CHAPTER 11 QUALIFIERS: ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Adjectives Characteristics

The form of a word in English does not indicate its syntactic function. Some suffixes are indeed found
only with adjectives (-ous), but many common adjectives have no identifying shape good, hot, little, young, fat etc. !any adjectives inflect for the comparative and superlative hot, hotter, hottest. "ut many do not allow inflected forms. !any adjectives provide the base from which adverbs are derived by means of an # ly suffix merry merrily. Some do not allow this derivational process. $here are few adjectives that are themselves derived from an adjectival base in this way kindly, which also functions as an adverb. !ost adjectives can be both attributive and predicative but some are either attributive only or predicative only. $wo other features usually apply to adjectives %) !ost can be pre-modified by the intensifier very, e.g. The newly married couple is still very happy. &) !ost of the adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. $he comparison may be achieved with inflections They are the happiest couple I know. 'r it can be realised by using the pre-modifiers more and most My students are more intelligent than yours. They are the most intelligent students Ive ever had. (n adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as head, as in (He was so very misera!le, or as a single word, as in (He was) misera!le. Syntactic functions of adjectives "ttri!utive and predicative. (djectives are attributive when they pre-modify nouns, i.e. they appear between the determiner and the head of the noun phrase the kind woman, his main concern. )redicative adjectives can be a) Subject complement Her work is easy. b) 'bject complement He succeeded in making his wife misera!le. $hey can be complement to a subject made up of a finite clause If the weather will improve is dou!tful. 'r a non-finite clause #oming here was dreadful. *n the same way, adjectives can be object complement to clauses

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$very!ody thought that what he had undertaken%having worked so hard was foolish. $he adjective functioning as object complement often expresses the result of the process denoted by the verb He pushed the door open. ($hus, the door was open.) Post-position

Adjectives can sometimes be post-positioned, i.e. they can sometimes follow the noun they modify. (
post-positioned adjective (together with any complementation it may have) can have the function of a relative clause. *ndefinite pronouns ending in !ody, &one, &thing, &where can be modified only postpositively He !ought something more e'pensive (-which was more expensive.). )ost-position is obligatory for a few adjectives, and they have a different sense when they occur in either position. $he most common are elect (-soon to ta/e office.) and proper (-as strictly defined.) the president elect the elect (specially chosen) committee, the #ity of (ondon proper a proper answer (the answer was correct). *n several compounds (mostly titles) the adjective is post-positioned, the most common being attorney general, !ody politic, court martial, heir apparent, notary pu!lic ((mE), postmaster general, governor general, poet laureate, sergeant ma)or, "sia Minor, hope eternal, penny dreadful *, sum total, time immemorial. )ost-position (more than attributive position) is usual for a few a& adjectives and for a!sent, present and especially "rE concerned, involved, responsi!le which normally do not occur attributively in the relevant sense The children are asleep so do !e +uiet. The people involved (connected with this) fled the country. He presented a very involved (complicated) theory. *t is unusual to pre-position an entire adjective phrase in which the adjective is followed by a complement ,The hardest to teach students were in the second year. (n adjective modified by enough, too or so can be separated from its complementation if the modified adjective is positioned before the indefinite article of the noun phrase He is (not tall enough a !oy to reach the top shelf. He thought him too small a !oy to play chess. $he construction with enough and too can be possible only if the adjective phrase is part of the subject complement or object complement, and with enough it is more common if the adjective is pre-modified by not. 0ith so, the construction is also possible if the adjective phrase is part of the subject or object -o witty a !oy to understand everything is worth giving a pri.e. /ou will never see so stu!!orn a man to do what he is asked to.
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or 1 - horrible ( cheap boy.s paper full of crude situations and highly colored excitement (trashy periodicals).

