagewillbenullandvoidandthewomaninquestionwilldefinitelyandpermanently beincapableofbecomingthewifeofthatman. Article1051TheprovisionsoftheforegoingArticlewillalsobeapplicableinthecase wherethemarriagewassolemnizedwithignoranceofallorsomeofthefactsmentioned intheforegoingArticle,andthemarriagehasbeenconsummated.Inthecaseof ignorance,butwherematrimonialrelationshavenottakenplace,themarriagewillbe nullandvoidbutmarriagebetweenthetwodoesnotbecomepermanentlyprohibited. Article1052Separationcausedbyasolemnimprecation(lian)involvesapermanent bartothemarriageofthepartiesconcerned.Article1053Amarriagecontractwillnot bevalidwhilethepartyconcernediscoveredwiththepilgrimagegarment.Iftheparty concernedmarrieswithknowledgeofthefactthatsuchamarriageisprohibited,the marriagewillbebarredforever. Article1054Adulterywithamarriedwomanwhohasnotyetpassedtheperiodof uddeh,willentailapermanentbartothemarriageofthepartiesconcerned. Article1055Sexualintercoursebymistakeorbyadulteryifprecedingmarriageis tantamounttotheexistenceofmarriageasfarasprohibitionofmarriageisconcerned but cannotcausecancellationoftheformermarriage. Article1056Onewhoperpetratesashamefulactonaboycannotmarryhismother, sister,ordaughter. Article1057Awomanwhohasbeenthewifeofamanforthreeconsecutivetimesand

hasbeendivorcedeachtimewillbecomeunlawfulaswifetothatmanunlesssheis marriedbypermanentmarriagetoanothermanand,aftermatrimonialrelationswiththat man,separationoccursbetweenthembydivorceorcancellationofthemarriageor death. Article1058Thewifeofapersonwhohasbeendivorcedfromhimninetimes,sixof whichwererevocabledivorce,willbeillegalaswifetothatmanforever. Article1059MarriageofafemaleMoslemwithanonMoslemisnotallowed. Article1060MarriageofanIranianwomanwithaforeignnationalisdependent,even incaseswherethereisnolegalimpediment,uponspecialpermissionofthe Government. Article1061TheGovernmentcanmakethemarriageofcertainGovernmentservants andofficialsandstudentssupportedbytheGovernmentwithafemaleforeignnational dependentuponspecialpermission. CHAPTER4 CIRCUMSTANCESNECESSARYFOR LEGALITYOFMARRIAGE Article1062Marriagetakesplacebyproposalandacceptanceinwordswhichexplicitly conveytheintentionofmarriage. Article1063Theproposalandacceptancemaybeutteredbythemanandwoman themselvesorbypersonswhoarelegallyentitledtoperformtheact. 106 Article1064Thepersonwhoperformstheactmustbesaneinmind,oflegalage,and capableofforming,adecision. Article1065Itisanecessaryforthevalidityofamarriagethatacceptanceshould followcloseuponproposal,inaccordancewithcustom. Article1066Ifoneorbothofthepartiestothemarriagearedumb,theceremonycan be conductedbysignsmadebythedumbpersonorpersonsprovidedthatthesignsclearly conveytheintentionofenteringintothecontractofmarriage. Article1067Itisanecessaryconditionforthevalidityofamarriagethatthewifeand husbandshouldbesodeclaredthatneitherpartyisindoubtastotheidentityofthe other. Article1068Makingmarriageconditionalwillrenderitvoid. Article1069Aprovisioninthemarriagecontractreservingtherightofcancellationof

thecontract,ifmade,willbenullandvoid.Butinapermanentmarriage,aprovision entitlingoneofthepartieswithholdthedowryispermissibleprovidedthatdurationof thisisdefinitelymentioned.Aftercancellationofthegrantofdowry(sudaq)the situationwillbeasifnodowryismentionedinthecontractofmarriage. Article1070Consentofthemarryingpartiesistheconditionuponwhichdependsthe enforcementofthemarriagecontract,andifapartyshowingatfirstreluctance authorises themakingofthecontractsubsequently,thecontractwillbebindingunlessthe reluctanceissoacutethatthereluctantpersoncannotbeconsideredashavingbeenin possessionofanyintention. CHAPTER5 DEPUTINGATHIRDPARTYFORGIVINGCONSENTTOMARRIAGE Article1071Eitherthemanorwomancandeputeathirdpartywithpowertocontract themarriage. Article1072Ifpowerisgivenwithoutconditionsastotheidentityofthe,husband,the attorneycannothimselfmarryhisprincipalunderthatpowerunlessthispermissionis explicitlygiventohiminthepowerofattorney. Article1073Iftheattorneydoesnotobservewhathisprincipalhaslaiddownin connectionwiththepersonorthedowryorotherparticulars,theauthenticityofthe marriagewilldependuponcorroborationfromtheprincipal. Article1074TheprovisionsoftheprecedingArticlewillalsobebindingwherethe powerwaswithoutanyreservationandtheattorneydidnotactaccordingtothebest interestsofhisprincipal. CHAPTER6 ONTEMPORYYMARRIAGE Article1075Marriageiscalledtemporarywhenitisforalimitedperiodoftime. Article1076Thedurationofthetemporarymarriagemustbedefinitelydetermined. 107 ArticleI077Inthecaseoftemporarymarriage,provisionsconcerninginheritanceof thewifeandherdowryarethesameasfixedintheChapteroninheritanceandinthe followingChapter. CHAPTER7 ONTHEDOWRY(MAHR) Article1078Anythingwhichcanbecalledpropertyandwhichcanbeownedand

possessedcanbedesignatedasamarriageportion. Article1079Themarriageportionmustbeknowntothemarryingpartiestotheextent thattheirignoranceisremoved. Article1080Fixingoftheamountofmarriageportiondependsuponthemutual consentofthemarryingparties. Article1081Ifaconditionislaidinthemarriageactthatifthemarriageportionisnot paidwithinafixedperiodthatmarriagewillbecancelled,themarriageandthemarriage portionwillremainbindingandauthenticbuttheconditionwillbenullandvoid. Article1082Immediatelyaftertheperformanceofthemarriageceremonythewife becomestheownerofthemarriageportionandcandisposeofitinanywayandmanner thatshemaylike. Article1083Adurationoftimeorinstalmentscanbefixedforthepaymentofthe marriageportion,asawholeorinparts. Article1084Ifthemarriageportionconsistsofadesignatedpropertyanditisfoundout thatbeforethecelebrationofthemarriage,thatpropertywasdefective,orthatafterthe marriagecelebrationandbeforethedeliveryofthepropertyitbecomesdefectiveorit wasdestroyed Article1085Solongasthemarriageportionisnotdeliveredtoher,thewifecanrefuse tofulfilthedutieswhichshehastoherhusbandprovided,however,thatthemarriage portionispayableatonce.Thisrefusaldoesnotdebarherfromrightofmaintenance expenses. Article1086Ifthewifeproceedstofulfilthedutiesthatshehastowardsherhusbandby herownfreewill,shecannotsubsequentlyavailherselfoftheprovisionsoftheforegoing Article,butneverthelessshewillnotforfeittherightthatshehasfordemandingthe paymentofthemarriageportionduetoher. Article1087Ifamarriageportionisnotmentioned,oriftheabsenceofmarriage portionisstipulatedinapermanentmarriage,thatmarriagewillbeauthenticandthe partiestoitcanfixthemarriageportionsubsequentlybymutualconsent.Ifpreviousto thismutualconsentmatrimonialintercoursetakesplacebetweenthem,thewifewillbe entitledtothemarriageportionordinarilydue. Article1088InthecaseoftheforegoingArticle,ifoneofthemarryingpartiesdies beforethefixingofthemarriageportionandbeforetheconsummationofmarriage,the wifewillnotbeentitledtoanymarriageportion. 108

