Ubc

TKHte"om

of

tbe

East

Series

Edited

by

L.

CRANMER-BYNG

Dr.

S.

A.

KAPADIA

TAOIST

TEACHINGS

WISDOM

OF

THE

EAST

TAOIST

TEACHINGS
FROM THE

BOOK

OF

LIEH

TZtt

TRANSLATED
WITH

FROM

THE AND

CHINESE,
NOTES,

INTRODUCTION

BY
AUTHOR

LIONEL
OF SAYINGS OF

GILES,
TZU OF LAO ON THE
ART OF

M.A.
WAR,'
SAYINGS

"SUN

"THE

TZU," "THE CONFUCIUS," ETC.

^Wto*

LONDON

JOHN

MURRAY,

ALBEMARLE 1912

STREET,

W.

All

Rights

Reserved

TO

MY

FATHER

WHOSE

TRANSLATION

OF

CHUANG

TZU

FIRST

AWAKENED

IN

ME

THE

LOVE

OF

TAOIST

LORE

52a:*51

EDITORIAL

NOTE

The
very

object
definite
in their

of
one.

the

Editors

of desire
these

this above books

series
all

is

They
way,

things
be

that,
the between and in

humble
of and of West

shall

ambassadors
East the their
new

good-will
the
"

and old
this but

understanding
world
of

Thought
and
of

Action.

In

endeavour,
followers
are

own

sphere,
in

they
the

are

the

highest
that
a

example deeper philosophy

revival
of

land. of

They
the

confident ideals may and

knowledge
of

great

lofty
to
a

Oriental
true

thought spirit
the of

help
which another

that
nor

Charity
of

neither creed

despises
and colour.

fears

nations

L. S.

CRANMER-BYNG.
A.

KAPADIA.

northbrook
21 Cromwell

society,
Road,
S.W.

Kensington,

TAOIST

TEACHINGS

INTRODUCTION

The

history
the

of

Taoist
into of

philosophy
three

may
:

be

veniently con-

divided

stages
these medium

the the

primitive
stage
is
a

stage,
known

stage

development,
first

and

of

degeneration.
to
us

The

of the

stages
of

only single
Tzu,
year
of

through

semi-historical whose
604
B.C.

figure,
is

the

philosopher
to

Lao

birth

traditionally assigned
would earlier than
as

the

Some much

place

the

beginnings
than
as on

Taoism

this, and
an

consequently
as

regard
the

Lao

Tzu

rather
of

expounder
;

actual
"

founder
that

the moral

system
code altruism

just

fucianism Confilial

is,

based and

piety
"

and may

buttressed be The said

to two

by
have

ness righteous-

flourished

long
are

before
what some-

Confucius.

cases,

however,
of
are

dissimilar.

The Tao

preserved
one

in

the

teachings Te Ching, being

which

Lao
not

Tzu,
such
from

as
as

can

easily imagine
to

handed
the

down

generation

large.

The

generation principle on
9

among

people
are

at

they

based

is

10

INTRODUCTION
but their
to everyday application

simple enough,
fileis surrounded
to assert

by

difficulties.

It is hazardous

that

any

great system of philosophy has

one man

from the brain of sprung assertion is probably as true

other

;
as

but

the

of Taoism

of any

body
Tzii
a

of

Condensed of Lao
is

speculation. into a singlephrase, the injunction

mankind

to

is, "Follow

Nature."
" "

This

good practical equivalentfor the Chinese expression, Get hold of Tao," although Tao does not exactlycorrespond to the word Nature, of the sum used by us to denote as ordinarily It phenomena in this ever-changing universe. to me, seems however, that the conception of Tao have been reached, originally, must through the this channel. Lao Tzii, interpreting plain
"

facts

of

Nature

before

his

eyes,

concludes there
exists

that
an

behind ultimate and of

her

manifold

workings
in its
essence

Reality which

able is unfathom-

unknowable, yet manifests

itself in laws

ple, unfailing regularity. To this Essential Princithis Power underlyingthe sensible phenomena of Nature, he gives,tentativelyand with tion, hesitathe Way," though fully the name of Tao, the inadequacy of any to express name realising of the idea of that which is beyond all power comprehension. Christian with A ideas, foreigner,imbued naturallyfeels inclined to substitute for Tao the the to denote term by which he is accustomed
"

INTRODUCTION

11

iupreme
in
a

Being God. if he is prepared

"

But
to
use
we

this
the

is
term

only
"

missibl ad"

God

much
or

broader
New

sense

than

find in either the which

Old

the

Testament.

That

chiefly
Nature

impresses the
is their

Taoist

in the

operations of
to

absolute
cause

impersonality.The
effect
seems

inexorable
moved equally reon

law

of

and active

him

from
one

goodness or
active
a

benevolence
or

the
on

hand, and
other.

from
is

evil

malevolence will

the

This

fact

which

hardly
that

be

observer. disputed by any intelligent he begins to draw inferences from Taoist

from parts company he does, that as Believing,
a

It is when
it

the

the the

average

Christian.
is

visible Universe behind

but

manifestation

of the invisible Power

the known in arguing from it,he feels justified and concluding that, whatever to the unknown, Tao be in itself (which is unknowable), it is may understand not what we by a personal certainly

God

"

not

God

endowed

with

the

butes attrispecific

(and humanity, not even remarkable of Hegel) a anticipation

of

here

we

find

conscious

God.

In
of

other

words, Tao
on

transcends
which

the

and illusory

unreal

distinctions

all human

systems
and vices

morality depend,
into

for in it all virtues

coalesce The
He

One. takes
a

Christian

different view
facts which

altogether.
shows

to ignorethe prefers
or

Nature

him,

else he
manner.

reads

them

in

an

one-sided

His

God, if no

arbitrary and longeranthro-

12

INTRODUCTION

pomorphic, is undeniably anthropopathic. He is a personalDeity, now lovingand merciful,now irascible and is open to jealous, a Deity who and qualitiessuch as entreaty. With prayer these, it is difficult to see how he can be regarded Man. of these Which as anything but a glorified
two

views

"

the
to

Taoist

or

the Christian
be
a

"

it is best

for mankind There The

to
to
can

hold, may

be

no

weakness

dispute. doubt which is the more logical. of Taoism lies in its application
matter

of

the conduct be
a

of life.

Lao

Tzu

was

not

content

metaphysician merely, he aspiredto be a reformer well. It was man's business, as practical he thought, to model himself as closely as possible the great Exemplar, Tao. It follows on a as of course that his precepts are matter mostly of a negative order, and we are led straightto the doctrine of Passivity or was Inaction, which bound misunderstood and perverted. to be fatally Lao Tzu's teaching has reached us, if not in its of its native purity, originalform, yet in much in the Tao Te Ching. One of the most potent for the high antiquity of this marvellous arguments
little treatise is that
trace

it shows

no

decided

corruptionwhich is discernible in the second of our periods,representedfor us by the I have writingsof Lieh Tzu and Chuang Tzu, called it the period of development because of the extraordinaryquickening and blossoming of the buds of Lao Tzu's thought in the supple and
of the

INTRODUCTION

13

imaginativeminds of these canker, alas ! is alreadyat

but
so

two

The philosophers. of the flower feast

as

the heart is the

rich
us

and
we

luxuriant

of colour what Lieh the

before

that

hardly
of His

notice
our

it

yet.

Very
he

little is known
us

author full he
name
was

beyond
was

tells

himself.
it appears
not

Yii-k'ou, and

that

in living year
398

Cheng
when
in
a

State the

long
(see p.

before
Tzu

the

B.C.,

Prime

Minister

revolution in the

we

learn that
the

of pages he could

killed Yang was nently 109). He figurespromiChuang Tzu, from whom

"

On

insufficient

* the wind." ride upon tioned ground that he is not men-

by
critic of

the the

historian

Ssu-ma

Ch'ien,

certain

led to declare Sung dynasty was Tzu that Lieh was only a fictitious personage invented by Chuang Tzu, and that the treatise his name which was a forgery of passes under This theory is rejectedby the comlater times. pilers of the great Catalogue of Ch'ien Lung's of Chinese represent the cream Library, who in the eighteenthcentury. Although scholarship has evidentlypassed through the Lieh Tzii's work editors and of many hands gathered numerous

accretions, there
which
in all

remains

considerable

nucleus
to

was probability

committed

writing

by
"

Lieh

Tzu's

immediate

older
He
is thus

than

the
in

and is therefore disciples, genuine parts of Chuang

the

depicted
from
an

design

on

the
on

cover

of this

volume,

taken

illustrated work

Ink-tablets,

14 Tzu. the
two

INTRODUCTION
There
are

some

obvious indeed
a

betwee analogies
certain
on

authors,
common

and

amount

of Lieh its

matter

to both

; but

the

whole

Tzu's
own.

book
The

bears

an

unmistakable

impress of

with genialityof its tone contrasts the somewhat hard brilliancy of Chuang Tzu, and certain a kindly sympathy with the aged, the of this life, not excludingthe poor and the humble brute itself felt throughout. creation, makes The and Taoism ism Confucianopposition between is not so sharp as we find it in Chuang Tzu,

and

Confucius

himself

is

treated
is

with

much

greater respect. This alone favour of Lieh of the priority

doubt widened about
that
as

strong evidence in Tzu, for there is no

the
two

the time
as

breach
went

between
on.

systems
work
is

Lieh

Tzu's

long as Chuang Tzu's, and is now divided into eight books. The seventh of these with the doctrine of the egoistic deals exclusively philosopher Yang Chu, and has therefore been omitted altogetherfrom the present selection. Nearly all the Taoist writers are fond of parables is this and allegorical of them tales,but in none branch of literature brought to such perfection in Lieh Tzu, who as Chuang Tzu himself surpasses
half
as a

master

of anecdote.

His

stories

are

almost

invariably pithy and pointed. Many of them of dramatic evince not only a keen sense effect, nature. but real insightinto human Others may somewhat fantastic and wildly imaginaappear

INTRODUCTION
tive.

15

issued out who of story of the man of this class. solid rock (p. 50) is a typicalone It ends, however, with a streak of ironical humour

The

which

may

lead

us

to

doubt
in the

whether

Lieh

Tzu

himself

believed really natural

in other has

appears " That

come

which
to
an

of transcending possibility laws. soberer His judgment like the following : passages, life must by the law of its being and
the end
can no more

end
the

be

avoided
been his

than

born. life
or

So
to

livingcreature can that he who hopes

out

help having
to

perpetuate
in his
as

shut

death

is deceived

calculations."
the

That
which Lieh

leaves
Tzu

little doubt
would the

to

lightin
the I

have

regarded
is the

the

later Taoist

on speculations

elixir of life.

Perhaps theory
4

best

solution

of

the

problem
:

have

already
we

mentioned

that

the
taining con-

'Lieh

Tzu"
a

which

possess' now,
core

while

solid and

authentic been

of the
with

Master's
much

own

teaching, has
decadent
Taoism

overlaid
age

of

the

of the

that

followed.

period little need be said here. It is represented in literature by the lengthy treatise of Huai-nan Tzu, the spurious episodes in Lieh Tzu and a host of minor andChuangTzu,
Of this third

writers,
works
as

some

of

whom

tried relics

to

the
an

genuine
Chin

of

off their pass ancient sages.

Chang Chan,
under
the

officer of the

Eastern

Banqueting Court dynasty (fourth century

best

a.d.), is the author

of the

commentary

on

16

INTRODUCTION

Lieh

Tzu

extracts will

from
be
of

it, placed
found
in

between
the

verted in-

commas,

following although
long
run

pages.

In

the

time

Chang
system
into
and and
art
a

Chan,
had national its
is

Taoism
its

as

philosophical development beginning,

course,

its

religion subsequent

was

only
on

just

influence over-estimated.

literature
It and the ideal. the

hardly
elements

to

be of

supplied
colour

the
which

mystery,
as
a

romance

were

needed
stiffness and porating incorand

set-off

against

uncompromising
For

of

the

Confucian
in

reviving
mass

itself
which

floating
come

of
from

folklore the

mythology
ages, of
as

had for
it the

down

earliest
creations

well

as

many

exquisite
the

its

own

fancy,

deserves

lasting

gratitude

of

the

Chinese

people.

18

COSMOGONY
'There
is
;
a

Creative
is
a

uncreated
is itself

there

Principlewhich is itself Principle of Change which

is able to unchanging. The Uncreated life ; the Unchanging is able to effect create but is produced cannot which change. That continue producing ; that which is evolved cannot but continue evolving. Hence there is constant The law of evolution. production and constant evolution at constant production and of constant to operate. time no ceases
The
commentator says
"

That
can

which
never

is

the

destiny

of

living things the

be

involved once annihilated."

in

So is it with
the
The

Yin

and

the

Yang,

so

is it with

Four
Yin

Seasons.
and Positive and the Yang are Nature, alternately predominating the

Negative
in

Principlesof
night. The

day

and

Uncreated

we

may

surmise

to

be

Alone

in

itself.
"

The

Supreme,
?

the
can

Non-Engendered
only
and
suppose without

"

how

can

be

proved

We

that

it is

reality mysteriously

its

One, without

beginning

end."

The

Unchanging
We that

goes

to

and

fro, and
that

is illimitable.

may

surmise
are

its range it stands

Alone, and
"In

its

Ways
the

inexhaustible.'
it is

the
'

Book The

of

written

of Spirit

Emperor the Valley dies not

Yellow

; it

THE be

ABSOLUTE

19

may

called

the

of the issuing-point of the regarded as the Root all eternity, it uses to effort.'
The the and Book of the passage
to

The Mysterious Feminine. be must Mysterious Feminine

Universe.
its force

sisting Subwithout

Yellow
is Lao
now

above

Emperor is incorporated

no

longer extant,
the Tao

but

in

Te

Ching,

attributed

Tzu.

That, then, which unengendered ; that

"

evolved

is itself and of

engendered
the elements

engenders by which untouched by self-evolved,

all things is itself

all

things
in

are

evolution.
it

Selfitself

has

substance, appearance,
cessation.

wisdom,
it would

strength,dispersionand be a mistake to call it by

The
of
cause

Yet
of these

any

one

names."

Master

Lieh

Tzii said

"

The the

old

regarded
of the
sum

the

Yin

and of

men inspired Yang as the

total
has

Heaven is

and

Earth.
from

But
that then
"

that

which

substance

engendered
; out

which
were

is devoid

of substance

of what ?
into

Heaven
were

and

Earth
out

engendered
nothing,
and
came

They

engendered

of

existence

of themselves."

"

Hence
a

Change,

Primordial

great Principleof a great Origin, great Beginning, a great Simplicity. In the great Change
we

say,

there

is

20

COSMOGONY
is
not

In the great yet manifest. In the Origin lies the beginning of substance. great Beginning, lies the beginning of material substance
form.
"

After
of

classes

separation of the Yin their forms." objects assume

the

and

the

Yang,

when

Simplicity lies the beginning of and essential substance, form qualities.When essential still indistinguishably qualities are blended Chaos means together it is called Chaos. intermixed and not that all things are chaotically The purer and another. yet separated from one the lighter elements, tending upwards, made
In the

great

Heavens

the Earth. tending harmoniously proportioned, became Heaven Earth and containing thus and evolved element, all things were

grosser made downwards,

;

the

and

heavier

elements, Substance, Man ; and,

spiritual produced."
a

The Heaven
the
not
uses

Master
and of

Lieh

Tzii

said

"

The

virtue

of

of the Sage, and Earth, the powers the myriad things in Creation, are direction.

perfect in every function to produce

over

It is Heaven's

life and

to

spread
to

canopy

it. and

It is Earth's
to

function
them.

form

material

bodies

support
others

It is the

tion Sage'sfuncfor

to teach

and

to influence

them

good.

It is the

function

of created

things to

conform

LIMITATION
their proper things in which
to nature.

