----In-Line Mounted Instruments

Modue 12214
Instrumentation Trainee Task Module 12214
IN-LINE MOUNTED INSTRUMENTS-
Ob|ectves
Upon completion of this module, the trainee will be able to:
1. Identfy nstrument ocaton and fow drecton of process per
drawngs.
2. Identfy and seect nstruments and ther requrements for n-ne
mountng.
3. Insta n-ne mounted nstrumentaton n accordance wth
specfcatons and requrements.
Prerequstes
Successfu competon of the foowng Task Modue(s) s requred before
begnnng study of ths Task Modue: NCCER Core Currcua; NCCER Task
Modue 12201, Craft-Related Mathematics; NCCER Task Modue 12202,
Instrumentation Drawings and Documents II, NCCER Task Modue 12203,
Principles of Welding for Instrumentation; NCCER Task Modue 122!,
Process Control "heor#$
Requred Tranee Materas
1. Tranee Modue
2. Requred Safety Equpment
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 2
Course Map Informaton
Ths course map shows a of the Wheels of %earning task modues n the
second eve of the Instrument currcua. The suggested tranng order
begns at the bottom and proceeds up. Sk eves ncrease as a tranee
advances on the course map. The tranng order may be ad|usted by the
oca Tranng Program Sponsor.
Course Map: Instrument, Leve 2
LEVEL 2 COMPLETE
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Topic .
Page
1.0.0 Introducton
.............................. 5
2.0.0 Meter Seecton
........................... 5
2.1.0 Dfferenta Pressure
......................... 7
2.2.0 Eectromagnetc Fowmeters
.................... 7
2.3.0 Turbne Meters
............................ 7
2.4.0 Vortex
Meters............................ 7
2.5.0 Varabe Area Meters
........................ 7
2.6.0 Fowmeter Seecton Procedure
.................... 8
3.0.0 Dfferenta Pressure
......................... 9
3.1.0 Instaaton of the Prmary Eement .................
11
3.1.1 Method A - Socket Wed Adapters .................
14
3.1.2 Method B - Weded Haf Coupng ..................
14
3.1.3 Method C - Screwed Type Connecton ...............
15
4.0.0 Fanged Eectromagnetc Fowmeter
.................16
4.1.0 Instaaton
.............................. 16
5.0.0 Fow
Swtches............................ 18
6.0.0 Varabe Area Fowmeters
....................... 22
6.1.0 Rotameter Characterstcs
....................... 23
6.1.1 Types of Rotameters
......................... 24
7.0.0 Soenod Vaves
........................... 26
7.1.0 Constructon of
Vave........................ 27
7.1.1 Drect-Actng Vave
......................... 27
7.1.2 Interna Pot-Operated Vave .....................
27
7.1.3 Externa Pot-Operated Vave
..................... 27
7.1.4 Sembaanced Seat and Dsc Vave
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 4
................. 27
7.2.0 Soenod Encosures
.......................... 28
7.2.1 Genera Purpose NEMA Type 1
................... 28
7.2.2 Watertght NEMA Type 4
...................... 28
7.2.3 Exposon-Proof Encosures
..................... 28
7.3.0 Stem Seas
.............................. 29
7.4.0 Instaaton
.............................. 29
7.4.1 Vave Care Before Instaaton
.................... 29
7.4.2 Threaded End
Vaves......................... 30
7.4.3 Fanged End Vaves
.......................... 30
7.4.4 Socket Wed End Vaves
....................... 31
8.0.0 Appcaton and Seecton of Densty Meters ............
32
8.1.0 Lqud Densty -- Anguar Poston Type ...............
32
8.2.0 Lqud Densty -- Hydrometers ...................
33
8.3.0 Lqud Densty -- Sound Veocty Type ...............
35
8.4.0 Lqud Densty -- Vbratng Pate Type ................
36
8.5.0 Lqud Densty -- Vbraton Tube Type ................
36
Trade Terms Introduced In Ths Modue
Accuracy: The degree of correctness wth whch a measurng devce
yeds the "true vaue" of a measured quantty.
Differentia pre!!ure ce: A devce for measurng the dfference n
two pressures, usng daphragms beows, or smar means.
Orifice pate!: A devce used to create a dfferenta pressure when
determnng fow rate.
Reyno"! nu#$er: The product of the densty of the fud, the fow
veocty, and the nterna dameter of the ppe, dvded by the vscosty of
the fud.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 5
Soenoi" %a%e: A vave that s operated open or cosed by movement
of a punger whch s drawn nto a co when t s energzed.
Tran!#itter: A transducer whch responds to a measured varabe by a
means of a sensng eement and converts t to a standardzed
transmsson sgna whch s a functon ony of '' the measurement.
&enturi tu$e: A short tube of varyng cross sectons usuay cone
shaped and havng a convergent-dvergent shape. The fow through the
ventur causes a pressure drop n the smaest secton, the amount of the
drop beng a functon of the veocty of fow.
'(eat!tone $ri"ge: A devce whch measures the resstance of a
crcut to the 10 thousandth of an ohm.
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION-
As an nstaaton tranee one must be abe to nsta nstruments n
accordance wth specfcatons.
Instruments can be mounted n varous ocatons. There are n-ne-
mounted nstruments that are a part of the process tsef. Instruments can
be mounted such that they are externa to the process as a radaton fow
meter. Aso nstruments can be mounted externay to the process but ther
sensng ponts are drecty connected to the process oop as wth a
pressure detector. These are |ust a few means of nstrumentaton.
Ths sesson w be coverng those nstruments that are mounted n the
process.
2.0.0 METER SELECTION-
The varety of choces when confronted wth a fow measurement
appcaton s vast. The Orentaton Tabe, as seen on "a&le 1, sts
eghteen dfferent categores of fowmeters.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 6
Tabe 1. Orentaton Tabe for Fow Sensors
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 7
2.1.0 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
Ths s undoubtedy the most wdey used method of ndustra fow
measurement. A restrcton s ntroduced nto the ppe. The resutng
pressure decrease s proportona to fow rate.
densty) (fud d
head a (dfferent h
(constant) K (fow) O =
A separate transmitter is requred; manfods and cocks are requred and
the fud densty , must be known or measured. Types of differential
pressure meters ncude:
Orifice Plates
Ventur and Propretary Tubes
Ptot Tubes
Ebow Taps
Target (or Impact) Meters
2.2.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS
These meters measure the veocty of an eectrcay conductve qud as t
cuts the magnetc ; fed produced across the meterng tube. The prncpa
advantages ncude no movng components; competey unobstructed
bore; chemca compatbty wth vrtuay a quds; ndfference to
vscosty, pressure, temperature and densty, near anaog output; and,
sutabty for b-drectona fow. The ma|or mtaton to the use of
eectromagnetc fowmeters s that the fud must be eectrcay
conductve.
