Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields

Electricity and Magnetism Two fundamental forces united by Faraday One force produces the other [Electric (E)

Magnetic (M) or M

E]

Advances due to revolutionary technology XEROX machine DNA (building blocks held together by electric/magnetic forces) The origin of electricity is the ATOM and the structure of the Atom Electron (-) Neutron (neutral/0) Proton (+) We all made of atoms and atoms are made of protons, neutron and electrons.
Electrons are easy to kick out. They revolve around the nucleus in orbits.

+/ 0

Protons and Neutrons are packed inside nucleus.

The Structure of an atom: It has a positively charges nucleus which contains protons and neutron tightly held together inside it. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in different orbits according to certain rules. 1. Strong Force keeps protons and neutrons together, so protons cannot free themselves. 2. Light coming to us is a result of weak force, no electroweak forces, there is no light. 3. Electroweak Force weak force + electromagnetic force (a result of electricity & magnetism) 4. There believed to be four forces that exist to govern this universe but we will study only electromagnetic force in this course: Strong force Weak force Electromagnetic force Gravity ________________________________________ There may be only ONE force showing its manifestations in different forms in this world i.e. earthquakes, lightning Static electricity is a result of non-moving charged particles gathered at one place 1

Amber rod is rubbed with piece of animal (Cat fur) fur and it becomes (-) charged
Fur gives off e- to amber rod

+ + + + - Fur

+ - - - - +

Amber rod
Positive charge is increased Loss of electrons Positively charged (+4 2) = +2 Negative charge is increased Gain of electrons Negatively charged (-4 + 2) = -2

Glass rod is rubbed with silk and becomes charged

Glass rod gives off e- to silk Static charges do not move

- - - + + Silk
Silk gains electrons Negatively charged (-4 + 2) = -2

- + + + + -

Originally neutral here b/c not rubbed

Glass rod
Glass rod loses electrons Positively charged (+4 2) = +2

Laws of charges
I. Like charges repel

+ II.

+ Opposite charges attract

Particle Electron (e-) Proton (e) Neutron Notes:

Charge - 1.6 x 10 Coulomb (C) 19 + 1.6 x 10 Coulomb (C) 0

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Mass 9.11 x 10 31 kg 1.67 x 10 27 kg 1.67 x 10 27 kg

Proton is ~ 3,000 times heavier than electron. Neutron is slightly heavier than proton but for this class they are considered the same. Neutral atom has same of electrons and protons, No. of electrons = No. of protons

i.e. Helium contains, 2 neutrons, 2 protons (2e), 2 electrons (2e-) Total charge = (# electrons or # protons) multiplied by a charge (e)
Q=Ne

N=

Q e
Where N is the Number of Electrons

Note: When an object loses electrons its mass is reduced When an object gains electrons its mass is increased But this does not make much of a difference, very small change which may be ignored. Caution! But changes in the charges do matter: When an atom losses electron it becomes (+) charged. If its gains an electron it become (-) charged. (Here is a Joke: Once upon a time two atoms were taking to each other, suddenly something happened, one atom said I lost the electron. The other said are you sure? Yes, I am positive). Law of Conservation of Charges You cannot create or destroy charges; however, you can transfer them. The total charge in entire universe remains constant Notes: Wood is neutral because # electrons & # protons are equal (+) ion (-) ion due to loss of electrons due to gain of electrons

Insulators and Conductors

Two types of classifications

Conductors

Insulators

* Materials which conduct electricity * materials which do not conduct electricity * They have free electrons * they do not have free electrons to move around Semi Conductors: Materials which are in between conductors and insulators are called semiconductors: Such as Germanium, Silicon, etc. Examples Examples - all metals (Cu, Au, Ag, Al) - water (not very good conductor) - paper, rubber, wood, glass, plastic - Gold is the better conductor

Coulombs Law
There are two types of forces: Attractive or Repulsive. This is an example of repulsive force r Repel + + q1 q2