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Head of noun phrase

Adjectives

can often function as heads of noun phrases and then they do not ta/e the number or

genitive case mar/ers and must ta/e a definite determiner. 3sually, such adjectives have personal reference The !adly wounded need great attention. The young in spirit en)oy life. The wise look for the wiser for advice. The old who resist change can e'pect violence. (4uir/ and 5reenbaum %66, %%7) $hese adjectives have generic and plural reference. Some adjectives denoting nationalities can be noun-phrase heads The 0ritish often fought against the 1rench. $hese noun phrases have generic reference and ta/e a plural verb, but they cannot be modified by adverbs. $hey can be modified by adjectives, which are normally non-restrictive, e. g., The hospita!le 2anish are proud of their households, is interpreted as The 2anish, who are hospita!le, are proud of their households. )ost-modifying prepositional phrases and relative clauses can be either restrictive or non-restrictive The Irish (who live in "merica often visit their country of origin. The 2utch, who are very industrious, take pride in their em!roidery. Some adjectives can function as noun-phrase heads when they have abstract reference. $hey ta/e the verb in the singular. ( few can be modified by adverbs and include, in particular, superlatives, The latest (i.e. the latest news) is that she is going to leave the country for good. The very !est (i.e. the very best part) is in the last pages of the !ook. He dislikes facing the unknown. Non-finite adjective clauses

An adjective (alone or as head of an adjective phrase) can function as a non-finite clause. $he clause
can precede or follow the subject of the main clause Almost exhausted, the man went on digging. The man, almost exhausted, went on digging. The man went on digging, almost exhausted. $he implied subject is usually the subject of the sentence but if the clause contains other clause constituents, its subject can be other than the subject of the sentence He told off the !oy, +uiet now on his chair. $he implied subject of the adjective clause can be the whole of the main clause -trange, it was 3ane who started the gossip. $his sentence has the same meaning as

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That it was 3ane who started the gossip is strange. (n adverb, with almost the same meaning, may sometimes replace an adjective functioning as a nonfinite clause $'haustingly%$'hausted, the man went on digging. $he adjective, unli/e the adverbs, allows a that- or how-clause to follow -trange that they showed up so late. -trange how they hate each other. *n such cases, its is not stated and the adjective is not followed by a comma. Contingent adjective clause

This

clause expresses the circumstance or condition under which what is said in the main clause

applies. ( subordinator, which can be omitted, is often present. 4hen ripe, these peaches are delicious. $he implied subject of the contingent adjective clause is usually either the subject of the main clause or the object They could eat it cold. /ou must !eat the iron when hot. $he adjective then usually comes at the end and could be regarded as a complement.

Exclamatory adjective sentence

An adjective as head of an adjective phrase or standing alone can be an exclamation

How nice of you5 How wonderful5 $'cellent5 Adjectives attributive only

Adjectives

used only in an attributive position do not always characterise the referent of the noun

directly. 8or instance, an old friend does not imply that the person is old but refers to a long period of time. (djectives that characterise the referent of the noun directly are called inherent, those that do not are termed non-inherent. Some non-inherent adjectives occur also predicatively. 8or example, both a new learner and a new friend are non-inherent, though the former can be used predicatively That learner is new. ,My friend is new. ( few words with emotional impact are restricted to attributive position, e.g., you poor man, that wretched woman. ntensifying adjectives

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According to 4uir/ and 5reenbaum, some adjectives have a heightening or lowering effect on the
noun they modify. $hey can be divided, according to their meaning, into emphasi:ers and amplifiers. Emphasi:ers have a general heightening effect. (mplifiers place the noun upwards, at the upper extreme of the scale. Emphasi:ers are attributive only a certain (sure winner, an outright lie, pure (sheer fa!rication, a real (undou!ted hero. (mplifiers are central adjectives when they are inherent a complete victory 6 the victory was complete7 their e'treme condemnation 6 their condemnation was e'treme7 his great folly 6 his folly was great. 0hen they are non-inherent, they are attributive only a complete fool 6 ,the fool is complete7 a perfect idiot 6 ,the idiot is perfect. 'ther examples of amplifiers that are attributive only a close friend, his entire salary, utter folly, the very end, a strong opponent, a great supporter . ;ertain intensifying adjectives are always attributive mere, sheer, and utter. !imiter adjectives

They particularise the reference of the noun

the main reason, the only occasion, the precise reason,

the same student. Some of these have homonyms. 8or instance certain in a certain person is a limiter (-a particular person.), while in a certain winner it is an intensifier (-a sure winner.).