2.3.0 TURBINE METERS
The speed of rotaton of a baded turbne meter, drven by the fud,
provdes a dgta output near wth fow rate. Turbne meters are avaabe
for quds and gases, very ow fow rates and as nserton desgns.
2.4.0 VORTEX METERS
The three types of vortex meters are vortex sheddng, vortex precesson
and fudc oscaton. A three types utze fud oscaton to provde
meters wth no movng components, sutabe for gas or quds.
2.5.0 VARIABLE AREA METERS
Varabe area meters use a vertca tapered gass tube contanng a foat.
The equbrum poston of the foat s proportona to fow rate. Aternatve
desgns feature meta tube gravty-oaded types wth eectrca sensors for
hgher fow rates, and pressure- and sprngoaded types.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 8
2.6.0 FLOWMETER SELECTION PROCEDURE
Meter seecton fas nto two man stages. Frst, dentfy the meters whch
are techncay capabe of performng the requred measurement and are
avaabe n acceptabe materas of constructon; then, make the best
choce from those avaabe. A st shoud be made of the key parameters
whch the meter must be capabe of accommodatng. By comparng these
requrements wth the nformaton gven n "a&le 1 and "a&le 2, a frst
pass emnaton of techncay unsutabe meter can be made. The st can
then be further refned by a more detaed consderaton of the
appcatona requrements aganst the "Features Summary" at the start of
each approprate meter secton.
APPLICATION AND SELECTION
Tabe 2. Fud Duty Seecton Tabe
In order to cover speca features such as reverse fow, pusatng fow,
response tme, and so on, t s necessary to study the ndvdua meter
specfcatons n deta and/or obtan the manufacturer's comments and
advce.
Safety s the most mportant consderaton of a n the seecton of any
equpment. The meter and assocated equpment must, obvousy, be
certfed as beng sutabe for the eectrca safety cassfcaton of the area
n whch t w be used. Ths may be acheved by use of purey mechanca
or pneumatc equpment, or, more commony, by use of certfed
ntrnscay safe fameproof or exposon proof unts.
The choce of the materas of constructon s aso crtca for any oxygen
or oxygen-enrched appcaton. Stees, for exampe, present an ncreasng
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 9
exposon hazard as the oxygen veocty and pressure ncrease. The
ceanness and surface fnsh affect the safe veocty and pressure
mtatons and, consequenty, the pont at whch stees become
unacceptabe.;, Ths crtca stuaton can be avoded by the use of
aternatve materas, such as phosphor; bronze, gunmeta, brass,
beryum, copper, etc.
Where noxous or dangerous fuds are beng metered, t s essenta, from
an operator safety;; standpont, that any possbty of eakage s kept to
an absoute mnmum. The use of meter types whch do not protrude nto
the ppe or feature sod meta housngs wthout any manfods, tappngs,
or frage components hep to ensure securty and freedom from eakage.
Instaaton requrements vary dramatcay between the varous meter
types (see "a&le 1'$ Instaaton s often the decdng factor n meter
seecton. An extreme exampe s an operatona ppene whch cannot be
shut down or the measurement pont bypassed. In ths case, the user's
choce s severey curtaed and s mted to camp-on meters, such as
Dopper; and cross-correaton, or hot tap nserton meters.
NOTE: Gve consderaton to process wth seectng gaskets and
ubrcants.
NOTE: Be sure nstruments are nstaed n accordance wth fow
drecton.
NOTE: Do not force nstaaton.
NOTE: Be sure process nes are empty before nstaaton.
NOTE: Insta after fushng propery and hydro testngs.
When the above speca condtons do not appy, nstaaton requrements
are st an mportant factor both wth regard to cost and pant
acceptabty. In some ocatons, the requste straght ppe engths cannot
be provded and t s then necessary to accept a derated performance or
consder an aternatve meter type, such as an eectromagnetc meter
whch has mnma straght ppe requrements. Specfc appcaton
requrements affect dfferent meters n dfferent ways. Unavaabty of an
eectrcty suppy at the measurement pont emnates the
eectromagnetc fowmeter from consderaton. If a vertca ocaton:`
cannot be found for a varabe area meter, t cannot be used. A postve
dspacement meter
,
requres a straner, and so on. Even f the meter
nstaaton condtons can be met, ther effect on the overa system cost
shoud st be consdered and quantfed.
3.0.0 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE-
There are many types of prmary eements whch create and/or receve a
dfferenta pressure n the fud fowng. Some of the more common and
the most wdey used are the orfce pates, fow nozzes, venturi tubes,
and ptot tubes. The nstaaton of the orfce pates and fow nozzes,
prmary, and the necessary ppng and fttngs requred from the ppe
ne to the transmtter w be covered.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 10
Orfce Pates are, n most cases, thn-pate wth openngs concentrc wth
the neer dameter of the ppe. The openng may, however , be eccentrc
or segmenta n (igure 1$
Fgure 1. Types of Orfce Pates Used Between Ppe Fanges
The eccentrc type of orfce pate s usuay used when the downstream
pressure connecton cannot be ocated cose enough to a concentrc orfce
for sutabe accuracy. Segmenta orfces mght be consdered extreme
concentrc orfces. They aow the downstream connecton to be ocated
even further downstream and offer even ess restrcton n the ppe to drty
fuds.
Orfce pates are usuay nstaed between fanges n the ppe ne.
Sometmes speca orfce pate fanges are used whch are extra thck and
have pressure taps raday through the fange. Orfce pates may be
weded nto the ppe tsef, but for most wed-n nstaatons a fow nozze
s used.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 11
Fow nozzes (and ventur tubes) are used n nstaatons where ther
foowng man two advantages are mportant. The permanent pressure
oss s ess for a fow nozze than for an orfce pate wth an openng the
same sze n addton to handng approxmatey 60% more fow than the
orfce pate.
