Unit II I/O And Video Peripherals

Input Device Keyboard: Keyboard is used to enter text information into the computer. The keyboard can also be used to type commands directing the computer to perform certain actions Types of Keyboard: PC/XT keyboard 8 keys PC!"T keyboard 8# keys $nhanced PC!"T keyboard %&% keys 'indo(s keyboard ! %&# keys )ultimedia keyboard %%# keys *emote keyboard %&+ keys

Operation of eyboard: ,ensing the key pressed $ncoding ,ending the code to the computer

'hen a key is pressed on the keyboard- it sends a control to the keyboard controller. The keyboard controller generates a code called scan code corresponding to the signal recei.ed. This code is placed in the keyboard buffer and it sends interrupt signal to the CP/ through the system soft(are. The CP/ stops its current execution and reads the scan code form the keyboard buffer. Then it con.erts the scan code into its ",C00 form. Keyboard interface connectors:

PC keyboards connect to the motherboard on the computer using one of three different connectors. 1203 2eutsche 0ndustrie 3orm4 %. 5 pin 203 connector 6. 7 pin mini!203 connector . /,8 connector ! Pin DI" #onnector $I%& P#/'T/AT #onfi(uration): 9ldest keyboard connector : inch in diameter (ith 5 pins arranged in a semicircular pattern The keyboard has the male connector at the end of its cable and the computer has a female connector attached directly to the motherboard

Pin 3umber ,ignal % Keyboard clock 1K8C;9CK4 6 Keyboard data 1K82"T"4 /nused # <round 5 =5> po(er * Pin &ini DI" #onnector $P+/, #onnector): 5/%7 inch in diameter 7 pins arranged in circular pattern around a rectangular plastic key that ensures the proper alignment of the plug and socket.

Pin 3umber ,ignal % Keyboard data 1K82"T"4 6 /nused 3C <round # =5> dc po(er 5 Keyboard clock 1K8C;9CK4 7 /nused 3C U+% #onnector: The uni.ersal serial bus is a multifunction peripheral bus.

K-.%OA/D I"T-/0A#-: The keyboard interface consists of the t(o separate controller chips. 9ne on the motherboard and one in the keyboard itself. The t(o chips communicate using %% bit packets containing 8 bits of data and bits of framing and control information- transmitted o.er a dedicated serial connection.

The keyboard is an array of separate s(itches arranged on a grid called the keymatrix. The processor in the keyboard reads the keymatrix to determine (hich key is being depressed and con.erts that key.alue into scan code- a hexadecimal .alue representing that particular key. 'hen you press a key- the keyboard?s processor transmits the scan code of that key to the keyboard controller on the motherboard. This code is kno(n as the make code. 'hen you release the key- the processor transmits the scan code .alue. This code is called the break code.

K-.%OA/D +1IT#2 T.P-+: &echanical eyboard s3itches Pure mechanical s(itches @orm mechanical s(itches *ubber dome s(itches )embrane s(itches

"on &echanical eyboard s3itches Capaciti.e s(itches they do not use an electrical contact. "s the key is depressed- the plates are brought closer together but do not touch. 8ecause no physical contact occurs- this type of keyboard is highly resistant to problems caused by dirt and corrosion. This type of keyboard (as originally produced by 08)- and has been passed do(n to companies such as ;exmark and /nicomp. )echanical s(itches Aighly reliable <ood tactile feedback (hen typing )ore expensi.e to manufacture $xtremely sensiti.e to spills and foreign matters )embrane s(itches 3ot Buite as reliable ,ofter- CmushierD feel (hen typed Cheaper (hen compared to mechanical s(itches 'ithstand spills and foreign matters

Keys are arranged in a matrix of ro(s and columns- called keymatrix. 'hen a key is pressed- a uniBue ro( and column signal is generated to represent the corresponding key.

The keyboard interface con.erts the ro( and column signals into a single byte codecalled a key code or scan code. T(o uniBue scan codes are produced during a keystroke coed. 'hen the key is depressed- a make code byte is sent along to the system (hen the key is released- a break code byte is generated for eg. a make code of %$h is sent (hen the " key is pressed. 8y using t(o indi.idual codes- the computer can determine (hen a key is held do(n or up.