Adjectives related to adverbials

Other adjectives that are attributive only can be related to adverbials. $hese non-inherent adjectives
include my former friend 1 formally my friend, an occasional visitor 1 occasionally a visitor. Some re<uire implications added to the adverbial the late president 6 till lately the president (-now dead.). $here are also cases where the noun does not have a corresponding verb but where the adjective (not always attributive) refers to the process part of the noun.s meaning an e'cellent writer 6 a writer who writes e'cellently. $he implied process can be associated with an inanimate object a fast car 1 a car that one drives fast. "enominal adjectives

Some adjectives derived from nouns are attributive only

medicine. #nly predicative adjectives

criminal law 6 law concerning crime7 an

atomic scientist 6 a scientist specialised in atomic science7 a medical school 6 a school for students in

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Adjectives that occur in predicative positions are more li/e verbs and adverbs. $hey usually refer to a
condition rather than to a characteristic. $he most common are those referring to health or lac/ of health faint, ill, well, unwell. ( larger group includes adjectives that can or must ta/e complementation, e.g. afraid (that, of, a!out , conscious (that, of , fond (of , loath (to . !any resemble verbs semantically He is afraid to do it 6 He fears to do it. *n (merican use sick is the exception among the -health. adjectives because it is used mostly attributively the sick woman 6 the woman is sick. Sub-classification of adjectives according to their meanings *. -tate%dynamic. (djectives are naturally state, but many can act as dynamic. !ost adjectives that are li/ely to be measured (careful, naughty, lovely) are capable of being dynamic. ( state adjective such as fat cannot be used with the progressive aspect or with the imperative ,Hes !eing fat. ,0e fat5 *n contrast we can use calm as a dynamic adjective Hes !eing calm. 0e calm5 'ther adjectives that can be dynamic are awkward, !rave, careful, careless, cruel, e'travagant, foolish, funny, good, greedy, impudent, irrita!le, )ealous, naughty, noisy, rude , and timid. **. 8rada!le%non&grada!le. !ost adjectives are gradable. $hey can be modified by adverbs, which convey the degree of intensity of the adjective. 5radability includes comparison fat fatter & fattest7 interesting more interesting most interesting , and other forms of intensification very slim, so dull, e'tremely careless. (ll dynamic adjectives are gradable. !ost stative adjectives ( !ig, round) are gradable but some are non-gradable, mainly technical adjectives li/e atomic (-scientist.), or hydrochloric (-acid.) and adjectives denoting origin 9omanian. ***. Inherent%non&inherent. !ost adjectives are inherent. 0ig is inherent in a !ig cat, the standard being the relative si:e of cats, in contrast with a little cat. 0ig is non-inherent in a !ig fool, the standard being degrees of foolishness, in contrast with a !it of a fool. $he construction -the > comparative > the. can be used with adjectives and adverbs to show cause and effect a change is followed by another, The more you study, the more you know. The more you know, the more you forget. The more you forget, the less you know. The less you know, the less you forget. The less you forget, the more you know. Then, why study: Adjectives$ %ord order

When we use more than one adjective to describe a noun, we have to ta/e care with the word order.
!uch depends on the emphasis a spea/er wishes to ma/e. ( general guide is as follows

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(djective usual order ?oun 4uality si:e@age@shape color origin past participle ta!le 0eautiful small old round !rown 1rench handmade is to the noun. Adverbs Characteristics

5eneral <ualities go before particular <ualities. $he more particular the <uality, the closer the adjective

The most common characteristic of the adverbs is morphological

%) adverbialA &) modifier of adjectives and adverbs.

the majority of adverbs have the

derivational suffix #ly. $here are two types of syntactic function that characterise adverbs

*n both cases the adverb functions directly in an adverb phrase of which it is head or single word. $hus, in the adjective phrase far more easily legi!le, legi!le is modified by the adverb phrase far more easily, easily is modified by the adverb phrase far more, and more is modified by the adverb phrase far, in this last case an adverb phrase with an adverb as single word. (ccording to 4uir/ et al. we can distinguish three classes of adverbials %) ad)uncts, which are integrated within the structure of the clause -he stood outside until he came. He now was a grown up !oy. I read the note +uickly. &) dis)uncts, which can express an evaluation of what is being said either with respect to the form of communication or to its content -trangely, every!ody knew the answers. 1ortunately, we didnt have to !orrow money from the !ank. He is pro!a!ly the new teacher. ,) con)uncts, which have a connective function. $hey indicate the connection between what is being said and what was said before He kept shouting yet no!ody was listening. If there is nothing else I can do, then Im leaving. &odifying adverbs %) (n adverb can be a modifier of an ad)ective, as in the following examples /our friend tells very funny )okes.