Fanged fow nozzes are nstaed between ppe ne fanges smar to
orfce pates. Oute often, however, nozzes are weded n pace nsde a
ppe ne or are pnned n pace aganst a rng weded n the ppe ne.
Typca orfce and nozze nstaaton between fanges s shown n (igure 2
)a', )&', and )c'$
Fgure 2. typca Instaato of Orfce
3.1.0 INSTALLATION OF THE PRIMARY ELEMENT
Frst consderaton shoud be proper poston of the prmary eement n
reaton to drecton of fow. Orfce pates must have the sharp unbeveed
edge upstream wth the beveed edge downstream. Orfce pates have the
word "INLET" stamped on the name tab to ndcate the sde whch the fud
s to enter.
Fow nozzes must be paced n the ppe ne pro|ectng downstream from
the fanges wth the arge openng upstream. The fow nozze aso has a
name tab ndcatng the upstream sde.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 12
Ventur tube sectons usuay have an arrow or other ndcaton to show
the drecton of fud fow through them.
The second consderaton when nstang the prmary eement s the
poston of the "dran" hoe through the prmary eement. The proper
ocaton w be assured f the name tab s n a vertca poston on
horzonta nstaatons and 90 away from the pressure tap connectons
on vertca nstaatons.
The thrd mportant consderaton s to make certan that the prmary
eement s centered.
A method of centerng the prmary eement usng the outsde dameter of
the fange as a gude s shown n (igure *$ Frst the concentrcty of the
fange n reaton to the ppe nsde dameter s measured. Next the
prmary eement s paced n poston and shfted unt the dfference
between the two sets of measurement at each check pont s the same.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 13
Fgure 3. Centerng of Orfce Pate of Fow Nozze
Segmenta and concentrc orfces qute often have centerng pns to
ocate the openng n the orfce pates propery n reaton to the ppe.
Make certan the openng on such orfces s drecty n ne wth and on the
opposte sde of the ppe from the pressure tap connectons.
There are three prncpe methods by whch pressure tap connectons are
made. Method A s preferred and recommended over Method B and C
because t nsures a good permanent connecton wth the east chance of
ntroducng errors nto the meterng due to a poor pressure tap
connecton. The socket wed (sock-o-et) adapter shown n Method A s
furnshed wth ordered sets of prmary eement fttngs for pressure and
temperature condtons above 300 psg and 550 F.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 14
The haf coupng weded to the ppe shown n Method B s the standard
type of connecton up to 300 psg and 550 F.
Method C can be used at the customers own dscreton. These taps can be
seen n (igure 4.
3.1.1 Method A - Socket Wed Adapters
Locate pressure tap connectons (U and D dmensons from nstaaton
data sheet) and note sze of U and D connectons. Dr pressure tap hoes
part way nto ppe wa makng certan drng s perpendcuar to the ppe
wa. Counterbore each hoe to receve each socket wed adapter. Wed the
socket wed adapters n pace so that ther centernes are perpendcuar
to the ne ppe centerne. Bore or ream before proceedng wth the next
step. Dr through the ppe wa by usng the socket wed adapters as
gudes for the dr. Note that the nsde dameter of the adapter s the
same as the pressure tap hoe n the ppe wa, and shoud be reamed, f
necessary. Remove any burrs, pro|ectons, wres, or other rreguartes
from the nsde edge of the dred pressure tap hoes.
3.1.2 Method B - Weded Haf Coupng
Locate pressure tap connectons U and D dmensons from nstaaton data
sheet. Note sze of U and D connectons. Dr pressure tap hoes part way
nto ppe wa makng certan drng s perpendcuar to the ppe wa.
Shape haf coupngs by grndng or machnng to ft haf coupng to ne
ppe, and chamfer for wedng. Wed haf coupng n poston centerng t
over the partay dred pressure tap hoes. Fnsh drng the pressure tap
hoes through the ppe wa beng carefu to dr perpendcuar to the
centerne of the ne ppe. Remove any burrs, pro|ectons, wres, or other
rreguartes from the nsde edge of the dred pressure tap hoes. Bore,
smooth, or ream before proceedng wth the next step.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 15
Fgure 4. Pressure Taps
3.1.3 Method C - Screwed Type Connecton
Locate pressure tap connectons U and D dmensons from nstaaton
sheet and note the sze of U and D dmensons. Dr and tap pressure tap
hoes through ppe wa perpendcuar to the centerne of the ne ppe.
End of pressure tap connecton nppes must be threaded f they are not
aready threaded for use wth the haf coupngs. Nppes must now be
screwed nto the openngs n ppe wa unt they are pressure tght. If one
of the nppes s a bent nppe t must be set at the proper anguar poston
so that the outet of the ange vaves at the other end s eve wth the
nppe n the other pressure connecton. Wth the nppes n poston the
end nsde of the ppe must be ground or otherwse shaped to the nsde of
the ne ppe. The nsde edges of the pressure tap nppes must be smooth
and free of rreguartes, etc. After the nstaaton s compete the nppes
may be sea weded, f desred.
For hgh temperature servce (above 800F) a speca type of socket wed
adapter s used. It s made of 2-1/4% chrome 1% moybdenum aoy stee
for temperature up to 1050F, and can be fabrcated of staness stee for
hgher temperature use.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 16
4.0.0 FLANGED ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETER-
The Brooks Mag 5000" s an eectromagnetc fowmeter wth fanged
process connectons. Fanged meters have severa advantages. They are
easy to nsta, they provde a tght sea whch mnmzes eaks and fugtve
emssons and they offer the strength of a weded spoo pece.
The compete Mag 5000
TH
has two basc components: a fow head (fow
eement) and a transmtter (sgna condtoner). Ths s shown n (igure +$
Lner and eectrode optons aow seecton of a fowmeter suted to the
appcaton. The standard Tefze

ner s sutabe for acds, caustcs, and

mdy abrasve fuds. The ner nstaaton process bonds the ner to the
tube makng the unt sutabe for vacuum servce. Because the Tefze
contans no gass fer, maxmum chemca compatbty s assured. The
cut away vew n (igure , shows ths nng.
