Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
________________________________________________________________________________________ _
PHYSIC S Study of Liquid the natural phenomena and the properties of matter. Gas
Mechanical Energy
stat es
Matt er Solid
H e a t E n e r g y Li g
ht Energy
Wave Energy
Electrical Energy
Nuclear Energy
Chemical Energy
roperties of Matter
in the fields
Mechanic s
Hea t
Wa ve
roperties
Light
Electricity # Electromagnetis m
of matter
1.2
PHYSICAL
UANTITIES
!ase "#antity
any quantity that can be measured by a scienti ic instrument! % $ physical quantity is &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&..
' E$a%&'es () scienti)ic instruments (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& etc!
3 $ *ase "#antity is a physical quantity "hich cannot )e defined in terms of other physical quantities. 4 Study the follo"ing picture and list the physical quantities that can )e measured.
temperatur e# current
.. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. /. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
Po"er#
Thermal ener%y
0. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
battery
Sym)ol l m t I T
. *"o quantities that have also identified as )asic quantity. *here are (
+i%ht intensity candela (mount o substance
mol
'
% 9 $ 9 %7 and n 5 integer simpli y the e,pression o *ery lar%e and small numbers
Standard form is used to ' &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&... Some physical have e6tremely small magnitudes. Write the + quantities follo"ing quantities in standard form ( a. !adius of the earth 5 . +/7 777 m 5&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
1!-/. , 1012/ '% ). Mass of an electron 5 7.777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 :%% ;g 5&&&... 14
.!0 , 10 m /!2 , 10 m 4!4 , 10 -!./ , 10 m
-
c. Si<e of a particle 5 7.777 7+ m 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 13 ). =iameter of an atom 5 7.777 777 7/' m 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&... 1/ c. Wavelength of light 5 7.777 777 -- m 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.. Pre)i$es represent a lar%e physical quantity or e,tremely small quantity in 5!I %. refi6es are usually used to &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&...units! '. 2t "ill )e "ritten &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& + *he list of prefi6es . ( Eg (
%7%' %7
:
+ . pi;o to Mega
%7. %7 %7
+
% ' 7 % %7 %7 %7
@%
Mega >M4 ;ilo He;to >;4 >ha4 =e;a >da4 desi >d4 mili >m4 micro > 4 nano >n4 pico >p4 : 4!44- , 10
19 ;7-8
@'
%7
@+
centi >s4
%7@. %7@:
. 6 71 128
p(
1
%7@%'
M(
standard : 4!44, 10
)(r%
or
using
5 % ' 0 7 7 7 7 7 m
4. Some physical quantities have e6tremely large magnitudes. *hese e6tremely large and small values can )e "ritten in standard
p( 5 &&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&
83 Mm = 3.83 x 10 2 Mm c. 3
=istance )et"een the moon and the earth 5 +0+ 777 777 m 5 &&&&&&&&&
12.8 Mm = 1.28 x 10
6.0 x 10 12 Tm
777 777 ;g 5
&&&&&&&&&
Deri,ed "#antities
a physical quantity "hich combines se*eral basic quantities % $ derived quantity is &&.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ' =etermine the derived unit for the follo"ing derived quantities .
throu%h multiplication# di*ision or both
+(r%#'a
area 5 length 6 "idth volume 5 length 6 "idth 6 height
Deri,ed #nit
m 6 m 5 m' m6m6m5m ; g
+
density
densi ty
;g m +
m
+
velocity
*elocit y
% m ms
s ;g m s@% B
momentum
m s% $cceleration
acceleratio n chan%e in *elocity time s
m s@% s
%
ms'
Aorce
;g m s@'
Ne"ton >N4
pressure
pressur e
or ce area
"eight "or;
>oule 7>8
" or '
po"er
po"er ti m
>
?att 7?8
e
;inetic energy
)! @ '
mass *elocity2
)% ms12 )% ms12
>oule 7>8
>oule 7>8
potential energy
charge
Coulomb 7C8
voltage
voltage
"or ; char ge
> C11
Aolt 7*8
resistance
resistanc e
* (11
Bhm 7C8
Note that the physical quantities such as "idth8 thic;ness8 height8 distance8 displacement8 perimeter8 radius and diameter are equivalent to length.