Article1089Authorityforfixingthemarriageportioncanbeentrustedtothehusband orathirdparty,inwhichcasebothofthemcanfixitatanyamounttheymaywish. Article1090Iftheauthorityforfixingthemarriageportionisvestedinthewife,she cannotfixanamountwhichexceedsreasonablemarriageportion. Article1091Infixingofthereasonablemarriageportionthestatusofthewifein respectofherfamilysstationandothercircumstancesandpeculiaritiesconcerningher in comparisonwithherequalsandrelativesandalsothecustomsofthelocality,etcetera, mustbeconsidered. Article1092Ifthehusbanddivorceshiswifebeforetheconsummationofmarriage,the wifebeentitledtohalfofthemarriageportionandifthehusbandhasalreadypaidmore thanhalfofthemarriageportionhehastherighttodemandthereturnofthesurplus,in original,intheequivalent,orinva1ue. Article1093Ifnomarriageportionismentionedintheactofmarriageandthehusband divorceshiswifebeforetheconsummationofmarriageandthefixingofthemarriage portion,thewifeisentitledtoareasonablemarriageportion,andifsheisdivorcedafter theconsumptionofmarriage,shewillbeentitledtotheequivalentofmarriageportion. Article1094Thestatusofthemaninrespectofwealthorpovertywillbeconsideredin fixingthereasonablemarriageportion. Article1095Absenceofmarriageportionintheactofatemporarymarriagewillrender thecontractvoid. Article1096Thedeathofthewifeinatemporarymarriageduringtheperiodof marriagewillnotcausetheforfeitureofthemarriageportionthesamewillbetrueifthe husbanddidnothaveanyrelationswithheruptotheendoftheperiodofthemarriage. Article1097Ifthehusbandwaiveshisrightstothewholeperiodofmarriageina temporarymarriagebeforehavinganyrelationswiththewife,hemustpayhalfofthe marriageportion. Article1098Ifthemarriage,whethertemporaryorpermanent,wasvoid,andtherehas notbeenanymatrimonialrelations,thewifewillnotbeentitledtoanymarriageportion andthehusbandcandemandtherefundofthemarriageportionifithasbeensettled Article1099Ifthewifewasignorantofthefactthatthemarriagewasunauthentic,and ifinsuchcasematrimonialrelationshaveoccurred,thewifewillbeentitledtoa reasonablemarriageportion. Article1100Ifthespecifiedmarriageportionisunknownorifitisnotofsuchanature

thatitcanbeownedorifitbelongstoreasonablemarriageportionandinthethirdcase to theequivalentofthevalueofthepropertywhichprovedtobethatofathirdparty,unless thelatterauthorizesthetransfer. Article1101Ifthemarriageiscancelledbeforematrimonialrelationsforanyreason, thewifeisnotentitledtoanymarriageportion.Ifthereasonofcancellationis impotency,thewifewillbeentitledtohalfthemarriageportionnotwithstandingthe cancellationofthemarriage. 109 CHAPTER8 RECIPROCALDUTIESANDRIGHTSOFPARTIES TOAMARRIAGE Article1102Assoonasmarriagetakesplaceindueform,relationsofmatrimonywill automaticallyexistbetweenthemarryingpartiesandrightsandreciprocaldutiesof husbandandwifewillbeestablishedbetweenthem. Article1103Husbandandwifeareboundtoestablishfriendlyrelations. Article1104Husbandandwifemustcooperatewitheachotherforthewelfareoftheir familyandtheeducationoftheirchildren. Article1105Inrelationsbetweenhusbandandwifethepositionoftheheadofthe familyistheexclusiverightofthehusband. Article1106Thecostofmaintenanceofthewifeisatthechargeofthehusbandin permanentmarriages. Article1107Costofmaintenanceincludesdwelling,clothing,food,furniturein proportiontothesituationofthewife,onareasonablebasis,andprovisionofaservantif thewifeisaccustomedtohaveservantsorifsheneedsonebecauseofillnessor defects oflimbs. Article1108Ifthewiferefusestofulfildutiesofawifewithoutlegitimateexcuse,she willnotbeentitledtothecostofmaintenance. Article1109Costofmaintenanceofadivorcedwifeduringtheperiodofuddehisto bebornebythehusband,unlessthedivorcehastakenplacebecauseofdisobedience. Butiftheuddeharisesfromthecancellationofthemarriageorafinaldivorce,thewifeis notentitledtocostofmaintenance,unlesssheiswithchildfromherhusbandinwhich caseshe1beentitledtocostofmaintenancetillherchildisborn.

Article1110Thewifeisnotentitledtocostofmaintenanceifsheispassingthroughthe uddehperiodduetothedeathofherhusband. Article1111Thewifecanrefertothecourtifherhusbandrefusestoprovideforher maintenance.Insuchacasethecourtwillfixtheamountandwillcompelthehusbandto payit. Article1112IftheenforcementoftheprovisionsoftheforegoingArticleisimpossible, theprovisionsofArticle1129mustbefollowed. Article1113Inthecaseofatemporarymarriagethewifeisnotentitledtothecostof maintenance,unlessprovisionhasbeenspeciallymadeforthis,orthemarriagehas been arrangedonthiscondition Article1114Thewifemuststayinthedwellingthatthehusbandallotsforherunless sucharightisreservedtothewife. Article1115Iftheexistenceofthewifeandhusbandinthesamehouseinvolvesthe riskofbodilyorfinancialinjuryorthattothedignityofthewife,shecanchoosea separatedwelling:andiftheallegedriskisprovedthecourtwillnotorderhertoreturnto 110 thehouseofthehusbandand,solongassheisauthorizednottoreturntothehouse, her costofmaintenancewillbeonthechargeofherhusband. Article1116InthecaseoftheforegoingArticle,solongaslitigationisnotconcluded betweenthemarriedcouple,thedwellingofthewifewillbefixedbymutualconsentof bothpartiesandfailingsuchconsent,thecourtwillfixthedwellingafterdulyobtaining theviewsofnearrelatives,andintheabsenceofrelativesthecourtitselfwillfixa suitabledwelling. Article1117Thehusbandcanpreventhiswifefromoccupationsortechnicalwork whichisincompatiblewiththefamilyinterestsorthedignityofhimselforhiswife. Article1118Thewifecanindependentlydowhatshelikeswithherownproperty. Article1119Thepartiestothemarriagecanstipulateanyconditiontothemarriage whichisnotincompatiblewiththenatureofthecontractofmarriage,eitheraspartofthe marriagecontractorinanotherbindingcontract:forexample,itcanbestipulatedthatif thehusbandmarriesanotherwifeorabsentshimselfduringacertainperiod,or discontinuesthepaymentofcostofmaintenance,orattemptsthelifeofhiswifeortreats hersoharshlythattheirlifetogetherbecomesunbearable,thewifehasthepower,which

shecanalsotransfertoathirdpartybypowerofattorneytoobtainadivorceherself after establishinginthecourtthefactthatoneoftheforegoingalternativeshasoccurredand aftertheissueofafinaljudgmenttothateffect. SECTION2 OnDissolutionofMarriage Article1120Marriagemaybedissolvedbycancellation,bydivorce,orbywaiverofthe remainingperiodinthecaseofatemporarymarriage. CHAPTER1 ONTHEPOSSIBILITYOFCANCELLATION OFMARRIAGE Article1121Madnessofeitherofthemarriedcouple,providedthatitissettled,whether itispermanentorrecurrent,willgivetheotherpersontherightofcancellation. Article1122Thefollowingdefectsinmanwillgivethewomantherighttocancelthe marriage 1Castration. 2Impotency,providedhehasnotevenonceperformedthematrimonialact. 3Amputationofthesexualorgantotheextentthatheisunabletoperformhismarital duty. Article1123Thefollowingdefectsinawifebringabouttherightforamantocancel themarriage: 111 1Protrusionofthewomb(qaran). 2Blackleprosy(juzam). 3Leprosy(baras). 4Connectionofthevaginalandanalpassages(ifza). 5Beingcrippled. 6Beingblindinbotheyes. Article1124Thedefectsofthewifeentitlethemantoarightofcancellationof marriageiftheyexistedatthetimeofmarriage. Article1125Madnessandimpotencycreatetherightforthewifetocancelthe marriageeveniftheyoccurafterthedateofthemarriage. Article1126Anyoneofthemarriedcouplewhowascognisantoftheexistenceofthe defectsabovementionedintheotherpartybeforethemarriagewascelebrated,hasno

rightafterthatdatetocancelthemarriage. Article1127Ifthehusbandcontractsavenerealdiseaseaftertheperformanceofthe marriageact,thewifehavetherighttorefusetohaveanysexualrelationswithhimand thisrefusalwillnotdebarherfromtherighttocostofmaintenance. Article1128Ifaspecialqualificationismentioned,asaconditionofthemarriage,to existinoneofthemarryingpartiesandifafterthemarriageitisfoundoutthattheparty concernedlacksthedesiredqualification,theotherpartyhastherighttocancelthe marriage. Theforegoingistruewhetherthequalificationismentionedexplicitlyinthemarriage contractorwhetherthemarriagehasbeenperformedwiththequalificationunderstood mutuallybythepartiesconcerned. Article1129Ifthehusbandrefusestopaythecostofmaintenanceofhiswife,andifit isimpossibletoenforceajudgmentofthecourtandtoinducehimtopaytheexpenses, thewifecanrefertothejudgeapplyingfordivorceandthejudgewillcompelthe husbandtodivorceher. Thesamestipulationwillbebindinginacasewherethehusbandisunabletoprovidefor themaintenanceofthewife. Article1130Inthefollowingcircumstances,thewifecanrefertotheIslamicjudgeand requestforadivorce.WhenitisprovedtotheCourtthatthecontinuationofthemarriage causesdifficultandundesirableconditions,thejudgecanforthesakeofavoidingharm anddifficultycompelthehusbandto,divorcehiswife.Ifthiscannotbedone,thenthe divorcewillbemadeonthepermissionoftheIslamicjudge. Article1131Theoptionofcancellationofmarriagemustbeexercisedimmediatelyand, ifthepartywhoisentitledtotheoptiondoesnotcancelthemarriageafterbecoming cognisantofthereasonuponwhichhecouldcancelthemarriage,heforfeitstheoption, providedalsothathehadfullknowledgeoftheexistenceoftheoptionanditsurgent character.Determinationofthedurationoftimeduringwhichtheoptioncanremainvalid dependsuponcustomandusage. 112 Article1132Theobservanceofthearrangementsstipulatedinthecaseofadivorceis notobligatoryinacaseofcancellationofmarriage. CHAPTER2 ONDIVORCE1OnGeneralConsiderations Article1133Amancandivorcehiswifewheneverhewishestodoso.