Process qud connectons are avaabe n dfferent szes and materas:
150# ANSI, Rased Face, RF, carbon stee fanges standard,
300# ANSI, DIN 16, and 25 and AWWA Cass D fat face, and
ANSI and DIN fanges are avaabe n carbon or staness stee and n
rased or fat face desgn.
4.1.0 INSTALLATION
Do not ocate a magmeter near devces that produce hgh ntensty
eectromagnetc feds such as arge eectrc motors, transformers,
communcatons equpment, etc. as the feds can nterfere wth magmeter
operaton. Foow good safety and nstrumentaton wrng practce.
Instrument condut shoud:
1. be nstaed to prevent mosture entry,
2. not run parae to power conductors and crossng shoud be at a rght
ange, and propery sheded,
3. not be run cose to arge nducton equpment,
4. not contan more than four bundes from four fowmeters n a snge
condut.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 17
Fgure 5. Fanged Magnetc Fowmeter
Fgure 6. Mag 5000 Cutaway
For accurate operaton, nsta a magmeter such that vapor or sods w
not accumuate durng operaton, (igure - and .$ Instaaton for vertca
upfow operaton offers the best possbty of mantanng these
condtons. The preferred method of nstang magmeters s n the vertca
poston. If the magmeter s nstaed n non-conductve ppe, groundng
rngs must be used.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 18
Fgure 7. Horzonta Ppng Instaaton (Meter n Optona Lne Drop)
"a&le * presents gasket suggestons based on ner matera. Dust the
gaskets, fow head fanges and matng ppe fanges wth gasket tac
powder pror to nstaaton to prevent ner damage shoud the fow head
need to be removed from the ppe.
5.0.0 FLOW SWITCHES-
Fow swtches are used to determne f the fow rate s above or beow a
certan vaue. Ths vaue can be fxed or ad|ustabe. When the setpont s
reached, the response can be the actuaton of an eectrc or pneumatc
crcut. When the fow swtch s actuated, t w stay n that condton unt
the fow rate moves back from the setpont by some amount.
A nstruments that can measure fow can aso be used as fow swtches.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 19
Fgure 8. Vertca Instaaton
Fowhead Lner
Matera
Suggested Gasket
Matera
Tefon or Tefze Tefon Enveoped Asbestos
Neoprene, Gum Rubber, and
Poyurethane
Asbestos, Neoprene or Rubber
Tabe 3. Gasket Matera Seecton
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 20
The east expensve and therefore the most wdey used are the varous
padde type devces. At "no fow" the padde hangs oosey, vertca to the
ppe n whch t s nstaed. As fow s ntated, the padde begns to swng
upward n the drecton of the fow stream. Ths defecton of the padde s
transated nto mechanca moton by a varety of technques ncudng a
pvotng cam, a fexure tube or a beows assemby. The mechanca
moton causes the swtch to open or cose. If a mercury swtch s used the
mechanca moton drves a magnetc seeve nto the fed of a permanent
magnet whch trps the swtch. A hermetcay seaed swtch w be drecty
actuated by the permanent magnet as t moves up or down accordng to
the padde movement. If a mcro-swtch s used the transated moton w
drecty cause swtch actuaton.
The range and actuaton pont of padde swtches can be changed and
ad|usted by changng the ength of the padde. For any gven ppe sze, the
fow rate at whch swtch actuaton occurs decreases as the padde ength
ncreases.
Padde-type fow swtches are senstve to ppene turbuence, ppene
vbraton and nstaaton confguraton. For these reasons, t s advsabe
to provde them wth the equvaent of a ten ppe dameter straght
upstream run, to use dampers f ppe vbraton or pusng fow s expected
and to read|ust ther settngs f they are to be mounted n vertca upward
fownes. The conventona padde-type desgns are ncapabe of
dstngushng ow fow veoctes from no-fow condtons. Therefore, f ow
fows are to be detected, the fodng crcuar padde shoud be used
)(igure /' whch permts the fu dameter padde to fod back upon tsef,
to mnmze pressure drop.
In smaer szed ppenes where t s desred to provde oca fow
ndcaton, n addton to the fow swtch acton, the varabe area-type fow
swtches can be consdered. If the vertca upward fow confguraton of the
rotameter desgn s not convenent from a ppng ayout pont of vew, the
crcuar swngng vane desgn, ustrated n (igure 1, can be consdered.
In exstng systems, the camp-on-type utrasonc qud fow swtch can be
convenent souton because t does not requre ppe penetraton. If the
purpose of the fow swtch s to protect pumps from runnng dry, the
capactance wafer-type fange nsert unt s a good choce.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 21
Fgure 9. Fodng Padde Swtch
Fgure 10. Swngng Vance Fow Swtch
Fow swtch reabty s ncreased by the emnaton of movng parts, so
that ppe vbratons or fud fow puses w not cause erroneous swtch
actuaton. One of the most popuar sod state desgns s the therma fow
swtch. A heat actuated fow swtches sense the movement or stoppage
of the process stream by detectng the coong effect on one or more
probes. One desgn conssts of a heater probe and two sensor probes,
connected n a Wheatstone bridge. When the fow stops, an nbaance n
the brdge crcut occurs, as ustrated n (igure 11$
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 22
Fgure 11. Therma Fow Swtch
6.0.0 VARIABLE AREA FLOWMETERS-
The rotameter s a varabe area-type fowmeter. It conssts of a tapered
meterng tube and a foat whch s free to move up and down wthn the
tube. The meterng tube s mounted vertcay wth the sma end at the
bottom. The fud to be measured enters at the bottom of the tube, passes
upward around the foat, and out at the top. (igure 12 s a representaton
of a rotameter.