,
SCALAR AND -ECTOR UANTITIES Duantity "hich has only ma%nitude or si&e % Scalar quantities are &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
E6amples ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ' Cector quantities are&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&... E6amples ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
+ Study the follo"ing description of events carefully and then decide "hich events require Aelocity# Force# Eisplacement# (cceleration Duantity "hich has ma%nitude or si&e and direction! Mass# +en%th# 5peed# *olume
1.3
magnitude8 direction or )oth to specify them. =escription of events %. *he temperature in the room is '- 7C '. *he location of $yer Hitam is .7 ;m to the north@"est of Dohor 1ahru +. *he po"er of the electric )ul) is 07 W $ car is travelling at 07 ;m h@% from Dohor ,. 1ahru to Euala Lumpur Magnitude F F F F =irection
1.4
.EASURE.ENTS
measure a particular quantity! ' We must ;no" ho" to choose the appropriate instrument to &&&&&&&&&&&..
+ E6amples of instrument and its measuring a)ility. Measuring instrument Measuring tape Meter rule Cernier caliper Micrometer scre" gauge
!ange of measurement Smallest scale division
incorret reading
,
% 7
'+
'
correct
, reading
pointer mirror
point er
mirror
ointerFs image is )ehind the ointerFs image can )e seen pointer is use to determine the *olume o liquid! ,.' .eas#ring cy'inder ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.................... "rong position of eye !ight position of eye >eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale4 "rong position of eye
0ater
%7
%%
%' %+
%, %-
!eading 5 &&&&&& cm
'
S1ALAMain
scale
outside Ga"s
0!9
Length of vernier scale 5 &&& cm Cernier scale is divided into %7 divisions
7 7 . -
0!01 cm
0!09
*he differenct
% 7
0!0- cm
Cernier scale 5 &&&&&&&.. Ainal reading 5 &&&&&&&..
7 % ' + , / 0 : %7
0!2- cm
A i n d t h e d i v i s i o n o f v e r n i e
*he diagram )elo" sho"s ,.a vernier calliper "ith Microm reading.
ge is used
7 %
to meas ure (
o bH e ct s th at a r e s m al l in
d i a m e t e r o s m a l l s p h e
r e s s u c h a s
b a l l b e a r i n %
& & & & & & & & & & &
Hne complete turn of the thim)le >-7 division4 moves the spindle )y 7.-7 mm. =ivision of thim)le 0.5 2= &&&& &&&.. 0.1 2= &&&& &&&.. $ accuracy of micrometer
I 40 mm
0!0
E6ample (
Sleeve scale ( 4!4 mm &&&&& Sleeve scale ( 0!2 &&& 2 && m 0!22 mm m *him) *him)le scale ( le &&&&. scale ( && 2!2 2 &&. m 4!-2 m *otal reading ( mm &&&&... *otal readin g( && &&..
/
2!0 m m
thermometer
miliamme ter
&&&&&&&&& &&&..
Measurin% tape measurin% cylinder bea'er &&&&&&&&&. &&&&&&&&.. &&&&&& Hands@on activity %.% on page % of the practical )oo; to learn more a)out choosing appropriate instruments. E$ercise: -ernier Ca''i&ers And .icr(%eter Scre0 2a#ge %. Write do"n the readings sho"n )y the follo"ing >a 4 / 0
$ns"er( &/!/9 cm&&&&..
7 >) 4
%7
, $ 1
I %7
>c4
>d4
'. >a4 *he follo"ing diagram sho"s the scale of a vernier calliper "hen the Ga"s are closed.
%7
>)4.
Jero error 5 &0!02&&& cm *he follo"ing diagram sho"s the scale of the same vernier calliper "hen there are ,7 pieces of card)oard )et"een the Ga"s.
.
7-
%7
3. >a4
Write do"n the readings sho"n )y the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.
>)4
,7 +-
10
35
30
''7
$ns"er(&&&&&&&&&& $ns"er(&&&&&&&&. ,. >a4 =etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.
7 ,-
'7 %-
5 -!-/&&&..mm 5 -!-4&&&..mm
-. Write do"n the readings sho"n )y the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges. >a4 >)4
,7 +-
10
35
30
''7
'7 %-
$ns"er(&&&,./% mm&&&&
$ns"er(
:.%/ mm&&&&
7 , -
' 7 7 7
7 % -
%7
de*iation amon% readin%s! The ability o an instrument to detect a small chan%e in the quantity measured! +. Sensitivity ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
target
consistent but inaccurate consistent and accurate inaccurate and not consistent &&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&..
target
&&&&&&&&.. &&&&&&&&&&&.. &&&&&&&&&&&& Hands@on activity %.' on page ' of the practical )oo; to determine the sensitivity of some measuring instruments.