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It is extremely dangerous to clim! that mountain. $nough post-modifies adjectives, as in clever enough. 3sually the modifying adverb is an intensifier, the most used being very. 'ther adverbs are so, pretty, rather, unusually, +uite, and un!elieva!ly. !any are restricted to a small set of lexical items, e.g. deeply (anxious), highly (intelligent), strikingly (beautiful), sharply (critical). !any intensifiers can modify adjectives, adverbs and verbs. &) Modifier of adver! as in the examples It is raining very heavily. He has said so very many stupid )okes that Im tired of him. (s with adjectives, the only post-modifier is enough, as in cleverly enough. ( few intensifying adverbs, particularly right and well, pre-modify particles in phrasal verbs He knocked the man right out. ,) Modifier of prepositional phrases. $he few adverbs that pre-modify particles in phrasal verbs also pre-modify prepositions or prepositional phrases The arrow went right to the target. Her fianc; is dead against using make up. 2) Modifier of determiner, pre&determiner, post&determiner . *ntensifying adverbs can pre-modify indefinite pronouns, pre-determiners and cardinal numerals <early every!ody knew a!out his trou!led past. =ver three do.en eggs were !roken when she dropped the !asket. He used more money than he had !argained for. $he indefinite article can be intensified when it is e<uivalent to the unstressed cardinal one He will !e away a!out a year. 0ith ordinals and superlatives, a definite determiner is compulsory -he was almost the nicest girl Id ever met. +) Modifier of noun phrase. Some intensifiers may pre-modify noun phrases +uite, rather, and the pre-determiners such and exclamatory what. $he noun phrase is normally indefinite, and the intensifiers precede any determiners. 9ather re<uires the head to be a singular, gradable, countable noun He told such a (strange story%(strange stories a!out his first wife. 4hat I found after the party was rather a mess. He was +uite some #asanova in his time. He makes a (!ig fool of himself when he talks to young women. -o and how precede the indefinite article, and re<uire the noun phrase to contain a gradable adjective and a singular countable noun. *n this use, the adjective moves in front of the article I realised lately that he was so !ig an idiot. How smart a woman is she: Some adverbs signifying place or time post-modify noun phrases - place the way ahead, the neigh!our downstairs7 the sentence !elowA

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- time the meeting yesterday7 the day after tomorrow . *ndefinite pronouns, wh-pronouns, and wh-adverbs are post-modified by else someone else, all else, who else, what else, etc. $lse also post-modifies compounds with where somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere else etc. Adverb as complement of preposition

Some place and time adverbs function as complement of a preposition. Here and there ta/e the most
prepositions along, around, down, from, in, near, on, out (of , over, round, through under, and up . Home can be complement of the prepositions at, from, near, toward(s . 'thers go only with the preposition from a!ove, a!road, !elow, downstairs, indoors, inside, outdoors, outside, upstairs, within, without. (see 4uir/ et al.) "egrees of comparison for adjectives and adverbs ntensification'

There are three degrees of comparison

- )ositive or the base kind, hastilyA - comparative kinder, more hastilyA - superlative kindest, most hastily. $he comparative is used for a comparison between two items, and the superlative where more than two are involved. $he superlative is sometimes used for a comparison between two, He is the prettiest of the two sisters, but this is rather informal. 0e can express comparison by %) the inflected forms in #er and #est for short adjectives (one or two syllables)A &) with more and most for long adjectives (two or more syllables)A ,) for e<uality, inferiority and least degrees of comparison, we use as, less, least. Too is also used in the sense -more than enough. Its too long (more than one would expect). 8rada!ility. (mplifiers and comparatives can modify gradable adjectives and adverbs. $hey co-occur with non-gradable adjectives such as non&#hristian He is definitely%virtually%,more%,very non&#hristian. $here are also restrictions on the use of particular intensifiers, and these can sometimes be stated in terms of their meanings most happy (subjective)@Ctall (objective)A utterly wrong (negative)@Cright (positive). (mplifiers and comparatives can be used with adjectives that refer to a <uality li/ely to having values on a scale, and for adverbs that refer to a manner or to a time that is thought of in terms of a scale. $hus, in Tom is "merican, the adjective "merican does not allow amplifiers or comparatives if it refers to $om.s nationality, but admits them if it refers to his behaviour Tom is very "merican%more "merican than the "mericans. 0e can also achieve an intensifying effect by repeating attributive adjectives or degree intensifiers an old, old man (-a very old man.), very, very good (-extremely good.).