Keyboard is typematic. i.e. it repeats automatically if it is held do(n for more than 5&&ms. Typematic settings can usually be adEusted in the C)9, ad.anced settings. )ost computers today are prepared for multinational operation. Keyboard controllers 1K8C4 can be configured to pro.ide scan codes for different languages. POI"TI"4 D-VI#-+: Pointing de.ices use a combination of hard(are and soft(are dri.er to produce and control a cursor. 8y positioning the cursor o.er a graphic symbol and acti.ating one- to(- or three of the buttons on the pointing de.ice- it is possible to select and drag the application instead of using a keyboard. T3o popular pointin( devices: )ouse Trackball

&ouse: The mouse gestures are clicking- double clicking and drag. &ouse construction: 0our 5a6or parts : The plastic housing mouse style depending on the manufacturer The mouse ball The electronic PC board and The signal cable

The mouse ball is a hard rubber ball situated up inside the mouse body Eust belo( a small pc board. T(o sensors 1actuators4 generate a series of pulses that represent mo.ement in both x and

y direction. The pulses from both axes are amplified by the mouse circuit board and sent back to the computer along (ith information. The mouse dri.er must be loaded as (indo(s boots. "n optoisolator shines ;$2 light across an airgap (here it is detected by a photodiode or phototransistor. 'hen a roller spins the light path bet(een ;$2 and detector is alternated. This causes the detector?s output signal to oscillate thus- pulses are generated.
Types of mice are $rgonomic mice- 9ptical mice and Cordless mice

T/A#K %A77: The trackball is basically an in.erted mouse. 0nstead of using hand to mo.e mouse body around on a desk surface- mo.e a trackball in a stationary housing. Aand or finger tips mo.e the ball itself- (hich is mounted through the top of the de.ice e.g. laptop dragging is typically a cumbersome effort.

+erial &ice: *,6 6 serial port at the PC 1C9)% or C9)64. 28+@/2865@ connector %us &ice: 8us mouse controller/connector P+/, &ouse: 7 pin 203 Connector- 8idirectional data transmission U+% &ouse: # pin /,8 Pin%F Po(er Pin6F 2ata Pin F 2ata Pin#F <round &echanical +ensors: $arly mouse .ersions used purely mechanical sensors to encode the mouse ball?s mo.ements. "s the mouse ball turned against a roller 1or shaft4- copper contacts on the shaft (ould s(eep across contacts on the mouse pc board. $ach time a roller contact touches a corresponding contact in the mouse- an electrical pulse is generated.

The mouse pulses can be positi.e or negati.e depending on the relati.e direction of the mouse in an axis. @or example- mo.ing the mouse right may produce positi.e pulses- (hile mo.ing the mouse left may produce negati.e pulses. ,imilarly- mo.ing the mouse do(n along its y axis may produce positi.e pulses- (hile mo.ing the mouse up may produce negati.e pulses. )echanical mouse designs are not reliable. The metal on metal contact sets used to generate pulses are prone to (ear and breakage. 2ust- dirt- hair and any foreign matter carried into the mouse by the ball can also interfere (ith contacts. "ny contact interference pre.ents pulses from being generated. 0t is simple to disassemble and clean the contacts.

Video adapter: >ideo adapter pro.ides an interface bet(een the computer and monitor. 0t is in the form of card that can be plugged into the computer. 0t recei.es digital signals from the computer processor and con.erts them into analog signals- so that the monitor can display.

The components of .ideo card are 809,- Processor and )emory >ideo 809, is the 809, on the adapter card loading from *9) and pro.iding the computer (ith the instructions needed to utiliGe the display during the boot process. >ideo 809, is completely separate from system 809,- but it does the same function. 0t can be upgraded. >ideo chipset is responsible for recei.ing information from the computer?s main processor o.er system bus- processing it and storing it in .ideo memory and transmitting it to the monitor through ><" connector. T(o types of Chipsets are <raphics accelerator chipset and @rame buffer controller. 4raphics accelerator chipsetF Aere image processing is done at .ideo card depending on the instruction from PC. 0ra5e buffer controller: it is the simplest form of chipset- in this type computer?s processor creates images- adapter is bet(een computer and monitor. )odes of .ideo adapter are Text mode and <raphics mode. Te8t 5odeF Aere adapter can display only characters. Text mode contains 65 ro(s-8& characters (ide. Then PC uses ",C00 character set only. 4raphics 5ode: 0n this mode pixels are displayed to create images. $.en text is created by pixels. The feature connector enables to use a ribbon cable to attach the adapter directly to attach the adapter directly to another board inside the computer- such as an )P$< decoder or .ideo capture card. This enables the adapter to communicate directly (ith the other de.ice- (ithout ha.ing to use the system bus.