Statement: The force of attraction or repulsion is directly proportional to the product of the charges q1 and q2 and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Electric force F = k Sample Problems: 1. Data: q1 = 5C q2 = 10C r=1m Solution: F = (9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2)(5C)(10C) (1m) 2 11 F = 4.5 x 10 N

q1 q2 r2

k = Coulomb constant = 9 for this class 9.0 x 10 Nm2/c2

Data: q1 = 15C Solution: F = (9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2)(15 x 10-6C)(10 x 10-6C) q2 = 10C (2m) 2 r=2m F = 0.34 N Note: One micro Coulomb= 1C = 10-6 C Comparison between gravitational force (Fg) and electric force (Fe) 2. 4

Gravitational force (Fg), Fg = k Electric force (F) = F = k

m1 m2 r2

Always an attractive force

q1 q2 r2

Coulomb force can be either repulsive or attractive force,

depending on the sign of the charges in the formula. The greater the charge and the closer they are the greater the force is between them. Sample Problem: What is the force between proton and electron in a hydrogen atom? e(5.29 x 10-11m) P F = K (e * e-) r2 F = (9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2)(1.6 x 10-19C)(1.6 x 10-19C) (5.29 x 10-11m) 2 -8 F = -8.23 x 10 N Note: A negative force means an attraction Sample Problem: Find the net force on charge q3 as shown in the diagram below (3 charges in a line). 1m q1 = -5.4 C q2 = -2.2 C q3 = 1.6 C F2 q3 q2

0.75 m F1 q1

F1 = (9.0 x 109 N m2/ C2)(5.4 x 10-6C)(1.6 x 10-6C) = 0.14 N left or 0.14 N (0.75m) 2 F2 = (9.0 x 109 N m2/ C2)(1.6 x 10-6C)(2.2 x 10-6C) = 0.51 N right (0.25m) 2 Net Force = F1 + F2 - 0.14N + 0.51N = 0.37N (direction of movement is to the RIGHT)

The Electric Field

The Electric Field (E) is produced by the charges in their vicinity. E Field

Electric field lines go out of a positive charge. Radiate outward from positive charge E Field

Electric field lines go into a negative charge.

Electric field lines go out of a positive charge. Radiate inward from negative charge

+2

The numbers of electric field lines are proportional to the magnitude of the charge. +q

-q/2 -q/2

Electric Field Definition ( E )

The electric field is defined as electric force per unit charge at a location. Electric Field (E) = Force (Newton) Charge (Coulombs) units for electric field (N/C)

The electric field (E) experienced by a test charge (qo) is the ratio of electric force (F) to the amount of the test charge qo. (qo is usually a positive charge).

E=F qo
(F) = k (q * qo ) r2 E = k (q * qo ) r2 qo

For point charge the Electric field is given by

E=kq r2

* Only one charge is involved which produces E-field

Sample problem: What is the magnitude of the electric filed (E) at a point P as shown. Data: q = 9 n C (9 x 10-9C) , where n C is called nano-Coulomb r = 1m Solution: E = (9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2)(9 x 10-9C) = 8 N/C (1 m) 2

Review: So far two formulas for Force (F) 1) F = k (q1 * q2) r2 2) F=Eq k = Coulomb constant = 9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2

Parallel Plate Capacitor

E Field

Equipotential lines: The equipotential surfaces or lines

+ + + + + + + + are lines which have the same potential everywhere and always perpendicular to the electric field lines

(+q ) a positive charge will move in the direction of the electric field

(-q) a negative charge will move in the opposite direction of the electric field

Battery

Electrical Potential Energy

Parallel capacitor: Consists of two parallel plates of area A and the plates are separated by distance d. Consider a proton placed inside charged plates. In which direction proton will move? If this blue dot is an electron, which side of the plates it would move? Why?