Article1134Thedivorcemustbeperformedintheactualformofutteranceandinthe presenceofatleasttwojustmenwhomustheartheactualformofdivorce. Article1135Divorcemustbeinclearandprecisewording,aconditionaldivorceisnull andvoid. Article1136Thedivorcermustbeoflegal,mustbeinpossessionofhisfaculties,must intendtheactandmustbefreeinhisaction. Article1137Theguardianofapermanentlymadeperson,candivorcethewifeofthe latteriftheinterestsofthepersonunderhiscustodyallowhimtodoso. Article1138Theactualritualutteranceofthedivorcecanbeperformedbyanattorney. Article1139Divorceisspeciallyappointedforcasesofpermanentmarriage:a temporarywifeisrelievedfrommarriagebytheexpiryoftheperiodofmarriageorby waiveroftheremainingperiodbyherhusband. Article1140Itisnotpropertodivorceawifeduringhermonthlyperiodorduringthe convalescentperiodafterchildbirthunlesswhenthewifeispregnantorwhenthedivorce occursbeforematrimonialrelationswithher,orwhenthehusbandisabsentsothathe cannotobtaininformationconcerninghermonthlyperiod. Article1141Itisnotpropertodivorceawifebetweentwomonthlyperiodsduring whichintercoursehastakenplaceunlessthewifeispregnantorisincapableof conception. Article1142Thedivorceofawifewhoalthoughofchildbearingagehasnomonthly period,willbevalidonlywhenthreemonthshavepassedfromthedateofthelast matrimonialrelationswithher. 2.OnVariousFormsofDivorce Article1143Thearetwoformsofdivorce,irrevocabledivorceandrevocabledivorce. Article1144Afteranirrevocabledivorcethehusbandhasnottherighttorenouncehis intentionofdivorcing. Article1145Adivorceisirrevocableinthefollowinginstances 1Adivorceperformedbeforetheoccurrenceofmatrimonialrelations 2Divorceofawifewhoisincapableofconception. .3(a)adivorcewhichawifeachievesbygivingaconsiderationtoherhusbandand (Khula)and(b)adivorcebymutualconsent(mubarat),aslongasthewifehasnot demandedthereturnofthec3nsideration. 113 4Athirddivorce,performedafterthreeconsecutivemarriages(ofthesameparties)

whetherbymererenouncementbythehusbandofhisdesiretodivorcethewifeorbya newmarriagebetweenthetwoparties. Article1146AKhuladivorceoccurswhenthewifeobtainsadivorceowingtodislike ofherhusband,againstpropertywhichshecedestothehusband.Thepropertyin questionmayconsistoftheoriginalmarriageportion,orthemonetaryequivalentthereof, whethermoreorlessthanthemarriageportion. Article1147AMubaratdivorceoccurswhenthedislikeismutualinwhichcasethe compensationmustnotbemorethanthemarriageportion. Article1148Thehusbandhastherighttorenouncedivorceinarevocabledivorce providetheperiodofIddahhasnotexpired. Article1149Returntothewifeafterdivorcecanbeeffectedbyanywordordeedwhich mayconveytheidea,providedthatitisbasedonanintentiontodoso. 3.OnwifesperiodofWaiting(Iddah) Article1150Iddahconsistsofaperiodduringwhichawomanwhosematrimonialbond hasbeendissolvedcannotmarry. Article1151TheperiodofIddahforadivorceorforthedissolutionofamarriage consistsofthreeconsecutivemonthlyperiodsofawomanunlessthewomanconcerned thoughofchildbearingagehasnomonthlyperiod,inwhichcasetheperiodofIddahwill bethreemonths. Article1152TheperiodofIddahfordivorceordissolutionofmarriageorwaiverofthe remainingperiodoritsexpiryinthecaseoftemporarymarriageforanonpregnant womanistheexpiryoftwomonthlyperiodsunlesscontrarytothenatureofherage,she nosuchperiods,inwhichcasetheperiodwillbe45days. Article1153TheperiodofIddahfordivorceordissolutionofmarriageactorwaiveror expiryoftheperiodofmarriageinthecaseofawomanwhoispregnantwillbeuntilshe givenbirthtoachild. Article1154TheperiodofIddahinthecaseofdeath(ofhusband)inbothpermanent andtemporarymarriageswillbefourmonthsandtendays,unlessthewifeispregnant whentheuddehcomestoanendwiththebirthofthechildprovidedthattheinterval betweenthedeathofthehusbandandthebirthofthechildislongerthanfourmonths and 10days:ifnot,theperiodofuddehwillbethesamefourmonthsand10days. Article1155ThereisnoIddahinthecaseofawifewhohasnothadanymatrimonial intercoursewithherhusband,orinthecaseofawifebeyondtheageofconceptionwho

isnotaffectedbyanyuddehfordivorceorfordissolutionofmarriage.Buttheuddehfor deathmustbeobservedinbothcases. Article1156Thewifeofacontinuouslyabsenthusbandwhosewhereaboutsare unknown,ifdivorcedbyajudge,mustobserveuddahfordeath,startingfromthedateon whichthedivorcewasgranted Article1157Awomanwhohashadmatrimonialrelationsbywayofmistakewith someonemustobservetheuddahlaiddownincasesofdivorce. 114 BOOK8 OnChildren CHAPTER1 ONPARENTAGE Article1158Anychildbornduringmarriedlifebelongstothehusbandprovidedthat theintervalbetweenintercourseandthebirthofthechildisnotlessthan6monthsand notmorethan10months. Article1159Anychildbornafterthedissolutionofmarriagebelongstothehusband providedthatthemotherhasnotyetmarriedagainandthatnotmore. Article1160Ifthemarriageisdissolvedaftermatrimonialintercourseandthewifehas marriedagainandachildisborntobe,thechildbelongstothehusbandwhocanbe identifiedasthechildsfatheraccordingtotheforegoingArticles.Ifthechildcouldbe attributedtobothhusbandsaccordingtotheforegoingArticles,thechildbelongstothe secondhusbandunlessdefiniteindicationsshowotherwise. Article1161InthecasescomingundertheforegoingArticles,ifthehusbandhas explicitlyorimplicitlyadmittedthatheisthefather,hissubsequentdenialofthiswillbe ofnovalidity. Article1162InthecasescomingundertheforegoingArticle,thepleaofrepudiationof thechildcanonlybepreferredwithinthedelayordinarilyadmissibleforthepreferment ofsuchclaimsafterthefatherknownofthebirthofthechild.Thepleawillinanycase notbeheardaftertheexpiryoftwomonthsfromthedatethatthehusbandwasinformed ofthebirthofthechild. Article1163Inacasewherethehusbanddidnotknowtherealdateofbirthofthechild andwasmisguidedbyawrongdateaccordingtowhichthechildwouldbelongtohim andwhenthehusbandisinformedsubsequentlyoftherealdateofbirth,theperiodof limitationforthepleaofrepudiationofthechildistwomonthsfromthedateonwhichhe

discoveredthefraud. Article1164TheprovisionsoftheforegoingArticleswillalsobeapplicableinthecase ofachildbornfromsexualintercoursewhenonepartywasinerrorastotheothers identity,althoughthemothermaynothavemadeanymistake. Article1165Achildbornaftersuchmistakensexualintercoursewillbelongtothe partywhomadeamistakeandifbothpartieswereinerrorchildbelongstobothofthem. Article1166Ifmarriagebetweentheparentsofachildisillegitimateowingtothe existenceofanylegalimpediment,therelationofthechildtothatoneoftheparentswho wasignorantoftheexistenceoftheimpedimentislegitimate,anditsrelationtotheother partyisillegitimate.Ifbothparentswereignorantoftheimpediment,therelationshipof bothofthemtothechildislegitimate. Article1167Achildbornofadulteryshallnotbelongtotheadulterer. 115 CHAPTER2 ONMAINTENANCEANDEDUCATIONOFTHECHILDEN Article1168Maintenanceofchildrenisboththerightanddutyoftheparents. Article1169Amotherhaspreferenceoverothersfortwoyearsfromthebirthofher childforthecustodyofthechildandafterthelapseofthisperiodcustodywilldevolve onthefatherexpectinthecaseofadaughterwhowillremainunderthecustodyofthe mothertill7years. Article1170Ifthemotherbecomesinsaneormarriageanothermanduringherperiod ofcustody,thecustodywilldevolveonthefather. Article1171Ifoneoftheparentsdies,thecustodywillbethedutyofthesurviving althoughthedeceasedbethefatherandhemayhaveappointedaguardianforthe child. Article1172Neitheroftheparentscanrefusetomaintainthechildduringthetime whenheorsheisresponsibleforitscustodyIfheorshedoesso,thecourtmustinduce himorher,onapplicationbytheotherpartyortheguardianoroneoftherelativesorthe PublicProsecutor,toassumethecustody.Ifsuchenforcementisimpossibleor ineffectivethecourtmustarrangethecustodyattheexpenseofthefather,orofthe motherintheeventofthedeathoftheformer. Article1173Ifthephysicalhealthormoraleducationofthechildisendangeredasa resultofcarelessnessormoraldegradationofthefatherormotherwhoareinchargeof itscustodythecourtcantakeanydecisionappropriateforthecustodyofthechildonthe