)onochrome graphics uses a single bit per pixel- %7 color graphics uses # bits per pixel- 657 color graphics uses 8 bits per pixel and so on. Current PC architecture allocates about %68K8 of space from C&&&&h to 2@@@@h (ithin the upper memory area. This space is reser.ed for de.ices (ith expansion *9)s such as hard dri.e controllers and .ideo adapters. &DA $&onochro5e Display Adapter) 9:;9:

Text only- no graphics capability- lo( cost- good text display Buality

#4A $#olor 4raphics Adapter) 9:;9: Color text and graphics- .ideo memory %7K8 -4A $-nhanced 4raphics Adapter) 9:;<: Aigher resolution and color depth- .ideo memory 657K8- six color signals allo( the $<" to produce upto 7# possible colors.

P4A $Professional 4raphics Adapter) 9:;<: Three dimensional rotation and graphics- expensi.e. &#4A $&ulti #olor 4raphics Array) 9:;=: <ame soft(are- 2 type connector- it is obsolete- standard li.es as in ><"- ,><"

V4A $Video 4raphics Array) 9:;= %5 pin .ideo connector- )C<" is a subset of ><"- safe mode display +V4A $+uper Video 4raphics Array): Aigh resolution and color depths- recently used in PC market>ideo dri.ers are de.ice dri.ers 1loaded before an application program is started4 that allo( the particular program to (ork (ith the ,><" board hard(are. The >$," 1.ideo electronics standard association4 has started the push for ,><" standards by proposing and supporting the >$," 8ios $xtension 1>8$4 a uni.ersal .ideo dri.er. '4A 9::>: 6 bit high performance .ideo adapters. AUDIO #A/D : " sound card 1also kno(n as an audio card4 is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. Typical uses of sound cards include pro.iding the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition- editing .ideo or audio- presentationeducation- and entertainment 1games4. The Components of audio adapter are 2,P- *")-*9)- connectors- microphone in-)020/game. )020! )usical instrument 2igital 0nterface is an industry!standard protocol that enables electronic musical instruments- such as keyboard controllers- computers and other electronic eBuipment- to communicate and also to control and synchroniGe (ith each other. )020 allo(s computers- synthesiGers- )020 controllers- sound cards- samplers and drum machines to control one another- and to exchange system data.

Display : " display de.ice is an output de.ice for presentation of information in .isual or tactile form 1the latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind people4. 'hen the input information is supplied as an electrical signal- the display is called an electronic display. +e(5ent displays: ,ome displays can sho( only digits or alphanumeric characters. They are called segment displays- because they are composed of se.eral segments that s(itch on and off to gi.e appearance of desired glyph. The segments are usually single ;$2s or liBuid crystals. They are mostly used in digital (atches and pocket calculators. There are se.eral typesF

 7#D:

,e.en segment display 1most common- digits only4 @ourteen segment display ,ixteen segment display A2##H8& Character ;C2 a (idely accepted protocol for ;C2s.

" liBuid crystal display 1;C24 is a thin- flat electronic .isual display that uses the light modulating properties of liBuid crystals 1;Cs4. ;Cs do not emit light directly. They are used in a (ide range of applications- including computer monitors- tele.isioninstrument panels- aircraft cockpit displays- signage- etc. They are common in consumer de.ices such as .ideo players- gaming de.ices- clocks- (atches- calculators- and telephones. ;C2s ha.e displaced cathode ray tube 1C*T4 displays in most applications. They are usually more compactlight(eight- portable- less expensi.e- more reliable- and easier on the eyes.They are a.ailable in a (ider range of screen siGes than C*T and plasma displays- and since they do not use phosphors- they cannot suffer image burn!in. $ach pixel of an ;C2 typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned bet(een t(o transparent electrodes- and t(o polariGing filters- the axes of transmission of (hich are 1in most of the cases4 perpendicular to each other. 'ith no actual liBuid crystal bet(een the polariGing filters- light passing through the first filter (ould be blocked by the second 1crossed4 polariGer. 0n most of the cases the liBuid crystal has double refraction.
Illu5ination