Fgure 12. The Rotameter
When there s no fow through the rotameter, the foat rests at the bottom
of the meterng tube where the maxmum dameter of the foat s
approxmatey the same as the bore of the tube. When fud enters the
meterng tube the buoyant effect of the fud ghtens the foat, but t has a
greater densty than the fud and the buoyant effect s not suffcent to
rase t. There s a sma annuar openng between the foat and the tube.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 23
The pressure drop across the foat ncreases and rases the foat to
ncrease the area between the foat and tube unt the upward hydrauc
forces actng on t are baanced by ts weght ess the buoyant force. The
meterng foat s "foatng" n the fud stream. The foat moves up and
down n the tube n proporton to the fud fow rate and the annuar area
between the foat and the tube. It reaches a stabe poston n the tube
when the forces are n equbrum. Wth upward movement of the foat
toward the arger end of the tapered tube, the annuar openng between
the tube and the foat ncreases. As the area ncreases, the pressure
dfferenta across the foat decreases. The foat w assume a poston, n
dynamc equbrum, when the pressure dfferenta across the foat pus
the buoyancy effect baances the weght of the foat. Any further ncrease
n fow rate causes the foat to rse hgher n the tube; a decrease n fow
causes the foat to drop to a ower poston. Every foat poston
corresponds to one partcuar fow rate and no other for a fud of a gven
densty and vscosty. It s merey necessary to provde a readng or
cabraton scae on the tube and fow rate can be determned by drect
observaton of the poston of the foat n the meterng tube.
Meta meterng tubes are used n appcatons where gass s not
satsfactory, In ths case the foat poston must be ndrecty determned
by ether magnetc or eectrca technques. The use of ndrect foat
poston sensors aso provdes functons other than drect vsua ndcaton.
Rotameters are avaabe whch transmt pneumatc, eectronc, or tme
puse sgnas, or provde recordng, totazng, or contro functons.
6.1.0 ROTAMETER CHARACTERISTICS
The rotameter has many characterstcs whch set t apart from other
fowmeters.
A very wde range of quds can be handed by the rotameter. A wde
choce of tube foat, end fttng, and packng or 0-rng materas are
avaabe for the partcuar servce beng consdered. Lqud metas,
even very dense qud metas ke mercury and qud ead can be
metered.
The rotameter s an nexpensve fowmeter for gas fow measurement.
The pressure drop across the meter s essentay constant over the fu
10:1 operatng range.
The poston of the foat n the meterng tube vares n a near
reatonshp wth fowrate. Ths s true over ranges up to 10:1.
Rotameters can drecty measure fows as hgh as 4000 GPM (920
L/hr).
The rotameter tends to be sef-ceanng. The veocty of the fow past
the foat, and the freedom of the foat to move vertcay, enabes the
meter to cean tsef of some budup of foregn matera.
Rotameters are reatvey nsenstve to vscosty varatons. In the very
sma rotameters wth ba foats, ths s not the case and the meters do
respond to Reynolds number changes, whch makes them senstve
to changes n both vscosty and densty.
The rotameter can aso be used to measure mass fow rate snce the
foat responds to changes n fud densty. For a fxed voumetrc fow
rate, the foat poston n the meterng tube w change wth changng
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 24
fud densty. The effect of fud densty changes on foat poston s a
functon of the reatve denstes of the foat and the fud.
Athough the vast ma|orty of the rotameters are 2 percent to 10
percent of fu scae types, they are avaabe wth percent of rate
performance.
The meter s not affected by upstream ppng effects. The meter can
be nstaed wth practcay any confguraton of ppng pror to the
meter entrance.
6.1.1 Types of Rotameters
Rotameters can be categorzed nto the foowng groups. Purge type
rotameters are perhaps the most wdey used fowmeters and certany are
the most wdey used form of the rotameter. Most purge meters are
seected to hande nert gases or quds at ow fow rates where these
fuds are used as a purge; therefore, accuracy s not crtca. (igure 1*
shows a typca purgetype rotameter wth ntegra neede contro vave.
Genera Purpose category s the wdey used gass tube verson of the
rotameter. (igure 14 shows a cross secton vew of a representatve
genera purpose rotameter. The meter s amost aways used for fow
ndcaton ony.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 25
Fgure 13. Purge rotameter Wth Integra Neede Vave
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 26
Fgure 14. Gass Tube Rotameter
Armored or Meta Tube Meters are used when the genera purpose meters
cannot be apped. They woud be used for hot (above 100F or 38C) and
strong akaes (above 20 percent concentraton) fuorne, hydrofuorc
acd, hot water (above 200F or 93C), steam, surres or moten metas
where gass cannot be used. A typca meta tube meter s shown n (igure
1+$
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 27
Fgure 15. Metac Tube Rotameter
Bypass Rotameters are seected for ow cost measurement of hgh fow
rates generay n the 2 n. (50 mm) and arger szes. It provdes near
measurement of fud fow n con|uncton wth an orfce pate nstaed n
the man ne. The bypass rotameter measures the fow bypassng the
man ne orfce pate. The bypass rotameter s n parae wth the orfce
pate n the man ne. The rotameter s modfed to ncude a range orfce
whch s szed so that the fow through the meter at maxmum pressure
drop across the orfce pate s equa to the fow rate necessary to ft the
foat to the maxmum poston.
7.0.0 SOLENOID VALVES-
0 solenoid valve is a combnaton of two basc functona unts: an
eectromagnet or soenod wth ts punger or core and a vave. The vave
s opened or cosed by movement of the punger whch s drawn nto the
soenod when the co s energzed.
Vaves are avaabe n ether a normay cosed or a normay open
constructon. In the former the vave opens when current s apped
(energzed) and cosed when the current s cut off (de-energzed), whe n
the normay open constructon the vave coses when current s apped
and opens when the current s cut off. The terms normay open or
normay cosed refer to the vave poston before current s apped.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 28
Soenod vave are desgned for on-off operaton and are ether fuy
opened or fuy cosed.
7.1.0 CONSTRUCTION OF VALVE
Soenods are usuay empoyed wth sdng stem on-off gobe vaves.
Dependng upon the appcaton and servce condtons, seatng can be
ether meta-to-meta or composton dsc to meta. There are four basc
types of operaton:
1. drect actng
2. nterna pot-operated
3. externa pot-operated
4. sembaanced seat and dsc.
7.1.1 Drect-Actng Vave
In a drect-actng vave the soenod core (punger) s mechancay
connected to the vave dsc and drecty opens or coses the vave. A
sprng normay hods the pug n ether the cosed or open poston, and t
s aganst ths force that the soenod must move the pug to the opposte
poston. Operaton s not dependent upon the ne pressure or rate of fow.
7.1.2 Interna Pot-Operated Vave
Ths vave s equpped wth a sma pot orfce utzng the ne pressure
for operaton. When the soenod s energzed t opens the pot orfce and
reeases pressure from the top of the vave pug or daphragm to the
outet sde of the vave. Ths resuts n an unbaanced pressure across the
pug or daphragm whch opens the man orfce.