A +Q + + + + + +

A -Q

Battery Capacitor: A device that stores energy and can be suddenly released. The electric force on the charge q inside the plates is given by Electrical force (F) = q E And the work done to move the charge inside the plates is given by Work done on battery (W) = F d The Potential energy of the charge is given by the formula

U = potential energy U = W = -q E d
[Negative work because going from higher to lower potential]

Electrical Potential V = W q
Or

V = - E d

E = - V d

Sample Problem: Consider the two charged plates and the two equipotential surfaces are located as shown in the diagram. If the voltage on each equipotential is given and the separation between them is 2 cm and 20 cm respectively. What is the electric filed between two equipotentials?

6V 10V + + + + + + + +

5V 0V Solution: E = -(6-5) V = - 1/2 V/cm 2cm

d = 2cm

Solution: E = -(10-0) V = - 1/2 V/cm 20cm

d = 20 cm Electric field goes from positive to negative. That is from higher to lower potential. In a capacitor, electrical fields have same potential all along the inside. [see lab for proof] Uniform Electrical Field inside between the plates Units Energy (U) = Joules Potential (V) = Volts or J/C Electric field (E) = N/C = volts/m or volts/cm 1 Electron volt = eV = 1.6 x 10-19 Joules Relationship between potential (V) and potential energy (U)

V = U q

U = V q

U=Vq

Assume potential is zero at infinity (V1= 0)

Change in Potential difference is called Voltage

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Potential difference V = V2 V1 (is called voltage) [higher to lower potential] If V2 = 200 V and V1 = 20 V or V2= 120 V and V1 = 0 V. What is the Net Voltage? i.e. V = 220-20 = 200 Volts V = 120 - 0 = 120 Volts [ in USA]

Energy Conservation Law:

What is the velocity of the charge q moving inside the charged plates ()? To find out the velocity we can use energy conservation law, PE = KE. A B + + + + + + + + 12V Sample Problems: What is the mass of the charge? = 3.4 m/s Solution: q V = 1/2 m2 -6 q = 6.24 x 10 C m = (6.24 x 10-6C)(12V)(2) V = 12 Volts (3.4 m/s)2 m = 1.3 x 10-5 kg What is the kinetic energy? KE = 1/2 m 2 KE = 1/2 (1.3 x 10-5 kg) (3.4 m/s) 2 KE = 7.5 x 10-5 Joules [energy conservation law] -

q V = U = KE q V = 1/2 m2 = (2 q V/m)

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Electric Potential of Point Charges

Find the potential due to a large charge distribution of point charges as show above. Potential is a scalar addition because it is not a vector quantity. So we will just add potential due to each charge. P r3 q3 r2 r1 q2 q1

V=kq r
This is a potential due to a point charge at distance r. Never zero but may be very small number.

Total potential due to several point charges at a distance r is given by the formula:

V = k q1 + k q2 + k q 3 r1 r2 r3 V = k qi ri Sample Problem: What is the potential at point P due several point charges as given in the data below? We use the formula given above in red color. Data: q1 = 1 C r1 = 1 m q2 = 2 C r2 = 2 m q3 = 3 C r3 = 3 m Solution: V = (9.0 x 109 N m2/ C2) 1 +
1

2 3 + 2 3

V = 2.7 x 1010 Volts

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Potential energy due to a two point charges is given by

U=

k q1q2 r

[Note that two charges are involved to find potential Energy]

Keep in mind potential Energy is between pairs of charges (3 pairs are given below in the diagram). Find the total potential energy when each is separated by distance a.
y-axis

Origin a

q1 a

q2 a 2a

q3 x-axis

What is the potential energy due to array of charges as shown in the diagram? Total potential energy U = k*q1*q2 + k*q1*q3 + k*q2*q3 a 2a a U = k*q2 (1 + + 1) = 5/2 k*q2 a a Sample problem: Consider each charge is equal to 1 1C and separated by distance 1 m. What is total potential Energy? Data: a = 1m q = 1c = 1 x 10-6C U = 5/2 k*q2 = (5/2)( 9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2)( 1 x 10-6C) 2 = 0.0225 Joules a 1m

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Capacitors and Dielectrics:

Capacitors are devices which are used to store charge and energy on it. This device has revolutionized the modern world and is used almost every electric circuit. Between the space of two plates there can be vacuum or filled with insulating materials. The permeability of free space or vacuum is defined as 0 Consider each plate has area A and charge Q and separated by the d as shown below:

A +Q + + + + + + + + E

A -Q

Vacuum

d + -

Battery

Every capacitor has its own capacity to store an amount of charge. If over charged it will explode on your face. Be careful when handle charged capacitors. If charge stored is greater than the capacitor can handle then the capacitor will explode. Note: only for a vacuum capacitor

Q=CV C=Q V

E=V d

For a parallel plate capacitor, the capacitance is given by and in units of microfarad, NanoFarad or picoFarad.