requestofitsrelativesoritsguardianorthePublicProsecutor. Article1174Iftheparentsofthechilddonotliveinthesamehouseowingtodivorceor anyotherreason,eitheroftheparentswhoisnotinchargeofcustodyofthechildhas the righttovisitthechild.Determinationofthetimeandplaceofvisitandotherparticulars willbedecidedbythecourtifthereisanydisputebetweentheparentsaboutthem. Article1175Achildcannotbetakenfromtheparentsorthefatherorthemotherwhois inchargeofitscustodyexceptincaseswherejustfictionexistsfordoingso. Article1176Themotherisnotobligedtosucklethechildunlessthechildcannotbefed exceptwiththemilkofitsmother. ]Article1177Achildmustobeyitsparentsandmustrespectthemwhateveritsage. Article1178Parentsareboundtotakesuchmeasuresascircumstancesandtheir means allowfortheeducationoftheirchildren.Theymustnotleavetheirtalentsundeveloped. Article1179Parentsareentitledtopunishtheirchildrenbuttheymustnotabusethis rightbypunishingtheirchildrenbeyondthelimitsofcorrection. CHAPTER3 ONTHENATURALGUARDIANSHIPOFTHEFATHERANDPATERNAL GRANDFATHEROVERTHECHILD Article1180Aminorchildisundertheguardianshipofitsfatherorpaternal grandfather.Suchisalsothecasewithaimmatureorinsanechildprovidedthatthe immaturityormentalunfitnesscontinuesfromtheageofminority. 116 Article1181Eitherthefatherorthepaternalgrandfatherhastherightofguardianship overhischildren. Article1182Ifthechildhasbothfatherandpaternalgrandfatherandoneofthem becomeshimselfincapacitatedorispreventedbysomereasonorotherfrom administeringtheestateofhisward,hislegalguardianshipwillcease. Article1183Inallmatterspertainingtotheestate,andthecivilandfinancialconcerns oftheward,theguardianwillbehisorherlegalrepresentative. Article1184Ifthenaturalguardianofthechildisunworthyoftheadministrationofthe estateofhiswardorifhemisappropriatesproperty,thecourtwill,onapplicationbythe relativesofthechildorontherequestofthePublicProsecutorwhohastobeapartyto thesuit,andaftertheestablishmentoftheincapacityordishonestyoftheguardian,also

appointafinancialtrusteetoworkwiththeguardian.Thisprovisionwillbeapplicablein acasewheretheguardianofthechildisunabletoadministertheestateofhisward owing tooldageorsicknessorsimilarreasons. Article1185Ifthenaturalguardianofthechildbecomesincapacitated,thePublic Prosecutorisobligedtoappointaguardianforthechildaccordingtotheregulations governingthenominationofguardians. Article1186Incaseswherestrongindicationsexistshowingthedishonestyofthe naturalguardianinrespectoftheestateofhisward,thePublicProsecutorisobligedto applytotheCourtofFirstInstancerequestingthathisactionsmaybeinvestigated.The courtwillexaminethecomplaintandwillactaccordingtoArticle1184ifhisdishonesty isproved. Article1187Iftheonlynaturalguardianofachildcannotadministertheestateofhis wardowingtoabsenceorimprisonmentorowingtoanyotherreason,andifhehasnot nominatedanyoneelsetorepresenthim,thecourtwillappointprovisionallyaguardian ontheproposalofthePublicProsecutorfortakingchargeoftheestateandattendingto allmatterspertainingtoit. Article1188Eitherthefatherorthepaternalgrandfathercanappointafterthedeathof theother,anexecutorforthechildunderhisguardianshipinorderthattheexecutormay attend,afterhisdeath,tothebringingupandtheeducationofthechildrenandmay administertheirestate Article1189Neitherthefathernorthepaternalgrandfathercanappointanexecutorfor hiswardwhiletheotherisstillliving.Article1190Afatherorpaternalgrandfathercan authorizetheguardiantonominateanotherguardianforhiswardaftertheguardians death. Article1191Iftheguardianappointedbythenaturalguardiandoesnottakestepsfor themaintenanceortheeducationofhiswardorfortheadministrationofhisestateorif heabstainsfromfulfillinghisdutieshewillbedischarged. Article1192AMoslemguardiancannotappointanonMoslemguardianforhisward. Article1193Assoonasachildreachestheageofmaturity,hewillceasetobeunder wardshipandifhebecomessubsequentlymentallydeficientorinsane,aguardianwill be appointedforhim. 117

Article1194Thefather,thepaternalgrandfatherandtheguardianappointedbyoneof themwillbecalledthespecialguardianofthechild. BOOK9 OntheFamily CHAPTER1 ONOBLIGATIONOFMAINTENANCE Article1195ProvisionsforthemaintenanceofthewifearethosestipulatedinChapter 1,Part1ofBook7andthosestipulatedinthisChapter. Article1196Onlyrelativesbybloodinadirectlineascendingordescendingareunder reciprocalobligationtoprovidemaintenanceforeachother. Article1197Apersonisentitledtomaintenanceexpensesifheorsheispoorand cannot earnalivingbyadoptinganoccupation. Article1198Amanisonlyobligedtomaintainanotherifheisinapositiontodoso, thatistosayhecanprovidesuchmaintenancewithouttherebycausinghimselfdistress. Todeterminewhetheramancanmaintainanotherhisobligationsandhismanneroflife mustbetakenintoconsideration. Article1199Maintenanceofchildrenisthedutyofthefatheronhisdeathorhis incapacityformaintenance,thisdutydevolvesonthepaternalgrandfathers,thenearer of hiskincomingbeforethefather.Intheabsenceofafatherorpaternalgrandfathersorin theeventoftheirincapacity,thedutyofmaintenancedevolvesonthemother. Ifthemotherisdeadalsoorisunabletomaintainthechild,thedutywilldevolveon maternalgrandfathersandthegrandmothersandpaternalgrandmotherwhoare sufficientlywealthytoprovidemaintenance,givingpreferencetothenearerofkinover thefather.Ifanumberofthegrandparentsaresimilarindegreeofkinship,the maintenanceexpensesmustbepaidbytheminequalshares. Article1200Maintenanceexpensesofparentsmustbepaidbythenearestrelated child orgrandchildintheorderofkinship. Article1201Ifapersonhasrelativesbothascendinganddescendinginthedirectline whoareequallyunderanobligationtoprovideforhisliving,therelativesinquestion mustsharetheexpensesinequalshares.Itfollowsthereforethatifthepersonwhoisto bemaintainedhasfather,motheranddirectchildrenhisexpensesshouldbesharedin

equalportionsbyhisfatherandchildren,withoutthemotherbeingrequiredtopayany share.Inalikemannerifapersonwhoistobemaintainedhasamotheranddirect children,hisexpensesmustbeborneinequalsharesbythemotherandthechildren. Article1202Iftherelativeswhoaretobemaintainedarenumerousandthesupporter cannotpayforthemall,theclaimoftherelativesinthedescendingdirectlinehas priorityoverthatofrelativesintheascendingdirectline. Article1203Ifthereareawifeandoneormorerelativeswhoaretobesupported,the claimtosupportofthewifeprecedesthatofothers. 118 Article1204Maintenanceofrelativesconsistsofprovidingdwelling,clothing,foodand furnituretotheextentofbarenecessitiesandsubjecttothemeansofthepersonwho providesthemaintenance. Article1205Incasesofabsenceorrefusaltopaymaintenance,ifitisimpossibleto obligethepersonwhosedutyitistopaythemaintenance,thecourtcan,whenpersons entitledtomaintenancebringclaim,placefromtheassetsoftheabsenteeortherefuser, amountofthemaintenance,attheirowndisposaloratthedisposeoftheirsupporter (s): andintheeventthattheassetsoftheabsenteeortherefuserarenotavailable,hiswife or anotherpersonmayonthecourtsauthorizationpaythemaintenanceasloanandclaim it fromtheabsenteeortherefuser. Article1206Awifecanalwaysandinanycasepreferaclaimforherpastexpenses, andherrighttotheseexpensesispreferential.Intheeventofbankruptcyorinsolvency ofthehusbandherduesmustbepaidbeforeanyliquidationpaymentisarranged. Relatives,however,entitledtoprovisionofmaintenanceexpensescanclaimonlytheir expensesforafutureperiod. BOOK10 RegardingGuardianshipandTutorship CHPTER1 ONGENERALCONSIDERATION Article1207Thefollowingpersonsareconsideredasunderdisabilityandareforbidden totakepossessionoftheirpropertyandtheirpecuniaryrights: 1Minorchildren.