When the soenod s de-energzed, the pot orfce s cosed and fu ne
pressure s apped to the top of the dsc provdng a seatng force for tght
cosure.
7.1.3 Externa Pot-Operatng Vave
Usuay of daphragm- or cynder-operated constructon, ths vave s
equpped wth a threeway soenod pot whch aternatey appes pressure
to or exhausts pressure from the daphragm or cynder for operaton. Lne
pressure, or a separate source of pressure, such as ar, can be used to
operate the pot vave.
7.1.4 Sembaanced Seat and Dsc Vave
Ths s a form of a doube seated vave. The body contans two seats, one
above the other wth a space between. The ower pug s sghty smaer
than the upper pug. Both pugs are mounted on a snge stem. Lne
pressure from the net sde of the vave s ntroduced beow the ower pug
and above the upper pug. The downward force on the upper pug s
greater than the upward force on the ower pug. The sma dfferences n
forces, pus a sprng, hod the upper and ower pugs on ther seats. When
the soenod s energzed, the pugs are rased, openng the vave. Because
of the force actng n an upward drecton on the ower pug, the soenod
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 29
ony has to overcome the sght dfferences n forces and the sprng force.
Soenod vaves are aso avaabe n mutport confguratons. There are
two-way vaves, three-way vaves, and four-way vaves.
7.2.0 SOLENOID ENCLOSURES
Encosures for the soenod co are avaabe to meet the varous NEMA
standards and requrements dependent upon the area of operaton.
7.2.1 Genera Purpose NEMA Type 1
Ths type of encosure usuay conssts of a pressed stee or cast-ron
housng whch has a cearance hoe for standard condut or fexbe
fttngs. The NEMA type 1 encosure s sutabe for genera purpose
appcatons ndoors and where atmospherc condtons are norma. It
serves as a protecton aganst dust and ght, ndrect spashng, but s not
dust-tght.
7.2.2 Watertght NEMA Type 4
These encosures are sutabe for appcatons outdoors, on shp docks, n
dares, breweres, and n effect wherever equpment w be sub|ect to
outdoor weather condtons.
7.2.3 Exposon-Proof Encosures
Ths type soenod encosure s used n ocatons where fammabe gases
vapors or dust are or may be, present n suffcent quanttes to produce
exposve or gntabe mxtures. Dependng upon the specfc materas
present, the encosure must be sted for the approprate hazardous
ocaton.
)a!! *+ Di%i!ion *. A Cass I, Dvson 1 ocaton s a ocaton n whch
gntabe concentratons of fammabe gases or vapors can exst under
norma operatng condtons.
)a!! *+ Di%i!ion ,. A Cass I, Dvson 2 ocaton s a ocaton n whch
voate fammabe quds or fammabe gases or handed, processed, or
used, but n whch the quds, vapors or gases w normay be confned
wthn cosed contaners or cosed systems.
)a!! II+ Di%i!ion ,. A Cass II, Dvson 2 ocaton s a ocaton where
combustbe dust s not normay n the ar n quanttes suffcent to
produce exposve or gntabe mxtures.
)a!! III+ Di%i!ion *. A Cass III, Dvson 1 ocaton s a ocaton n whch
easy gntabe fbers or materas producng combustbe fyngs are
handed, manufactured, or used.
)a!! III+ Di%i!ion ,. A Cass III, Dvson 2 ocaton s a ocaton n whch
easy gntabe fbers are stored or handed.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 30
7.3.0 STEM SEALS
Two basc types are avaabe, the packess and packed vaves. The
packess vave has an encosed soenod mounted drecty on the vave
body wth the soenod core attached to the vave stem. The core s
encosed and free to move n a permanenty seaed tube nsde the
soenod co. Ths constructon provdes a compact eak-tght assemby
wthout the need of a stuffng box or sdng sea.
The packed-type vave has an encosed soenod or cynder operator
mounted on a bracket supported by the vave body wth the vave stem
operatng through a rotary or sdng stuffng box. Generay a packed type
vave s used wherever pressure, temperature, or nature of the matera
beng handed prohbts the use of a packess vave.
7.4.0 INSTALLATION
Most soenod vaves may be mounted n any poston wthout affectng
operaton. However, there are some soenod vaves whch must be
nstaed wth the soenod n the vertca uprght poston. The
manufacturer's specfc nstructons shoud be checked before nstaaton.
Genera nstaaton technques shoud be foowed for soenod vaves.
The most mportant decson n deveopng vave specfcatons s to ft the
rght vave to the rght |ob. Second n sequence, but as mportant, s vave
ocaton, and thrd s vave nstaaton. A three steps are equay
mportant f ong satsfactory servce s to be obtaned from the vaves.
Vaves shoud be so ocated n a ppene that they can be easy and safey
operated.
7.4.1 Vave Care Before Instaaton
Vaves are generay wrapped and/or protected from damage durng
shpment by the manufacturer. Ths wrappng and/or protecton shoud be
eft n pace unt the vave s to be nstaed. If the vaves are eft exposed,
sand or other grtty matera may get nto the workng parts. Uness a
such foregn matera s thoroughy ceaned out, t may cause troube when
the vave has been paced n servce.
29
Vaves shoud be stored where they are protected from corrosve fumes,
and n such a manner that they w not fa or where other heavy
matera w not fa onto the vaves.
Pror to nstaaton t s advsabe to have a vaves ether bown out wth
clean compressed ar or fushed out wth water to remove a drt and
grt. Ppng shoud be ceaned out n the same manner or swabbed out to
remove drt or meta chps eft from threadng operatons or wedng on
the ppe.
When nstang vaves, make sure that a ppe strans are kept off of the
vaves. The vaves shoud not carry the weght of the ne. Dstorton from
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 31
ths cause resuts n neffcent operaton, |ammng, and the necessty of
eary mantenance. If the vave s of fanged constructon, t w be
dffcut to tghten the fanges propery. Ppng shoud be supported by
hangers paced on ether sde of the vave to take up the weght.