"s ;C2 panels produce no light of their o(n- they reBuire an external lighting mechanism to be easily .isible. 9n most displays- this consists of a cold cathode fluorescent lamp that is situated behind the ;C2 panel. Passi.e!matrix displays are usually not backlit- but acti.e!matrix displays almost al(ays are- (ith a fe( exceptions such as the display in the original <ameboy "d.ance. *ecently- t(o types of ;$2 backlit ;C2 displays ha.e appeared in some tele.isions as an alternati.e to con.entional backlit ;C2s. 0n one scheme- the ;$2s are used to backlight the entire ;C2 panel. 0n another scheme- a set of red- green and blue ;$2s is used to illuminate a small cluster of pixels- (hich can impro.e contrast and black le.el in some situations. @or example- the ;$2s in one section of the screen can be dimmed to produce a dark section of the image (hile the ;$2s in another section are kept bright. 8oth schemes also allo(s for a slimmer panel than on con.entional displays. T(o types of monitors are C*T monitors and ;C2 monitors. #AT2OD- /A. TU%-: $#/T)

The Cathode ray tube is essentially a large .acuum tube. 9ne end of the C*T is for(ard as a long- narro( neck- (hile the other end is broad- almost!flat surface. The neck end of the C*T contains an element 1called the cathode4 that is energiGed and heated to .ery high temperatures. "t high temperatures- the cathode liberates electrons. 'hen the electrons strike the phosphor on the front face- light is produced. )agnetic force is used to direct the stream of electrons across the front face- and a .isible image is produced.

$lectron guns are responsible for shooting a stream of electrons to(ards the front of the tube- causing it to glo(. electron guns are dedicated to colors red- green- and blue. )onitors use 6 main methods to ensure this precision .0t is done by ,hado( mask"perture grill. +hado3 5as : " metallic mesh (ith round holes in it that essentially functions as a stencil placed bet(een screen and the guns. )esh forces the beam of electron to strike the screen in precisely right places. 0n this (ay mask in C*T is impro.e the precision. Aperture 4rill : " series of thin metal strips running .ertically from top to bottom of screen(hich also ser.es to constrain the electrons- except that it uses .ertical stripes of color running the (hole height of the screen- rather than dots. Control grid *egulates the o.erall brightness of the electron beams ,creen grid "ccelerate the electron beams to(ard the front screen @ocus grid 3arro(s the beams >ertical and AoriGontal deflection coils "pply magnetic force to direct the beams around the screen. ,hado( )ask " thin plate of metal that contains thousands of microscopic perforations 1 9ne perforation for each screen pixel4 Purity magnet helps to adEust fine beam positioning Con.ergence )agnet "dEusts beam con.ergence in the display

,creen *esolution is the number of pixels used to create the image- (hich is expressed in terms of image?s (idth and height. Commonly used resolution is 7#&I#8& pixels.

True #olor: )onitor displays colors by using a combination of red- green and blue. 'hen all the colors set to a high intensity le.el- then pixel appears (hite. 'hen all the colors set to a lo( intensity- pixel appears black. 8y adEusting the proportions of colors any color can be displayed. 6# bits/pixel 1% byte to each color4 ApplicationsF photo editing- graphics design. 2i(h color 5ode: 0t uses %7 bits per pixels. 5 bits 1red4- 5 bits 1blue4 and 7 bits 1green4 ,light loss of image Buality compared to true color. /ses only t(o third memory used by true color.

,!*?color 5ode: /ses only 8 bits. ;o( Buality. Dra3bac : Cpalette flashD occurs (hen multiple images are displayed in rapid succession or e.en on the same screen. "spect ratio 2escribes the dimensions of .ideo screens and picture elements "ll popular .ideo formats are rectilinear so can be described by a ratio bet(een (idth and height

#F tele.ision screen %7F+ A2T> >ideo BualityF Can be measured (ith formal metrics like P,3* or (ith subEecti.e .ideo Buality. >ideo compressionF 8it rateF )P$< 6 )P$< # <p