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(Ho%) *uestions and measure phrases

How
exclamations

is used as a pro-form for degree intensifiers of the adjective or adverb in <uestions and How efficient is this machinery: How efficiently does it work: How !eautiful this painting is5 How !eautifully he paints5

-!easure. adjectives that deal with a scale of measurement and have a term for each end of the scale use the upper extreme term in How-<uestions and with measurement How old is your uncleD (0hat is his ageD) =ld here is an unmar/ed term. Some other adjectives used li/e this one are deep & shallow, high low, long short, tall short, thick thin, wide narrow . 'ther adjectives are used as the unmar/ed term for pre-modification by interrogative How (How heavy is it:), but are not used with measurements (C It is two pounds heavy) !ig small, !right dim, fat thin, heavy light, large little, strong weak . Some adverbs also use an unmar/ed term in How-<uestions, e.g., How much%often%+uickly did they sing: nflection of adjectives for comparison

The

inflectional suffixes are #er for the comparative and #est for the superlative young&younger&

youngest. ( small group of often fre<uently used adjectives have different forms for comparative and superlative good !etter & !est7 far farther%further farthest%furthest7 !ad%ill worse worst7 many%much more most7 little less & least . =ld usually has the inflected forms older, oldest but when used in family relationships, the irregular forms elder, eldest are normally substituted, but only attributively or as noun phrase heads My elder%eldest sister is an opera singer. ,My sister is elder than I am. !any adjectives with two syllables can form their comparison both by inflection and by the periphrastic& forms, His manners are commoner%more common to simple people. Eisyllabic adjectives that can ta/e inflected forms are those ending in an unstressed vowel, syllabic @l@ or @+(r)@ %) #y funny, noisy, wealthy, friendlyA &) #ow hollow, narrow, shallow7 ,) #le gentle, fee!le, no!leA 2) #er, - ure clever, mature, o!scure.

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3sing at least two words instead of a single inflected form.

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;ommon adjectives outside these four categories that can ta/e inflectional forms include common, handsome, polite, +uiet, and wicked. (djectives made of participles do not ta/e inflections C tiringer, Cwoundeder. nflection of adverbs for comparison

For a small number of adverbs, the inflected forms used for comparison are the same as those for
adjectives. (s with adjectives, there is a small group with comparatives and superlatives formed from different stems well !etter !estA !adly worse worst. (dverbs that are identical in form with adjectives ta/e inflections, following the same spelling and phonetic rules as for adjectives early, late, hard, slow, fast, +uick, and long. -oon, which has no corresponding adjective, is fre<uently used in the comparative ( sooner) but is not common in the superlative (soonest). &odification of comparatives and superlatives

The
(That

comparatives of both adjectives and adverbs can be pre-modified by amplifying intensifiers #

certain noun phrases (most of them informal) and adverbs, e.g. (so (very much all the far a a lots rather somewhat a little a (little !it !etter sooner more less careful carefully good !etter sooner !it%a lot more careful less carefully good%great deal

$he inflectional superlative may be pre-modified by very the very !est. *f very pre-modifies the superlative, a determiner is obligatory as in He has written his very !est essay so far. ;omparatives and superlatives can also be post-modified by intensifying phrases, the most common of which is !y far He is richer%richest !y far. Correspondence bet%een adjective and adverb

Adverbs are usually, though not always, derived from adjectives by suffixation. ;onse<uently, there
is a correspondence between constructions containing adjectives and those containing the corresponding adverbs

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He cooked the !ooks considera!ly. He cooked the !ooks to a considera!le e'tent. *n some instances, either the adjective or the adverb forms may appear, with little or no difference in meaning. $he adjective and its corresponding adverb usually appear in different environments her incredi!le clumsiness, her clumsiness is incredi!le 6 she is incredi!ly clumsy. %) $here are regular correspondences between sentences with an adverb and a noun phrase with an adjective He studied this su!)ect deeply 6 his deep study for this su!)ect. &) $he adjective-noun formation can infer a process or a time relationship, with a corresponding adverb. 8or instance, in the second of the following two interpretations of a clever novelist, the adjective refers to the process part of the agentive noun a) a novelist who is cleverA b) a person who writes cleverly. ,) !any limiter adjectives can be seen as related to adverbs the main reason 6 it was mainly the reason. 2) *ntensifying adjectives often relate to adverbs an utter lie 6 it is utterly a lie. ,he adjective and other %ord-classes Adjective and adverb