2Personswhohavenotmatured. 3Lunatics. Article1208Bythewordspersonswhohavenotmaturedismeantpersonswhose methodofdealingintheirpropertyandrightsisnotinaccordancewithreason. Article1209Repealedon29December1982. Article1210Noone,whenreachingtheageofmajority,canbetreatedasunder disabilityinrespectofinsanityorimmaturityunlesshisimmaturityorinsanityisproved. Note1theageofmajorityforboysisfifteenlunaryearsandforgirlsninelunaryears. Note2Thepropertieswhichhadbelongedtoaminorwhohasnowreachedtheageof majoritymaybegiventohimonlyifithasbeenprovedthathehasfulllegalcapacity. Article1211Lunacy,towhateverdegree,incursdisability. Article1212Theactsandwordsofminorchildrenarenullandvoidandofnoeffectso farastheiractsandwordsrelatetotheITpropertyandpecuniaryrights.A discriminatingminorchild,however,cantakepossessionofpropertyforno consideration,suchasacceptingagift,orafreetransfer,orassumingpossessionof unclaimedproperty. 119 Article1213Apermanentlunaticandaperiodicallunaticinhisstateoflunacycannot makeanyinterventionwhateverinhispropertyandhispecuniaryrightsevenwiththe permissionofhisguardian.Butjudicialactsmadebyaperiodicallunaticduringaperiod ofsanityarebindingprovidedthathissanityisestablished. Article1214Transactionandlegalactsperformedbyapersonnotofagearenot bindingexceptwiththepermissionofhisnaturalguardianorhisguardian,whetherthe permissionhasalreadybeengivenorwillbegivenafterthetransactionismade. Nevertheless,allkindsofpossessoryactsagainstnoconsiderationarebindingeven withoutpermission. Article1215Ifanyonehandscertainpropertytothepossessionofanondiscriminating minorchildoralunatic,theminorchildorthelunaticshallnotbeheldresponsiblefor damageorlosstotheproperty. Article1216Incasetheminorchild,lunaticorimmatureperson,causeslosstoanother person,heshallbeconsideredaguarantorforthesame. Article1217Themanagementofthepropertyofminorchildrenandinsaneand immaturepersonsisentrustedtothecareoftheirguardian,asislaiddowninPart3of Book8andthesubsequentArticles.

CHAPTER2 REGARDINGTHEAPPOINTMENTOFAGUARDIANAND THEPROCEDURERELATINGTHERETO Article1218Guardianswillbeappointedforthefollowingpersons: 1Forminorchildrennothavingaspecialguardians. 2Forinsaneandimmaturepersonswhoseinsanity,orimmaturitydirectlyfollowed theirattainingfullageandwhohavenospecialguardian. 3Forinsaneandimmaturepersonswhoseinsanityorimmaturitydidnotfollowdirectly afterattainingfullage. Article1219InthecasementionedintheprecedingArticleregardingtheappointment ofaguardianfortheirchildreneachoftheparentsisboundtoreportthematterofthe PublicProsecutorofthedistrictofhisresidenceortohisrepresentative,andtorequest himtotakenecessaryactionfortheappointmentofaguardian. Article1220Intheabsenceoftheparentsoftheirlackofknowledgeitisthedutyofthe relativeswhoarelivinginthesameplaceasthepersonneedingaguardiantoperform the taskmentionedintheprecedingArticle. Article1221Ifapersonforwhomaguardianshouldbeappointedasstipulatedin Article1218,hasawifeorahusband,thewifeorhusbandisalsoboundtocarryoutthe formalityprescribedinArticle1219. Article1222InanycasewherethePublicProsecutorhappenstoknowinanywayof theexistenceofapersonforwhomaguardianoughttobeappointedinaccordancewith 120 Article1218,he(thePublicProsecutor)wouldhavetoreferthemattertheSpecialCivil Courtandintroducetothecourtthosepersonswhomheconsidersfittobeguardians. TheSpecialCivilCourtwillthenappointoneorseveralpersonsasguardianandissuea decisionofappointment.Thecourtalsocanappointoneorseveralpersonstoactas supervisors.Inthiscasethecourtwouldhavetofixthelimitsofthesupervisors authority. Incasethecourtdoesnotconsiderreliablethepersonthusintroduced,itwillaskfor otherpersonstobeintroducedbytheOfficeofthePublicProsecutor. Article1223WithregardtolunaticsthePublicProsecutorshouldreferthematter beforehandtotheexpertsandsubmittheviewsofthelattertotheSpecialCivilCourt.In theeventoflunacybeingestablished,thePublicProsecutorwillreferthemattertoCourt

fortheappointmentoftheguardian.Inrespectofimmaturepersonsalso,thePublic Prosecutorisboundtoobtainadequateinformationregardingtheirlackofmaturity throughwellinformedpeopleandtofileasuitintheSpecialCivilCourtshouldhe(the PublicProsecutor)findtheimmaturityindisputable,andtoreferthemattertotheSpecial CivilCourtfortheappointmentofaguardianaftertheissueofadecisionregardingthe immaturity. Article1224Thesafeguardingaswellasthesuperintendenceofthepropertyofminor children,lunaticsandimmaturepersonsshallbeentrustedtothecareofthePublic Prosecutorsolongasnoguardianhasbeenappointedforthem. Theprocedurerelatingtothesafeguardingandsuperintendingofthepropertybythe PublicProsecutorshallbedesignatedbyvirtueofregulationsoftheMinistryofJustice. Article1225Assoonasadecisiondeclaringthelunacyorimmaturityofapersonis issuedandaguardianisappointedbytheEcclesiasticalCourtforthesaidperson,the PublicProsecutorcandeclarethestateofdisability. Thedeclarationofthestateofdisabilityofanypersonwhomay,inviewofthe conditionsofhisproperty,becomethesubjectofcomparativelyimportanttransactions, is obligatory. Article1226Thenamesofpersonswho,afterreachingtheoldageandmaturity become underdisabilitybecauseoflunacyorweaknessofintellectshouldbeputdownina specialregister.Thisbookcanbeseenbyanybody. Article1227Thecourts,departmentsandnotariespubliccanrecognizeasguardians onlythosepersonswhoseappointmentismadebyvirtueofthelawthroughtheCourt. Article1228OutsideIrantheIranianConsularOfficershavetherighttoappoint temporaryguardiansinrespectoftheIraniansforwhomguardianswillhavetobe appointedinaccordancewithArticle1218andwhoareresidingorstayingwithinthe limits.oftheirareaofjurisdiction.Theymust,bythedayfollowingtheappointmentof guardians,sendthedocumentsshowingtheiractiontotheMinistryofJusticethrough the MinistryofForeignAffairs.Theappointmentofthesaidguardianwillonlybecome definitewhentheSpecialCivilCourtofTehrancorroboratesthedecisiontakenbythe ConsularOfficer. 121

Article1229Thedutiesandauthoritywhichareprescribedbyvirtueoftherelevant lawsandregulationsinrespectoftheinterventionPublicProsecutorsinmatters concerningminorchildren,lunatics,andimmaturepersonsare,Sofarasthesematters concernforeigncountries,entrustedtothecareofConsularOfficers. Article1230Ifanystipulationismadecontrarytotheprovisionsofthepreceding ArticleinthetreatiesandagreementsconcludedbetweentheIranianGovernmentand the GovernmentinwhoseconsularOfficerconcernedisexercisinghisduties,theofficers concernedshallputintoforcetheprovisionsofthetwoArticlessofarastheydonot conflictwiththestipulationsoftheagreementortreaty. Article1231Thefollowingpersonsshouldnotbeappointedasguardians: 1Thosepersonswhoarethemselvesunderguardianship. 2Thosepersonswho,byreasonofperpetratingafelonyorthefollowing misdemeanoursbeenconvictedbyafinaljudgment Theft,abuseofconfidence(breachoftrust),swindlingembezzlement,rapeorimmoral acts,offencesagainstchildren,andfraudulentbankruptcy. 3Personsforwhomordersofbankruptcyareissuedandwhosebankruptcyhasnotyet beensettled. 4Personswhoarenotoriousfortheirimmoralacts. 5Apersonwhoeitherinhisownnameorinthatofhisrelativesofthefirstdegreehasa claimagainstthepersonunderincapacity. Article1232Therelativesofthepersonundercapacityshallhavepriorityoverothersin thematterofguardianship,iftheyarecompetent. Article1233Awomancannotacceptguardianshipwithout,theconsentofherhusband. Article1234 Whenthecourtappointsmorethanonepersonasguardian,itcan determinethedutiesoftheguardiansseparately. CHAPTER3 POWERS,DUTIESANDRESPONSIBILITIESOFTHE GUARDIANANDTHELIMITSTHEREOF SUPERINTENDENCEOFTHEPUBLICPROSECUTOR OVERTHEMATTERSRELATINGTOMINORCHILDREN, LUNATICANDIMMATUREPERSONS Article1235Theprotectionofthepersonwhoisunderguardianshipaswellashislegal representationinallmattersrelatingtohispropertyandfinancialrights,areentrustedto