OF
That may

FUNCTIONS

21

Earth

being so, there are excel, though they lie

;

outside the

the

scope

of Heaven

matters

in which

Sage has no concern, though they afford free For it is clear that that which play to others. life cannot form and over imparts and broods
support material supports material for good ;
for bodies bodies
one

that
cannot

which

forms and

and

teach and

fluence in-

who
counter

teaches
to

influences
instincts does the
;

good

cannot

run

natural

that
not

which travel

is fixed outside

in suitable
own

environment Therefore
either

its and

sphere.
will be

Way
Yin

of Heaven
or

Earth
; the

of the

of

the

will be
the
or

either

qualityof
hard.
cannot

teaching of the Sage of altruism of righteousness; or created objects will be either soft
conform from
*

Yang

All these

to their proper

nature

and
to

depart
#

the

province assigned
#

them."
On

and the other, on life, there is that which produces life ; there is form, and there is that which imparts form ; there is sound there is that which causes sound, and ; which there there is that is colour, and causes
one

hand, there

is

colour
causes

tjiere is taste, and

of life is death
comes

there

is that

which

taste.
source

The

;
an

but

that

which

produces life never

of form
is matter

to

end.

; but

that

which

origin imparts form

The

22

COSMOGONY
no

has
lies
causes source

material
the
sound
sense

existence. of
never

The
;

genesis of
but
to

sound which The

duces proeye. that

in

hearing
audible
;

that
ear.

is

the

of colour colour
never

is vision

but

that

which the

manifests lies in the

is
never

itself to

The

origin of
causes

taste
taste

which
sense.

palate ; but perceived by

are

that
of the

All these

phenomena

functions

of principle
W
u

Inaction.
stands for the

Wei, Inaction, here

inert, unchanging

Tao.

To
or

be

at

will

hard, short or dead, hot or bass, present or absent, black or white, sweet or bitter,fetid or fragrant : this it is to be devoid of of knowledge, yet all-knowing, destitute yet all-powerful. power,
"

bright or obscure, soft alive or or long, round square, treble or cold, buoyant or sinking,

either

Such

is Tao.

On
took

his
a an

journey meal by
old show the

to

Wei, the
roadside.

Master His

Lieh

Tzu

the

followers
the his growth under-

espied
Po

skull, and
it to him.

to

pulled aside Turning to

"

disciple
I absolute

Feng,
know

Master

said is
no

That

skull and
as

both life or

that there

such

thing

death.

WHAT
"

THE
ourselves
am

SKULL
as

KNEW
road looked is
can no

23
of
at

If

we

regard
then I

passing along the

he is dead. since that

evolution,
from the

alive of

and

But
there

standpoint
life in
as

the

Absolute,

such

principle as such thing

This of

itself, it follows

there

be

no

death."

knowledge is better than all your a more prolonging life, potent source
than any Book
"

methods of

ness happi-

other."
* * *

In
written

the
:

of

the
set

Yellow
in motion

Emperor
does
not ;

it

is
gender en-

Substance
but

substance,
motion
See Tao Ti
note

shadow

sound but
not

set

in

does

not

engender sound,
19.

echo."
occur

on

p.

This

passage

does

in the

Ching. motion

Without takes

there
of

its rise out and

generation. Being Not-Being. That which has

no

is

shape
Heaven
we
us

substance

must

come an

to

an even

end.
as

and

Earth, then, have

an

end,
the

all have

end.

But

whither

end

leads

is unknown.
"

into comes conglomeration, substance end. That there is dispersion, it comes to an being ; when But mortals though alis what mean we by beginning and end. for us, in a state of conglomeration, this condensation constitutes of substance a beginning, and its dispersion an calm and the standpoint of dispersion, it is void end, from condensation of substance the beginning, and that constitute what in end. Hence there is perpetual alternation the and Truth is the underlying constitutes beginning and end, ^hat there is neither any beginning nor any end at all."

When

there

is

24

COSMOGONY
The
course
a

of evolution
;

ends
it

where
up

it

started,
it

without

began,
A and

in

beginning Not-Being.
way

finishes

where

paradoxical
no

of

stating that

there

is

no

beginning

end.

That

which

has

life returns
substance

again

into

the

has Lifeless ; that which Insubstantial. the into

returns

again

Lifeless, is
that

not

I call the

I call the This, that the original Lifelessness. This, Insubstantial, is not the original

Insubstantiality.
"

That

which

is

here

termed

the

Lifeless
into from have

has the the here

formerly
extinction

possessed life, and

of

death, whereas
neither life between

the
nor

subsequently passed original Lifelessness

extinction."
the We

knows

distinction

(Tao), which
which

is itself without
are

beginning again the life-giving Principle unchanging selves, life,and the living things themprocess of evolution.

in

constant

That

which
come

has
an

life must end the So

or

by

the
can

law
no
can

of
more

its

being
be

to

; and

the end

avoided

than

living creature
that
to

born. having been perpetuate his life

in

he

who

help hopes to
is deceived

shut

out

death

his calculations. him

element in man is allotted to spiritual by Heaven, his corporealframe by Earth. is ethereal part that belongs to Heaven the part that belongs to Earth dispersive,

The

The and
is

26

COSMOGONY

this state,
of
was

though not attaining to infancy,he is already different

in

the
from
comes

perfection
what
to

he

adolescence.
returns to

In

death, he
Absolute.

his

rest, and

the

Confucius
when he

once over travelling caught sight of an aged man was

Mount

T'ai

in the wilds. with

"

He

was was

clothed in

singingas he My friend," said Confucius, what is it that makes The old man so replied: happy ? you I have a me happy. God great deal to make all things, and of all His creations created man
a

rope, and

roaming deerskin, girded played on a lute.

"

"

"

is the
man
:

noblest.

It has

fallen to

my

lot to
.

be

there the

that is my first ground for happiness Then, and is a distinction between male female,

former

being
one,

rated

more

highly
to

than
;

the and

latter.
since I

Therefore
am

it is better

be

male

have

second
are

ground for
born and who who

happiness. Furthermore,
never

some

behold
emerge

the

sun

or

the

moon,

never

from

their

swaddling-clothes.But
earth
for the space

I have

already walked

the

of

That is my third ground for ninety years. lot of the happiness. Poverty is the normal the appointed end for all human scholar, death ing beings. Abiding in the normal state, and reachis there last the at appointed end, what What make that should an me unhappy ?
" "

DEATH

GIVES
it

REST

27

excellent

thing
a
*

is," cried
*

Confucius,

"to

be !"

able to find

source

of consolation
*

in oneself

and confided Kung was tired of philosophy, his feelings to Confucius, saying : "I yearn for rest." Confucius replied: "In life there is no rest."
"

Tzii

To

toil in anxious
up

planning
"

for these

the
are

future,
the

to

slave

in of

bolstering
life."

the

bodily frame

businesses

" ? " Is rest, then, nowhere to be found Oh, " " look at all the graves Confucius replied ; yes ! in the wilds, all the vaults, all the tombs, all the

"

funeral
be

urns,

and
"

you
"

may

know

where

rest
"

is to

found."
Tzu

! claimed exGreat, indeed, is Death It gives rest to the nobleKung.

causes

hearted, and
are

the

base

to

cower."

"

You

right,"said
life,but
do

Confucius.
not

of

feel the weariness

ness.

of

joy realise its bitterness. They old age, but not its peacefulevils of death, but
not

"Men

feel the

They
repose

think

of the

of the

which
*

it confers."
* *

Yen
in the

Tzii said eyes and

"

An

excellent
It

of the

ancients.

thing was gives rest

Death

Death
to

the the

subdues the good, boundary-line of virtue.

That

wicked.

is

is, Death

abolishes

all

artificial

and

temporary

28
distinctions
this world

COSMOGONY
between
of

good relativity.

and

evil, which

only

hold

good

in

"The

ancients who have have

spoke

of

the

dead

as

huei-jen
dead
men on are a

(men
men

who

returned). But if the returned, the livingare

on a

journey. Those who are of returning have not

their home.
from

journey
man

and

think

cut
one

themselves
cut

off from

Should

any

himself
there

off

his

home, he would
all mankind the
error.
see

incur

universal

tion. reprobais leaves

But
none

to

being homeless, who Imagine one

his

native and

kith
wanders
never

village, separates himself from all his kin, dissipates his patrimony and
away
to
:
"

the what

four

corners

of the of
man

earth,

to

return

manner

is this 1

The

as a surely set him down fligate proand a vagabond. On the other hand, and the imagine one who clingsto respectability things of this life,holds cleverness and capacity himself builds in high esteem, a reputation, up his fellow men and plays the braggart amongst what to stop : without manner knowing where

world

will

"

of

man,

once

more,

is
as

this ?
a

The

world
of

will

surely
wisdom

look
and

upon

him

gentleman
of

great
have the

counsel.

Both

these

men

lost their way,

one,

yet
with

the

world

will consort

with the

and
with

not

the
to

other.

Only
from

Sage
to

knows

whom

consort

and

whom

hold

aloof."

EVOLUTION
"

29

He

consorts

with

those

who

regard

life and from

death
those

merely
who
are

as

waking
in

and

steeped

sleeping, and holds aloof forgetfulness of their return."

Yii But Heaven

Hsiung
who
can

said

"

Evolution
the

is

never-ending.
of
are

perceive
Earth
?
are

secret

and

Thus,

processes things that

diminished

augmented there ; things in one made whole that are place suffer loss in and augmentation, fullness Diminution another. the constant and decay are accompaniments of life and death. They alternate in continuous
succession, and
interval. The
we are

here

not

whole

body

of

any substance spiritual

conscious

of

without a progresses of material substance

intermission. of But
we

the whole body ; pause suffers decay without

do
not

completion,nor do we decay. Man, likewise, from becomes something different

and

perceive the process perceive the process of

birth
to

old

form,

in

wisdom his hair

and
are

day in every in conduct.

age face His

continuallygrowing hood and continually perishing. In infancy and childfrom change. there is no stopping nor respite Though imperceptiblewhile it is going on, it
may be verified

skin, his nails and

afterwards
* *

if

we *

wait."

There
so

was

once

man

in the

Ch'i State who

was

afraid

the

universe

would

pieces, leaving his body

collapse and fall to without a lodgment,

30

COSMOGONY
he could neither

that
man,
"

sleep nor
"

eat.

Another

an

went to enlightenhim. pitying his distress, he is nothing more than Heaven," said, accumulation of ether, and there is no place

where

ether

is not.

Processes

of contraction

and
tinually con-

expansion, inspirationand expiration are taking place up in the heavens. then should be afraid of a collapse ? you
man

Why
The
an
cumulation ac-

"

said

"

It

is true
;

that but

Heaven
sun,

is the

of

ether will

the

moon,
,:

they not fall down upon us ? His informant and stars replied: "Sun, moon likewise only bright lightswithin this mass are of ether. Even to fall, supposing they were they could not us by their impact." possibly harm "But what if the earth should fall to pieces ? "The earth," replied the other, "is merely an fills and blocks agglomeration of matter, which
stars
"

and

the

"

up the four corners of it where matter

constant

of space. is no There part is not. All day long there is

was Thereupon the man of his fears relieved and rejoiced exceedingly. And his instructor also joyful and in was easy But mind. Tzu Ch'ang Lu laughed at them both, saying : Rainbows, clouds and mist, wind and these rain, the four seasons are perfected
"
"

treadingand the earth. Why then fallingto pieces?

"

tramping
should you

on

the be

surface

of

afraid

of its

forms

of accumulated

heavens.

Mountains

ether, and go to make up the rivers and and cliffs, seas,

THE metals
and
forms

DAY

OF

DISRUPTION
timber these
are

31

rocks, fire and

of

"

fected per-

stitute agglomerated matter, and conthe earth. Knowing these facts, who that be can destroyed ? they will never say and earth form Heaven only a small speck in the greatest the midst of the Void, but they are of Being. This much is certain : things in the sum

even

as

their
so

nature

is hard will be He

to

fathom,
to

hard

to

understand,
slow
should
to
come

they
an

slow
who

to

end.

pass away, fears lest they

pieces is assuredlyvery the truth. far from He, on the other hand, who be destroyed has also says that they will never and Heaven the reached not right solution. but neither of necessity pass earth must away, will revert to destruction apart from the other. suddenly
fall to
immediate is no that though there speaker means must universe danger of a collapse, it is certain that our and distant at of the law natural some obey disintegration, of decay will be date disappear altogether. But the process be so gradual as to imperceptible. The

Who,
not

having
alarmed Master

to

face ?
"

the

day
heard

of

would disruption, of the

be

The and

Lieh
said earth
:

Tzii "He
are

discussion,
that
he

smiling
and the

who

maintains

Heaven

destructible, and
are

who

upholds
Whether
we can

contrary,
are

both
or

they
never

destructible

equally at fault. not is something

may

know,

though

one

hold

this

32 view the

COSMOGONY
and
another
and

that.

going
or

the

and the dead, living coming, know nothing of each destruction

I

The

other's

state.
no,
"

Whether

awaits
my

the head

world about

why
*

should
*

trouble
*

it ?

Mr.

Kuo

of the Ch'i State of the

was

very
was

rich,while
very

Mr.
The
the

Hsiang
other

Sung
from

State

latter travelled for the

him.
"

Sung
of his

to Ch'i

and

poor. asked

secret

Kuo

told

"It

is because

The first year thief," he said. thief,I had just enough. The second

prosperity. Mr. I am a good I began to be a

year, I had great harvest.

reaped a of time, I found And, in course myself the owner and districts." of whole Mr. Hsiang was villages thief in the word overjoyed ; he understood
"

ample.

The

third year,

"

its literal sense,

true

but

he
a

did

not

understand

the

Accordingly, he climbed walls and broke into houses, grabover bing everything he could see or lay hands upon. But before long his thefts brought him very he into trouble, and he was of what strippedeven had previously possessed. Thinking that Mr. Kuo had basely deceived him, Hsiang went to him with bitter a complaint. "Tell me," said Mr. did you how set about Kuo, being a thief ? had happened, On learning from Mr. Hsiang what
way

of

becoming

thief.

"

':

he

cried

out

"

Alas

and

alack

You
went

have

been wrong

brought

to

this pass

because

you

the

34

COSMOGONY

already a thief in respect of your own body ? the harmony of the Yin and the You are stealing Yang in order to keep alive and to maintain your How much then, are you a bodily form. more, suredly, thief with ! Asregard to external possessions
not

Heaven

and

earth

cannot

be

dissociated
To

from any of
a

the
one

myriad
of these
as

objects
your

of

Nature.

claim

own

betokens
are

confusion
out

thought. Mr. Kuo's of justice, and spirit

But your

thefts

carried

in

therefore
were

bring no
out

tion. retribuin
a

thefts

carried

spirit

of

and self-seeking Those who whether

therefore
take

landed

trouble.

public or

possession thieves. are private,

in you of property,

By
seen,

taking possession of public property," as we Lieh Tzu means utilisingthe products of Nature
"

"

have
open

to

all

rain

and

the

like.

Those
or

who

abstain

from

taking property, public

are private,

also thieves.

"

For of

no

one

can
some

help possessing
property
will in
or

body,
which Such

and

no

one

can

help acquiring
rid with the

other world.

cannot

be
are

got
conscious un-

best

the

thefts

thefts."

The
treat
as

and earth is to great principleof Heaven publicproperty as such and private property

such.

Knowing

this

which principle,

of

us

is

ALL

MEN

ARE

THIEVES

35

thief,
thief

and
?
"

at

the

same

time

which

of

us

is

not

The

object
of

of mundane

this

anecdote distinctions.

is

to

impress
Lieh Tzu

us

with is He
not

the much is
not

reality un-

interested advocate
common-sense

in of

the

social

aspect
nor

of

the does is is
a

question.
he
crime

an

communism,
view With that

rebel which
to

against
must

the be
to

theft

punished.
the

him,

everything

intended

lead

up

metaphysical

standpoint.

BOOK

II

THE

YELLOW

EMPEROR

The

Yellow and
as

Emperor
rejoiced
its

sat

for the

fifteen

years

on

the
up

throne,
to

that

Empire
was

looked of his

him

head.