8it rate is a measure of the rate of information content in a .ideo stream and it is Buantified using the bit per second. 7#D $7i@uid #rystal Display): ;C2 is a thin- flat electronic .isual display that uses the light modulating properties of liBuid crystals. /sed in computer monitors- tele.ision- instrument panels- aircraft cockpit displayssignals etc. Ao( it (orksF " polariGing filter creates t(o separate light (a.es and it allo(s light (a.es that are aligned only (ith the filter to pass through. "fter passing through the remaining light (a.es are aligned in the same direction. 8y aligning the second polariGing filter at a right angle to the first all those (a.es are blocked. 8y changing the angle of the second polariGing filter the amount of light allo(ed to pass can be changed. 0t is the role of the liBuid crystal cell to change the angle of polariGation and control the amount of liBuid that passes. The liBuid crystals are rod shaped molecules that flo( like a liBuid. They enable light to pass straight through- but an electrical charge alters their orientations and orientation of light passing through them. "lthough monochrome ;C2s do not ha.e color filters they ha.e multiple cells per pixel for controlling shades of gray. 0n a color ;C2 and additional filter has three cells for each pixel o *ed cell o <reen cell o 8lue cell

2ead pixelF 12efecti.e pixel4 " so called dead pixel is one in (hich red- green or blue cell is stuck on or off- (hich is seen clearly on dark back ground. 2ark dot defects 8right dot defects

Partial sub pixel defect Tape automated bonding 1T"84 faults Cold start ,truck sub pixels

"cti.e matrix displayF )ost acti.e matrix display use a thin film transistor array T@T is a method for packing from one monochrome to three 1*<8 colour4 transistors for each pixel lie directly behind liBuid crystal cells they control

T@T manufacturing processes Aydrogenated amorphous silicon 1a,i4 ;o(er temperature polysilicon 1P!,i4

0nplane s(itching design 10P,4F 0P, aligns the indi.idual cells of the ;C2 parallel to the glass- running the electric current through the sides of the cells and spinning the pixels to pro.ides more e.en distribution of the image to the entire panel area. ,uper 0P, tehnologyF ;iBuid crystal molecules are rearranged into a Gig Gag pattern instead of ro( column pattern to reduce colour shift and impro.e color uniformity 1multi domain .ertical alignment 1)>"4 tech4

@lat panel ;C2 monitorsF ;C2 replacement for C*T 3o of benefits than C*T ;C2 panels feature a larger effecti.e .ie(able area than C*T Produces high ! precision image ;ess expensi.e Consumes less po(er- dissipates less heat- reduced siGe

;iBuid crystals are organic- rod shaped molecules that ha.e properties of solids and liBuids. Active 5atri8: To form display- liBuid crystals are arranged in a grid representing pixels that make up a screen. To supply po(er to indi.idual crystals- display contains a array of transistor Passive &atri8: Transistors are arrayed along one horiGontal edge and one .ertical edge of the display. Common type of passi.e matrix panel is called dual scan t(isted nematic. 7#D: @ixed number of pixels 3ot prone to flickers Aigh Buality 8ecause of no proEection- images fill the entire screen. Transmissi.e displayF source of light at back #/T: Create pixels of different siGes $missi.e display Fsource of light at front. Prone to flickers ;ess Buality. Aas proEection. P/I"T-/+ : @unctions F *ecei.es data character from the computer and prints the characters on the paper. *ecei.es control characteristic from computer. Con.ey control information Control characters i4 C* carriage return ii4 ;@ line feed iii4 @@ form feed C* specifies that the printer head carriage should return to first print column. "ny data recei.ed (ill be printed starting from the first column. ;@1;ine @eed4 informs printer to skip one line on the paper. @@1@orm @eed4 instructs printer to skip paper to beginning of the next paper. Pages a.ailable as continuous sheets folded into pages. $ach page is kno(n as form. Printers ha.e %4 Print!lead mechanism 64 Carriage mo.ement mechanism

4 Paper feed mechanism #4 Control $lectronics. 54 0nterface logic 74 Po(er logic

I5pact Printer: Character formed by pressing printer leaf against ink ribbon and onto paper. $g.4 2ot matrix- 2aisy (heel- Chain printer etcJ "on I5pact Printer : 3o physical contact of head (ith Paper or ribbon $g.4 ;aser- Thermal- 0nk!Eet printer
#haracter Printer: Characters are printed one after the other $g.4 2ot )atrix- 2aisy 'heel. 7ine printer: 9nly one character printed at a time $g.4 2rum Printer- 8and Printer.