7.4.2 Threaded End Vaves
Avod undersze threads on the secton of ppe where the vave s to be
nstaed. If the threaded secton of ppe s too sma, the ppe, when
screwed nto the vave to make a tght connecton, may strke the
daphragm and dstort t so that the dsc or wedge w not seat perfecty.
Undersze threads on the ppe aso make t mpossbe to get a tght |ont.
A safe practce s to cut threads to standard dmensons and standard
toerances. A ppe threads n vave bodes are tapered and gaged to
standard toerances.
Pant, grease, or |ont seang compound shoud be apped ony to the
ppe (mae) threads -- not to the threads n the vave body. Ths reduces
the chances of the pant, grease, or compound gettng on the seat or
other nner workng parts of the vave to cause future troube.
When nstang screwed end vaves aways use the correct sze wrenches
wth fat |aws (not ppe wrenches). By so dong there s ess kehood of
the vave's beng dstorted or damaged. Aso, the wrench shoud be used
on the ppe sde of the vave to mnmze the chance of dstortng the
vave body. Ths s partcuary mportant when the vave s constructed of
a maeabe matera, such as bronze. Aso, the co s on top, the vave
body on the bottom, and make sure and pumb.
7.4.3 Fanged End Vaves
When nstang fanged vaves, tghten the fange bots by pung down
the nuts dametrcay opposte each other and n the order numbered as
shown n (igure 1,$
A bots shoud be pued down graduay to a unform tghtness. Make a
bots fnger tght frst then take three or four turns wth a wrench on bot 1.
Appy the same number of turns on each bot, foowng the order shown n
(igure 1,$ Repeat the procedure as many tmes as requred unt the |ont
s tght. Unform stress across the entre cross secton of the fange
emnates a eaky gasket.

Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 32
Fgure 16. Order of Tghtenng Fange Bots
7.4.4 Socket Wed End Vaves
The foowng procedure shoud be foowed for the nstaaton of vaves
havng socket wedng ends. It s recommended that the manufacturer be
requested to wed 3-nch ong nppes n the vave bodes of a socket
wedng vaves n szes of 2 nches and smaer. Ths can be done before
the nteror of the vave i! machned and reheat treated. By dong ths, t
w be possbe to wed the nppes drecty to the ppe and/or ppe fttngs
wthout dstortng the vave body and seats.
1. Cut the ppe end square, makng sure that the dameter s not
undersze or out of round. Remove a burrs.
2. Cean ppe end (at east to depth of socket) and nsde of socket wth a
degreasng agent to remove o, grease and foregn matter.
3. Make certan that vave s n open poston before appyng heat. Vave
bonnets shoud be hand tght to prevent dstorton or damage to
threads.
4. Vaves havng nonmetac dscs shoud have same removed before
heat s apped. Vave and ppe shoud be supported durng socket
wedng process, and must not be straned whe coong. Preheat
wedng area 400F to 500F.
5. Insert ppe nto vave socket and space as shown n (igure 1- by
backng off ppe 1/16;'; nch after t hts aganst the shouder wthn the
vave socket, or by usng a removabe spacng coar. Ths procedure s
very mportant before wedng. Tack wed n pace.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 33
Fgure 17. Postonng for Socket Wed
6. For the hghest-quaty wed, the nert gas-arc method s recommended.
Usng the nert gas-arc method or metac-arc method, a socket wed s
normay competed n two or more passes. Make sure the frst pass s
cean and free from cracks before proceedng wth the second pass.
12cessi3e heat causes distortion and improper functioning of the 3al3e$
7. Dscooraton may be removed by wrng brushng.
8.0.0 APPLICATION AND SELECTION OF DENSITY METERS-
The densty of a substance s one of ts mportant characterstcs used to
provde nformaton concernng composton, concentraton, mass fow,
and, n fues, caorc content. Determnaton of specfc gravty reatve to
ar yeds nformaton on stream composton; the measurement s
performed under near-ambent condtons. Drect densty measurement at
operatng condtons emnates the need for separate pressure,
temperature, supercompressbty or humdty measurements when the
utmate purpose s to determne mass fow. It shoud be noted that a
"Mass Fowmeters" can be used as denstometers f the voumetrc fow
rate through them s kept constant.
Lquds are measured n terms of ther densty and often expressed n
terms of specfc gravty, whch s the rato of the densty of the measured
substance to the densty of water. The compressbty of most quds s
sght and the effects of pressure upon densty measurement generay
may be dsregarded.
The effect of pressure on gas densty cannot be dsregarded. Because
gases are compressbe materas, the same detector w sedom be abe to
detect ther specfc gravty and ther densty at operatng condtons.
8.1.0 LIOUID DENSITY -- ANGULAR POSITION TYPE
As ustrated n (igure 1., the process fud sampe fows contnuousy
through the detector at a rate under 30 GPH. The gauge chamber contans
three dspacer foats each of dfferent densty and voume. The sod
dspacers are spaced 90-100 degrees apart and assembed to a common
shaft. Each fud densty sampe postons the shaft and dspacers at a
precse anguar poston. The dspacer moments are a functon of foat
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 34
poston and buoyant force. By havng the three dspacer moments n
baance, the assemby s n equbrum at a tmes. The anguar poston of
the assemby s transmtted to the eectrca components through magnetc
coupng. The output sgna to remote readout devces s avaabe n ether
anaog or dgta form.
Fgure 18. Anguar Poston Densty Sensor
8.2.0 LIOUID DENSITY - HYDROMETERS
The hydrometer eement conssts of a weghted foat wth a sma
dameter ndcator stem attachment at the top as shown on (igure 1/$
One of the smpest n-ne densty ndcators s ustrated n (igure 2$ It
conssts of a transparent gass tee wth a hydrometer eement. The
process fud sampe enters from the bottom and overfows to mantan
constant eve n the tee. The sampe fow rate s mantaned at ess than 1
GPM rate to mnmze veocty and turbuence effects. Where the process
temperature s aowed to vary, a thermometer s added to the assemby
for temperature correcton capabty.
Fgure 19. Hand Hydrometer
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 35
Fgure 20. In-ne Hydrometer Indcator
The hydrometer eement can aso be mounted nsde a rotameter housng
as shown n (igure 21$
Fgure 21. In-ne Hydrometer n Rotameter Housng
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 36
8.3.0 LIOUID DENSITY - SOUND VELOCITY TYPE
The sound veocty densty detector conssts of a devce for measurng the
speed of sound n the qud whe compensatng for the effects of
temperature and pressure.