He

careful for of

his
ears

physical
and
taste.

well-being,
and

sought
his
he

pleasures
senses

eyes,

gratified

smell

and in his

Nevertheless,
his

grew

melancholy
sallow,
confused.
years,
;

spirit,
sensations

complexion
became dull of
in

became
and fifteen disorder exhausted
in

and

Then,
he

for
that up

further the

period
was

grieved

Empire
his

he his
to

summoned
resources

all

intelligence,
and

of

wisdom

strength
in

trying
sensations

rule remained

the

people. haggard
confused.
"

But,
and

spite
and

of

all, his
his

face

pale,

dull

and

The

practice good
faculties."

of

enlightened
government,

virtue

will

not

succeed

in the

establishing
spiritual

but

only

disorganise

Then
and

the said
"

Yellow

Emperor
fault
36

sighed
of

heavily

My

is

want

moderation.

MISDIRECTED
The
to

ENERGY
comes

37

misery

suffer

from

over-attention

own self,and the troubles of the Empire my '' in everything. from over-regulation Thereupon, his abandoned all his schemes, threw he up

ancestral removed
cut

palace,
all
the

dismissed
and
written

his

attendants,

bells

proclamations,

of his cuisine, and retired to live at leisure in private apartments attached fasted he in heart, and There the Court. to
down

delicacies

brought
Fasting naturally
or

his
in

body
heart

under

control.
freeing
oneself from the

means

desires, after
be
forms other

which,
under of
a

says

the

control.

Actual

commentator, abstention
are

earthly body will

from food intended.

bodily

mortification

not

See

Musings

of

Chinese

Mystic,

p.

71.

For

three

months
in

he

abstained
Then

from he

intervention
in

the

government. daytime, and dreamed

to not

personal fell asleep

made
a

that

he

journey
I know distant reach

the
how

kingdom
many
tens

of

Hua-hsii, situated
of miles
the

of thousands It
or so was

from of

the
or

Ch'i

State.

beyond
mortal

ship
soul
hun
to

vehicle travel

any

foot.

Only
In

the

could

far.
of the

sleep,the
Chinese

by

the

spiritual part the body. quit

or

soul

is

supposed

This
it

kingdom simply went

desires

was on or

without of itself.

head
Its

or

ruler ;

without

cravings;

people were they simply fol-

38

THE their
in

YELLOW
natural

EMPEROR

lowed

instincts.
of

They
death
;

felt neither thus

joy
came

life
to
no

nor

abhorrence

they
;

untimely
to

ends.

They
love
aversion
;

felt neither
to

attachment
thus

self

nor

indifference from

others hatred
one

alike.
course

they were They

nor

exempt
knew
to

and
from

neither

inclination existed
not

another

hence All

profit
were

and

loss

among

them.

by the emotions equally untouched fear. sympathy, of jealousy and

no

of love Water
to

and had

power

to

drown caused

them,
them

nor

fire

burn
nor

cuts

and

blows

neither

injury

make pain, scratching or tickling could not the air as itch. them They bestrode though cradled in treading on solid earth ; they were and Clouds as though resting in a bed. space obstructed mist their vision, thunder-peals not turbed could their ears, not stun physical beauty distheir hearts, mountains and not valleys hindered their steps. They moved about not like gods. his the Yellow from When Emperor awoke

dream,
told

he

summoned
what

his

three
seen.

Ministers
"

and three

them

he
"

had

For

he I have been months," said, living a life of leisure, fasting in heart, subduing my body, in casting about of nourishingmy method

and

my
own

mind

for

the

true

life and I

regulating
to

the

lives

of

others.

But

failed

discover

the secret.

THE
"It
those

KINGDOM

OF

HUA-HStJ
to

39 regulate

of

to nourish is wrong one's own life, wrong others. No do this by to attempt

the

light

of

intelligence can

be

successful."

Worn
Now

out, I fell asleepand

I know that the

dreamed

this dream.
is not
to

Perfect

Way
This

be

sought through
and
you.
"

the
me,

senses.

hold

within

yet

cannot

Way I impart

know
it
to

If

the be

Way

cannot

be

cannot

communicated

sought through the through the senses."

senses,

it

twenty-eight years after this, there was great orderliness in the Empire, nearly equalling in the And when that kingdom of Hua-hsu. ascended the on high, the people Emperor
For
bewailed
him for
two

hundred

years

without

intermission. had for his

Lieh
Po

Tzu Tzu

Lao

Shang
friend.
of

teacher, and

Kao

for his

When
two

mastered he rode
Cf
.

the home

system

these the

fully philosophers,
of the

he

had

again on
"

wings
was

wind.
again.
he

could

There Tzu, ch. 1 : ride upon the wind, and travel

Chuang
away

Lieh

Tzu

He

whithersoever

wished,

staying Yin

as

long

as

fifteen

days."

Sheng disciple.He
months without

heard dwelt

of with

this, and
Lieh
own

became for

his
many

Tzu

his visiting

home.

While

40

THE with received

YELLOW

EMPEROR

he his time Yin

was

him,
no

he Ten

begged
times

to

be

initiated

into

secret

arts.

answer.

asked, and each Becoming impatient,

he

Sheng

announced
no

his So

still gave but after

so
once

sign.

but Lieh Tzii departure, Yin Sheng went away, his mind
was

many

months

still
"

settled, un-

he

returned Lieh
Tzu

and

became
to
"

his him
:

follower

more.

said

this

incessant
"

going

and

: replied

Some

time you
me

coming ? ago, I sought

would
vexed
that
not

Yin

Why Sheng
thing. any-

instruction
me

from

you, Sir, but made That

I

tell

with

you.
"

But

now

have

got

rid

of Lieh
were

have I used and and

come

again."
think you you
now

to

and I so feeling, Tzii said : Formerly, of penetration, a man

so

have I

fallen
what

low

Sit

down,
my

will

Master.
the

tell you I had After

Po

learned

from

served

him, and
the space
to

enjoyed
of three

of friendship

Kao, for
not

years,

mind my right and wrong, of

did
my

venture not

reflect
to

on

lipsdid

venture

speak
that

profit and
all.
"To

loss.
one

Then, for the

first
me
"

time, my
and

Master
was

bestowed

glance upon

be in reality entertaining the

without
resentment

ideas

of is
a

profitand
case

loss,

though
one's
mere

venturing to utter and harbouring

vouchsafed."

them,
secret

of
;

hiding
a

passions

hence

glance
"

was

At

the end

of five years

change had taken

42

THE
no

YELLOW

EMPEROR
either
as

loss, I had

knowledge,
I knew
nor

touching
the Master
man was

myself or
was

others.

neither that the

that other
were no

my

instructor,

friend. Internal and External my into Unity. After that, there was
between eye
:

blended distinction
nose

and
were

ear,

ear

and

nose,

and

mouth

all
my

frozen,
bones

body
of what

all melted

mind was My in dissolution, my flesh and conscious together. I was wholly unbody was resting on, or my
same.

the

what
and

was

under
on

my

feet.

was

borne

wind, like dry chaff from In fact, I knew tree. not whether a falling the wind I on the wind. was or riding on me have in whole not Now, season spent one you teacher's have lost house, and yet you your patience two or three times already. Why, at this rate, the atmosphere will never support of your the earth will atom an body, and even
be

that

the

this way leaves or

unequal
The

to

the
to

weight

of

one

of your

limbs
the

only
of its

way

etherealise

the

body

being

to

purge

mind

passions. you
on

How

can

expect
the

to

walk
?
"

in the

void

or

to

be

charioted

wind

He it

Hearing this, Yin Sheng was could hardly trust himself he ventured was long ere
* *

deeply
to to utter

ashamed.

breathe, and
another

word.
*

A
Mr.

TAOIST
had
in
a son

CHARLATAN
named the
He Tzu

43

Fan

Hua,
as an

who
ponent ex-

succeeded

achieving great
black
before the Prince par
on

fame whole
was

of the

art, and
him. of

bowed
favour

down

kingdom in high
no

with

Chin, taking
the he

office

but
of

standing on a State. Any one

marked
he
out

with
whom

three
turned
;

Ministers
a

partial
those

eye was of whom

for distinction

while

spoke unfavourably were banished. People thronged his hall in Tzu Hua as they went to Court. way
encourage his
so

forthwith
the
same

used

to

followers that
the

to

contend
ones were

amongst

always bullying the slow-witted, and the strong riding the weak. sulted rough-shod over Though this rein blows and wounds being dealt before in the habit of troubling his eyes, he was not it. Day and about night, this sort of thing and practically became served as an amusement,
themselves,
a

clever

custom

in the

State.

day, Ho Sheng and Tzu Po, two of Fan's set off on a leading disciples, journey and, after traversing a stretch of wild country, they put up old peasant named for the night in the hut of an During the night, the two Shang Ch'iu K'ai. travellers conversed together, speaking of Tzu Hua's and influence,his power the over reputation how of others, and the fortunes he could make
One rich
man

poor

and
was

the

poor

man

rich. the

Now,
of

Shang

Ch'iu

K'ai

livingon

border

44

THE
He

YELLOW
had

EMPEROR

starvation. window

crept
this
some

round

under

the

and
he

overheard borrowed

conversation.

cordingl Ac-

provisions and,
off for Tzu

shouldering
establishment.
were
a

his

basket,
This

set

Hua's

man's

rode
noses
was

worldly set, who wore and stalked about in high carriages in the air. Seeing that Shang
advanced
a

followers, however, silken garments and

with

their K'ai

Ch'iu
in

in years

and

deficient
and

strength,
of
no

with

weather-beaten

face

clothes

all despised him. and particularcut, they one he became Soon a regulartarget for their insults and ridicule, being hustled about and slapped on ever, the back and what not. Shang Ch'iu K'ai, hownever

last the him of

a

least annoyance, and their wit having exhausted disciples,

the grew

showed

at
on

in this way,

tired of the fun.

man
was

So, by
them

way

jest, they took the old and the word top of a cliff,
whosoever

with

to the

passed round
himself
ounces over

that would

dared with
an

to
a

throw

be

rewarded
was

hundred
response, lo !
on

of

silver. Ch'iu

There

eager

and
the
was

Shang
first to wafted
a

K'ai, in perfectgood faith, was

over

leap
down
or

the earth

edge.
like
a

And bird

he

to

the

wing, not

bone

ciples, disMr. Fan's body being hurt. regarding this as a lucky chance, were to great merely surprised, but not yet moved wonder. Then in the they pointed to a bend is a foaming river below, saying: "There

muscle

of

his

MAN

OF

TAO
of that

45

preciouspearl at
can

the bottom the

river,which

be

had acted

for
on

again
And

when

he

diving." Shang Ch'iu K'ai their suggestion and plunged in. came out, sure enough he held a began
orders
to

pearl in

his hand. that

Then, at last, the whole company suspect the truth, and Tzu Hua gave
array be should
an

costly viands and silken raiment prepared ; then suddenly a great fire kindled round the pile. walk If you was can through the midst of these flames," he said, to keep what can "you are welcome get of you
of
"

these
a

embroidered

stuffs,be it much

or

as little,

reward."

Without

moving

muscle

of

his

face, Shang Ch'iu K'ai walked straightinto the back came fire, and again with his garments
unsoiled

body unsinged. Mr. Fan and his disciples realised that he now in possession of Tao, and all began to make was their apologies, did not know, Sir, We saying : that you had Tao, and were only playing a trick We insulted you, not knowing that you on you. divine You have were a man. exposed our deafness and our blindness. our stupidity, May
"

and

his

we
"

venture

to

ask

what

the

Great

Secret clue

is ?

"

Secret
Even

I have

none," replied Shang Ch'iu

own

K'ai.
to the

"

in my

mind

I have

no

as

real

Nevertheless, there is one point in it all which I must A try to explain to you. short time ago, Sir, two of yours came disciples
cause.

46

THE

YELLOW

EMPEROR
hut.
I heard and

put up for the night in my of Mr. them extollingthe power

and
he
was

Fan,

how

able
the

to

make
man

or

mar

people'sfortunes,
the
as

making
not

rich this

poor

and

I believed very

and implicitly, I
came

poor man the distance

rich.
was

great

hither.

Having

arrived,

unreservedlyaccepted as true all the statements made and was only afraid lest by your disciples, of putting the come opportunity might never them not triumphantly to the proof. I knew what body occupied, nor yet part of space my where danger lurked. My mind was simply One, and material objects thus offered no resistance. that That is all. But having discovered now, were deceiving me, my inner man disciples your and of doubt into a state is thrown perplexity, of sight and hearing while outwardly my senses
I
re-assert

themselves.
a

When

I reflect

that I have

justhad
and

providential escape
to

from

being drowned
me

burned

death,

my

heart

within

freezes fear.
go
near

with
shall
water

horror, and my limbs tremble never again have the courage

or

with
to

fire."
that time

From

happened
on

to meet
so

forth,when a beggar or
far from and

Mr.
a

Fan's

disciples

poor

horse-doctor

the

road,

jeering at him, they

offer him
a

would salute.
Tsai

actuallydismount
Wo
"

humble

heard
Is this
so

fucius. story, and told it to Constrange to you ? was the reply. this
"

THE
"

POWER

OF

FAITH

47 his influence

The

man

of

to
can

inanimate
move

faith can extend perfect things and disembodied

and

heaven

cardinal

points without

spirits ; he earth, and fly to the six rance. encountering any hind-

Compare
His

the

familiar

passage

in the

Bible

(Matt.

xvii.

20).

powers

are

not

confined

to

walking

in

perilous placesand passingthrough water and fire. found belief was If Shang Ch'iu K'ai, whose false,
no

obstacle

in external that
! be

matter,
so

how

much

more

certainlywill equallysincere
In

when
man,

both bear

parties are

Young
case,
was

this in mind."

Shang

Ch'iu

K'ai's Tzu
Hua

his Master

Fan,

though he himself was merely an impostor.

sincere,

Keeper of Animals the Chou dynasty, had an skilled was Yang, who
The
wild
their

under

King Hsuan, of assistant named Liang

the

in

management
he fed them animals

of in

birds

and

beasts.

When the

park-enclosure, all
tame

showed

tractable, although they ospreys. comprised tigers, wolves, eagles and female Male and freelypropagated their kind,
themselves and and their numbers

multiplied.
wild

The

of getting difficulty
to

animals

to

breed

in

captivity

is well-known

naturalists.

48

THE
different

YELLOW

EMPEROR

The

The should

gether, species lived promiscuously toclawed nor bit one another. yet they never afraid lest this man's secret King was

die

with

him,

and

commanded

him

to

Liang Yang appeared before the "I said : am only a humble have servant, and really nothing to impart. I fear the King has been leading you to expect some With regard mysterious secret. method of feedingtigers, all I have to say to my is this : when yieldedto, they are pleased ; when is the natural Such opposed, they are angry. of all living creatures. But neither disposition their pleasurenor their anger is manifested out withBoth a cause. are reallyexcited by opposition.

impart

it to the

Keeper. Keeper and

So

Anger
reaction

directly, pleasure indireotly, owing when the opposition is overcome.

to

the

natural

"In
either

then, feeding tigers,

live animals
case

I avoid
carcasses,

giving them
lest in the

or

whole
of

former

in the latter the killing, should excite them act of tearingthem to pieces, to fury. Again, I time their periods of hunger and repletion, and I gain a full understanding of the causes of their anger. Tigers are of a different but, like him, they are docile species from man, with them those who treat kindly,though they will show their lives are attacked. fight when

the

act

50
"

THE
There in
was

YELLOW
disturbance
outward fact that he
?
"

EMPEROR
in his

mind,
;

accompanied
the birds How

by
could

change
conscious

his of the

demeanour
was
a

thus

became

human

being.

their instinct

be

deceived

Chao
hundred Mountains.