Certain words beginning with a- are usually used predicatively, both with !e and other verbs such as
seem. 0e can compare an a- adjective (asleep) with an a- adverb (a!road) The neigh!or was asleep%a!road. The neigh!or seemed asleep%,a!road. "-adjectives cannot follow verbs of motion as part of the predication. "-adverbs, however, can and they denote direction after such verbs. He went a!oard%a!road%around%away, (a-adverb) CFe went afraid@alert@asleep@awa/e. (a-adjective) ;ommon a-adjectives are a!la.e, afloat, afraid, aghast, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, asleep, averse, awake, and aware. ;ertain words that function as adjectives are also used to define in some way the process denoted by the verbA this is a typical use of adverbs loud and clear in, He spoke loud and clear. (ong and still, which usually have the function of adjectives, are adverbs in pre-verb position in the following sentences -uch animals have long had to defend themselves. They still cant make up their minds whether to go or not. *n some cases, the adjective form and the corresponding # ly adverb can be used interchangeably He spoke loud and clear%loudly and clearly.

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*n other cases there is no corresponding adverb form of the same lexical item, so that only the adjective form is available 4e returned early%fast%late today. (4uir/ et al. %66, %,7) Adjective and noun

Some items can be both adjectives and nouns. 8or instance, criminal is an adjective in that it can be
used both attributively (a criminal law) and predicatively (The way he !ehaved seemed criminal to us ). "ut criminal also has all the characteristics of a noun, The criminals were in)ected the lethal dose eventually. #riminal is thus both an adjective and a noun, and the relationship between the adjective criminal and the noun criminal is that of conversion. Examples of other converted nouns are There are a lot of !lacks in this town. The ancients conception on supernatural was not very different from ours. The no!les and the poor cannot sit at the same ta!le. ?ouns can pre-modify other nouns a town hall, a city council, a stone fence, a love story, summer weather. *n this function, the attributive nouns resemble adjectives. Fowever, the basically nominal character of these pre-modifiers is shown by their correspondence to prepositional phrases with the noun as complement the council of the city, a fence (made of stone, a story a!out love, weather (usual in summer . Some nouns can function both attributively and predicatively. $hese nouns are li/e adjectives because they do not vary in number. $he nouns denote material from which things are made, or refer to style the concrete floor 6 that floor is concrete (of concrete)A Meisner porcelain 6 this porcelain is Meisner. Some nouns can appear in predicative noun phrases after seem /our !rother seems a fool. His !oyfriend seems very much an "ustralian. Her painting seems nonsense to me. Adjective and participles

Many adjectives have the same form as participles

His opinions are very !affling. The policeman seemed very much surprised !y the course of the action. $hese adjectives can also be attributive his !affling opinions, the surprised policeman. $he #ed participle of intransitive verbs can also be used attributively the escaped convict (the convict who escaped), a grown girl (a girl who has grown up). 'nly with some of these is the predicative use allowed ,The convict is escaped. Her daughter is grown (not common in "rE but full&grown or grown&up is perfectly acceptable). 0e can have ambiguous sentences where the ambiguity depends on whether we have a participle or an adjective They were (very relieved (to find their house not !roken into # adjective.