C = 0 A d

E=V d

Farad (F) = coulomb/volt [ F (10-6 F) or p F (10-15 F) or n F ]

Permittivity of Free space= 0 = 8.85 10 -12 C2 / N2 m2

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Dielectrics:
To increase the capacitance of a capacitor we (Engineers) insert insulator material between the plates, called dielectric constant (K).

Vacuum
Qo + + + + + + + + Eo Q + + + + + + + +

Dielectric Material
E -

Co

d Vo

Dielectric constant (K)

no units

I.

Electric field will be reduced by a factor of K

E = Eo K
II. Voltage on the plates will be decreased by factor of K

V = Vo K
III. The capacitance increases by factor of K

C = K Co
Sample Problem: A capacitor of 20F is charged to 16V. What is the charge in the plates of the capacitor? Also calculate the energy stored in the capacitor. Energy of the capacitor is given by C V 2 Solution: Q = C V = (20 x 10-6 F) (16 V) = 3.2 x 10-4 C, Where energy = C V 2

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Circuit Containing Capacitors

We can connect capacitors in two ways, parallel or series as show below in the diagrams: 1. Consider three capacitors wired in parallel. Parallel connection (combination) with capacitors is shown: What is the total capacitance of the capacitors connected in this fashion.
Q3

C3 = 3 F
Q2 C2 = 2 F Q1

Note: Voltage remains constant across the plates as they are connected in parallel with the battery.

Q=CV
Q= Q1 + Q2 + Q3

C1 = 1 F + -

Q= V

C1V + C2V + C3V V

C1 + C2 + C3 = Q = C|| V

10 Volts Sample Example 1: Consider three capacitors 1 F, 2F and 3 F are connected in parallel. What is the equivalent or total capacitance of the circuit?

C|| = C1 + C2 + C3
Total parallel capacitance Q1 = C1V = 1 F (10 V) = 10 C

C|| = 1 F + 2 F + 3 F = 6 F Equivalent capacitance Q3 = C3 V = 3 F (10 V) = 30 C

Q2 = C2 V = 2 F (10 V) = 20 C

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 10 C + 20 C + 30 C = 60 C

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2. Consider three capacitors wired in series. Series connection with three capacitors is shown: What would be now total capacitance of the capacitors: Answer is given below: C1 = 1 F Q V1
+ -

C2 = 2 F Q V2

C3 = 3 F Note: Charge (Q) remains constant in series V3

10 Volts V = V1 + V2 + V3 V = (Q /C1) + (Q /C2) + (Q /C3) V = (Q/C1) + (Q/C2) + (Q /C3) Q Q 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 CS C1 C2 C3 . = = 1 + 1 + 1 = V = 1 C1 C2 C3 Q Cs Note: if capacitors are connected in a series they add up inversely

(SERIES)

Sample Problem: Consider three capacitors 1 F, 2 F and 3 F respectively connected in series. What is the equivalent or total capacitance of the circuit? What is total charge and voltage on each capacitor? 1 = 6 + 3 + 2 = 11 /6 Cs 6 Cs = 6 /11 = 0.54 F

Q = CV

Q = (0.54 F) (10 V) Q = 5.4 C

Vi = Q C

V = V1 + V2

V1 = 5.4 = 5.4 1 V2 = 5.4 = 2.7 2 V3 = 5.4 = 1.8 3 + V3 = 5.4 + 2.7 + 1.8 = 9.9 Volts

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