Hsiang
thousand

Tzu
men

led
to

out

hunt

company in the the

of

Central
growth, under-

They dropped sparks in

which
set

fire to
was a

the

whole

forest, and
a

the

glow
from

of the

flames

visible for
man

hundred

miles

around.
a

Suddenly rocky cliff,

appeared, emerging

That

is to say,

passing miraculously

out

of the

actual

stone

itself.

and and

was

seen

to hover

in the air amidst

the flames

for a Everybody took him the fire had disembodied passed, spirit. When of he walked trace no quietly out, and showed Hsiang Tzii having been through the ordeal.

the

smoke.

marvelled
purpose he was

thereat, and
of careful

detained
In

him

for

the

bodily form possessing the seven undoubtedly a man, which his breathing besides channels of sense, So and his voice also proclaimed him a man. it was that the prince inquiredwhat secret power enabled him to dwell in rock and to walk through do you fire. What mean replied by rock ? the man what do you mean Hsiang by fire ? ; of is Tzii said : out What came just now you
examination.
"

"

"

"

"

THE
rock

MIND

RULES

THE walked

BODY

51

what
**

fire."
man.
"

you I know

just now nothing

of

of

through is them," replied the

that

It

was

this extreme the

unconsciousness

enabled

him

to

perform

above

feats."

The
of the

incident

came

to

the

ears

of

Marquis

Wen

Wei
"

State, who
What
an

saying
be !
"

:
"

spoke to Tzii Hsia extraordinary man

I have
"

about

it,

this must

From

what

heard
man

the

Master
achieves

say," repliedTzii Hsia, harmony with Tao enters external objects,and none
to

the
into

who

close unison
has

with

of them

harm
or

or

hinder

him.

Passing
all these

the power through solid

of fire
or on

metal the

stone, walking in the midst

of
water"
"

surface
"

things

become

to possible Marquis,
not

him."
cannot

Why,

yet
can

you succeeded," said of

friend," asked the my " I have do all this ! "

Tzii

my

heart

impurities and
leisure to
M And

Hsia, in cleansing discarding wisdom.

the
matter

"

only

find

discuss

in

pursued the Marquis, "does not the Master himself perform these feats ? The Master," repliedTzu Hsia, is able to do these things, but he is also able to refrain from Which answer hugely doing them." delightedthe Marquis.
tentative

fashion."
"

why,"

"

"

There
without

may

be

similarity in
outward
form.

understanding
There may

in similarity

52

THE
be

YELLOW
form

EMPEROR
in similarity Sage embraces similarity pays no regard to similarity in general is attracted by

in similarity understanding. The of understanding and

also

without

of form.

The

world

indifferent remains of form, but to similarity creatures similarity of understanding. Those in shape they love that them resemble and
consort

with

those and
a

that

differ from
at
a

them

in

shape they
creature

fear has

keep

distance. feet

The

that

skeleton

seven

long,
shorter

The
than

Chinese
ours.

foot

at

that

time

being considerably

hands
its

differently shaped
and
an

from

the
in

head,

even

set
a

of teeth
man.

feet, hair on its jaws, and

it does mind other
own

walks

erect, is called
a

But
have

not

follow that
brute.

man

may
as

not

the
case,

of
men

though will still recognise him

in virtue

Even

this be the
one

of their

species
which

of his outward
on or
on

form.
or

Creatures
on

have

wings
or run

the

back

horns

the

head,

serrated

teeth

extensile talons, which head flyoverall fours, are called birds and
not

beasts.
beast
even

But

it does

follow
mind

that
of
a

bird

or

not may if this be

have
so,

the

man.

it is nevertheless

Yet, assigned to

another

speciesbecause of the difference in form. P'ao Hsi, Nii Kua, Shen Nung and Hsia Hou had faces, ox-heads serpents' bodies, human

OUTWARD
and

FORM

NO

CRITERION
were

53

snouts. tigers'

Thus, their forms

virtue
was

not

human,
Chieh
of the in

yet their
Hsia Lu

of

the

saintliest.

of the

dynasty, Chou

State, and Mu of all external respects, as facial appearance

the
;
seven

Yin, Huan the Ch-'u State, were

of the

and like

possession of
unto

channels

of

sense,

of savage yet they had the minds in brutes. Howbeit, seeking perfect wisdom, form outward attend to the alone, which men

other

men

will not When

bring
the

them

near

to

it.

Emperor fought with Yen Ti the field of P'an-ch'uan, his vanguard was posed comon of bears, wolves, panthers, lynxes and while his ensign-bearers were eagles, tigers, ospreys, This was forcible impressment falcons and kites. The Emperor of animals into the service of man. Yao K'uei with the entrusted regulation of
Yellow
music.
K'uei have
had

was

composite being, half beast,

His of
a

half

man,

of irreproachable is said
to

virtue.
"

son,

on

the

other

hand,

the

covetous

and

pig." quarrelsome.
heart

He

was

insatiably gluttonous,

When

the

latter
the

tapped
all the When
the

the

musical
danced
strains

stone
to

in the

varying cadence,
sound of
were

animals
the

music.
on

of

the

Shao

heard
to

flute,the
This
was

phoenix itself
the attraction

flew
do

down

assist.

of animals the

In what, then, of music. the power differ from of birds and beasts minds

by

54

THE
minds of

YELLOW
men

EMPEROR

the
are

Only
is

the

sounds
which

they
But

utter

different,and
may be and

the secret effected

by

tion communica-

unknown.

the
limited un-

wisdom

do

his

penetration of the Sage are that is why he is able to lead them : of animals bidding. The intelligence
even as

to

is

innate,
are

that

of of

man.

Their

common

desire is for
not

propagation
from any

but their life,

instincts

derived

human
and the

source.

There

is

pairing between
attachment

the

male

the

female, and
and

mutual
young. the to
and

between

mother

her

They
for

shun

the

mountainous

make

warmth

gather in
a

flocks ; when The fixed order. young

plain and keep parts ; they flee the cold they settle,they ; when they travel,they preserve
open
ones are

stationed

in
on

the

middle,

the

stronger

ones
one

place themselves
another

the outside. the when

They show and drinking-places,

there
and
not

call the
in

to

the way to their fellows

is food. moved

In

earliest ages,
company with and

they
man.

dwelt
It
was

about the

until

that

they began
bands.

age of emperors to be afraid and broke

kings

scattered

And

now,

into away in this final period,

they habituallyhide and keep out of man's way At the present so as to avoid injury at his hands. day, the Chieh-shih people in the Ear East can in many cases interpret the language of the six domestic animals, although they have probably but an imperfectunderstanding of it.

MEN In remote

AND

BRUTES

ARE

KIN

55

of divine there were men antiquity, were enlightenment who perfectly acquainted and with the feelings habits of all livingthings, and the languages of the thoroughly understood various their at species. The latter assembled bidding, and received the instruction imparted These to them, exactly like human beings. and understanding, sages declared that, in mind wide of the living there was no gulf between any and with blood breath. And, species endowed therefor e, knowing that this was so, they neglected that came to them or none passed over
.

for instruction.

K'ang of the Sung State. The Prince, however, stamped his The foot, rasped his throat, and said angrily: and strength. I am things I like are courage not fond of your good and virtuous people. What
Hui

Yang

went

to

visit Prince

"

stranger like you have to teach me ? I have a secret," repliedHui Yang, whereby brave be or strong, can opponent, however my either harming me by thrust prevented from Would not or Highness care to by blow. your
can
"

"

"

know
"

that is

that

about."

Capital! something I certainly Hui on Yang went

secret

"

"

"

exclaimed

K'ang

should
"

like to hear render

is

To

effectu in-

the stabs indeed

to
cover

and

blows

of one's

opponent
my

him

with

shame.

But

secret

56

THE which
or

YELLOW will make

EMPEROR

is

one

your

opponent, however
to

brave

all ! His

strong, afraid to stab or being afraid, however, does

he has
not

strike

at

not

always
my

imply
secret

that

the will to do that

so.
even

Now,
the

method

is absent.

operates so Not having the

do

will
ever, howto
one

will to

harm,
the
secret

does love and

not to

connote necessarily

desire is

good.

But

child in the woman man, whereby every desire Empire shall be inspiredwith the friendly another ! This and do is to love good to one all social distinctions, something that transcends the mere better than is much and possession of and Highness no strength. Has your courage this ? mind secret to acquire such a as "Nay," anxious I am said the Prince, to learn it. What is the secret, pray ? " Nothing else," replied than the teachingsof Confucius Hui Yang, and
" "

my and

"

"

Mo

Tzii.

famous

propounded,
universal

philosopher of the utilitarian chiefly on

love."

fourth

century
the

B.C.,

who
of

grounds,

doctrine

Neither
and

of

these

two

men

princes ; yet they were leaders. rank, and yet they were
of the
crane

possessed any they held no

All
young,

land,
official

the used

habitan into

Empire,
and

old and
on

their

necks them.

stand
was

glimpse of

For it

tiptoe to catch a their object to bring

BOOK

III

DREAMS

In

the

time

of

King
came

Mu from

of
a

Chou,

there
in and

was

magician
west.

who He

kingdom
fire
overturn

the

far

could metal
rivers

pass
and

through
stone,

water,

penetrate
and
towns

mountains

make and

flow

backwards,
on

transplant
air

whole

cities, ride
solid
bodies end

thin

without

falling,
variety
he
of

encounter

without
to

being
countless which the

obstructed.

There

was

no

the

changes
effect
he
;

and

transformations
besides

could

and,
also Mu
a

changing
away him
as

external internal

form,
cares.

could

spirit
revered

men's
a

King
him like

god,
for

and

served
use
a

prince.
of of for

He

set

aside

his him number

spacious
the

suite

apartments, food,
his
and express condemned
as

regaled
selected
a

with of The

daintiest

singing-girls
magician,
as

gratification.
the

however,
the

King's
and the

palace
bines concu-

mean,
as

cooking

rancid,
with.
to

too

ugly
of

to

live

So

King
him. and

Mu It

had
was

new

building entirely

erected

please
wood,

built

bricks

and
58

gorgeously

A decorated

PALACE
in red

OF

DELIGHT skill

59

and

white,
The five

no

being spared

royaltreasuries were pavilion was empty by the time that the new feet high, overtopping complete. It stood six thousand Mount called Chung-nan, and it was Then the King proTouch-the-sky Pavilion. ceeded to fillit with maidens, selected from Cheng and Wei, of the most exquisiteand delicate beauty. anointed with fragrant perfumes, proThey were vided with jewelled hairpins and earrings, and satin trains. with costly arrayed in the finest silks, Their faces were powdered, and their eyebrows studded with precious their girdles were pencilled,
in its construction.

stones, wherever

and

sweet

scents went.

were

wafted
music

abroad
was

they
to

played
bands with
set

the

honoured
times
a

Ravishing guest by
month
;

the

; several

he

was

fresh
before

jewelled raiment
him
some new

every

Imperial presented day he had

food.
to

and
not

delicious refuse

The
up his

magician
abode
in

could this

well

take

palace of delight. But he had not dwelt there very long before he invited him the King to accompany on a jaunt. So the magician's sleeve, and the King clutched soared with him higher and higher into the up sky, until at last they stopped,and lo I they had the magician's own reached palace. This palace of gold and built with beams silver,and was incrusted with jade. It towered pearls and high above the region of clouds and rain, and

60

DREAMS
whereon like
a

the foundations It the

eye mortal

it rested

were

unknown.
to to

appeared
view. and
ear,

The

stupendous sights and sounds

scents

cloud-mass
it offered flavours

the
were

and
as

which within

abounded

there,
ken.
The

such

exist

not

King verily believed that he in the Halls of Paradise, tenanted was by God to the mighty Himself, and that he was listening of the music spheres. He gazed at his own palace on the earth below, and it seemed to him better than a rude pileof clods and brushwood. no The King would gladly have stayed in this place for decade after decade, without a thought the magician invited for his own But country. him another to make journey, and in the new sun nor moon to, neither region they came be seen in the could heavens above, nor any rivers below. The seas or King's eyes were dazed by the quality of the light,and he lost of vision ; his ears the power stunned were by that assailed them, and he lost the the sounds of his bones facultyof hearing. The framework
and and
a

his internal

organs

were

thrown His

out

refused

to

function.

thoughts
him

of gear in were he

whirl,

his

intellect

became
to

clouded, and
back

begged
"

the

magician
the

take

again.
all is dim

Void, where region of the Great and be traversed meant to blurred, assuredly not The and brain of dizziness ordinary man. eye
was

This

by
was

the the

effect of

Spontaneity."

THE

UNREALITY

OP

PLEASURE
a

61

him Thereupon, the magician gave and the King experienced a sensation through space.
. . .

shove,

of

falling

When himself with looked that

the

he

awoke

sittingon
selfsame the
wine
at

consciousness, he found his throne just as before,

to

the

attendants
in front

round of

him.

He
saw

him,
;

and looked
not

it

was

still full of sediment

he

at

viands, and
their

found
He

that

they

had

yet
had that

lost
come

freshness.
his

asked

where

he
him

from, and
had

attendants

told

This only been sitting quietly there. three threw King Mu into a reverie, and it was he months before he was himself again. Then made further inquiry, and asked the magician had Your to explain what Majesty happened. and were I," replied the magician, only in the spirit, and, of course, wandering about
" "

he

our

bodies

never

moved
between

at

all. that

What

essential

difference

is there and the

dwelt between
your

in

your
spaces

Majesty's own
at
were

sky-palace we Majesty's palace on earth, travelled we through and park ?

of the

Looked

from

the

standpoint

Absolute,

both

palaces

unreal.

During
you
to

your been have

retirement in
a

from

public affairs,
as a

the

reality of

perpetual state of doubt in experience. But your

62

DREAMS
where and
"

universe progress,

changes
fast
and
can

are

slow
the

conceptions,
attained
?

how

everlastinglyin are purely relative Ideal be ever fully

only some sky-palace was Kong's, just as the King's palace was
than shall the hovel of
a

The

degrees
only
strive
some

finer

than

the

peasant.

To

for

degrees finer something that

desires and and for all satisfy man's aspirations once is only labour lost. The continues with account an story of the King's marvellous But West. the to journey though he drained the cup of pleasure to the dregs, the upshot of it all was We that he never to Tao. seek truly attained may the moral Tzu. : Without in a saying of Lao going out of world know the whole doors, one looking out ; without may of window, The farther of the Heaven. one see Way may
"

one

travels, the

less

one

may

know."

magic from the venerable Yin Wen. After a period of three he no communication, having obtained years, Yin asked humbly permission to go home. Wen bowed, and led him into the inner apartment. his attendants, There, having dismissed he spoke to him follows : as Long ago, when Lao Tzu was setting out on his journey to the

Lao

Ch'eng

Tzii

went

to

learn

"

West,
has the

he

addressed of

me

and

said

'

All

that

breath is
mere

life,all that
The

possesses

bodily

point at which creation begins,the change effected by the Dual called are Principles these respectively Life
form,
"

Illusion.

and

Death.

That

which

underlies

the

manifold

DEATH

IS

EVOLUTION
Evolution
;

63

bodily substance is called Illusion. The Creator's ingenuity is mysterious, His operations secret and profound.
In

workings of Destiny is called which produces and transforms

that

truth,
The
"

He

is inexhaustible

and
but
a :

eternal.
widely personal God
how
"

Creator,"
of Tao the
a

of

course,

is Tao that mind

the
may

conception
be
seen

differs

from

of It

from

commentator's conscious

note ?

How

should

the with that

Creator that the

possess constitutes
energy

is His
matter

spontaneity
unites which follows
on

the
to

mystery.
become
and
a

Essential

extensive line

bodily substance,
away,

of evolution

passes

but

does

not,

account,

relapse

into

nothingness." that
the

The form

ingenuity
is

of
to

which

causes

material
are

patent

shallow.
is

Therefore

its eye, and it arises anon, who

that knows

workings
and
anon

it Life

destroyed.' Only one is really Illusion, and Evolution, can begin to

You
and
to

that
is

Death

really
me.

learn

magic
How

from
are
"

are a

both

illusions. of the
study

we,

then,
"

make

study
to

subject?
of

If

the the

fact

wishes person that his own of

an

make
is

a an

body
illusion

illusion,in spite of reduced to illusion, we are

an

absurdity

studying

illusion."