Err(rs in %eas#re%ents
(ccurate but not consistent inaccurate but consistent inaccurate but not consistent
%. $ll measurements are values &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& '. 2n other "ord8 it is a matter of &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& +. *his is )ecause &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ,. *"o main types of errors( ,.% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Hccurs due to (
5ystematic errors
error e,ist in all measurements!
ho" close the measurement is to the actual *alue!
o appro,imation only!
&ero error is "hen the pointer is not at &ero "hen not in use!
A*s('#te err(r (
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.&&&&Ke ertothesmallestreadin%thatcanbemeasuredbyaninstrument!
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. E6ample ( I # the smallest readin% : 0!1 cm Then# (bsolute error : 0!1 < 2 : 0!04 cm
It occurs because the position o the eye is not perpendicular to the scale o Para''a$ err(r : &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
the instrument! "ron% ri%ht position o the eye 7no error8 "ron%
% 7 % ' + , - . / 0 : %7 7
c m
c m
7%'+,-./0 : %7
cm
"here the pointer is not at &ero "hen not in use 3er( err(r : &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&... Correct reading 5 o)served reading B <ero error ositive <ero error
negative <ero error
Hori<ontal reference
hori<ontal reference Jero error 5 K0!02 mm Jero error 5 B0!0. mm ositive <ero error Jero error of scre" meter gauge
% '
paralle, error # incorrect positionin% o the eye "hen ta'in% the readin%s!
Keadin%s are close to the actual *alue but they are not consistent!
.....................................................................................................................
1.5
Ma;ing o)servation
Gather all a*ailable in ormation about the obHect or phenomen on to be studied! Gsin% the i*e senses# si%ht# hearin%# touch# taste and smell!
( conclusion rom an obser*ation or phenomena usin% in ormation that already e,ist!
'
=ra"ing inferences
Aariables are actors or physical quantities "hich chan%e in the course o a scienti ic in*esti%ation! There are three *ariables : i! Manipulated *ariables ; physical quantity "hich chan%es accordin% to the aim o the e,periment! ii! Kespondin% *ariables ; physicals quantity "hich is the resu lt o the chan%ed by manipulated *ariable! iii! Fi,ed *ariables ; physicals quantities "hich are 'ept constant durin% the e,periment!
5tatement o relationship bet"een the manipulated *ariable and the respondin% *ariable those "e "ould e,pect! $ypothesis can either be true or alse! i! Conduct an e,periment includes the compilation and interpretation o data!
e6periments
P'an and re&(rt an e$&eri%ent Situation ( $ fe" children are playing on a different length of s"ing in a playground. 2t is found that the time of oscillation for each s"ing is different. Ste ps 2nferenc e Hypothe sis E6ample ( refer to the situation a)ove The period o the oscillation depends on the len%th o the pendulum! ?hen the len%th o the pendulum increases# the period o the oscillation increases! In*esti%ate the relationship bet"een len%th and period o a simple pendulum! Manipulated *ariable : the len%th o the pendulum! Kespondin% *ariable : Period Fi,ed *ariable : the mass o the pendulum and the displacement! Ketort stand# metal bob# thread# stop"atch# protractor# metre rule#
'
$im Caria)le s
Ketort stand
protractor
ll
b o b
1
rocedures
! 2 ! . !
