MEASUREMENT OF 3- REACTIVE POWER USING ONE 1- WATTMETER

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To measure the reactive power consumed in a given 3-Phase circuit using single-phase wattmeter. OBJECTIVE: Determining of reactive power using wattmeter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE INSTRUMENT Wattmeter Voltmeter Ammeter 3 ph Variac 3 ph Variable Inductor Connecting wire

RANGE 5A, 300V 0- 600V MI 0 10 A MI 415/ 0-470 V 15 A 1-0 A

QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 As per required

THEORY For measurement of reactive power in a circuit we use specially compensated wattmeter. In this 0compensated wattmeter the voltage applied to the pressure coil is 90 out of phase with the actual voltage, so the wattmeter will read VI cos(90- ) which is VI sin , the reactive power. In single-phase measurement, this is affected by making a field pressure coil lag behind by 900 when it measures the actual power.

In this measurement of three phase reactive power, the current coil of wattmeter is inserted in one line and pressure coil is connected across the other two lines as shown in the figure below. To measure the reactive power of a 3 phase circuit we can use one wattmeter. The current coil of the wattmeter is connected in one of the lines. The pressure coil is connected across two lines. Current through the current coil = I2 Voltage across the pressure coil=V13 Reading of wattmeter = V13I2cos(900 +) = VIcos(900 +) = - VIsin Total reactive volt ampere of the circuit Q = ( ) * Observed wattmeter reading

V13

V1 I1 -V3

300 1200 1200 900+ I3

1200 I2

V2

V3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Variac P

A

L V
R

C
V

PROCEDURE:

All the connection was made as per circuit diagram. Supply was given to the circuit through 3-ph variac. The supply voltage was applied at rated value to the circuit. By changing the inductance, we took corresponding current and wattmeter readings. The above procedure was repeated for for taking different current and wattmeter reading.

TABULATION: Sl. No Voltage Current Wattmeter

RESULTS:

3-ph reactive power =

CONCLUSION:

Reactive power is found as _______ VAR.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What is true power? The actual amount of power being used, in a circuit is called true power. True power is equal to the product of voltage, current and power factor i.e. P = V I cos and basic unit of real power is watt. i.e. Expressed as W or kW. 2. What is reactive power? Reactive power is the power that is wasted and not used for any useful work.. Reactive power is equal to the product of voltage, current and sine of angle between the voltage and current i.e. 3. What is apparent power? The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power, and it is the product of a circuit's voltage and current, without reference to phase angle Apparent power = V I and is expressed as VA or KVA. 4. Expression of 3-phase voltage and current for electrical system? Ans : Star connection: Line and phase voltage: VL= VPh Line and phase current IL=Iph

P= VLILCOS Delta connection VL= VPh and phase current IL= IPH P= VLILCOS 5. What is the use of reactive power? Ans : Reactive power is equal to the product of voltage, current and sine of angle between the voltage and current. The reactive power is not doing any useful work but the initial flux of any machine is created by the reactive power & it flows from source to load. 6. What is power factor? Ans :Power factor is the relationship between working (active) power and total power consuming (apparent) power. Essentially, power factor is a measurement of how effectively electrical power is being used. The higher the power factor, the more effectively electrical power being used. It is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load, to the apparent power in the circuit 7. Why power factor is important? Ans: This is important because a low power factor can waste energy, result in inefficient use of electrical power, and often result in higher energy bills. 8. What is the effect of reactive power on power factor? Ans: tan=Q/P Reactive power is directly proportional to power factor and it always made power factor to less as a result the active power is also less. 9. What are the disadvantages of low power factor? How can it be improved? Ans: Disadvantages of low power factor:

1) Line losses are 1.57 times those at unity power factor. 2) Larger generators and transformers are required. 3) Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop, hence extra regulation equipment is required to keep voltage drop within prescribed limits. 4) Greater conductor size: To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at fixed voltage, the conductors will have to carry more current at low power factor. This requires a large conductor size. 10. How to improve power factor? Methods of improving power factor: 1) Static Capacitors: The static capacitors are connected in parallel with the load operating at lagging power factor. 2)Synchronous condenser: An over excited synchronous generator running at no load is called as synchronous condenser. 3) Phase advancers: phasor are used to improve the power factor of induction motors. It provides exciting ampere turns to the rotor circuit of the motor. By providing more ampere-turns than required, the induction motor can be made to operate on leading power factor like an overexcited synchronous motor. 11.What do you meant by good quality of supply? Good quality of supply meansSupply have less harmonics No fluctuation Continuous supply Unity power factor

12.Discuss the effects of bad supply on system?

Increase losses Overheating Power failure Equipment failure Efficiency reduced

13.List four electrical equipments which were consume reactive power? Ans: Electrical equipments consume reactive power are: Transformer

Induction machines Transmission lines Inductors

14.Why do we need to control reactive power? Ans: we need to control reactive power because: 1. 2. 3. 4. Prevent equipment wear and tear Interconnection requirement Maintain system stability Increase power transmission capability

15.what are the advantages and disadvantages of one wattmeter method? Ans: Advantages (i) Requires only one meters to measure three phase load (ii) Since only one meter is required, complete circuitry management is easier. Disadvantage (i) Only balanced three phase loads can be measured. 16.In laboratory which type of instruments mostly used and why? Ans. The most widely used instrument in laboratory are moving iron type instrument because they Were cheaper in cost and robust in construction and also we could measured with required accuracy, it also operated in both ac &dc. 17.What are the benefits of power factor correction?

Reduce Utility Power Bills Increase System Capacity Improve System Operating Characteristics

18.Wattmeter consists of how many coils and why? Ans: Wattmeter consists of TWO coil i.e. current coil and pressure coil

because wattmeter is the inherent combination of ammeter and voltmeter. 19.What happens when polarity of the voltmeter is changed? Ans: When polarity is changed, it shows negative reading. 20.The error caused by the pressure coil inductance of wattmeter while connecting to supply , how to overcome that? Ans: The error caused by pressure coil inductance in wattmeter is compensated by connecting a capacitor across series resistance in the pressure coil side. 21. What happens when (0-300)v range voltmeter is inputted to a 600v supply? Ans: The voltmeter is burnt out due to high voltages.