theguardian. Article1236Theguardianisbound,beforeinterferinginthemattersrelatingto financialaffairsofthepersonplacedunderguardianshiptomakeaninventoryofallthe latterspropertyandtosendacopyofsamedulysignedbyhimselftothePublic 122 Prosecutorinwhosedistrictthepersonunderguardianshipresides,andthePublic Prosecutororhisrepresentativeshouldmakenecessaryinquirieswithregardtothe amountofthepropertyoftheward. Article1237ThePublicProsecutororhisrepresentativeshould,afterseeingthelistof thepropertybelongingtothepersonunderguardianship,fixtheamountoftheannual expensesofthesaidpersonaswellasthesumwhichmaybenecessaryforthe managementofthesaidproperty.Theguardiancannotspendmorethanthesaid amounts unlesswiththepermissionofthePublicProsecutor. Article1238Theguardianwhofailstosafeguardthepropertyofthepersonplaced underguardianship,willbeheldresponsiblefornegligenceorexcessiveusewhichmay beincurredbytheshortageordestructionofthesaidpropertyevenifthelossorwasting benotcausedbynegligenceorexcessiveuseonthepartoftheguardian. Article1239Incaseitisprovedthattheguardiandeliberatelyfailedtoputdowninthe listofthepropertyofthepersonplacedunderguardianshipsomepartofthesameand causedthispartofpropertynottobeenteredinthelist,he(theguardian)shallbeheld responsibleforanydamagesandlosseswhichmaybecausedonthataccounttothe personplacedunderguardianship.Further,shoulditbeprovedthatthesaidactwas based onbadfaith,theguardianshallbedismissed. Article1240Theguardiancannottransactanybusinessonbehalfofthewardbetween himselfandtheward,whetherbytransferringtohimselfthepropertyofthewardorby transferringhisownpropertytothelatter. Article1241Theguardiancannotsell,mortgageordisposeoftheimmovableproperty ofthewardinsuchawaythathe(theguardian)becomesindebtedtohiswardunlessin theinterestsofthewardandwiththeapprovalofthePublicProsecutor.Inthelatter case anindispensableconditionfortheapprovalofthePublicProsecutorconsistsinthe financialstandingoftheguardianLikewise,he(theguardian)cannotraiseany

unnecessaryorneedlessloanforthepersonplacedunderguardianshipunlesswiththe approvalofthePublicProsecutor. Article1242Theguardiancannotsettlealawsuitrelatingtothewardbycompromise unlesswiththeapprovalofPublicProsecutor. Article1243IncaseofexistenceofadequatereasonsthePublicProsecutorcanask the SpecialCivilCourttorequirefromtheguardiancertainguaranteesregardingthe managementofthepropertyoftheward.Thenatureoftheseguaranteesistobefixed by thecourt.Iftheguardianisnotpreparedtogivetherequiredguarantees,hewillbe dismissedfromtheguardianship. Article1244TheguardianshouldsubmittothePublicProsecutororhisrepresentative anaccountofhisguardianshipatleastonceayear.Ifhe(theguardian)failstosubmit theaccountwithinamonthfromthedateofrequestmadebythePublicProsecutor,he shallbedismissedonthedemandofthePublicProsecutor. Article1245Theguardianshallgiveanaccountofhistenuretothepersonformerly placedunderhisguardianshipwhenthepersonconcernedhasreachedfullageand maturityorremovalofhisincapacity.Iftheguardianshipcomestoanendbeforethe removalofincapacity,theaccountmustbesubmittedtothesubsequentguardian. 123 Article1246Theguardiancanaskforfeesforthefulfilmentofhisdutiesasguardian. Theamountofthefeesinquestionwillbefixedwithrelationtothenatureofthework undertakenbytheguardian,theamountofoccupationcausedtotheguardianbyhis dutiesassuch,andtheplacewheretheguardianresidesaswellastheamountofthe incomeoftheward. Article1247ThePublicProsecutorcanentrusttoreliablepersons,toacommittee,orto aninstitutioneithertotallyorpartytherightofexercisingsupervisionintheaffairs relatingtothepersonplacedunderguardianship.Theperson,committeeorinstitution appointedforcarryingoutsuchacontrolshallbeheldresponsibleforanylossor damageswhichmaybecausedtothepersonplacedunderguardianshipinthecaseof failureordishonestyonthepartofsuchpersonorbody. CHAPTER4 ONTHECIRCUMSTANCESOFDISMISSAL OFTHEGUARDIAN

Article1248Aguardianisdismissedinthefollowingcircumstances: 1Ifitbeestablishedthattheguardianlackedhonestyorlosesthisquality. 2Iftheguardiancommitsafelonyorperpetratesoneofthefollowingmisdemeanours andisconvictedbyafinaljudgmentTheft,breachofconfidence,swindling, embezzlement,rapeormmoralacts,offencesagainstchildren,bankruptcybyfraudor culpablebankruptcy. 3Iftheguardianisconvictedtoimprisonmentforareasonotherthanthosementioned aboveandconsequentlycannotmanagethefinancialaffairsoftheward. 4Iftheguardianisdeclaredbankrupt. 5Iftheincompetenceorinabilityoftheguardianinthemanagementoftheaffairsof thewardisestablished. 6InrespectofArticles1239,1243and1244attherequestofthePublicProsecutor. Article1249Iftheguardianbeinsaneorimmature,hewillbedismissed. Article1250IftheguardianisprosecutedbythePublicProsecutorinthematters relatingtothepropertyofthepersonplacedunderguardianshiporinrespectofafelony ormisdemeanourconcerninghisward,anotherguardianwill,attherequestofthePublic Prosecutor,beappointedbythecourtforsupervisingtemporarilytheaffairsoftheward. Article1251Ifawomanwithoutahusbandwhoisappointedasguardian,evenifshe be themotherofthepersonplacedunderguardianship,remarries,shewillhavetoreport thematterwithinamonthfromthedateofthecontractofmarriagetothePublic ProsecutorofthedistrictofherresidenceortohisrepresentativeInsuchacasethe Public Prosecutororhisrepresentativecan,whiletakingintoviewthenewpositionofthat woman,askfortheappointmentofanewguardianortheadditionofasupervisor. 124 Article1252 WithregardtotheprecedingArticle,incasetheguardianfailstoreport hermarriagetothePublicProsecutororhisrepresentativewithintheprescribedperiod, thePublicProsecutorcanaskforherdismissal. CHAPTER5 ONTHERELINQUISHMENTOFGUARDIANSHIP Article1253Ontheremovalofthegroundswhichhavecausedtheappointmentofa guardiantheguardianshipwillbeextinguished. Article1254Thepersonplacedunderguardianshiporanyotherinterestedpersoncan

askfortheremovaloftheguardianshipTheapplicationforthispurposecanbe submitted totheSpecialCivilCourtofthedistrictwherethewardresideseitherdirectorthrough thePublicProsecutorofthesaiddistrictorhisrepresentative. Article1255InrespectoftheprecedingArticlethePublicProsecutororhis representativeisboundtomakeenquiresbeforehandastothegroundsfortheremoval of thegroundandtoexpresshisviewsincourtwithregardtotheresultofhisenquiries. InrespectofpersonswhoseincapacityisannouncedinaccordancewithArticle1225, the removaloftheincapacityshouldalsobenotified. Article1256Theremovalofincapacityofanywardshouldberecordedintheregister mentionedinArticle1226againstthenameoftheward. VOLUMEIII ONEVIDENCEINSUBSTANTIATIONOFCLAIMS OnEvidenceinSubstantiationofClaims Article1257Anyonewhoclaimsarighthastoestablishthesameandifthedefendant, wishingtodefendhimself,claimssomethingwhichmayrequireevidence,itishewho mustproveit. Article1258Theevidenceadmissibleinprovingaclaimisasfollows: 1Confession. 2Writtendocuments. 3Oraltestimony(evidence). 4Indications. 5Oaths. 125 BOOK1 RegardingConfession CHAPTER1 ONTHECONDITIONSOFCONFESSION Article1259Confessioninacknowledgingtherightofanotherpersonagainstones owninterest. Article1260Confessiontakesplaceinanyexpressionwhichimpliesthesame. Article1261Asignmadebyadumbperson,whichclearlyindicatesaconfessionis