5et up the apparatus as sho"n in the i%ure abo*e! Measure the len%th o the pendulum#l : -0!0 cm by usin% a meter rule! Gi*e the pendulum bob a small displacement .00!Time o
10 oscillations is measured by usin% a stop "atch! 4 ! Kepeat the timin% or another 10 oscillations! Calculate the a*era%e time! Period : t10 oscillations 10 4 Kepeat steps 2# . and 4 usin% ! l : 40!0 cm# 40!0 cm# .0!0 cm and 20!0 cm
%,
Length 8l L cm %
%7
'7
+7
-7
.7 l / cm
%7
=iscussion
Precautions : 1! Bscillation time is measured "hen the pendulum attained a steady state! 2! Time or 10 oscillations is repeated t"ice to increase accuracy! . Eiscussion 7re er to %i*en ! questions8
%%
Conclusion
The period increases "hen the len%th o the pendulum increases! $ypothesis accepted! 1 a*oid rom stron% "in% ! blo"in% 2 use small ! amplitude
%-
$ #esti(n
'.328 x 10 m =
( =
7.%' mm
'.- 6 %7@
1 %7@, '.- 6 @0 = %7
'.- 6
11. Which of
the follo"ing prefi6es is arranged in ascendin g orderM $ mili8 senti8 mi;ro8 desi ( m!& o* m!l!* sent!* +es! C m ili8 m i; ro 8 d e si8 s e nt i = d e si8 m i; ro 8 m ili8 s
3. Which of the follo"ing is not a )asic unitM Newto 1 A n ;ilogram = C ampere second 4. Which of the follo"ing quantities cannot )e derivedM Elect !c o A c" ent 1 "er Aor C Momentum = ce
-. Which of the follo"ing quantities is not derived from the )asic physical
7. Which of the follo"ing has the smallest magnitudeM megamet centimet $ re 1 re m!& ome C ;ilometre D te
0. , +'0 777 777 mm in standard form is
,.+'0 6 %7@: m 1
,.+'0 6 %7@. m
enti
12. Celocity8 density8 force and energy are $ )asic quantities 1 scalar quantities $ +e !,e+ -"ant!t!es = vector quantities 13. Which of the follo"ing sho"s the
correct conversion of unitsM
$ 2 3 4
', mm+ 5'., 6 %7@. m+ 300 mm3=3.0 x 10%. m3 077 mm+50.7 6 %7@' m+ % 777 mm+5%.7 6 %7@, m+
14. Which of the follo"ing measurements is the shortest M 1 +.,- 6 %7+ m 2 3.') x 10' cm 3 +.,- 6 %7/ mm 4 +.,- 6 %7%' m 15. *he Hit< AM channel )roadcasts radio "aves
at a frequency of :'.0 MH< in the north region. What is the frequency
:.'0 6 1 %7:.'0 6 %7 = %7
%.. $n o)Gect moves along a straight line for time8 t. *he length of the line8 s is
%t ' . *he
'
%2 1 ms @' = s m
s@%
%.
Part ! : Str#ct#re
#esti(n
to to"n I in ' hours as sho"n in Aigure %. 1y using this information8 you may calculate the distance )et"een the
Aigure % (1) >i4 1ased on the statements given8 state t"o )asic quantities and their respective S2 units. Eistance : m and time : s
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >ii4 State a derived quantity and its S2 unit. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >)4 Convert the value % m to standard form. - 6 %7@+
5peed ; m s11
1= 2=
0!2 , 10. m
2
2!0 , 10 m
1019 10110109
*a)le % (4) o"er is defined as the rate of change of "or; done. =erive the unit for po"er in terms of its )asic units.
Po"er :
Gnit :
: '% m2 s1.
ti m e
time
(5) Calculate the volume of a "ooden )loc; "ith dimension of / cm8 - cm )readth and %' cm height in m+ and convert its value in standard form.
Aolume : 7/ , 10128 74 , 10128 712 , 10128 1= 420 , 1012= 4!20 , 1014 m.
%/
Aigure ' Mirror >a4 >i4 Name component O. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&... To a*oid paralla, error >ii4 What is the function of OM &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. >)4 *a)le ' sho"s three current readings o)tained )y three students.
*a)le ' =o >i4 =id all the students use the ammeter in Aigure'M .. &&&&&&&&&&&&&. >ii4 E6plain your ans"er in >)4>i4.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
. readin%s obtained by student 2 and . are out o the meter ran%e!
rd
3. Aigure + sho"s the meniscus of "ater in a measuring cylinder E8 L8 and M are three eye positions "hile measuring the volume of the "ater. (1) >i4
Which of the eye positions is correct "hile ta;ing the reading of the volume of "aterM
+ &&.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Aigure + >)4 *he "ater in the measuring cylinder is replaced "ith +7 cm+ of mercury. >i4 2n Aigure ,8 dra" the meniscus of the mercury in the measuring cylinder. Aigure , >ii4 E6plain "hy the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as dra"n in >)4>i4. The cohesi*e orce is lar%er than the adhesi*e orce &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
%0