Ch'eng Tsii returned home, and for three months the words of the pondered deeply over Yin Venerable Wen. Subsequently, he had the power of appearing or disappearing at will ;
he could
reverse

Lao

the

order

of

the

four

seasons,

64

DREAMS
thunderstorms make in winter and
and ice in

produce
summer,

flying things creep

of his

creeping
he
never

things fly. But to the end made public display of any

secret
was

days

not

handed

down

his art, so that the to after generations.

The the

Master

Lieh of minds
is the

Tzu.
;
an

said

"

A
our

dream

is

meeting

event

in

waking

consciousness substances.
our

dreams mind

coming together of sensible Hence our feelingsby day and by night are the meetings of mind
and
of

with It in

substance
can

with

substance.
the
our

follows

that

if

we

concentrate

mind

abstraction,
vanish
on

our

feelings and
With

dreams
who
cannot

will

of

themselves.

those

rely
argue.

their Those the

waking
who

perceptions you
faith in dreams

put

do

not

understand

alternating processes
omitted

of evolution.

This

refers Tzu

selection.

previous passage, Contrary to the received

a

to

Lieh

held

that

dreams future

portending
antecedent
are

causes,

without certain checked

present day, opinion of his own festations maninot were just arbitrary events, but the effects of regular further significance. They any
of the
Tzu

in

the

produced
can

by
be

processes
means

processes (as Lieh

mind,
cease.

and

if these

believes

they can) by

of

abstraction, dreaming

will also

'The

pure in

men

of

old

passed

their

waking
without

existence

self-oblivion, and

slept

66

DREAMS
and he
was

cares,

always thinking with

the affairs of his
estate.

anxious Thus

solicitude he
was

about

and body alike, and wearing out mind at night he also used to fall asleep utterly exhausted. that he was Every night he dreamt menial man's another on servant, running about and of every business subjected to description, possible kind of abuse and ill-treatment. every in his sleep, and and He would mutter groan This relief until obtained no morning came. in a serious illness, state of things at last resulted Yin and Mr. besought the advice of a friend.
"

Your

station

in

life," his
and

friend have these If

said, "is
wealth

distinguished one,
property
are

you
In

and

in above

abundance.
the you
are

respects you
at

far

average.
a

dream
ease

that
for

servant

and

night you exchange

balance
is that your your

that is only the proper affliction,

in your

human
dreams

destiny.
should

What be
as

you

want

pleasant as that is beyond But waking moments. On to hearing what compass." power friend said, Mr. Yin lightenedhis servant's
and

his

toil,
;

allowed

his

own

mental

worry
to

to

abate

whereupon proportion.

his

malady

began

decrease

in

man

was

fuel gathering with

a

in the

Cheng
been

State

when

he fell in

deer

that

had

startled

DREAMS
from its

WITHIN
haunts.
He

DREAMS He
was

67

usual
in

gave

chase, and

overjoyed at his good luck ; but, for fear of discovery,he hastily the carcass concealed in a dry ditch, and covered it up with brushwood. Afterwards, he forgot
succeeded
it. killing

the

spot where

he

had

hidden

the

deer, and

affair became convinced that the whole finally He told the story to people was only a dream. he met he went as along ; and one of those who heard it, following the indications given, went with his the deer. and found On reaching home made the following to statement booty, this man

his

wife

"

Once dreamt

wood-cutter couldn't
it.

upon that

time,"
had

he
a

he

got

a said, deer, but

"

remember I have
was

the
found
a

place where
deer, so
is you

he

had

put
that
trary," con-

Now dream

the

it appears
"

his

true

dream."

On

the
must

said

his

wife, "it
met
a

who

have had

dreamt

that

Here have a deer, true caught a you It is ? enough. But where is the wood-cutter I true." that has come evidently your dream have certainly her husband ; got a deer," replied
"

you deer.

wood-cutter

who

"so

what

does
or

it matter ?
"

to

us

whether

it

was

his dream

mine

had Meanwhile, the wood-cutter home, gone all disgusted at at not having lost the deer.
For he

thought
same

the

whole

thing
saw

must

have

been

dream.

But

the

night,he

in

dream

the

place

68

DREAMS he had
man

where
of the

hidden really
who had

it,and
it.

he also dreamt
next went

taken with
to

morning,
to

in accordance
out

So, the his dream, he

the
was

seek

him

in order

recover

deer.

the matter quarrel ensued, and brought before the magistrate, who in these
"

terms

"

You,"

he

gave said to

finally ment judgthe

a deer, but began by really killing dream. Then a wrongly thought it was you that had really dreamt got the deer, but you be a reality. The to wrongly took the dream took your other man really deer, which he is now His the other wife, on disputing with you. both man and deer in hand, declares that he saw be said to have a dream, so that nobody can all. Meanwhile, here is the killed the deer at

wood-cutter,

deer

itself in court, and between you." The

case was

you
to

had

better

divide

it

reported
said
"

the

Prince

of

the
"

Cheng State, who

must

have

dreamt

the
referred

Why, the magistrate whole thing himself !

to

The
but

question was
the

the

Prime unable
dream

Minister,
to

latter
the

confessed

himself
was
a
"

entangle dis-

part
not

that
a

from
want

the
to

part that
"

was

dream.

If

you

distinguish between waking and dreaming," he have to go back to the Yellow said, you would But both these sages are Emperor or Confucius. alive who dead, and there is nobody now can
draw any such

distinction.

A
Of
course,

STRANGE
implied
that

DISEASE
there
is
no

69

it is
two.

real

distinction

between

the

thing you decision," magistrate's

best

So

the

can

do

is to

uphold

the

Yang-liHua-tzii, of the Sung State, was afflicted in middle Anything age by the disease of amnesia. he received in the morning he had forgottenby the evening ; anything he gave away in the evening he had forgottenthe next morning. Out-of-doors, he forgotto walk ; indoors, he forgotto sit down. recollection of he had At any given moment, no had what just taken place ; and a little later on, had recollect what he could not even happened All his family were then. perfectly disgusted
with

him.

Fortune-tellers

were

summoned,
;
were

but

their
were

divinations

proved
their

unsuccessful
exorcisms

wizards

sought out, but were ; physicians

of
no

tual ineffec-

were

avail. Lu

called in, but their remedies At last, a learned professor volunteered

his

from

the

State

services,

Hua-tzii's declaringthat he could effect a cure. half wife and family immediately offered him their landed property if only he would tell them The how to to work. set professor replied: be dealt with This is a case cannot which by of auspices and diagrams ; the evil cannot means be removed and incantations, nor by prayers combated successfully by drugs and potions.
"

70

DREAMS
I shall
turn

What
and

try

to

do

is to

influence

his mind

thoughts ; in that is likely to be brought about." a cure way Accordingly,the experiment was begun. The professor exposed his patient to cold, so that he forced to beg for clothes ; subjected him to was hunger, so that he was fain to ask for food ; left him in darkness, so that he was obligedto search for light. Soon, he was able to report progress to the sons of the house, saying gleefully The :
current
"

the

of this

disease

can

be

checked.

But

the

methods

I shall in

down secret as a employ have been handed be made known to family, and cannot my must, therefore, be public. All attendants and I must The be

the
missed, dismy

shut

up

alone allowed

with
to

patient."

professor was

have

his way, and for the space of seven days no one what knew was going on in the sick man's chamber.
to an came Then, one fine morning, the treatment of so to relate,the disease end, and, wonderful years'standing had entirely disappeared ! many Hua-tzii No had sooner regained his senses, however, than he flew into a great rage, drove his wife out of doors, beat his sons, and, snatching up a spear, hotly pursued the professorthrough On being arrested and asked to explain the town his conduct, this is what he said : Lately,when I was senses fulness, my were steeped in forget of the benumbed that I was so quite unconscious
.

"

existence

of

the

outer

world.

But

now

I have

ABSENT-MINDEDNESS
been
events

A
to

BLESSING
of

71

brought suddenly
of

perception
Preservation
and
out

the and

half
have

lifetime.

destruction, gain and

and

loss, sorrow
to

hate

begun
my continue

throw

joy, love their myriad

emotions
in

tentacles to invade

peace
to

; and

these mind

will, I fear,
state

keep
now
a

my

the

of

turmoil
but

that !"
of

experience.
moment

Oh

if I could

recapture

short

of that

blessed oblivion
"

If this is the
some

sentiment
to
on

man

whose

mental

infirmity

bears much

resemblance

stronger will it be
"

Highest Principle [Tao], how entering the realm of the Absolute

the

itself !

There

was

once

man

Yen,

was

brought

his old age that

Yen Ch'u
was was

up in he returned

who, though born Ch'u, and it was only

to

in in

his native
of of ancient the

country.
China,
while

the

northernmost

State

bounded

by the

left bank

Yangtsze.

On

the

through played a
to

way the

thither, as they were passing Chin State, his fellow-travellers practicaljoke on him. They pointed
and

the
the

city
Yen with

said:
"

"Here

is the

capital
old
a man

of

State

flushed

excitement.

whereupon the Pointing out

certain

his own shrine, they told him that it was village a altar,and he heaved deep sigh. They showed is where him "This a house, and said: your

72

BREAMS

ancestors

lived

"

and

the

tears

welled
him in

up front

in of

his
a

eyes.

Finally,
and

they
"

brought
This
The
and
is

mound
ancestors

said

the

tomb
man

where could

your

lie
no

buried."

old

control
But

himself

longer,
burst been

wept
into
roars

aloud.
of cried

his

fellow-travellers
"

laughter.
;

We

have the
;

hoaxing
State."
when
and he of

you,"
Their

they
victim arrived did

this

is

only

Chin and

was

greatly
at

mortified

they really
Yen,
ancestors,
with

their

journey's
the and

end,
and

see

before actual
emotion

him abode
was

city
tombs

altars
of
acute.

the his

his

much

less

74
"

CONFUCIUS
The

Emperors excelled in the exercise of altruism and righteousness. I do not know that And the Three sages." they were Sovereigns: surelythey were sages ?
"
"

Five

The Fu

Tliree

Hsi, Shen

Sovereigns always denote the legendary rulers Nung and the Yellow Emperor.

"The
that
were

Three
were

Sovereigns
to

excelled
age. But

in

the

virtues

suited
or

their

whether

they

sages
The wide

no

reallycannot

say."

of learning of Confucius, the warlike prowess and Yao and of the Wu, T'ang humility self-abnegation and Shen of Fu Hsi Shun, the rude Nung, simply simplicity dates accommorepresent the ordinary activities of the sage who of the world himself to the necessities he lives in. They Those not the qualitieswhich make them are qualities sages. neither word deed can are as nor truly such adequately and

"

express."

there,then," cried much astonished, that is reallya countenance expression of Confucius'

"Why,

who

is

the sage

Minister,
?
"

"

The

and

he

replied after
of the West
a

pause:
true
no

changed, the "Among

dwells.
He He

people
governs

sage

not, yet there

is

disorder.

speaks
no

He makes not, yet he is naturally trusted. is spontaneous reforms, yet right conduct

and

great and incomprehensible is he find no to call him that the people can name by. I suspect that this man in is a sage, but whether
universal. So

A truth
know."
The
to

TRUE
is

SAGE

IN

THE

WEST
I do

75
not

he

sage

or

is not

sage

early

Jesuit

missionaries
But that

saw

in the
other work

above
had

an

allusion it

Jesus

Christ. certain the

(apart
the
era.

from

considerations)
taken

is almost

present

definite

shape before

Christian

The silence. is

Minister

from
he

Shang
to
me

meditated himself
"

awhile

in

Then
a

said

Confucius

making
When

fool of
*

!
*

"

the

Master

Lieh

Tzu

settled

down

in
out

Nan-kuo could
all
not

the number be

of those

who

sought him
were was

day. thereby,
far and for

reckoned, though one Lieh Tzu, however,

every

to

count

unaffected
hold which

and with

morning
the fame

would of

cussions dis-

them,
was

spread

wide.
Tzu

Nan-kuo but

his
no

next-door
visit in
seen

twenty
when

years

them,
made
"

and
as

they met though they had not

a

neighbour, passed between the street they

each
their

other.
doctrines,
had
"

There mutual

was

and
any

therefore

mysterious harmony at old they arrived

Nan-kuo

between
age

without
means

having

intercourse." of Nan-kuo."

Tzu

simply

the

Philosopher

The

followers
that

and there

convinced Master

of disciples was enmity Tzu

;

Lieh

Tzu

felt their

between

and

Nan-kuo

and

at

last,one

who

76 had about you kuo

CONFUCIUS
come

from

the Ch'u "How

Tzu

State

spoke

to Lieh

Tzu Nan-

it, saying:
and Nan-kuo

comes
are

it, Sir, that

"
"

enemies?

the appearTzu," repliedthe Master, "has ance of fullness,but his mind is a blank.
of

By
Taoist.

no

means

term

disparagement,

in the

mouth

of

hear, his eyes do not see, his does not speak, his mind mouth is devoid of knowledge, his body free from would agitation. What him be the object of visiting ? However, we will thither to see." me try, and you shall accompany with him went Accordingly, forty of the disciples Nan-kuo to call on Tzu, who turned out to be a
His
ears

do

not

creature. repulsive-looking

Taoist

writers
to

seem

to
no

delight in attributingugliness and

doubt
as a

deformity
to

their

sages,

sort

of

foil

or

set-off

their

inward

grandeur.

receiving his guests, but Body and soul only gazed blankly at Lieh Tzu. seemed to be unable not to belong together,and world. to respond to the stimuli of the external
He
no
"

made

show

of

The of

void

subjugated the body. sense-impressions, the countenance

it

soul

had

The

mind

being
less. motionexternal

remained
no

Hence

between stimuli
?
"

the

seemed How two.

as

if

there

were

co-operation
to

could

they

respond

BLANKNESS

OF
Tzu

MIND

77

out the hindersingled of Lieh Tzu's and most row began to disciples, talk to them and simply,though quite pleasantly in the tone of a superior.

Suddenly, Nan-kuo

"Fraternising
distinctions and of

with
or

the

hindmost
;

row,

he
a

rank

standing

meeting
did
not

recognised sympathetic
his mind

no

fluence, into

responding thereto, he
with the

allow

be

occupied

external."

astonished at this,and when were disciples a puzzled expression. they got home again,all wore

The

Their has

Master

Lieh

Tzu

said to
of

them

"

He

who

He thought is silent. who has attained to perfect knowledge is also He silent. who silence in lieu of speech uses stitutes reallydoes speak. He who for knowledge subof mind blankness really does know. ledge knowWithout words and speaking not, without and knowing not, he really speaks and knowing Saying nothing and really knows. nothing that he does nothing, there is in reality know. This not not say, nothing that he does is how the matter stands, and there is nothing further to be said. Why are you thus astonished

reached

the

stage

without

cause

"

Lung
"
.

Shu
Chih

said to Wen
lived in the Prince Wei
time of

Chih
of the

Wen

Six States, and

acted

aa

physician to

Ch'i

[378-333

B.C.].

Another

78
account in the Prince sickness that he and Ch'i

CONFUCIUS
says
"

was

an

able
'

physician of
period,
him and angry,

the
that

Sung
he

State cured his

Spring
of

Autumn

Wen

by making

whereupon

vanished."

"

You

are

the

master you

of
cure

cunning
it, Sir
have let
?

arts.
"

have

disease.

Can

"So
know

far,"
first

replied Wen
me

Chih,
of

"you

only acquainted
me

with

your

desire.
your

Please

the

symptoms honour," said

native be
me

disease."

"I

hold

it

no

Lung Shu, "to do I consider nor village,

in my

be

praised in my it a disgrace to
Gain
excites in

decried
no

native

State.

I look upon life joy, and loss no sorrow. in the same riches in the light as death, upon as so same lightas poverty, upon my fellow-men swine, and upon myself as I look upon my many I dwell in my home fellow-men. as though it were caravanserai, and regard my native district a mere with no more feelingthan I would a barbarian

State. honours

Afflicted and

as

am

in these
rouse

various
me,

ways,

rewards
overawe

fail to
me,

pains

and

good or bad fortune to I Thus influence me, me. joy or griefto move of associating am incapableof servingmy sovereign, with my friends and kinsmen, of directing my wife and servants children, or of controlling my
to penalties

and
"Men minds bodies

retainers.
controlled
open
to

are are are

by external
of

influences

in

so

far

as

their their who

sensitive

impressions to injury or

good

and

evil, and
But
one

the

reverse.