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They were relieved (!y the ne't group of night watchers # past participle. EGEH;*SES 60. Fill in the blanks with the right adjective fr ! the list. whiteA goldenA yellowA blac/A goldA redA pin/A blueA greenA silver. %. She went as ..white.. as sheet when she heard about the accident. &. $he cat that won the competition was in the Iof condition. ,. * felt myself turning as I as a beetroot when he too/ me by the arm. 2. Jou can contradict your teacher till you are Iin the face, he will never agree with you. +. * was surprised when * saw her with a Ieye but * didnKt dare as/ her how she had got it. 9. Jour garden loo/s so beautiful all the timeA you must have Ifingers. =. Fe never fights or argues so his friends thin/ he has a Istrea/. 7. EonKt be so pessimistic every cloud has a Ilining. 6. Jou wonKt find anywhere his new boo/A itKs li/e Idust. %B. $he headmaster will get a large Ihandsha/e and a pension. 61. Fill in the blanks with the right adjective fr ! the list. thinA thic/A largeA soberA miserableA fitA differentA sic/A plainA deaf. %. *f you wonKt eat as it is re<uired youKll become as .. thinIas a ra/e. &. Jou can tal/ louder. FeKs as Ias a post. ,. Jou wouldnKt say theyKre brothersA they are as Ias chal/ from cheese. 2. Fe ate and dran/ too much last night and heKs now as Ias a dog. +. (fter ta/ing so many exercises and jogging * feel as Ias a fiddle. 9. $he new boss is not loved by his fellow wor/ers as he is as Ias sin. =. * donKt have to tell you how clever he isA itKs as Ias the nose on your face. 7. 0ho told you heKs not in townD * saw him last night at the theatre, as Ias life. 6. * thought )eter got drun/ at the party, but his wife told me he was as Ias a judge. %B. *n doing bad things, my neighbourKs children were as Ias thieves. 6". P#t the w rds in the right rder. %. influence paramount year a 5eneral had on development the (ttorney of this the events the. This year the "ttorney 8eneral had a paramount influence on the development of the events. &. they 5eneral have she always boasts a family that had 5overnor their in. ,. body belong they every various be differently person group in will treated as to politics this. 2. not eternal is what man is hope from strong re<uired a young. +. hide * room the he tries to into from heKs come me that a penny whenever dreadful reading.

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9. sum small contained that the familyKs total of the house possessions. =. from is there the gods has immemorial belief that been world governed time by. 7. in family house elect will with the entire president live official an his. 6. answered proper been the present has not by <uestion anyone. %B. is you a her responsible ;lara so can on woman count. 6$. %atch the tw halves f the sentences. %. She is much prettier - f &. $hey behave almost as ,. $hese flowers are not as 2. )eople can no longer smo/e in public places, +. She has much the same complexion 9. Fe enjoys physical wor/ so he wor/s =. $he more we tal/ to him, 7. $here is still a substantial difference 6. $his computer game bears comparison %B. Fe did far less successfully a) as her mother. b) beautiful as those over there. c) than it was expected of him. d) the more he unfolds his cleverness. e) if they owned the place. f) than * remember her. g) as was possible years ago. h) li/e a farm horse. i) j) with the best you can find on the mar/et. between the two families.

6&. Re'lace each gr #' f w rds in italics b( ne f the adverbs given in the list. indifferently, slavishly, inopportunely, tremulously, <uerulously, conceivably, radically, stealthily, judiciously, tirelessly. %. $he public waited with a lack of interest the second half of the play. (indifferently) &. Fis coo/ing the boo/s will, it may !e imagined, put him in prison. ,. Faving been officially banned from institution, people smo/e their cigarettes in hidden spots, hoping no one will notice. 2. $he wretched pupil as/ed the teacher in a complaining manner not to pic/ on him.

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+. Everybody agrees that computers have, in a very fundamental way, changed our lives. 9. "eing caught in the act, the burglar gave its name with a nervous and shaking voice. =. ?ot trusting the weather forecast, the hi/ers very wisely too/ more warm clothes with them. 7. *t was well /nown that the late )rime !inister had wor/ed for the peopleKs welfare with unremitting effort. 6. $he producer remade this film with complete lack of originality. %B. Fe brought up the topic of his debts at a very inconvenient time. 6). Fill in the ga's with the right adverb r adverbial c nstr#cti n fr ! the list. % by and large, & firstly, , however, , moreover, + certainly, 9 on the whole, = funnily enough, 7 on the contrary, 6 in other words, %B on the other hand.

%. ..0y and large.., everybody has achieved their tas/s. &. I, *Kd li/e to be sure that everybody is present. ,. Fe agreed with his wife to throw a party, I, reluctantly. 2. She saw that there was a man immediately behind her. I, he was observing her insistently. +. $odayKs inflation increase is Itoo high. 9. $he countryside visited was Ivaried and scenic. =. I, he fell for all our jo/es. 7. )eople donKt go there in !arch. 1 I, they go there as itKs not noisy at this time of the year. 6. $he mobile library services have been reorganised. I, they visit fewer places. %B. Fospitals may lose money. "ut, I, many lives are saved.

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