1. Can you tell me what molecule this is a diagram of?

2. Why might the (-) and (+) be important to these molecules?

Cohesion

Adhesion

Surface tension

Drop Behavior - Water on Penny

1. Let's see how many drops of water you can you place on the surface of a penny before it overflows.

2. How many drops do you predict?

Table 1. Number Actual of Drops Number Predicted of Drops person person person person person Total Average #1 #2 #3 #4 #5

4. If the number of drops is very different from your prediction, explain what accounts for the difference.

1b Effects of Detergent 1. With your finger, spread one small drop of detergent on the surface of a dry penny.

2. How many drops do you think this penny will hold after being smeared with detergent, more, less, or the same as before? Why?

Table 2. Number of Actual Drops Number of Predicted Drops person person person person Person Average #1 #2 #3 #4 #5

6. Which property of water: adhesion, surface tension, or cohesion did the detergent change?

7. Did the detergent make a difference? Explain how detergents act as cleaning agents, considering the cohesion among water molecules and the effects of amphipathic molecules. (amphipathic having two different affinities, as a polar end that is attracted to water and a non-polar end that is repelled by it.)

Exercise Surface Tension & Adhesion

To Do 1a Drop Behavior - Water on Penny 1. Obtain a medicine dropper and a small (10 ml) graduated cylinder. Make sure the dropper is clean. 2. Drop water into the graduated cylinder with the dropper, counting each drop. 3. How many drops, of the size produced by your medicine dropper, are in each cubic centimeter (cc) of water? (1 cubic centimeter = 1 milliliter)? __________ drops 4. Conversely, how much water is in each drop? (divide 1cc by the number of drops) __________ cc. per drop, average. 5. Now, let's see how many drops of water you can you place on the surface of a

Results To Do

Results

penny before it overflows. 6. How many drops do you predict?

Table 1. Number of Drops Predicted

person person person person Total Average To Do

#1 #2 #3 #4 1-4

7. Drop water from the dropper onto a penny, keeping careful count of each drop. Draw a diagram below showing the shape of the water on the penny after one drop, when the penny is about half full, and just before it overflows.
Figure 4. Drawing of Drops

Results

Results Interpret

8. How many drops were you able to place on the surface of the penny before it overflowed? __________ drops 9. If the number of drops is very different from your prediction, explain what accounts for the difference. Students' predictions will typically underestimate this effect so they will likely be surprised. The students will find that they can put a surprising number of water drops on the head of a penny (typically 30 - 40) and they will observe how the water "piles up" on the penny. 10. Explain your results in terms of cohesion This exercise provides a demonstration of the 'stickiness' of water caused by cohesion. The effect results from the formation of a weak hydrogen bond between the oxygen of one water molecule (which carries a partial negative charge) and the hydrogen of another water molecule (which carries a partial positive charge). The many weak bonds that are formed are additive in strength, working in unison to bind water together. The water molecule is polar because of its partial charges. 1b Effects of Detergent 1. With your finger, spread one small drop of detergent on the surface of a dry penny. 2. How many drops do you think this penny will hold after being smeared with detergent, more, less, or the same as before? Why?

To Do Predict

Question

Students will observe that a penny with detergent will hold many fewer drops than a penny without detergent. This occurs because detergent is an amphipathic molecule, being polar (charged) at one end and non-polar at the other. This exercise demonstrates the disruptive effect of detergent upon the cohesiveness of water. 3. Specifically, how many drops do you think it will hold?
Table 2. Prediction of Number of Drops of Water on a Penny with Detergent

person person person person Average To Do

#1 #2 #3 #4

4. Using the same dropper as before, add drops of water to the penny surface. Keep careful count of the number of drops, and draw the water on the penny after one drop, about half full, and just before overflowing.
Figure 5. Drawing of Drops on a Penny with Detergent

Results Question

5. How many drops were you able to place on the penny before it overflowed this time? __________ drops 6. Did the detergent make a difference? Describe the effect of the detergent. Because of the amphipathic structure, one end of the detergent molecule forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules, but the other end does not. When water hydrogen bonds with detergent, it is not bonding to other water molecules. As a result, the overall forces binding the liquid together are greatly diminished. 7. What does the detergent do to have this effect on water? The detergent is similar in structure to phospholipid molecules in our bodies which make up cell membranes. Phospholipids are also amphipathic, having a polar phosphate group at one end and two non-polar fatty acids at the other. The 'oil / water', 'polar / non-polar' distinction is a very important factor in the structure and behavior of living cells. 8. Explain how detergents act as cleaning agents, considering the cohesion among water molecules and the affects of amphipathic molecules. (Amphipathic having two different affinities, as a polar end that is attracted to water and a non-polar end that is repelled by it.)

Interpret

-detergents are amphipathic having two different affinities, as a polar end that is attracted to water (hydrophilic) and a nonpolar end that (hydrophobic) t Detergent molecules act as cleaning agents by surrounding oil droplets with their non-polar ends and interacting with water at their polar