DIVINE
is able
to

ENLIGHTENMENT

79

multiform a connecting unity in the most of the universe, be uncondiversity will surely, in his survey scious of the differences between positive and negative."

discern

What
that Wen with

disease
will
cure

is

this, and
"

what

remedy

is there

it ?

the said
inch

by asking Lung Shu to stand replied his back to the light, while he himself faced light and looked at him intently. Ah ! he after a while, "I see that a good square
"

Chih

"

heart is hollow. of your You within are an of being a true sage. Six of the orifices in ace and only the seventh your heart are open and clear, is blocked up.
It in his ancient
"

was

an

belief that
seat

the

sage

had

seven

orifices

heart

(the

of

the

understanding).

This, however,
you
are

is doubtless

due

to

the that

fact that which

is

mistaking for a disease divine enlightenment. It is really

shallow
art

case

in which

my

is of

no

avail."

Pu-tse,
men,

in

the

Cheng State,
men

was

rich in wise talent.

and

Tung-li in

of administrative

the vassals of Pu-tse Po certain was a Among Feng Tzu, who happened to travel through Tungli and had a meeting with Teng Hsi.
A noted

sophist

of the

sixth

century

B.C.

80

CONFUCIUS
The
latter cast
a a

glance at
"

his

followers, and
you

asked
me

them,
some

with

smile
with

Would
be

like to
?
"

see

have

sport
what he

this

stranger
at, and

They
"Are

understood

would
to

assented.

Teng

Hsi

then

turned

Po
true
"

acquainted with the you tation ? " he inquired.

from

Feng Tzii. theory of

receive

Susten-

To

sustenance

to support oneself, others, through inability It placesone in the category of dogs and swine. is man's to other prerogativeto give sustenance

creatures, and
That
you and

to

use

them

for his
are

abundant
the

food

fellows your and comfortable

purposes. provided with

to gether, to-

own

is due clothing

Government.
and
are :

Young penned up
in

and

old, you
are
"

herd

like cattle destined

for

the

shambles

what

respect

you

to

be

from distinguished dogs and swine ? Po of his no Feng Tzu made reply, but one disregardingthe rules of precedence, company, Has your Excellency stepped forward and said : in Ch'i heard of the variety of craftsmen never
"

and

Lu

?
are
are

Some
clever

are

skilled

potters and carpenters,

in metal and leather
;

others there

workers

good musicians, trained scribes and learned in accountants, militaryexperts and men All kinds of craftsmanship the ritual of ancestor- worship there are fully represented. Now, if
.

there

were

no

division

of ranks

and

duties, mutual
Those of technical

be co-operation would impossible. higher social standing are lacking in

BOOK

THE

QUESTIONS

OF

T'ANG

T'ang
the
exist

of

Yin

questioned
of

Hsia did

Ko,

saying

"In

beginnings
!
He
"

antiquity,

individual

things

"

suspected

that

there

was

only

Chaos,

and

nothing

more."

"

If

things
could of of

did

not

exist
in

then,"
existence

replied
now

Hsia Or

Ko,
will
the

"

how
men

they
future

be

the

ages
at

be
the

right
present

in

denying
time ?
"

existence
"

things
in

Things
before Ko

that
after
:

case,"
?
" "

pursued
the

T'ang,

"

have

no

nor

Hsia
of

replied
there
is and

To

beginning
limit.
be

and

end

things
be
we

no

precise
may

Beginning
How either
?

may
can

end,
conceive

end of any

beginning.

fixed

period
present
that
of at

to

"

That the

which

we

call of
a new

an

end

at

the
and end

moment
we

may call End

cannot
a

be

beginning
may,

thing,
be another the

which

beginning
and

contrariwise,
succeed
one

something.
last

beginning

until

they

be

distinguished."
82

THE
But when
or

ANTINOMY
it
comes

OF

SPACE
outside
our

83
matter

to to

something
events

in space,
"

anterior

in

time,
and
"

ledge know-

fails us."

Then, upwards and

space
is
"

downwards

in every

direction
Ko
"

finite
not

quantity !
know."
did
not

replied:
was

I do

It

not

so

much

that

he

know

as

that

it is

unknowable."

T'ang

asked

the

question again with

more

be that insistence, and Ko said : "It may is infinite, be that it is limited. it may or
can

space How

I tell ?

exist

there beyond infinity within the non-infinity,and

But

must

again

unlimited

again
Lieh
must

that

which

is not

unlimited.
universe
of

Tzu

means

that

in

this

We to a negative. contraries, even back, however, to our starting-point,for, as be

relativity there are only brought

the
commentator

points out,
stands for

that that

which which

is not

infinite and

and

not

unlimited

really

is finite

limited.

It

is this

consideration"

that

must infinity

be

succeeded the the does and

and by non-infinity, that

the
me

unlimited
to

not-unlimited"
and infinity
not

enables
extent

by apprehend
but

unlimited
me

of

space,

allow

to

conceive

of its
*

being

finite

limited."
* *
"

T'ang
is there

continued

his

inquiries, saying
Seas
?
"

What

beyond

the

Four

84
That

THE

QUESTIONS
world
as

OF
known

T'ANG
to

is, the inhabited

the

Chinese.

Just replied: province of Ch'i."

Ko

"

what that

there
"

is here

in the

"How
"

can

you

prove

asked

T'ang.
"

When
to

came were

I eastwards," said Ko, travelling the inhabitants the land of Ying, where

nowise

different
I and

from

those

in the

this

part

of the
east

country.
of

inquired
found

about

countries

Ying,
to

that

similar

neighbour. I came the to inhabitants Pin, where I inquired similar to our own were countrymen. of Pin, and that the countries found west about I That is how again similar to Pin. they were that the regions within the Four Seas, the know
Four Wildernesses
are

their

they, too, were wards, Travelling west-

and nowise

the

Four

Uttermost

Ends

of the Earth
we

different from

ourselves

inhabit.
a

Thus, the

the country lesser is always

ever reaching an greater, without and Heaven the end. enclose earth, which closed enmyriad objects of creation, are themselves

enclosed

by

in
"

some

outer
contains

shell.
heaven and earth is the Great

That

which

Void."

and earth Enclosing heaven objects within them, this outer and

and

the

myriad
but that

shell

is infinite

immeasurable.
is
some

How

do

we

know
in

there

mightier

universe

existence

AN outside
can
"

EXPLANATORY
own

MYTH
is

85

our no

That

questionto which
are

we

give
Heaven

answer.

material
it is that

earth, then, and therefore objects,

Nii Kua
stone

and

themselves

only

blocks

of

imperfect. Hence of old fashioned many-coloured to repair the defective parts.

a

"Nii
extract

Kua,
the

being

divine

man,

was

able

to

refine

and

essence

of the

five constituents

of matter."

He
to

cut

off

the

legs of
four
corners

the

Ao

and

used

them

support the
This Chinese
"

of the

heavens.

Atlas

"

was

gigantic sea-turtle.

Later
for the

on,

Mount
connects

Hsu Kung fought with Chuan throne, and, blundering in his rage against Pu-chou, he snapped the pillarwhich

Kung

Heaven
north-western

and

earth.

At

the

corner.

That

is

why
so

Heaven
that
sun,

dips
moon

downwards
and
stars
on

to

the

north-west,
towards that

travel other

quarter.
not

The

earth,
and

the

hand, is now south-east, so

that
An

large enough
all rivers

that

fill up the roll in streams

to

direction." ingenious theory

to account

for the

apparent

westward

86
revolution trend
of

THE
of the the

QUESTIONS
heavenly
Chinese

OF
as

T'ANG
also for the

bodies,
rivers.

easterly

great

The which
to
an

two
cover enormous

mountains
an

T'ai-hsingand
of 700 square north

Wang-wu,
li, and
of
rise in the

area

stood altitude, originally

south The
man

and

Ho-yang. Mountain, an old Simpleton of the North of ninety, dwelt opposite these mountains, their northern vexed in spirit because was
of the Chi
district and

flanks
go

blocked

the

all the

together, said, "put

Let us," he plan. utmost forth our strength to clear this obstacle, and cut right through the away What to Han-yin. until we mountains come say ? except his wife, They all assented you made who My goodman objections and said : the strength to sweep has not a dunghill, away and such mountains let alone two as T'ai-hsing will you Besides, where put all the Wang-wu. The others that you dig up ? earth and stones them the throw on replied that they would
a
"

way broached and

way round.

to

who travellers,

had

to

So

he

called
"

his

family

"

"

promontory by his son

at

of P'o-hai.
and

So the old man, followed grandson, sallied forth with their

and pickaxes,

the three of them

the

rocks, and
in baskets
woman

cutting up
to

began hewing away the soil, and carting

of P'o-hai.
near

it away

the

promontory
lived

A widowed

who

had

little

MOVING

MOUNTAINS
he
was

87

boy who, though

milk what

teeth,

came

help
never season.

he
went

only just shedding his skipping along to give them could. Engrossed in their toil,
home

they
of the The

except

once

at

the

turn

Wise

Old Man
!"

of the River-bend them

to

burst

out

laughing and urged

is your

stop.
"

"

Great

indeed

witlessness

he said.

With

the poor
you of of

remaining strength of your decliningyears in removing a hair's breadth will not succeed
the
rock the

mountain,
and

much With

less the
a

whole
"

vast

mass

soil."

North
are

Mountain narrow-minded
to

sigh,the Simpleton of : Surely it is you replied

and

who
are

unreasonable.

You

not

be

despite
must

his I

son, compared with the widow's strength. Though I myself puny

die,

shall leave
a

son

behind

me,

and

through him in beget sons

have my
sons

grandson.
and
.

That
those

grandson will
sons

his turn,

will also

and

grandsons

With
on

all this

posterity,
hand
tion. addior

line will not

mountain

die out, while

no

the other

the

will receive
should last ?
"

increment

to

the

Why then ground at

-bend

it despair of levelling

The

Wise

Old

Man

of

nothing to say in reply. deities heard of One of the serpent-brandishing the undertaking and, fearing that it might never and told God be finished,went Almighty, who touched was simple faith, and by the old man's of K'ua 0 to transport commanded the two sons
the River

had

88

THE

QUESTIONS
one

OF
the

T'ANG

the the
In

mountains,
other
the O
was

to

extreme
corner

north-east,
of

to

the

southern
That
a

Yung.
as

south-west.

is,
of

K'ua

apparently

god

apart strength.
as

far

possible.

Ever
in the

since

then, the
and

region lying
in the south

between

Chi
an

north

Han

has

been

unbroken Roughly,

plain.
the modern
*

province of
*

Honan.
*

Kung-hu
ill at the

of Lu

and

of Ch'i-ying

Chao

both

fell

same

time, and

called

in the

aid of the

great Pien-ch'iao.
A famous

physician cured

of the

fifth century

b.o.

Pien-ch'iao
were

them

both, and
that
one

when
the

well

they had
the
reason was

again he told them been suffering from was

organs from

they malady
that

that attacked
for

internal

without, and
"

curable

and you

mineral is also

which

has
you

Would

of vegetable by the application each of But," he added, drugs. the of a congenitaldisease, victim along with the body itself. grown this ? like me to grapple with now
"

"

his hear Yes ; but asked to They said, diagnosis first." Pien-ch'iao turned to Kung-hu. Your mental powers," he said, are strong, but
"

"

"

"

90

THE

QUESTIONS

OF

T'ANG

where did
to

wife and children naturally Ch'i-ying's not recognise him, while Ch'i-ying went and not was Kung-hu's house recognised This led
to
a

either.

lawsuit
was

between called in

the
as

two
bitrator. ar-

families, and
On

Pien-ch'iao his
was

explaining
once more

how

the

matter

stood,

peace

restored.

King
in

Mu
west.

of

Chou
He

made
crossed

tour

of

inspection
range, Yen the

the

the

K'un-lun reached

but

turned

back

before

he

mountains.

"

The

plaee

where

the

sun

sets."

On
a

his return

certain Yen

name

in China, journey, before arriving artificer was presented to him, by him in received Shih. King Mu asked
what he

audience, and
will do

could

do.
"

"I

that Shih, anything," replied Yen But please to command. Majesty may your is a piece of work, already finished,that there like to submit first to your I should Majesty's inspection." Bring it with you to-morrow," will look at it together." and we said the King, Shih called again the next So Yen day, and was "Who the to duly admitted royal presence. the asked is that man accompanying you ? handiwork. own King. "That, Sire, is my
" "

"

A
He
can

MARVELLOUS

AUTOMATON The
It
up

91

sing and he can act." at the figure in astonishment. rapid strides, moving its head
that
human any
one

King stared
walked
and it with
so

down,
for
a

would

have

taken

live

its chin, artificer touched being. The He and it began singing, perfectly in tune. and it started touched its hand, posturing, It went through any keeping perfect time. of movements number suggested by its owner's fancy. The King, looking on with his favourite of his harem, and inmates concubine the other not real. could hardly persuade himself that it was As the performance was drawing to an end, made his eye and winked the automaton sundry

advances

to

the

ladies

in

attendance

on

the

threw the This, however, King into King. have Shih a put Yen passion, and he would the latter, in death the spot had not to on mortal terror, instantly pulled the automaton And it really what to pieces to let him was. see lo ! it turned to be merely a conglomeration out of leather, wood, paint, variously glue and coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining all the internal it closely,the King found complete liver,gall,heart, lungs, spleen, organs and intestines and, over these, kidneys,stomach their and limbs with and bones again, muscles and teeth hair, all of them joints, skin and with fashioned artificial. Not a part but was
" "

the

utmost

nicety and

skill ;

and

when

it

was

92

THE

QUESTIONS
the

OF

T'ANG

put

figure presented the when first brought in. The same as appearance the heart, King tried the effect of taking away and found the that would mouth no longer together again,
a

utter

sound
no

he

took

away

the

liver, and
away of power

the the

eyes

could and

kidneys,
Now

longer see ; he the legs lost their King

he
was

took

motion. loco-

the

delighted. Drawing
"

deep breath,
human Creator
for
two

exclaimed
a

Can

it be

that

skill is
?
"

really on

And

forthwith

extra

chariots, in
artificer and his

that par with he an gave he took which his handiwork.

of the
order home

with

him

the Pan

Now,
and Mo

Shu,
the

with

Ti, with

his

cloud-scalingladder, kite, thought that they flying

of

had
"

reached
Pan Shu made

limits

human
by
of

achievement.

cloud-ladder
the

which

he
;

could Ti

mount

to

the

sky

and

assail

wooden down."

kite

which

would

heights fly for

heaven

Mo

made

three

days

without

coming

But had

when been

Yen

Shih's

wonderful

the two brought to their boast to philosophers never again ventured of their accomplishments, and ceased to busy and the themselves so frequently with square compasses.
*

piece knowledge,

of

work

* a

Hei

Luan

of Wei

had

secret

grudge against

A
Ch'iu Lai

BLOOD-FEUD
which Ch'iu he slew him
;

93

Ping-chang, for
Tan,
the
son

and

of

Ping-chang, plotted
Lai Tan's
was

vengeance

againsthis
very

spirit was slight. You

he

father's enemy. fierce, but his body

count at

very

could he
For
was

the

grains of

rice that

ate, and
wind.
not

the

of
was

all the

mercy in anger
to

of every gust his heart, he his

to

strong enough
he
was

take

revenge

in

open

fight,and
others.
on

ashamed
he

seek
with

help
his the the

from hand

Nevertheless

swore,

his
Hei

sword,
Luan.

that This

he
Hei

would
Luan

have
was

blood
most

of

ferocious character
he
was
a

of his

day,
a

and

in brute
men.

strength
His in bones

match

for and

hundred flesh
were

and

sinews, skin
mould. blade
or

cast out

superhuman
to

He

would

stretch
to

his neck
arrow,

the the

bare

his breast bend the

or

the

but his

sharp
show

steel would
no scar

and

body
Lai had
a a

from

break, impact.