valid. Article1262Thepersonmakingaconfessionmustbemature,sane,capableof forming anintention,andfree.Therefore,anavowalmadebyaminor,oraninsanepersonina stateoflunacy,oronewhohasnofixedintentionoronewhoisundercompulsionisof noeffect. Article1263Theconfessionmadebyapersonofunsoundmindinfinancialmattersis ofnoeffect. Article1264Aconfessionmadebyadestitutepersonorabankruptinrespectofhis propertyandagainsttheinterestofthecreditorsisnoteffective. Article1265Aconfessionmadebypersonclaimingdestitutionandbankruptcyin mattersrelatingtohispropertyisofnoeffectinregardtothesafeguardingoftherights ofothersunlessthedestitutionorotherwiseisproved. Article1266Capacityisnotessentialinrespectofthepersoninwhosefavourthe confessionismade.Buthemustbecapable,accordingtolaw,ofpossessingwhatthe confessionhasconferreduponhim. Article1267Aconfessionmadetothebenefitofadeceasedpersonwillbeeffectivefor thelattersheirs. Article1268Aconditionalconfessionisnoteffective. Article1269Aconfessionmadeinamatterwhichispracticallyorrationally impossible,orwhichisnotvalidinlawisnoteffective. Article1270Aconfessionmadeinrespectofanunbornchildisonlyvalidwhenthe childisbornalive. Article1271Ifthepersoninwhosefavourtheconfessionismadeisunknown,the confessionisofnovalue.Ifheispartiallyspecified,theconfessioniseffectiveasfor instancewhenoneoftwoknownpersonsismeant. Article1272Thevalidityoftheconfessiondoesnotdependortheapprovalofthe personinwhosefavourtheconfessionismade.If,however,he(theletterperson) denied thesubstanceoftheconfession,thesaidconfessionwillhavenoeffectinhisfavour. Article1273Aconfessionmadeinrespectofparentageisonlyvalidwhom(1)thefact ofsuchparentageispossiblebylawandcustomand(2)thepersonwithwhomthe confessorallegesrelationshipadmitsthesame,exceptinthecauseofaminorwhois 126

admittedbyapersonasbeinghischild,providedthatnootherpersondisputeshis statement. Article1274Disagreementbetweenthepersonmakingaconfessionandthepersonin whosefavourtheconfessionismadeconcerningthecauseoftheconfessiondoesnot makeaconfessioninvalid. CHAPTER2 ONTHEEFFECTSOFCONFESSION Article1275Anypersonadmittingtherightofanotherpersonisboundbyhis admission. Article1276Incasethefalsenessofaconfessionisprovedbeforethemagistrate,the confessionshallhavenovalue. Article1277Adenial,ifmadeafteraconfession,isnotadmissible.Butincasea person makingaconfessionclaimsthattheconfessionmadebyhimwasfaultyorbasedon error ormistake,hisclaimwillbeheard.Thecaseissimilarifthatpersonmentionsanexcuse forhisconfessionwhichisadmissible,suchasastatementmadebyhimtotheeffect that theconfessionmadebyhimrelatedtoasumreceivedagainstadocumentordraftwhich hasnotbeencashed.Theseclaims,however,donotaffecttheconfessionsolongas they havenotbeenestablished. Article1278Theconfessionmadebyapersonisvalidonlyinrespectofthatpersonor hislegalrepresentativeandhasnoeffectinrespectofothersunlessthelawhasmade the confessioneffectiveinrespectofthatperson. Article1279Anoralconfessionmadeoutsideacourtcanonlybeprovedbygiving evidencebywitnesses,whentheclaimitselfiscapableofbeingprovedbyevidence givenbywitness,orwhenproofsorindicationsexistthattheconfessionreallytook place. Article1280Awrittenconfessionfollowsthesamerulesasanoralone. Article1281Thementionofadebtinacommercialaccountbookisequivalenttoa writtenconfession. Article1282Iftheconfessionmadeinacourtdependsonaconditionorasituation,the

personinwhosefavourtheconfessionismadecannotpartitionthesamebytaking advantageofthepartwhichistohisinterestandagainsttheinterestoftheconfessor, whileignoringtheremainingpartoftheconfession. Article1283Iftheconfessionmadecontainstwopartswhichareofdifferenteffectand whicharecloselyrelatedtoeachother,asforinstancewherethedefendantadmitsto havereceivedtheamountclaimedfromtheclaimantbutclaimstohavereturnedit,steps willbetakeninaccordancewithArticle1334. 127 BOOK2 RegardingDocuments Article1284Bydocumentismeantanywritingwhichcanbereferredtoin connectionwithaclaimoradefence. Article1285Signedtestimonyisnotregardedasadocumentitonlyhasthevalueof signedtestimony. Article1286Documentsaretwokinds:notarialandprivate. Article1287DocumentswhichhavebeendrawnupattheGeneralDepartmentfor RegistrationofDocumentsandLandedProperties,orattheofficesofNotariesPublic,or beforeotherofficialauthorities,withinthelimitoftheircompetencyandinaccordance withlegalRegulations,arenotarial. Article1288Thecontentsofadocumentareauthenticifitisnotcontrarytothelaws. Article1289 WiththeexceptionofsuchdocumentsasarementionedinArticle1287, alldocumentsareregardedasprivate. Article1290Officialdocumentsarebindinginrespectofthetwopartiesandtheirand successors.Theyarebindinginrespectofthirdpersonsifthishasbeenstipulatedby the law. Article1291Privatedocumentsshallintwocaseshavethevalueofnotarial documents, andshallbebindinginrespectofthetwopartiesandtheirheirsandsuccessors 1Ifthepartyagainstwhomadocumentislodgedadmitsthatthedocumenthasbeen issuedbythepersonwhoisallegedtohaveissuedit. 2Ifitisprovedinthecourtthatthedocumenthasactuallybeensignedorsealedbythe partywhohasdenieditorexpresseddoubtsastoitsauthenticity. Article1292Denialandexpressionofdoubtisnotentertainableagainstnotarial

documentsordocumentswhichhavethevalueofnotarialdocuments,butthepartycan claimthatthedocumentshavebeenforgedorprovethattheyhaveforsomereasonlost theirvalidity. Article1293Ifadocumenthasbeenpreparedbyanofficialauthoritychargedwiththe drawingupofdocuments,butthatauthorityhasnotbeencompetenttodrawupthe documentorhasnotobservedthelegalrequirementsconnectedwiththedrawingupof thedocument,suchadocument,ifitbearsthesignatureorthesealofthepartyis regardedasprivate. Article1294Failuretocomplywiththeprovisionsregardingstampfeeswhicharedue ondocumentsdoesnotmakeadocumentloseitsauthenticity Article1295Iraniancourtswillgivetodocumentsdrawnupinforeigncountriesthe samecreditasthesaiddocumentspossessinaccordancewiththelawsofthecountry in whichtheyhavebeendrawnup,providedthat: Firstly,theyhavenotlosttheirvalidityforanylegalreason. 128 Secondly,theircontentsarenotincontraventionwiththelawsconnectedwithpublic orderorgoodmoralsinIran. Thirdly,thecountryinwhichthedocumentshavebeendrawnupgivescreditto documentsdrawnupinIran,inaccordancewithitslawsortreaties. Fourthly,theIraniandiplomaticorconsularrepresentativeaccreditedtothecountry wherethedocumenthasbeendrawnuporthediplomaticorconsularrepresentativeof thatcountryinIranhascertifiedthatthedocumenthasbeendrawnupaccordingtothe locallaws. Article1296Incasetheconformityofthedocumentsreferredtointhepreceding Articlewiththelawsofthelocalitywheretheyhavebeendrawnuphasbeenattestedby theforeigndiplomaticorconsularrepresentativeinIran,theadmittanceofthedocument inthecourtsofIrandependsontheMinistryofForeignAffairsinTehranorthe GovernorGeneralandGovernorsintheProvincesandtownshavingcertifiedastrue the signatureoftheforeignrepresentative. Article1297Inconnectionwithaclaimlodgedbyonemerchantagainstanother merchantincircumstanceswheretheclaimhasarisenoutofcommercialaccountsand

dues,thecommercialbookswillbeconsideredasevidence,providedthatthesaid books havebeendrawnupinconformitywiththeCommercialCode. Article1298Amerchantsbookshallnotbevalidasagainstanonmerchantbutit canbeacceptedasoneoftheindicationsandclues.Butifapersonreferstothebookof a merchant,hecannotmakeadifferentiation,acceptingwhatistohisinterestand rejecting whatistohisdisadvantage,unlessheprovestheinvalidityrejectingwhatistohis disadvantage,unlessheprovestheinvalidityofwhatstandstohisdisadvantage. Article1299Commercialbooksarenotconsideredasevidenceinthefollowingcases: 1Ifitisprovedthatnewsheetshavebeenenteredintothebooksorthatthebookhas erasure(s). 2 Whenanirregularityordisorderisdiscoveredinthebook,beingintheinterestofthe ownerofthebook. 3Iftheinvalidityofthebookhasbeenformerlyestablishedinthecourt,forsome reason. Article1300Incaseswhereacommercialbookisnotevidenceinfavourofitsownerit willbeavaliddocumentagainsthim. Article1301Asignatureapposedonascriptordocumentservesasevidenceagainst the signatory. Article1302Ifatthefootoronthemarginorthebackofadocumentwhichisinthe handoftheproducer(ofthedocument)thereareendorsementmadeshowingthe invalidityortheinvalidationofthewholeorpartofthesubstanceofthedocument,the saidendorsementsshallbeconsideredasvalideveniftheyhavenodateorsignature, or havebeencancelledbydrawingalinethroughthemorsomeotherway. Article1303ThecontentsmentionedintheprecedingArticleshallhavenoeffectif theircancellationisacceptedbytheotherparty,orifitisprovedincourt. 129 Article1304Ifasignaturetoanundertakingisnotgiveninthewrittenundertaking itselfbutisgiveninaseparatescript,suchwrittenundertakingshallbeanevidence againstthesignatory,ifthescriptspecifiestowhichundertakingortransactionitrelates.