Sound veocty meters have severa mtatons shown n (igure 22$ The
qud must be cear; emusons, dspersons, and surres scatter the sound
waves and cannot be montored. Smary, undssoved gases and bubbes
cause errors and occasonay render the nstrument noperabe. Snce the
veocty of sound s a functon of buk moduus and densty, varatons n
buk moduus w cause sgnfcant measurement errors.
Fgure 22. Sound Veocty Meter
The nstruments are generay used n ppenes to detect the nterface
between two dfferent hydrocarbon products.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 37
8.4.0 LIOUID DENSITY - VIBRATING PLATE TYPE
The vbratng pate-type detector conssts of a fexbe rectanguar pate
fxed at both ends wthn a tube through whch the qud s fowng. A
dstrbuted mass of fud of defned voume nteracts wth the pate,
causng t to vbrate. The system s permtted to oscate at ts reasonant
frequency. A smpe measurement of "t" (perod of oscaton) s made and
reated to the densty of fud substance n whch t s mmersed. Ths type
of detector s shown n (igure 2*$
Fgure 23. Vbratng Pate Densty Meter
8.5.0 LIOUID DENSITY -- VIBRATING TUBE TYPE
If a body s excted nto mechanca vbraton by a pusatng drve, the
amptude of ts vbraton w be proportona to ts mass. Ths concept s
used n the detector ustrated n (igure 2!$ The tota mass of the U-tube
assemby s affected by the process fud densty. A pusatng current
through the drve co brngs the U-tube nto mechanca vbraton. An
ncrease n process densty ncreases the effectve mass of the U-tube and,
therefore, decreases the correspondng vbraton amptude. An armature
and co arrangement s provded to detect the vbraton at the "pckup"
end. The armature vbrates together wth the U-tube and nduces an AC
votage proportona to fud densty n the pckup co. The AC votage s
then converted nto DC mvots, whch s more compatbe wth remote
recorders or controers.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 38
Fgure 24. Vbratng U-Tube Densty Detector
In nstaatons where the process temperature s expected to vary, an
automatc temperature compensatng crcut can be added. Ths conssts
of a resstance-type temperature eements n the process stream and sod
state crcutry n the converter to perform the requred temperature
correcton.
SUMMARY
As t can be seen there are many types of nstruments that may be
mounted n-ne wth the system. Ths sesson covered some fowmeters,
soenod vaves, densty meters, padde swtches, and rotameters.
It can be ceary seen that each of the nstruments covered have specfc
requrements for nstaaton. In order for proper operaton of the
nstruments, seecton and nstaaton must be done corecty. The nstaer
must ensure the nstrument s n pace n the system correcty takng note
of fow drecton, heght, types of process, and a process characterstcs.
References
For advanced study of topcs covered n ths Task Modue, the foowng
works are suggested:
Instrument 1ngineers 4and&oo5, Chton Book company, Pennsyvana,
1982.
SELF-CHECK REVIEW / PRACTICE OUESTIONS
1. Whch of the foowng s a type of dfferenta pressure meter?
a. Eectromagnetc fowmeter.
b. Orfce pates.
c. Vortex meters.
d. Turbne meters.
2. Whch of the foowng devces has the smaer pressure oss and
handes more fow?
a. Orfce.
b. Ventur.
3. When nstang an orfce pate n a system, the drecton or fow
through the pate s not mportant.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 39
a. True.
b. Fase.
4. When nstang an eectromagnetc fow meter, ensure the meter s
not near whch of the foowng?
a. Large eectrc motors.
b. Transformers.
c. Communcatons equpment.
d. A of the above.
5. How much straght ne dstance s recommended upstream of a
padde-type fow swtch?
a. 5 ppe dameter.
b. 10 ppe dameter.
c. 20 ppe dameter.
d. 40 ppe dameter.
6. Whch type of rotameter s set up to measure fow by bypassng a
man ne orfce pate?
a. Genera purpose rotameter.
b. Meta tube rotameter.
c. Bypass rotameter.
d. A of the above.
7. Whch type of soenod vave uses a soenod core that s mechancay
connected to the vave dsc?
a. Drect actng.
b. Interna pot-operated.
c. Externa pot-operated.
d. Sembaance seat and dsc.
8. Whch of the foowng shoud be ensured pror to nstang a vave?
a. Vaves shoud be kept wrapped unt ready to be nstaed.
b. Ensure ppes w not put a stran on the vave when nstaed.
c. Bow out vaves wth ar pror to nstaaton.
d. A of the above.
9. When nstang fanged end vaves, the bots shoud be tghtened n
whch order?
a. Cockwse.
b. Counter-cockwse.
c. The one dametrcay opposte of each other.
d. The order does not matter.
10. When nstang a socket wed end soenod vave, t s recommended
to use whch of the foowng wedng methods?
a. Inert gas arc.
b. Brazng.
c. Oxyacetyene wedng.
d. MIG wedng.
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 40
PERFORMANCE / LABORATORY EXERCISES
1. Insta an orfce pate n between two fanges.
Step 1 Identfy type of orfce to be used.
Step 2 Cean fanges.
Step 3 Insert orfce between fanges.
Step 4 Center orfce n ppe.
2. Insta pressure tap connectons usng socket wed adapters.
Step 1 Note the sze and ocaton of pressure taps.
Step 2 Determne poston of tap hoes.
3. Insta a threaded soenod vave n a system.
Step 1 Keep vave cear pror to nstaaton.
Step 2 Ensure ppe w not put any stress on vave when nstang.
Step 3 Ensure vave s the rght sze for the ppe to be used.
Step 4 Inspect the vave for damages.
Step 5 Cean Vave.
Step 6 Verfy ppe threads are the proper sze.
Step 7 Cean, ubrcate, and grease ppe threads.
Step 8 Insta soenod onto nppe n proper orentaton.
Step 9 Tghten bots of the fange.
In-ne Mounted Instruments - Modue 12214 41
ANSWERS TO SELF-CHECK REVIEW / PRACTICE OUESTIONS
a. b
b. b
c. b
d. d
e. b
f. c
g. a
h. d
. c
|. a
41
Instrument Tranee Task Modue 12214 42