Trustingto
upon Lai Tan
"

his native Tan

he looked disdainfully strength, a as mere fledgling.

friend Shen

T'a, who

said to him

against Hei Luan, and Hei Luan treats with sovereign contempt. you is your What plan of action ? Shedding tears, Lai Tan besought his friend's counsel. Well," said Shen told that K'ung Chou of T'a, "I am has inherited, through an Wei ancestor, a sword formerly possessed by the Yin Emperors, of such magical power that a singlechild wielding
"
"

You

have

bitter feud

94

THE
can

QUESTIONS
to

OF

TCANG

it

entire sword betook

hosts of an flightthe embattled Why not sue for the loan of this army. ? this Tan advice, Lai Acting on

put
"

himself Chou.

to

Wei

and

had

an

interview of

with

K'ung
he
over

first went his wife

"

Following the usage through the ceremony

and

supplicants, of handing

I have request. with but Chou,

"

children, and then stated his three swords," repliedK'ung

none

of

them you

can

man.

You

may
me

choose describe
'

which
their

you like.

kill

First,

qualities.The first sword is called visible Light-absorber.'It is inwhen to the eye, and swing it you you tell that there is anything there. cannot Things struck surface, and by it retain an unbroken it will pass through a man's body without it. The his knowing is called second Shadow'

however,

let

container.'

just

dawn, when day meets night and darkness is giving way to light,it appears something misty and. dim, as though there were is not discernible. there, the shape of which Things struck by it give out a low sound, and it passes causing through men's bodies without them third is called pain. The Nightany in broad tempered,' because daylight you only and not the brightness its shadow of its blade, see while the sword itself but at night you not see
at
*

the

you point of

If

face

north

and

examine

it

the
"

dazzlinglightwhich
Alluding
to

it emits.

its

reflecting power."

THE The
with

THREE
which

MAGIC
it strikes

SWORDS
are

95

objects
a

cleft line of

sibilant
up

sound, but
the blade. been handed
never

the

through cleavage
no

closes blood

immediately.
on

Pain

is

felt, but
three for

remains have

These down been

precious
thirteen
use.

heirlooms

generations,but have They lie stored away

in actual

box, the seals of which have "In been broken." never spite of what tell me," said Lai Tan, like to I should you the then third sword." borrow K'ung Chou returned his wife and children to him, and they
in
a
"

fasted

together for
in
the

seven

day,
and

dusk
the

of

days. evening,
sword low

On
he

the

seventh down

knelt
Lai

presented again.
chose the and

third
two

to

Tan, who
and
went

received home

it with

obeisances

"

He

third

of

the

swords

because

it could

be

both

handled

seen."

Grasping his
his enemy, stupor at his
out

new

weapon,

Lai
him He

Tan

now
a

sought
drunken

and

found

lyingin
cut

window.

clean

through

his
the of off Hei

body
it.
as

in

three Hei

navel, but
fast
as
son

the neck and places between Luan was quite unconscious

was

Thinking
he

he

dead, Lai

Tan
to at
was

made
meet

Luan's times

could, and happening at the door, he struck

his air
.^

him

three

with

sword. Hei

But

it
son

like

hittingthe empty

Luan's

laughed

96

THE

QUESTIONS
"

OF

T'ANG

and
that

said

Why
with

are

you

motioning
hand
?
"

to

me

in

silly way
will

your
that

It

be

remembered

the

sword

was

invisible

in

daylight.

Realising
to

at

last
Lai

that

the

sword
a

had and

no

power

kill

man,

Tan

heaved

sigh
from

returned

home. When of
"

Hei

Luan he
mean

recovered
was

the
his

effects wife
:

his

debauch,
do
you
"

angry

with

What
a

to
a

draught
throat
"

sore

my

back."
a

by letting me he ? growled ; "it and aching pains in said his Why," son,
in my you
me seem

lie
has

exposed given me
small
am

the
"I

of

also
in my

feeling
limbs.
ago

pain
Lai

body,
know,
at

and
was

stiffness
a

Tan,

here

little time
three

and,

meeting
which
of it.

the

door,
to us,

made have
to

gestures,
the
cause

somehow

been
sure

How

he

hates

be

"

Thus,
discomfiture.

the

improper
In which in
to

use

of

divine Lieh
a

weapons Tzu terrible

is

only
feature

leads

to

this
must

allegory,
have he been lived.

satirising
of of

the the the

blood-feud,
lawless times sword of

which kill
may

The

powerlessness
represent
itself the from

magic
to

symbolically
which

essential father

futility
son.

the

vendetta

perpetuates

98

EFFORT
he
was

AND reduced

DESTINY
to
sore

princes, yet
Ch'en

straits between

and
The

Ts'ai.

See

Sayings of Confucius, of that

p.

115.

The
not

conduct
surpass

Chou,

of

the

Yin

dynasty,
of

did

of the Three

Men

Virtue, yet

he

occupied a kingly throne.

Wei

Tzu, Chi

Tzu

and

Pi the

Kan

were

all relatives
was

of

Chou

Hsin,

by Cha

whose

orders

last-named

disembowelled.

Chi

would
T'ien I and

not

Wu,
Ch'i.

while
Po

accept the overlordshipof in Heng usurped sole power

Ch'i starved waxed
to

Shu Chi results

death
at

at

Shou-yang,
ch'in.

while

Shih
were

rich

Chan-

If these

efforts, how

is it that and
an

you

compassed by your allotted long life to

death
to
to

P'eng
that
success man

Tsu

untimely

Yen

Yuan
and wise the you

you
to

awarded the

discomfiture

the
to

sage

impious,
honours

humiliation
"

the
to
as
,

and

high

to the

fool,poverty
?
"

good and wealth to the say," rejoined Effort,

wicked
I have

If

reallyno control over events, is it not, then, owing to your management that thingsturn out as they do ? Destiny The : replied Destiny very name
" " ' '

"

Something already immutably shows that

fixed.

there

can

be

no

question of

manage-

FIGHT
ment

NOT

AGAINST
When the

FATE

99

in the
on

case.

push
and and these their it be

when

it is

crooked,
and

I is straight, way Old age I let be.

success,

early death,
humble
come

failure

high
poverty
how
"

rank

station, riches

and of

all Of

naturally
causes,

and
am

themselves.

ultimate otherwise

ignorant ;

could

"

"

Being
of
?
"

what

it

is, without
What
room

knowing
is there

why
for

"

that

is

the

meaning
here

Destiny.

management

Yang

Chu

had
seven

friend

called

Chi

Liang,

who

fell ill. In

days' time
medical aid round
"

his illness had

was

become

very grave ; his sons stood

summoned,
his bed.
excess

and

weeping
Chu
:

Chi of

Liang

said shows

to

Yang
my

Such be

emotion

children

kindly sing them

their
"

minds

"

degenerate. Will you something which will enlighten then chanted the Yang Chu
to
men

followingwords
How

should God Himself

no

which
man

has

possess not ?
can

the Over look

has

control, and
You and
is not

knowledge his destiny for no help

truth, but
and

from
our

God.

I know

this for

knowledge quacks."
The
sons,

shared

by

sorcerers

however,
in three Lu.

did

finallycalled
Dr.
Yii

understand, and physicians, Dr. Chiao,

not

and

Dr.

They

all

diagnosed

his

100

EFFORT and
hot Dr.

AND Chiao
and
to

DESTINY delivered
elements
"

complaint
first
"

his

opinion
of
your in not

The he

cold

are Liang, the harmonious accord, and impermeable and infundibular parts are mutually disproportionate. ordered to disThe origin of your malady is traceable of your appetites,and to the dissipation and Neither vital essence care. through worry God devil is to blame. nor Although the illness

body,"

said

Chi

is

grave,

it
"

is

amenable
are

to
one

treatment."

Chi

Liang said ruck," and

Yii
with
came

You

only
rid said

of the
him. You
were
"

common

speedily got
forward and
nervous

of
:

Then
were

Dr

born

too

little

force, and
milk.
in
a

too

freely
one

fed that

with

mother's

Your
matter

illness is not of led

has
;

developed
the
causes

twenty-four
up
to

hours of

which

have

it

are

gradual growth. You are replied: them to give him

"

It is incurable."
a

Chi

Liang
told Lu
to

some

good doctor," and food. Lastly, Dr.

is

said

"

Your
to man,

illness
nor

attributable of agency in the mind with

neither

God,
was

nor

to

the

spirits. It
of dence Provi-

already
when
at

fore-ordained
you
were

endowed

this
can

bodily
herbs

form
and

birth. do
you

What
? !
" "

possible good
"

drugs physician
sent

You

are

heaven-born
;

indeed

cried with

Chi

Liang

and

he

him

away

laden

presents.

Not

long after, his

illness

disappeared

of itself.

DEATH Duke
northern
of

NO
of

CAUSE
Ch'i
was

FOR:

"CEIEF

101 the

Ching
flank

Across travelling

of the Ox-mountain
at

in the direction view before

the

capital. Gazing
into
a

the

him,

he burst
a

lovely scene
! To

flood of tears, exclaiming: " What and ! How verdant luxuriantly think that
some

wooded and

day

must

die

kingdom, passingaway like running such no thing as only there were to stir from induce me death, nothing should in attendMinisters ance Two of the this spot." from the Duke, him, on taking their cue who also began to are saying: "We, weep, Highness's bounty, whose dependent on your
leave my ! If water food
on

is of

an

inferior

sort, who
in

have
"

to
even

ride
we our

unbroken
not want

horses
to
"

or

carts jolting

do

die.

How

much

less

! sovereign liege Yen Tzu, meanwhile, broad smile

on

was

his face.

his tears
am

and, looking at with stricken griefon

and

standing by, with a Duke The wiped away him, said : To-day I journey, and both my
"

K'ung
How

Chii

mingle

their
can

tears

with
"

mine.
Tzu in

is it that

"If : replied perpetualpossession of

alone you the worthy

smile
were

Yen

ruler

to remain

T'ai and realm, Duke would Huan still be exercisingtheir sway. Duke in perpetual If the bold ruler were to remain possession,Duke Ling would Chuang and Duke But still be ruling the land. if all these rulers in possession, where would now were Highyour his

102

-EFFORT
he
?

AND

DESTINY
the

ness

Why,

standing in
and hat
!

furrowed

fields,

clad in coir cape

The

ordinary garb

of

Chinese

peasant.

Condemned
have death.
occupy had
no

to

hard

life

on

earth, you
for

would
over

time, I warrant,
how ?

Again,

did

you
a

brooding yourself come

of

t(

this throne

By

series

successive

reigns and removals, until at last your turn came. And and lament are over you alone going to weep That is unmanly. this order of things ? It was the sightof these two objects an unmanly prince and his fawning attendants that was affording food for laughterjust now." me Duke ashamed and, raising Ching felt much his goblet, fined himself and his obsequious of wine courtiers two apiece. cups
" "

There who when

was

once

a son

man,

Tung-men
testified
"

Wu
love

his

died

no

Wei, grief. His

you

of

house-steward
your other for
son

said to him

The

bore of any

hardly be equalledby parent. Why, then, do you

now

could

that
not

mourn
was a no

him

that

he

is dead

"

"

There
I

time," repliedTung-men
son.

Wu,
I
never

"

when

had

During
my
son

the
was

whole

period
is

that

elapsed
to

before

born,
my
son

had

occasion
am

grieve.

Now

that

dead, I

only

in

NATURAL

STOICISM

103

the What

same

condition
reason

as

was

before
to
mourn

I
?

had
"

son.

have

I,

then,

There similar

is
terms

story
after

of the

Plutarch death
of

consoling
their

his

wife

in

exactly

daughter.

The
to

husbandman
season,

takes the trader

strives power.

his

measures

according
himself
his with

the the

occupies
to master
we

gain,
official

craftsman
pursues

art,

the

Here

have

the

tion opera-

of

human

forces.

Or

"effort."

vSee

p.

97.

But
seasons

the of

husbandman

has
the

seasons

of

rain

and

drought,
the craftsman

trader

meets

with both

gains
failure
or

and

losses,
success,

experiences
finds the

and
reverse.

the Here
we

official
see

opportunities
of

the

working

Destiny.

BOOK

VII

CAUSALITY

In

the

course

of Lieh

Tzii's

instruction
to

by
"

HuYou

ch'iu
must

Tzxi-lin, the
familiarise
before

latter

said

him

yourself
you
can

with
talk
"

the

consequents
conduct."
what
"

Lieh
mean

Tzu

said

Will of

theory of of regulating explain you

" "

you
at

Look

your

by the theory shadow," said

Lieh his
;

consequents ? and his Master,

and looked
was

then
at

will know." you his shadow. When

was

turned

body
his

bent, the
was

shadow

crooked
was

when

body
it

right, up-

the shadow
that

the
were

straight. Thus appeared of straightness and ness crookedattributes inherent in the shadow, but correnot sponded wise, to certain positionsof the body. Likeand extension
are

contraction in the

not

inherent
to

external

subject, but take place in obedience causes. quents Holding this theory of conseis to be
at

home
is the

in the
foundation

antecedent.
of all science.

The

Law

of

Causality

104

106

CAUSALITY
You
Yu may consider the virtues
examine

"

of Shen the may

and

Nung
of

and

Yen, you Yii, Hsia, Shang

the but
utterances

may
and

books

of
no

Chou, you great teachers

instance
or

weigh
sages,
has
not

you

will find

of

preservationor
which

destruction, fullness

decay,

obeyed this
Of

supreme

Law."

Causality.

Lieh
able Kuan
to

Tzu

learned
Tzii you

archery and,
asked his the do

when the
"

he

was

hit the

target, he
on

opinion
"Do
said

of

Yin

shooting.
target ? not," was

know
Yin

why
Tzii.
you

hit I

you Kuan

No,
are
.

"Then
Kuan

Yin

Tzii
years,

for three

reply. not good enough yet," rejoined Lieh Tzii withdrew and practised he again presented after which
Yin Tzii

the

himself.
"

Kuan know said

is

asked,

as

before
"

Do

you

"Yes,"
case,

all do
not

hit the why you target ? "In do." Lieh that Tzii, "I that Hold well. knowledge fast,

and

let it

slip."
are

"Mental
oneself. you
comes,

and Once

bodily equilibrium
you

to

be

sought

within
makes tions opera-

know

the

causal

hit of

the

will be able target, you Destiny beforehand, and when will have

which process the to determine the critical

moment

you

left

nothing undone."

The

above

does principle

not

apply only

to

LEARN

TO

PUT

TRUST

IN

OTHERS

107

shooting,but also to the government of a State and to the Sage Therefore personal conduct. facts of preservation investigates not the mere
and

destruction,
them about.

but

rather

the

causes

which

bring

beautybecome vain ; those who in excel strength become violent. To such, it is useless to speak of Tao. is not yet turning grey Hence, he who if he but will surely err speak of Tao ; how much less can he put it into practice!
:
"

Lieh

Tzii

said

"

Those

who

excel

in

No

man

will confide
And he
in and solitary

in

one

who
no

shows
man

himself confides

aggressive.
will remain

whom
without

support.
no

"

The
is

arrogant
even

and

the
are

aggressive will accept

made. them

dences, confito

if Who

they
can

Their

mental

attitude
ears
"

others

one

of distrust, and render

they keep

their
?

and

eyes

blocked.

assistance

"

The

wise

man

puts his
of years without

trust

in others

thus

he

reaches of

fullness
wisdom

without

decay, perfection
In

bewilderment.

of a State, then, the hardest government of others,rand thing is to recognise the worth

the

not

to

rely upon
succeed

one's

own."

"

If you
out

in

recognising worth,
and
the able

then
act

the
for

wise
you.

will

think

plans

for

you,

will

By

108

CAUSALITY
rejecting talent
to

never

from

outside,

you

will

find

the

State

easy

govern."