Article1305Innotarialdocumentsthedateofdrawingup(ofthedocument)isvalid, evenagainstthirdperson,butinprivatedocumentsthedateisvalidonlyinrespectof thosepersonswhohavehadparticipationintheirdrawingupandtheirheirsandthe personinwhosefavourawillhasbeenmade. BOOK3 RegardingTestimony PART1 ONTHECIRCUMSTANCESOFEVIDENCE Article1306Repealedon29December1982. Article1307Repealedon29December1982. Article1308Repealedon29December1982. Article1309Againstanofficialdocumentoradocumentwhosevalidityhasbeen establishedatthecourt,noclaimwhichisincontradictionwiththesubstanceorcontents thereofcanbeprovedbyevidence. Article1310Repealedon29December1982. Article1311Repealedon29December1982. Article1312Theruleslaiddownasaboveshallnotbebindinginthefollowingcases: 1Incaseswherethetestimonyofawitnessstrengthensorcompletestheevidence,as whensomeproofisavailableinsupportoftheoriginalclaim,butthequantityorthe amountisunknownandthetestimonyisgiventoindicatethequantityortheamount. 2Incaseswhereitisnotpossibletoobtainadocumentowingtoanaccident,suchas fire,blood,earthquakeorshipwreck,inwhichcircumstancesapersonwhohas entrusted hispropertytoanotherpersoncannotpossiblyobtainadocumentforit. 3Inrespectofallobligationsforwhichdocumentsarenotusuallyobtained,asfor instance,thegoodswhichpersonsentrusttohotel,cafes,inns,andtheatresandsuch as thefeesofdoctorsandmidwivesalsoinrespectofdischargeorobligationsforwhichit isnotusualtoobtainadocument,suchasworksundertakenundercontractorthelike, eveniftheoriginalundertakingisbasedonadocument. 4Incaseswherethedocumenthasbeenlostordestroyedastheresultofunexpected events. 5Incasesofautomaticguaranteesandotheraffairsnotinvolvedincontractsand transactions.

Article13131nawitnessmaturity,sanity,justice,faithandlegitimatedescentare required. 130 Note1ThewitnessjusticemustbeestablishedbyareligiousprocedurefortheCourt. Note2Thetestimonyofapersonwhohasapersonalinterest,theresorprefitthereof, inthesubjectmatteroftheClaimorhastherighttochallengetheclaim,aswellasthe testimonyofmedicantsshallnotbeaccepted. Article1313bisRepealedon29December1982. Article1314Theevidenceofchildrenwhohavenotreachedthefullageof15maybe heardonlyforsupplementinginformation,exceptwherethelawhasrecognized evidence givenbysuchchildrenasvalid. PART2 ONTHECONDITIONSOFGIVINGEVIDENCE Article1315Evidencemustbegivenfromasureandcertainknowledge,notbywayof doubtorhesitation. Article1316Evidencegivemustcorrespondwiththelawsuit,butitisnotinvalidifitis contradictoryinwordsbutconsonantinmeaning,orproveslessthan(theamountof)the claim. Article1317Evidencegivenbywitnessesmustagreeinsubstance.Therefore,if witnessesgiveevidencefoundtobeatvariancewitheachothersuchevidenceshallnot haveanyeffectunlesssureconclusioncanbedrawnfromthesubstanceoftheir declarations. Article1318Therewillbenoobjectiontovaryingstatementsbywitnessesinrespectof thedetailsofamatterifthey(suchstatements)donotinvolvecontradictiononthe subjectaboutwhichevidenceisbeinggiven. Article1319Noeffectwillbegiventotheevidencegivenbyawitnessifhewithdraws hisevidenceorheisfoundtohavegivenincorrectevidence Article1320Hearsayevidencewillbeadmissibleifthefirstwitnesshasdiedoris unabletobecalledowingtootherimpedimentssuchassickness,travel,imprisonment, etc. BOOK4 OnCircumstantialEvidence Article1321Bycircumstantialevidenceismeantconditionsandcircumstanceswhich

areconsidered,byvirtueoflaw,orintheviewofjudge,asproofsofamatter Article1322Legalcircumstantialevidencearesuchindicationswhichthelawhas regardedasevidenceinamatter,suchastheindicationsmentionedinthisAct,Articles 35,109,110,1158and1159etc.andotherproofsstipulatedinotherlaws. Article1323Legalcircumstantialevidenceshallbevalidinrespectofallclaims,evenif theyaresuchclaimsascannotbeprovedbytheevidenceofwitnesses,unlessthereis proofdefeatingsuchcircumstantialevidence. 131 Article1324Thecircumstantialevidencelefttotheviewofthejudgearetheconditions andcircumstancesregardingtheissue(ofaclaim),andcanbeacceptedonlyincases wheretheclaimisprovablebytheevidenceofwitnesses,orwhereit(thecircumstantial evidence)completesotherevidence. BOOKS ConcerningOaths Article1325Inrespectofclaimswhichcanbeprovenbytheevidenceofwitnesses,the claimantmaysubjectthedecisiontobeissuedrespectinghisclaimdeniedbythe defendant,tothelatterstakinganoath. Article1326InthecasescoveredbytheprecedingArticle,thedefendantcanalso,in theeventofassertingthatthedebtorobligationorthelikehaslapsed,makethe decision tobeissuedrespectingtheclaimsubjecttoanoathbeingtakenbytheclaimant. Article1327Theclaimantorthedefendantinthecasescoveredbythetwopreceding Articlecanrequestthatanoathshouldbetakenbytheotherpartyiftheactortheissue of theclaimisrelatedtotheotherpartyinperson.Inrespectofclaimsagainstminorsand insanepersons,therefore,anoathcannotberequiredfromthenaturalguardian, guardian orexecutorfortheactsdonebyhimpersonallyaslongasheremainsintheirchargeas naturalguardian,orguardianorexecutor.Thisalsoappliestoallcaseswhereamatter is relatedtooneparty. Article1328Thepersonwhoselotitistoswearmust,intheeventoffailingtoprove thenullityoftheclaimputforwardbytheotherparty,eithertakeanoathorpassitonto theotherparty.Incasehewillneithertakeanoathnorpassitontotheotherparty,he

willbecondemnedinregardtotheclaimforwhichanoathhasbeenrequested,onthe oathtakenbytheclaimantasdecidedbytheCourt. Article1328(a)addedasanamendment.on29December1982.Thecourtcanonthe basisofTheimportanceofthesubjectoflitigation,thepersonalityofthelitigant,aother effectivecircumstancesofferthattheoathshouldbetakenwithcertainspecialreligious .ceremonies,ormakethetakingoftheoathmoresolidinanyotherway. NoteIfapersonwhohasbeenrequiredtotakeoathwiththesereligiousformalitiesor solidness,doesnotaccepttheseextraformalitiesandneverthelesstakesanoath (without theseadditionalformalities),willnotheconsideredashavingdetheoath. Article1329Anoathistobeimposeduponapersonwhoseconfessionwouldhe bindingifhemadeaconfession. Article1330Therequestforanoathmaybedelegatedandtheadvocateinchargeof the lawsuitcanaskfortheotherpartytoswearanoath,butanoathtobesworncannotbe delegatedandanadvocatecannotswearanoathinsteadofhisclient. Article1331Anoathterminatesaclaimandnostatementcontradictorytotheoathmay beacceptedfromtheotherparty. Article1332Anoathshallhaveaneffectonlyinrespectofthosepersonswhoare partiestothesuitandtheirsuccessors. 132 Article1333Inrespectofaclaimagainstadeceasedperson,iftheoriginalrighthas beenprovenbutthecontinuanceofitsexistenceisnotestablishedintheviewofthe judge,thelattercanasktheclaimanttoswearanoathastothecontinuanceof existence oftheright.Insuchcircumstances,thepersonwhohasbeenaskedtotaketheoath cannot passitontothedefendant.TheprovisionsofthisArticleshallnotapplyinthecase wheretheevidenceforaclaimisanotrialdocument. Article.1334InthecaseofArticle1283thepersonwhohasconfessedcanrequest that anoathbetakenbytheotherpartyforanythingthathe(theformer)claims,unlessthe evidenceinsupportoftheclaimantsclaimisanotarialdocumentoradocumentwhose validityhasbeenestablishedinthecourt.

Article1335Takingoathispermissibleonlyincircumstanceswherenoneofthe evidencesmentionedinBooksOnetoFourofThreeofthislawexiststoproveaclaim. Onlyinsuchacasetheclaimantcanofferanoathtoresolvehisclaimagainsta defendant whodeniesthesubstanceoftheclaim. ***