Sung who carved a mulberry leaf out of jade for his prince. It took three it imitated to complete, and years Nature in its down, its glossiness, so exquisitely and its general configuration from tip to stem, that, if placed in a heap of real mulberry leaves, it could This be distinguishedfrom them. not man was subsequently pensioned by the Sung State as a reward for his skill. Lieh Tzii, hearing
was once a man

There

in

of
to

it,said
make with
so a

"If
leaves
on

it took

the

Creator would The

three be

single leaf,there
on

years few very will

as

trees

them.

Sage
and

rely
on

not

much

human

science

skill

the

evolution

of Tao."

The his face

Master
wore
a

Lieh

Tzii

was

hungry
Tzii

look.

and very poor, A certain stranger

Prince of

spoke
1

about

it to

Yang,
"

Cheng.

Lieh

Yii-k'ou,"said he,
Yet
here
your be that

is

scholar

in possession

of Tao.

within
cannot

he is,living in destitution, It surely Highness 's dominion.

you

have should

no

likingfor
that
to

scholars
an

Tzu

Yang
of
came

forthwith

directed be
the

official Lieh
made

allowance
Tzii
two

grain
to

sent

him.

out

receive

messengers,

low

bows

and

declined

the

gift, whereupon

LIEH
the

TZtJ

IN

POVERTY
and he
was

109

went messengers the house.

away, There

Lieh

Tzu

entered re-

confronted cried

by
"

his

wife, who

beat

her breast live

and

aloud
and and

I have

always

understood
of

that
a

the

wife
ease

family of a man pleasure. Yet

you
a

Tao

life of

now,

when

your

Prince

sends

present of food, on

account

refuse to accept you appearance, will call that 'destiny'!" you

of your starved it ! I suppose

The
"

Master Prince

Lieh did
of

Tzii
not

smiled

and
me

: replied

The
His

know
was

about made
a

himself.

present

grain

If it had
too

been have

suggestion of another. question of punishing me, that

on

the

would

been

done

at

some

one

else's
not

prompting. That accept the gift."

Later
on,

is the

reason

why
in

I did

the

masses

rose

actual

rebellion

against Tzii Yang,

It is
of his

and

slew

him.
of

implied

that
as

Lieh
a

Tzu's

independence
would
have

spiritsaved
the
fate

his life, inasmuch

pensioner
*

shared

patron.
* *

Mr.
was
a

Shih
found

of

Lu
and

had the

two

sons,
a

one

of

whom
The

scholar

other

soldier.

former
of

accomplishmentsthe means the with Marquis ingratiatinghimself

in his him
as

of

Ch'i, who engaged princes. The other

and his

tutor

to

the

young

proceeded to Ch'u, with the King of that State by favour won well so military talents. The King was
brother

110

CAUSALITY
he installed
both of

pleasedthat
troops.
their

him them

at

the

head

of
in

his
riching en-

Thus their

succeeded

family

and

shedding

lustre

on

kinsfolk.

Mr. Now, a certain Meng, the neighbour of the followed Mr. who sons Shih, also had two selfsame professions. Being straitened, however, envying the affluence of the by poverty, and Shih family, he called at his neighbour's house,

rapid The two brothers readily rise in the world. gave to Mr. Meng, whereupon the desired information the eldest son immediately set off for Ch'in, hoping
and
wanted
to

know

the

secret

of

their

that
to
"

his

moral

culture

would But

recommend

him

the At

King

of that

State.

the

the

present

moment

all the
one

King said : feudal princes

in

are

strugglingto
the If of I tried

outbid

another

power,
a on

and army.

great essential
to

is to

keep
my

up

large
the

govern

State

lines

altruism

and be

annihilation he
had the him second that

would

and ruin righteousness, the outcome." So saying,

man

unfortunate away.

castrated,
had

and

turned The

hoping
him said in in
to

gone to Wei, his militaryknowledge would stand

son,

meanwhile,
But Mine
is

good
himself

stead.
"

the
a

Marquis
State

of

Wei

weak

hedged
on

by powerful
Wei
was

ones.

bounded

by
on

Chin the

and south.

Ch'i

on

the

north, Lu

the

east, and

Cheng

TIMELINESS

111

is to preserving tranquillity and show the larger States subservience to to conciliate the lesser ones. If I were to rely on armed force,I could only expect utter destruction. I must to depart unscathed, allow this man not

My

method

of

or a

may find his way to some side." terrible thorn in my

he he
cut

other

State and
more

be

So, without
him
back

ado,
On

off his feet and

sent

to

Lu.
to

their

return,
breasts
on

the
in

whole

beating their imprecations

said
"

family despair, and

Mr.

fell

uttered

Mr.

Shih.
in it

Success

consists

Shih, however, hitting off the right

means

moment,
method
was

while
was

missing
That

failure.

Your result

identical with
is not

ours,

only
to

the

different.
action

due

but simply not was itself, well timed. Nothing, in the ordering of this world, is either at all times right or at all times What formerly passed current wrong. may is now rejected nowadays be rejected ; what into use again. The fact by and by come may that a thing is in use or in disuse forms no of right or wrong. criterion There is whatever of for rule thumb no seizing opportunities, or hittingoff the rightmoment, adapting oneself

the

any it because

flaw

in

to

circumstances If you the

are

it is all

matter

of you

native

wit. possess

deficient
of

in

that,

Confucius a learning of a Lii Shang, and yet strategical gifts remain go." you poor wherever

or

may the will

you

112

CAUSALITY

The

Meng family were

of
"

now

in

more

resigned
sided. sub"

frame

mind, and Yes, you

need
*

their
are

lesson will not

to

indignation had right," they said ; be repeated."

*

the

* an

Duke with

Wen

of

Chin

the intention
Tzu

into army of attackingthe Duke

put

the
of

field

Wei,
and

whereat

Ch'u On

threw

his
"

head

back

laughed

of being asked the reason I was his behaviour, he replied : thinking of the experience of a neighbour of mine, who was family. escorting his wife on a visit to her own worms, On the way, he came a woman across tending silkwho him attracted greatly,and he fell into conversation with her. Happening to look
up,

aloud.

what

should

he

see

but
an

his

own

wife !
me

also the

the receiving recollection The home

Duke

attentions

of

admirer that made

It

was

of this incident
saw

laugh."
turned
ing invad!
frontier
to
an

the

point, and

forthwith
,

Before he got back his army. force had alreadycrossed his northern

with

"

As who

He
own

behave to you rides roughshod

others,
towards

so

others the

will

behave

accomplishment

of

you. his
to

do
as

to others desires, in the belief that it will not occur circumstanced the like, will in all probability find himself

above."
* *

In

the

Chin

State, which
a

was

infested

with

robbers, there lived

able
to

certain

Ch'i

tell

robber

by

his face

Yung, who was ; by examining

114

CAUSALITY

of

shame,
The

you

will not

find

them

turning
Hui
to

into

robbers.5'

Marquis
State.
thrust up
to

then

appointed
all the

Sui

be

Prime

Minister, and

robbers

fled to

the

Ch'in
A

shrewd

at

the

brigand
The

State

which

swallowed cleverness

all the ferret

rest. out

commentator

will escape. excites hatred

no

Using
in

the

the

wrongdoing, and the gift of intuition to expose That wicked. sagacity is

'

eventually Apply says : cunning rogue

"

crime
an

only
'

evil

is

empty

saying."
* * *

Duke
A famous
scant

Mu

of Ch'in
judge
of

said to Po

Lo

with
"

respect.
now

See

Tzu horses, of whom Chuang speaks Chinese Musings of a Mystic, p. 66.

You

are

advanced

member
to

of

look

family your for in your horses

horse and
one can

in years. I whom

Is there

any
Lo

could
?
"

employ
Po
out

stead be

replied: "A good its general build superlativehorse

"

picked
no

by
the and
and

appearance.

But dust

that

raises

leaves

no

tracks

"

is

something
air.

evanescent

elusive fleeting,
sons

as

thin

The

talent

of

my

: plane altogether they can tell a good horse when they see one, but they tell a superlative horse. I have cannot a friend, of fuel however, one Chiu-fang Kao, a hawker in things appertaining to and vegetables,who is nowise inferior. horses Pray see him." my

lies

on

lower

THE

SUPERLATIVE
did and
for

HORSE

115

Duke
him
on

Mu the

so,

subsequently despatched
a

quest
"

steed. the
in
news

Three that
he the

months
he

later, he
found
"

returned It is
of
a

with
now

had

one.

Sha-ch'iu,"
"

added.
Duke.

What

kind is

horse

is it ?

asked
was

Oh, it However,
the Much friend
to

"

dun-coloured
some one

mare,"

the
to

reply.
it,
!

on

being
to

sent

fetch

animal

turned

out

be

coal-black
for Po Lo.

stallion
"

the Duke displeased, of yours," he said, for he

! ?
"

sent
"

That

whom
a

I commissioned

look

horse, has
even

made

nice

mess

of it. colour
about

Why,
or
sex

cannot

distinguisha
earth
can a

beast's know

What
Po Lo

on

he

horses
"

heaved
as

sigh
as

of
?

satisfaction.
"

Has

he then

really got
he is

far
a

that

he
of
me

cried.

"Ah,

worth
is
no

thousand

put

us. comparison between Kao What ism. mechankeeps in view is the spiritual In making sure of the essential, he forgets the homely details ; intent on the inward qualities, he loses sight of the external. he He what sees

together.

There

wants
see.

to

see,

and
at

not

what

he he

does

not to

want

to

He

looks

the

things

ought

look

at,
So
it in

neglectsthose that need not be looked at. clever a judge of horses is Kao, that he has him to judge something better than horses."
When be
a

and

the

horse

arrived, it turned

out

indeed

to

superlative horse.

116

CAUSALITY
Yii
was a

Mr.

wealthy
Wei

man

of the
in the

Liang

State.
b.o.

Another

name

for the

State

fourth

century

His

household
of money

was

rolling in
and

riches, and
other

his

hoards
were

silk and

valuables

It was his custom to quite incalculable. have banquets served, to the accompaniment of music, in a high upper hall overlooking the main sit drinking road ; there he and his friends would with bouts of their wine and amusing themselves gambling. One gallantshappened day, a party of young In the chamber above, to pass along the road. a as usual, and lucky going on play was

throw of both from

The

of the

dice, which resulted in the capture loud burst of merriment evoked a fishes,

the

players.
to
was

"

alluded here game in the middle. river

played

on

board

with

at that moment, Precisely overhead which was sailing

a

it

happened that a dropped the carcass

outside.
on

kite
of

rat

in the
men

midst

of the
an

company

The the

young

held
Mr.

angry

consultation

been they said, "has a long day, and enjoying his wealth for many has always treated his neighbours in the most have although we now, arrogant spirit. And offended him, he insults us with this dead never If such rat. an outrage goes unavenged, the

spot:

"This

Yu,"

NEMESIS world

117

poltroons. Let utmost us summon our resolution, and up combine with accord and his to wipe him one of existence ! The whole family out party the evening signifiedtheir agreement, and when of the appointed day had they collected, come, for the exterminated fully armed attack, and member of the family. every
upon
us as
a

will look

set

of

"

"

Pride ways in habitual

and than this lack

extravagance
Mr.

more

insulting
an

others

ruin calamity and was one. family destroyed, he had no thought particular instance due nevertheless, the catastrophe was ; and his conduct." in of modesty courtesy
to

lead

in though alof
to

Yii's

In

the

east

of China

there

was a

man

named but
was

Yuan
overcome

Ching Mu, who set off on the by hunger on

from

journey
way.

certain

robber

Hu-fu, of the
and fetched feed

name
a

of

Ch'iu, saw
of

him

lying there,
order
to

mouthfuls, Yuan "Who are murmured, of Hu-fu, and my name cried Yuan Ching Mu,
Ch'iu
an

in rice-gruel him. After swallowing three Ching Mu opened his eyes and
? " you is Ch'iu."
"

bowl

"I
"

am

native
"

Oh

misery !
the robber
I
am

are

not

you

What
man

are

you

feeding me
eat

for ? food/'

honest

and

cannot

your

So

saying, he clutched the ground with both hands, and began retching and coughing in order to bring it up again. Not succeeding,however, he fell flat on his face and expired.

118

CAUSALITY
the
man

Now

from food
a

Hu-fu

was was

robber,
not

no

doubt, but

the

he
man

brought
is
a

affected
to

thereby.
eat

Because he

the

food

is tainted

with

offers you, on crime, is to have

robber, to refuse the ground that

it

between discriminating
*

lost all power of the nominal and the real.

*

Yang
out
came one on

Chu's

younger
a

brother, named
suit of white

Pu,

went

day wearing
to

clothes.

It

change, and back dressed in a suit of black. His came dog failed to recognise him in this garb, and rushed out at him, barking. This made Yang Pu angry, and he was going to give the dog a beating,when Do You not beat him. no are Yang Chu said : he. than wiser For, suppose dog went your
rain, so
to
"

that

he

had

away

white

and that

came

home would
*
"

black, do
think
*

you

mean

to tell me

you
*

not

it

strange

"

Yang Chu said : thinking about fame,

nevertheless.
You

You but
may

may

do will

good
come

without
to

fame have
sure

you its
to

fame
to

without
in

aiming
wake.

at

pelf,but
may

pelf is
be and rich

follow

You

without

wishing
the

provoke
strife
man

emulation

strife, yet emulation

Hence

and

will is very

certainlyresult.
cautious
*

about
*

superior doing good."

*

The

good people of

Han-tan

were

in the

habit,

TELEOLOGY
every
New

119

nor, day, of presentingtheir GoverChien of live pigeons. Tzii, with a number This pleased the Governor much, and he very rewarded the donors. To a stranger who liberally the asked meaning of the custom, Chien Tzii on explained that the release of livingcreatures New Year's the day was sign of a benevolent disposition. But," rejoined the stranger, the of your whim, no people being aware Excellency's doubt themselves exert to catch as pigeons many and must as possible, large numbers get killed in the process. If you really wish to let the birds live,the best way would be to prohibit the people from at all. If they have to be capturing them caught first in order to be released, the kindness does not compensate for the cruelty." Chien Tzii acknowledged that he was right.
" "

Year's

T'ien, of the Ch'i State, was holding an ancestral banquet in his hall, to which a thousand As he sat in their midst, bidden. guests were with presents of fish and came many up to him

Mr.

Eyeing them game. How with unction :

"

to

man

He

makes

grow,

and

creates

approvingly, he exclaimed is Almighty God generous of grain to the five kinds the the finny and feathered

Mr. All benefit." tribes, especially for our T'ien's to the guests applauded this sentiment of a Mr. Pao, echo ; but the twelve-year-old son

of seniority, came regardless

forward

and

said

120
1 '

CAUSALITY
are

You the

wrong,

of

universe
one

my lord. stand in is of It
no

All the the

same

creatures living

category

as

ourselves,and
than another.

greater intrinsic value is only by reason of size,

strength or cunning that some gains the mastery, or that one None of them are produced in
uses
are

particularspecies
preys and upon
eats

another.

order to subserve those

the that that

use

of others.
fit for

Man

catches
can

food, but how

these

it be maintained man's

God

creates

expressly for
man's

Mosquitoes and gnats suck his tigersand wolves devour

not

blood, and
we

therefore
for

assert

that of

flesh ; but created God man

do
pressly ex-

the

benefit for

or

to
In

provide

food

mosquitoes and tigersand wolves."

before
to

gnats,

reading

these

words, penned
to

the

era,
"

it is curious

reflect

Christian of
ever.

teleology used
until

only about solemnly preach this

that
arose

beginning of fifty years

very

our

ago

doctrine away for

design,"

Darwin

and

swept

it

having lost his axe, suspected his of having taken it. Certain neighbour's son in his gait,his countenance and his peculiarities him the thief. In his out as speech, marked
man,

and in fact his whole actions, his movements, demeanour, it was plainly written that he and other had stolen the axe. ever, no By and by, howwhile diggingin a dell, the owner came across

the

missing implement.

The

next

day,

when

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